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Chapter 6
MASS AND ENERGY
ANALYSIS OF CONTROL
VOLUMES
Objectives
• Develop the conservation of mass principle.
• Apply the conservation of mass principle to various systems
including steady- and unsteady-flow control volumes.
• Apply the first law of thermodynamics as the statement of the
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conservation of energy principle to control volumes.
• Identify the energy carried by a fluid stream crossing a control
surface as the sum of internal energy, flow work, kinetic energy,
and potential energy of the fluid and to relate the combination of
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the internal energy and the flow work to the property enthalpy.
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• Solve energy balance problems for common steady-flow devices
such as nozzles, compressors, turbines, throttling valves, mixers,
heaters, and heat exchangers.
• Apply the energy balance to general unsteady-flow processes with
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particular emphasis on the uniform-flow process as the model for
commonly encountered charging and discharging processes.
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CONSERVATION OF MASS
Conservation of mass: Mass, like energy, is a conserved property,
and it cannot be created or destroyed during a process.
Closed systems: The mass of the system remain constant during a
process.
Control volumes: Mass can cross the boundaries, and so we must
keep track of the amount of mass entering and leaving the control
volume.
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Mass and Volume Flow Rates
Definition of
average velocity
Volume flow rate
Mass flow
rate
Steady,
incompressible
Steady,
incompressible
flow (single stream)
There is no such thing as a “conservation of volume”
principle.
However, for steady flow of liquids, the volume flow
rates, as well as the mass flow rates, remain
constant since liquids are essentially incompressible
substances.
The total energy consists of three parts for a nonflowing fluid and four parts for a
flowing fluid. 9
Energy Transport by Mass
Mass A water
balance heater in
steady
operation.
Energy
balance
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Energy balance relations with sign conventions
(i.e., heat input and work output are positive)
Energy
Nozzles and diffusers are balance for
shaped so that they cause large a nozzle or
changes in fluid velocities and diffuser:
thus kinetic energies.
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Turbines and • Turbine drives the electric generator In
Compressors steam, gas, or hydroelectric power plants.
• As the fluid passes through the turbine,
work is done against the blades, which
are attached to the shaft. As a result, the
shaft rotates, and the turbine produces
work.
• Compressors, as well as pumps and
fans, are devices used to increase the
pressure of a fluid. Work is supplied to
these devices from an external source
through a rotating shaft.
• A fan increases the pressure of a gas
slightly and is mainly used to mobilize a
Energy balance for the gas.
compressor in this figure: • A compressor is capable of compressing
the gas to very high pressures.
• Pumps work very much like compressors
except that they handle liquids instead of
gases.
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Throttling valves are any kind of flow-restricting devices
Throttling valves that cause a significant pressure drop in the fluid.
What is the difference between a turbine and a
throttling valve?
The pressure drop in the fluid is often accompanied by a
large drop in temperature, and for that reason throttling
devices are commonly used in refrigeration and air-
conditioning applications.
Energy
balance
t ↓
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Mixing chambers 60°C
In engineering applications, the section
where the mixing process takes place is
commonly referred to as a mixing
chamber.
140 kPa
10°C 43°C
A heat exchanger
can be as simple as
two concentric pipes. 20
[Example 6-10] Heat exchanger, cooling R-134a by water [p.224]
Water (State 1): 15℃, 300 kPa → comp. liquid
Water (State 2): 25℃, 300 kPa → comp. liquid
R-134a (State 3): 6 kg/min, 1 MPa, 70℃ → sup. vapor
R-134a (State 4): 35℃, 1 MPa → comp. liquid
Find (1) flow rate of water, (2) heat transfer from
refrigerant(R-134a) to water
1st law Q& + å m& h = W& + å m& h
in out
Assume steady flow, insulated (Q=0), ∆KPE=0, W=0
Then first law of thermodynamics becomes
m& 1h1 + m& 3 h3 = m& 1h2 + m& 3 h4
Table A-4 (p.994) h1 = 62.982 kJ/kg h2 = 104.83 kJ/kg
Table A-13 (p.1010) h3 = 303.85 kJ/kg
Table A-11 (p.1007) h4 = 100.865 kJ/kg
h3 - h4 303.85 - 100.865 kg kg
m1 =
& m3 =
& ´6 = 29.1
h2 - h1 104.83 - 62.982 min min
Q& ref ®water + m& 1h1 = m& 1h2 Q& ref ® water = m& 1 (h2 - h1 )
Q& ref ®water = 29.1(104.83 - 62.982 ) = 1218 kJ/min 21
Pipe and duct flow
The transport of liquids or gases in
pipes and ducts is of great importance
in many engineering applications. Flow
through a pipe or a duct usually satisfies
the steady-flow conditions.
Energy balance
Heat losses from for the pipe flow
a hot fluid shown in the
flowing through figure is
an uninsulated
pipe or duct to
the cooler
environment
may be very
significant.
for liquid h2 - h1 » C p (T2 - T1 ) 22
[Example 6-11] Electric heating of air [p.227]
Duct with electric heater (15 kW)
Air in (State 1): 100 kPa, 17℃, 150 m3/min
Heat loss 0.2 kW
Find the exit temperature of air
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