Antinutritional factors in Oil Meals and its effects

Sr.

Oilseed

Antinutritional Factors

No.
1

Groundnut

goitrogenic factors, trypsin inhibitors,

aflatoxins
trypsin inhibitors, saponin, legtins

Soybean

Cottonseed

Rapeseed

Linseed

cyanogens compounds

Sesame

oxalates

Sal

tannins

Mowrah

Castor

Gossypol, malvalic acid

goitrogenic factors, thioglucosides

tannins, sponins
ricin, allergens, ricinin

OILSEED: Source of Oil and protein (Meal).

AIM: To get high quality oil with best possible yield and to obtain oil meal
of highest possible value.
Oil Meal: Rich source of proteins and is used for human consumption,
animal feed and as farm yard manure. Use is restricted due to toxic
substances or anti nutritional factors. Anti nutrients left in oils gets removed
during the various refining stages. Most of them are left in cake, making it
nonedible.
Sr.

Antinutritional

No.

Factors

Lectins

Effect

Affinity for sugar molecules. Attaches with sugar

moieties of cell membrane and interfere with the
absorption of nutrients across the intestinal wall.

Trypsin Inhibitor Inhibits enzyme activities of chymotrypsin,

plasmin

Goitrogens

Inhibits uptake of iodine leading the deficiency of

iodine in thyroid and eventually produces goiter.

Tannins

8 10% in Sal meal. Forms complex with proteins

and enzymes. Reacts with trypsin (digestive
enzyme), making it insoluble. If there is protein
deficiency in diet, it reacts with body protein and
retards growth. Detected by brown coloration of
peanut hull. Content increases towards maturity.

Gossypol

Cottonseed kernel contains 1.3% gossypol. Affects

color and nutritional properties of oil and meal.
Amino group of lysine reacts with CHO group of

gossypol, making lysine unavailable during

digestion. Toxic to monogastri animals but not for
ruminants unless large amount is taken.
6

Aflatoxins

Produced by Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. 4

types of aftatoxins are produced B1, B2, G1, G2. B1
is most toxic. Target organ is liver (hepatic
troubles) but may affect pancreas, kidney and
heart.

Phytic Acid

Rapeseed flour contains 5% phytic acid. Phytate is

responsible for reducing mineral bioavailability.
Zn binds phytic acid and protein and decreases
solubility. Also binds trypsin, pepsin etc forming
insoluble complexes. During protein hydrolysis
phytate forms peptide phytate complexs those are
insoluble decreases solubility and availability of
nitrogen. Phytate reduces rate of starch digestion.

Glucosinolates

Nontoxic if completely digested. In presence of

myrosinase produces glucose and isothiocyante.
Isothiocyante have goitrogenic properties, which
enlarges thyroid.

Ricin

Occurs at a level of 1.5% in castor meal.

Extremely toxic and affects capillary blood
circulation in various organs like liver, spleen and
bone marrow. Quantity in milligrams can cause
poisoning and could be lethal.

10

Allergens

Is nothing but chlorogenic acid. Can cause

omitting, diarrhea and fever.

11

Saponins

Have surface active properties (Surface tension of

1% solution is 28 dynes/cm). Irritant to mucosal
membrane leads to gradual destruction of cells.

12

Estrogens

Found in soybean. Consists of three isoflavons at

2.6 % level. Exist primarily as glucosides. These
are growth inhibitors.

Protein Recovery from Oilseed

Safflower seed

Dehulling

Hulls

Kernels

Prepressing and Solvent Extraction

Defatted Meal

Aqueous isoelectric pH adjustment,

Washing and Drying

Oil

Grind and Sieve

Flour

Membrane Processing and Drying

Protein Isolates

Coconut
Shell

Remove Shell

Meat

Coconut water

Clean and Grind

Heating and Pressing

Coconut Milk
Oil

Filter and Centrifuge

Vacuum Drying

Residue (Protein Concentrate)

Isoelectric pH adustment
Protein Isolates

Peanut

Hull

Remove Hull

Kernel

Prepress and Sol. Extn

Oil

Meal

Grind and Extract with dil. Alkali (pH = 8) and Filter

Liquid Extract

Adjust pH = 4 and Centrifuge

Whey

Protein Isolate

Insoluble Residue

Wash, Filter and Dry

Recovery of Insol. Protein

Detoxification of Meal

Castor Meal
Castor Meal

Steam
heating
at 15 psi

Toxicity decreases
to 1/2000th of
original

Moist cooking with

2% NaOH/ Ca(OH)2
and 10% HCHO

Toxins and
allergins are
destroyed

Salseed and MowrahMeal

Salseed/
Mowrah Meal

Treat with 0.1%

NaOH overnight and
filter

Dry the
residue

Treat with
30% aq.
Acetone

Dry the residue

SoyMeal

Soymeal

Soxhlet
extraction by
ethanol

Saponins are
removed by
extraction