PLANTS

BY: SARAH ALEX

TEACHER:SIR MUSHTAQ
 Plants are living organisms belonging to the kingdom Planate.
They include familiar organisms such as trees, herbs, bushes,
grasses, vines, ferns, mosses, and green algae. The scientific
study of plants, known as botany, has identified about 350,000
extant species of plants, defined as seed plants, bryophytes,
ferns and fern allies.

As of 2004, some 287,655 species had been identified, of which

258,650 are flowering and 18,000 bryophytes (see table below).
Green plants, sometimes called Viridiplantae, obtain most of their
energy from sunlight via a process called photosynthesis.
 The term "dermatitis" describes an inflammatory
response of the skin, caused by contact with allergens or irritants,
exposure to sunlight, or by poor circulation, even stress. An example of
contact dermatitis is the reaction of a sensitive person's skin to poison
ivy, oak or sumac.
Contact with these plants, which contain a chemical called
crucial, produces an itchy rash, redness, blisters and scaling. AVOID
SCRATCHING. Scratching the rash may spread the inflammation, lead
to infection and even leave scars.
 Factors affecting growth
The genotype of a plant affects its growth, for example selected varieties of wheat grow rapidly,
maturing within 110 days, whereas others, in the same environmental conditions, grow more slowly
and mature within 155 days. Growth is also determined by environmental factors, such as
temperature, available water, available light, and available nutrients in the soil. Any change in the
availability of these external conditions will be reflected in the plants growth.
Biotic factors are also capable of affecting plant growth. Plants compete with other plants for space,
water, light and nutrients. Plants can be so crowded that no single individual produces normal growth.
Optimal plant growth can be hampered by grazing animals, suboptimal soil composition, lack of
mycorrhizal fungi, and attacks by insects or plant diseases, including those caused by bacteria, fungi,
viruses, and nematodes.
Simple plants like algae may have short life spans as individuals, but their populations are commonly
seasonal. Other plants may be organized according to their seasonal growth pattern: annual plants
live and reproduce within one growing season, biennial plants live for two growing seasons and
usually reproduce in second year, and perennial plants live for many growing seasons and continue
to reproduce once they are mature. These designations often depend on climate and other
environmental factors; plants that are annual in alpine or temperate regions can be biennial or
perennial in warmer climates. Among the vascular plants, perennials include both evergreens that
keep their leaves the entire year, and deciduous plants which lose their leaves for some part of it. In
temperate and boreal climates, they generally lose their leaves during the winter; many tropical plants
lose their leaves during the dry season.
The growth rate of plants is extremely variable. Some mosses grow less than 0.001 millimeters per
hour (mm/h), while most trees grow 0.025-0.250 mm/h. Some climbing species, such as kudzu, which
do not need to produce thick supportive tissue, may grow up to 12.5 mm/h.
Dried dead plants
Plants protect themselves from frost and dehydration stress with antifreeze proteins, heat-shock
proteins and sugars (sucrose is common). LEA (Late Embryogenesis Abundant) protein expression is
induced by stresses and protects other proteins from aggregation as a result of desiccation and
freezing
 Plant cell
Plant cell structure
Main article: Plant cell
Plant cells are typically distinguished by their large
water-filled central vacuole, chloroplasts, and rigid cell
walls that are made up of cellulose, hemicellulose, and
pectin. Cell division is also characterized by the
development of a phragmoplast for the construction of a
cell plate in the late stages of cytokinesis. Just as in
animals, plant cells differentiate and develop into
multiple cell types. Totipotent meristematic cells can
differentiate into vascular, storage, protective (e.g.
epidermal layer), or reproductive tissues, with more
primitive plants lacking some tissue types
Physiology
 TYPES OF PLANTS
Here are our different types of plants, as they are sorted on this website. You may
notice some categories are not actually scientific, or botanical, classifications. For
example, the term 'vegetables' is only a culinary term, not an actual plant type. Same
for 'fruits', but to a lesser extent. We have seperated our types of plants by how
people commonly refer to them. Flowers
Flowers are the reproductive part of angiosperms, also known as flowering plants.
Look through our Flower information for details about specific flowers.
Herbs
Herbs are used for culinary, medicinal and spiritual uses. In cuisine, the leaves of the
herb are normally the only part used. All parts of herbs are used in various medical
or spiritual practices.Shrubs and Bushes
Usually under 6 m tall, shrubs and bushes are categorized as woody plants. Shrubs
have multiple stems and many are covered with flowers of all shapes and sizes.Trees
Trees are everywhere in the world. Trees are tall, large and some are very old. Trees
are important in fighting soil erosion and responsible for the clean oxygen we
breathe.Vegetables
The term 'vegetable' is not actually a scientific classification of a plant, but rather
strictly a culinary term. Vegetables are parts of plants (flower buds, seeds, stems,
fruits, etc) that are edible and used in culinary dishes.   
     
 Carnivorous plants are plants that derive some or most of their nutrients (but not energy) from
trapping and consuming animals or protozoans, typically insects and other arthropods.
Carnivorous plants appear adapted to grow in places where the soil is thin or poor in nutrients,
especially nitrogen, such as acidic bogs and rock outcroppings. Charles Darwin wrote the
first well-known treatise on carnivorous plants in 1875.[1]
True carnivore is thought to have evolved independently six times in five different orders of
flowering plants,[2][3] and these are now represented by more than a dozen genera. These
include about 630 species that attract and trap prey, produce digestive enzymes, and absorb the
resulting available nutrients.[4] Additionally, over 300 protocarnivorous plant species in several
genera show some but not all these characteristics.
 Gymnosperms
The four phyla of gymnosperms are cycads, ginkgo, geophytes, and
conifers.
Gymnosperms have naked seeds. The seeds of angiosperms are
contained within a fruit.
Phylum Coniferophyta (Conifers)
Conifers are the largest group of gymnosperms. They include
evergreen trees such as pine, cedar, spruce, fir, and redwood trees.
They have naked seeds produced in cones.
The leaves of conifers are needle-like and are adapted for dry
conditions such as hot summers or freezing winters. Needles lose
water slower than broad, flat leaves and therefore do not need to be
shed during seasons when water is scarce, so most conifers are
evergreen.
Conifers include the oldest and largest trees in the world. There are
4500-year-old bristlecone pines in Nevada. Redwoods in California
may be greater than 90 meters tall and 2000 years old
 The reproductive structure of some seed-bearing plants,
characteristically having either specialized male or female
organs or both male and female organs, such as stamens
and a pistil, enclosed in an outer envelope of petals and
sepals.
b. Such a structure having showy or colorful parts; a
blossom.
2. A plant that is cultivated or appreciated for its blossoms.
3. The condition or a time of having developed flowers: The
azaleas were in full flower.
4. Something, such as an ornament or a figure of speech,
that resembles a flower in shape, fineness, or attractiveness.
5. The period of highest development; the peak. See
Synonyms at bloom1.
6. The highest example or best representative: the flower of
our generation.
7. A natural development or outgrowth: "His attitude was
simply a flower of his general good nature" (Henry James).
8. flowers Chemistry A fine powder produced by
condensation or sublimation of a compound.
v. flow·ered, flow·er·ing, flow·ers
The three largest flowering plant families containing
the greatest number of species are the sunflower
family (Asteraceae) with about 24,000 species, the
orchid family (Orchidaceous) with about 20,000
species, and the legume or pea family (Abaca) with
18,000 species. The total number of species for
these three enormous families alone is
approximately 62,000, roughly 25 percent of all the
flowering plant species on earth. To put it another
way, if you randomly lined up all the species of
flowering plants on earth, every fourth one would be
an orchid (Orchidaceous), a sunflower (Asteraceae)
or a legume (Abaca). The state of California (where
Wayne's Word is based) includes about 5,000 native
and naturalized species, and 41 percent of these
species belong to the following six plant families:
sunflower family (Asteraceae), grass family
(Panacea), legume family (Abaca), snapdragon
family (Scrophulariaceae), mustard family
(Brassicaceae), and sedge family (Cyperaceous).
ANIMALS

BY SARAH ALEX
Wild animal
Without tiger there is no
wildlife
Giraffes are the beauty of forest
Color of forest
Motherhood of animal
Blessing of God
Human best friend
Beauty of our Earth
Nature Blessing
Preciousness