Materi Kimia Terapan

Teknologi Polimer
Tujuan Pembelajaran
Sub Mata Kuliah Kimia Terapan
◦ MATA KULIAH: TEKNOLOGI POLIMER
KODE / SKS: VW191903 / 3sks

◦ TUJUAN:
Mahasiswa mengerti dan memahami dasar-dasar polimer, perkembangan dan aplikasinya.

◦ MATERI POKOK:
1. Definisi dan Klasifikasi polimer, serta sifat-sifat polimer.
2. Perkembangan Polimer

◦ 3. Aplikasi polimer
 FILES URL:
https://youtu.be/CtFxhqJBeuA - Difference between LDPE & HDPE
https://youtu.be/84lhHCcCoug - LDPE
https://youtu.be/xoBYLwwjr9E - HDPE

URL : V ID EO L D P E D A N HD P E
OVERVIEW
• Polimer telah menjadi sebuah “undetachable” bagian dari hidup kita
sehari hari.
• Bisakah anda membayangkan hidup di dunia tanpa produk polimer

?
• Pengembangan teknologi polimer telah merombak bidang ilmu
material dengan meningkatkan penggunaan polimer sebagdasar
bahan bangunan, bahan kemasan , dekorasi merah, bahan listrik,
tekstil, industri komunikasi , industri otomotif dan pesawat , dll .
Definition
Polymer can be defined as a long molecular structure made of many units where the basic units
are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Polymers are produced from raw materials such as petroleum, natural gas and derivatives of
fossil fuel.

Polymer products such as synthetic plastics, fibers, rubbers, coatings, adhesives have been
applied more and more broadly, and become an group of indispensable material in modern life.
Basic human needs such as clothing, food, lodging, and transportation are closely related
with polymer products.
 BAB 1
Introduction to Polymer
Polimer adalah molekul besar yang tersusun dari
sejumlah besar unit perulangan yang
memiliki struktur identik.

material hasil proses polimerisasi

polimer sintetik + additive Plastik

material selain fiber dan elastomer
dan dibuat dari polimer sintetik PP, PE, PC, PVC
Generally, petrochemicals for polymer synthesis are produced on large scale from an important
substance known as naphtha.
Naphtha is one of the main derivatives of fossil fuel. From naphtha, other olefins are produced
such as ethylene, propylene, benzene and toluene. Ethane is a component of natural gas that
produces ethylene.
Once the polymer materials are synthesised, they are channelled to major consuming industries
such as, textiles and paints, or to highly diverse processing sectors producing commercial
products in construction, packaging, automobile, agriculture, furniture, electrical and general
engineering.
Characteristics of different types of
polymers
Thermosetting polymers are stronger and stiffer than thermoplastics and they, generally, can
be used at higher temperature. They are shaped directly from the raw polymer material and no
further processing is required except machining.
Thermosetting polymers are limited to moulding only. In moulding process, chemicals are added to
enhance the cross linking while the material is still in the mould. Thermosets have high thermal
stability, high dimensional stability and stiffness, good resistance to creep, low densities and high
electrical and thermal insulating properties.
Thermoplastic polymers however are materials that become soften when heated and harden
when cooled. The properties of the thermoplastic polymers can be altered by changing the length
and the form of its individual chains.
Elastomers on the other hand have excellent elastic properties. They are capable of returning to
their original shape when a force, not exceeding its yield strength, is removed. Thus, due to the
advantages of polymers as compared to steel and aluminium], they are often used by the aircraft,
construction, electrical, marine and transportation industries
 Jenis Diskripsi Contoh
Thermosetting A thermosetting polymer, resin, or plastic, often called a Polyester,
polymers thermoset, is a polymer that is irreversibly hardened by Polyurethane,
curing from a soft solid or viscous liquid prepolymer or Formaldehyde-based plastics, Urea –
resin. Curing is induced by heat or suitable radiation and Formaldehyde
may be promoted by high pressure, or mixing with a Alkyd resins,
catalyst. Bakelite,
Polimer ini melunak bila dipanaskan dan dapat dibentuk, Epoxy resins,
tapi mengeras secara permanen. Polimer ini akan hangus / Melamine resins
hancur bila dipanaskan. Kebanyakan material komposit
modern menggunakan plastik thermosetting disebut resin
atau plastik.
Thermoplastic A thermoplastic, or thermosoftening plastic, is a plastic Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), Polyvinyl
polymers polymer material that becomes pliable or moldable at a Acetat (PVA), Polyethylene (PE),
certain elevated temperature and solidifies upon cooling. Polypropylene (PP), Polysterene (PS),
Most thermoplastics have a high molecular weight. Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET/PETE)
Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE)
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
Elastomers ahan karet, mempunyai struktur cross-linked longgar. Karet alam (vulcanize) dan karet
Contoh : polyisoprena, polybutadiene, polychloroprena. sintetik.
Kebanyakan elastomer di aplikasikan pada roda kendaraan
(tyres), oil seal
Properties
Thermosetting
• Keras dan kaku (tidak fleksibel)
• Jika dipanaskan akan menge-ras
• Tidak dapat dibentuk ulang (sukar didaur u
lang)
• Tidak dapat larut dalam pelarut apapun
• Jika dipanaskan akan meleleh
• Tahan terhadap asam basa
• Mempunyai ikatan silang antar
rantai molekul
Thermoplastic
• Berat molekul kecil
• Tidak tahan terhadap panas
• Jika dipanaskan akan melunak.
• Jika didinginkan akan mengeras
• Mudah untuk diregangkan
• Fleksibel
• Titik leleh rendah
• Dapat dibentuk ulang (daur ulang)
• Mudah larut dalam pelarut yang sesuai
• Memiliki struktur molekul linear/
bercabang
Types of polymer chains
 The Chain Structure

Thermosetting Thermoplastic Thermosetting

(Narrow Knit Crosslinked) (Linear or with branches (Far Knit /Low Crosslinked)
macromolecule chains)
Properties of thermoplastics, aluminum,
and ceramics with respect to steel
 THERMOPLASTICS -
TERMOSETTING - PRODUCTS
PRODUCTS
•fibreglass mouldings toilet seats and cisterns
•aircraft parts car parts
insulating foam
•melamine resins used in counter tops and
electronics
door coatings aircraft parts
•HV electrical insulators Stockings
•Aircraft and car parts rope
carpet
packaging film
guttering
pipes
cookware and cutlery handles.
Trends of polymer development
Polymer Classification
Types
Fibers
Textile Fibers
Infografis
Textile Fibers

MANUFACTURED NATURAL
 The sequence of polymer based products
production from raw materials

PE-polyethylene,
PP-polypropylene,
PS-polystyrene,
PVC-polyvinylchloride,
ABS-Acrylonitrile-
butadiene-styrene,
PET- Polyethylene Terephthalate
(PET or PETE or Polyester)
PET is also known as a wrinkle-free fiber. It’s
different from the plastic bag that we commonly
see at the supermarket. PET is mostly used for food
and drink packaging purposes due to its strong
ability to prevent oxygen from getting in and
spoiling the product inside. It also helps to keep the
carbon dioxide in carbonated drinks from getting
out.
Although PET is most likely to be picked up by
recycling programs, this type of plastic contains
antimony trioxide—a matter that is considered as a
carcinogen—capable of causing cancer in a living
tissue. The longer a liquid is left in a PET container
the greater the potential for the release of the
antimony. Warm temperatures inside cars, garages,
and enclosed storage could also increase the
release of the hazardous matter.
PE-polyethylene
Polyethylene or polythene is the most common High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) is a cost-effective
plastic. As of 2017, over 100 million tonnes of thermoplastic with linear structure and no or low
polyethylene resins are produced annually, degree of branching. It is manufactured at low
accounting for 34% of the total plastics market. Its temperature (70-300°C) and pressure (10-80 bar)
primary use is in packaging
LDPE

a very simple structure and is used to make cheaper products like

bags, toys, and, typically, plastic bottles.
 Applications
HDPE Packaging Applications – High Density Polyethylene is used in several packaging applications
including crates, trays, bottles for milk and fruit juices, caps for food packaging, jerry cans, drums,
industrial bulk containers etc. In such applications HDPE provides the end product a reasonable
impact strength.
Consumer Goods – Low cost and easy processability make HDPE a material of choice in several
household/ consumer goods like garbage containers, housewares, ice boxes, toys etc.
Fibers and Textiles – Thanks to its high tensile strength, HDPE is widely used in ropes, fishing and
sport nets, nets for agricultural use, Industrial and decorative fabrics, etc.
pipes and fittings (pipes for gas, water, sewage, drainage, sea outfalls, industrial application,
cable protection, steel pipe coating, large inspection chambers and manholes for pipe sewage
etc.) due to its excellent resistance to chemical and hydrolysis,
automotive – fuel tanks, wiring & cables – sheeting of energy, telecommunication cables.
 Applications
LDPE Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) uses majorly revolve around manufacturing containers,
dispensing bottles, wash bottles, tubing, plastic bags for computer components, and various
molded laboratory equipments. The most popular application of low density polyethylene is
plastic bags.
Packaging – Thanks to its low cost and good flexibility, LDPE is used in packaging industry for
pharmaceutical and squeeze bottles, caps and closures, tamper evident, liners, trash bags, films
for food packaging (frozen, dry goods, etc.), laminations etc.
Pipes and Fittings – Low Density Polyethylene is used to manufacture water pipes and hoses for
the pipes and fittings industry due to Its plasticity and low water absorption.
HDPE HDPE
LDPE LDPE
PP-polypropylene
Stiffer and more resistant to heat, PP is widely
used for hot food containers. Its strength
quality is somewhere between LDPE and
HDPE. Besides in thermal vests, and car parts,
PP is also included in the disposable diaper
and sanitary pad liners.
Same as LDPE, PP is considered a safer plastic
option for food and drink use. And although it
bears all those amazing qualities, PP isn’t quite
recyclable and could also cause asthma and
hormone disruption in human.
PP-Uses
Uses: Hinges, Flexible Parts
Create Living Hinges
High temperature rating (Melting point: 320
°F / 160 °C)
Higher performance than polyethylene
Extremely high economic value and is
commonly used for piping, house appliances,
packaging, and automotive parts.
PS-polystyrene
Polystyrene is the Styrofoam we all commonly
used for food containers, egg cartons,
disposable cups and bowls, packaging, and
also bike helmet. When exposed with hot and
oily food, PS could leach styrene that is
considered as brain and nervous system
toxicant, it could also affect genes, lungs, liver,
and immune system. On top of all of those
risks, PS has a low recycling rate.
Uses: Packaging & Faceplates
Wide Range of Color options, including clear
Low Melting Point (Softens at 150°F / 70°C)
PVC-polyvinylchloride
PVC is typically used in toys, blister wrap, cling wrap,
detergent bottles, loose-leaf binders, blood bags and
medical tubing. PVC or vinyl used to be the second most
widely used plastic resin in the world (after polyethylene),
before the manufacture and disposal process of PVC has
been declared as the cause of serious health risks and
environmental pollution issues.
In the term of toxicity, PVC is considered as the most
hazardous plastic. The use of it may leach a variety of toxic
chemicals such as bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, lead,
dioxins, mercury, and cadmium. Several of the chemicals
mentioned may cause cancer; it could also cause allergic
symptoms in children and disrupt the human’s hormonal
system. PVS is also rarely accepted by recycling programs.
This is why PVC is better best to be avoided at all cost.
ABS-Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
ABS is a terpolymer made by polymerizing
styrene and acrylonitrile in the presence of
polybutadiene.
Below is a look at the properties of each
monomer to ABS:
1-Acrylonitrile: Increases resistance to heat
and chemical reactions
2-Butadiene: Compressive strength and
stiffness strengthening
3-Styrene: Better ductility and hardness of
acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene
ABS
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
High impact strength Lack of transparency
Good stiffness Poor weathering resistance
Good colourability Poor flame resistance
Excellent surface quality
High dimentional stability at elevated
temperature
Good chemical resistance
Good stress cracking resistance
ABS - Properties
ABS - Uses
Uses: Enclosures, Consumer Products
Wide temperature rating (Use between -4°—
176°F / -20°—80°C)
Good for injection molding
Good plating & painting characteristics
Many colors available
Polycarbonate
Uses: Electronic housings, Lenses, Medical
High temperature rating (Softens at 311°F /
155°C)
Strong impact resistance
Good coloring options, including clear
Glass filled for extra strength
Polyurethane
Polyurethane is a generic term, which covers a
wide range of different formulations and
applications derived from a reaction of
diisocyanate with a polyol.
Polyurethane - thermoplastic
Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) was Thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) is a melt-
discovered in 1937 by Otto Bayer and his processable thermoplastic elastomer with high durability
coworkers at the laboratories of I.G. Farben in and flexibility.
Leverkusen, Germany.
TPU provides a large number of physical and chemical
property combinations for the most demanding
Excellent tensile strength, applications such as automotive, wires and cables,
High elongation at break, and breathable films for leisure, sports and textile coatings,
weatherable, non-yellowing films etc.
Good load bearing capacity.
It has properties between the characteristics of plastic
and rubber.
Polyurethane
Uses: Industrial Housings,
Foam Padding, footwear

2 Part thermoset
Flexible or rigid
Low Pressure Forming, Reaction Injection
Molding (RIM)
Can be machined or sanded for modeling
Additional Plastics
Resins
Non petroleum plastics
Composites
Renewables
Plastic Codes in Recycle Reuse Reduce
Concept.
with bottle and other material plastic illustration.
Perkembangan Teknologi Polimer
Nanopolimer
Perkembangan Teknologi Polimer
Toray – The World Leading Polymer Company
S IL A HKA N BERK UNJUNG K E
HTTP S : //WWW.TORAY.CO.ID/EN/TECHNOLOGY/TO RAY
A History of Toray's
Progress and Product
Development
Polymer Technology
Development – Technology
of Toray’s Company
Perkembangan Teknologi Polimer
Biodegradable Polymer
Types
Biodegradable Polymers
Bahan baku Bio-
polimer
Estimasi penggunaan
lahan untuk produksi
bio-plstik
Cara memasok bahan baku untuk produk
bioplastik
There are various ways to ensure a sufficient supply of biomass for the production for food,
feed, and material uses (including bioplastics) now and in future. These include:
Broadening the base of feedstock:
◦ The bioplastics industry is currently working mostly with agro-based feedstock. Several projects,
however, are already looking into using plant residues or other ligno-cellulosic feedstock.

Increasing yields:
◦ Improving the efficiency of industrial conversion of raw materials into feedstock, for example by using
advanced or specifically tailored microorganisms and optimised physical and chemical processes that
would increase the total availability of resources.

Taking fallow land into production:

◦ There is still plenty of arable land in various geographical regions available for agricultural production,
even in the European Union.[2]
Closing loops with bioplastics
TERIMA KASIH