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10 31 2009
In general
As per EC8 Part 1, section 4.3.3.4.2.1, in general, as an alternative to the behaviour-factor
linear elastic design, seismic no-collapse requirement check can be performed by non-linear
static (pushover) analysis.
Since BRBF systems are not included and regulated in the current version of EC8, designer
shall use pushover analysis (or time-history analysis) for the design check.
Software requirements
The applied software shall be capable of:
performing material and geometrical (large displacements) non-linear analysis
material model for BRB members: at least bilinear force-elongation relation (multilinear relation is preferred)
Capable commercial softwares are e.g. SAP, Ansys, etc.
1 Building
1.1 Global geometry
building width:
building length:
storey height:
storey number:
building height:
a = 3x6 = 18 m
b = 3x6 = 18 m
h=3m
ns = 5
H = 15 m
BRB
Braced frame
a
Asc
2
(cm )
fy
2
(N/mm )
Fpl,Rd
Ltot
Ly
(kN)
(m)
(m)
4.24
2.97
5.6
131.6
16.8
395
25.2
30.8
724
33.6
790
235
592
1.3.2
Dead loads:
on roof:
on floor:
groof = 3 kN/m2
gfloor = 8 kN/m2
on roof:
qroof = 1 kN/m2
on floor:
qfloor = 2.5 kN/m2
combination factor: 2,i = 0.3
In this example it is assumed that the seismic design situation is dominant, and thus additional
(e.g. meteorological) loads are excluded (2 = 0). Note that designer has to check if e.g. ULS
controls the design of bracing system.
1.3.3
Seismic parameters
importance class:
design PGA:
agR = 0.3g
Type 1
D
S = 1.35; TB = 0.2s; TC = 0.8s; TD = 2s; = 0.2
normal I = 1.0
ag = I agR = 0.3g
Load combinations:
hinge
pin-ended
spar
Storey #
Asc
Ltot
Ly
(m)
(m)
4.24
2.97
(cm )
5.6
16.8
25.2
30.8
33.6
Asc: steel core area; Ltot: wp-wp distance; Ly: yield length
Table 2: BRB elements.
Storey #
fymean
Asc
2
Fy
(cm )
(N/mm )
(kN)
5.6
137
16.8
412
25.2
30.8
755
33.6
823
617
245
F / Fy ratio
1
0.5
0
-3%
-2%
-1%
-0.5
0%
1%
2%
3%
-1
-1.5
-2
tension
compression
Brace elongation
F1
F1
F2
F1 = 59.4 kN
F2 = 416 kN
157.5
1102.5
157.5
1102.5
157.5
1102.5
157.5
1102.5
a) uniform
b) modal
Figure 5. Horizontal load pattern.
7
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
(t)
(-)
54.5
1.00
144.4
0.77
144.4
0.54
144.4
0.34
144.4
0.16
Storey #
Table 4. Tributary mass (mi) and normalized displacements (i) per floor
The equivalent mass of the generalized SDOF system: m* = mi i = 316 .6 t
The transformation factor: =
m*
= 1.56
mii2
Fb
d
; d* = n
E *
d y* = 2 d m* m = 49.1 mm
Fy*
m*d y*
Fy*
= 0.786s
1800
Fm
1600
1400
1200
Fy*
1000
800
600
400
MDOF
200
SDOF
0
0
100
dm*
200
dm
300
400
500
Fy*
Base shear force (kN)
1000
800
600
Em* = 148886
400
SDOF
200
idealized
0
0
dy*50
100
150
dm*
200
250
Displacement (mm)
10
300
350
T*
d t* = d et* = S e (T* ) = 158 mm
2
5 Design check
5.1 Criteria
The target displacement should be used as the basis of the design. In short, at the target
displacement level, the structure shall remain stable. Important aspect is to check whether the
intended failure mechanism is actually developing in the structure, so the behaviour is
controlled, i.e. plasticity concentrates in members designed for energy dissipation (i.e.
dissipative members: core of BRB elements), while the rest of the structure remains elastic.
Assuming that the controlled behaviour is confirmed, the check practically leads to:
1) local ductility criteria of BRB elements: whether deformations belonging to the target
displacement level can actually develop,
2) strength criteria of non-dissipative parts: under the internal loads belonging to the
target displacement level members remain elastic.
11
0.58 %
0.88 %
NEdcol = -2540 kN
0.98 %
1.1 %
1.54 %
12