2019

GUIDED BY :
YAMINI S. PATEL
LECTURER IN CHEMICAL ENIGINEERING
GOVERMENET POLYTECHINC, GANDHINAGAR DIPLOMA CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

PROJECT REPORT ON
OLEUM
PREPARED BY :
PAJVANI JEET 166230305040
PARMAR VIJAY 166230305043
PATEL AAKRUT 166230305044
PARMAR RANA 166230305042
NAYI DHANANJAY 166230305035
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr.Pajvani Jeet M. enrolment no. 166230305040

has satisfactorily completed his project work on OLEUM for the term
ending in April 2019.

Course: - Diploma in chemical engineering

Date of Signature
Submission of guide

H.O.D
Chemical eng. department
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr.Patel Aakrut K. enrolment no. 166230305044

has satisfactorily completed his project work on OLEUM for the term
ending in April 2019.

Course: - Diploma in chemical engineering

Date of Signature
Submission of guide

H.O.D
Chemical eng. department
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr.Parmar Vijay K. enrolment no. 166230305043

has satisfactorily completed his project work on OLEUM for the term
ending in April 2019.

Course: - Diploma in chemical engineering

Date of Signature
Submission of guide

H.O.D

Chemical eng. Department

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr.Parmar Ranabhai K. enrolment no.

166230305042 has satisfactorily completed his project work on OLEUM
for the term ending in April 2019.

Course: - Diploma in chemical engineering

Date of Signature
Submission of guide

H.O.D

Chemical eng. Department

 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr.Nayi Dhananjaykumar J. enrolment no.

166230305035 has satisfactorily completed his project work on OLEUM
for the term ending in April 2019.

Course: - Diploma in chemical engineering

Date of Signature
Submission of guide

H.O.D

Chemical eng. Department

 OLEUM

Introduction of oleum :-
 Oleum is a Latin word.
 Meaning oleum is oil but it is also used for fuming sulphuric acid.
 Fuming sulphuric acid is a solution of various composition of sulphur
trioxide in sulphuric acid.
 Some times oleum word is also used for specially produced disulphuric acid
and this disulphuric acid is also known as pyrosulphuric acid.
 CAS no. ( Chemical Abstracts Service number) of oleum 65% is 8014-95-7
 This CAS No is a numerical number which is assigned to each and every
chemical compound to provide them unique identity at international level.
 Oleum 65% is also known by the following other name:-
1. Fuming sulphuric acid
2. Disulphuric acid
3. Dithionic acid
4. Pyrosulphuric acid
5. Mixture of sulphuric acid and sulphur trioxide
History of Oleum and Sulphuric Acid:-
 As the oleum is produced form by absorbing sulphur trioxide gas (SO 3) in
highly concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4). So the sulphuric acid is the base
of oleum production. Sulphuric acid is a strong acid which is also known as
oil of vitrol.

 The discovery of the sulphuric acid was coined for the first time in 8 th
century by alchemist Jabir Ibn Hayyan. After that in 9 th century Persian
physician also discovered sulphuric acid by dry distillation of iron sulphate
and copper sulphate which produce sulphur trioxide and this sulphur
trioxide is absorbed in the water which produce sulphuric acid of low
concentration. Now in 17th century Germen-dutchese chemist prepared
sulphuric acid by burning sulphur with potassium nitrate in presence of
steam. So that potassium nitrate decomposes and sulphur oxidizes to
sulphur trioxide which will react with water and produce sulphuric acid.
After this in 1736 Joshua Ward a pharmacist from London used this method
for large scale production of sulphuric acid.

 Until this time the sulphuric acid was produced in glass containers. But now
in 1746 John Roebuck from Birmingham used lead lined chamber to
produce sulphuric acid by this process. And in this way lead chamber
process was invented. This process was less expensive and produced more
amounts of sulphuric acid then older processes. After that some
amendments were made and then this process was used to produce
sulphuric acid for at least 2 centuries. But this process was unable to
produce the sulphuric acid of concentration above 35-40%.

 So until this time the oleum was produced by the indirect process of
distillation of iron sulphate at Nordhausen, Germany. History says that until
the contact process discovered, the largest production of oleum has taken
place by this indirect process so, because of this reason the oleum also get
the name of Nordhausen sulphuric acid.
  After this the French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and British chemist
John Glover made some refinement to produce sulphuric acid of 78%.

 Now in 1831, British vinegar merchant Peregrine Phillips patented the

contact process, which was a far more economical for producing sulphur
trioxide, concentrated sulphuric acid and oleum. Today, nearly all of the
world’s sulphuric acid and oleum is produced using this contact process
only.

Physical properties of oleum

 CHEMICAL FORMULA :- H2SO4.SO3
 MOLECULAR WEIGHT :- 178.129 gm/mole
 MELTING POINT :- 0.5°C
 BOILING POINT :- 60°C
 DENSITY :- 1.99 gm/cm 3
 VAPOUR PRESSURE :- 20 Kpa at40 °C
 FLAMMABILITY :- Not flammable
 IGNITION POINT :- Not applicable
 FREEZING POINT :- - 2°C
 VISCOSITY :- 38 m.pa.sec
 DECOMPOSITION TEMP :- 340 °C
 CORROSIVITY :- Extremely corrosive
 SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY :- 1.55 KJ/kg.kat 20 °C
 HEAT CAPACITY :- 1.85 J/k
 SPECIFIC GRAVITY :- 1.992 at 20 °C
 ODOUR :- pungent
 SOLUBILITY :- Miscible in water in all Proportion and miscible in inorganic
solvent
 APPEARANCE :- (1) it is colorless to off-white or colorless to brown.
(2) it’s color appearance is depend upon concentration of SO 3 present in oleum
 (3)It is fuming viscus oily liquid

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF OLEUM

(1) Oleum is used for sulfonation process as below example
I. When phenol is reacted with phenol at high temperature
then it will produce 4-hydroxy 1,3-benzene disulfonic
acid

OH SO 3H
OH
+ H2S2O7 +H 2O
SO3H
4-hydroxy 1,3-benzene
phenol sulphonic acid

II. When benzene is reacted with oleum at high

temperature then it will produce benzene meta-
disulphonic acid.
SO3H

+ H2S2 O7 + H2 O
SO 3H

Benzene Benzene Meta- disulphonic acid

 (2) When oleum is reacted with sodium hydroxide then it will produce sodium
pyrosulphate

2NAOH + H2 S2 O7 Na2 S2 O7 + 2H2 O

Sodium oleum Sodium

Hydroxide Pyrosulphate

(3) When dilution of oleum is done by adding excess water then it will produce
sulfuric acid

H 2 S 2 O 7 + H2 O 2H2SO4

(4) Oleum is highly hygroscopic compound so it absorbers moisture of any

compound or substance when it come in contact with them
(5) Oleum is a oxidizing material so in carry out combustion reaction when it
come in contact of any combustible material
(6) Oleum reacts violently with water
(7) It carry out corrosive reaction with metal and produces oxides and causes
rusting of metal

APPLICATION OF OLEUM

 It is used in oil refining process to make crude oil distillates into higher
quality material.
 Manufacture of soap.
 Manufacture of high purity sulfuric acid for the electronic industry.
 One important use of oleum as a reagent is the secondary nitration of
nitrobenzene.
  Oleum is used in the manufacture of many explosives with the notable
excetion of nitrocellulose.
 Intermediate for chemicals and dyes.
 Oleum is used as a dehydrating agent in the manufacture of many kind of

explosives such as TNT.

 Raw material for caprolactum, nylon and other dyestuff.

Present status of oleum:-

 Oleum is one of the oldest inorganic acid which is used for production of
many dyes and products like chloro sulphonic acid, etc.
 Oleum is quite expensive product of chemical market.

At present on 8thmarch 2019 is 9000 rupees per ton. But the price of oleum keeps
on changing on day to day basis which depends on the price of dollar at
international level and on the basis of the demand and supply requirement of the
oleum.

 Companies producing oleum in Gujarat with their per day production

capacity:-

Sr.no. Name of companies Approx. Production per day

1 Kiri industries limited 100 tons

2 Kutch chemical industries limited 50 tons
3 Bodal chemicals limited 125 tons
4 Panoli intermediates private limited 150 tons
5 Atul limited 50 tons
6 Aarti industries limited 100 tons
7 Nath industrial chemical limited 40 tons
8 Shree sulphurics private limited 75 tons
9 Nirma limited, mandala 80 tons
10 Guljan chemicals, jodhpur 75 tons
11 Transpek industry limited 75 tons
12 Krishna phosphor chem 40 tons
13 Industrial solvent & chemicals 50 tons
private limited
Manufacturing process of oleum :-
1. Lead chamber process
2. Contact process
3. DCDA (double contact and double absorption process). It is advanced stage
of contact process.
 Form all this process contact process or DCDA processes are the standard
process which are currently used to produce sulphuric acid and oleum.

Reason for selecting the DCDA OR Contact process as the most

suitable process :-
 Lead chamber process is a old process which was used for industrial
production of the oleum or sulphuric acid.
 It was used for almost 200 years for production of sulphuric acid or oleum.
 But in lead chamber process we have to supply only so2 as reactant and this
process was unable to use raw sulphur as raw material.
 While on the other hand contact process or DCDA process is able to use
raw sulphur to produce so2, so3, h2so4 and oleum. So the contact process is
less expensive compared to lead chamber process as we have to produce
so2 first and then we have to supply it to the lead chamber.
 Lead chamber process was able to produce only 78 % sulphuric acid and it
was unable to produce oleum.
 And after that from form that sulphuric acid oleum was produced by
absorbing so3 in it.
 While contact process is directly able to produce sulphuric acid of 98%
concentration and it is also able to produce oleum of concentration of 65
%.

So the main advantage of the contact process are:-

 1. It is economical compared to lead chamber process.
2. Contact process is also able to produce so3 and oleum directly unlike lead
chamber process

Contact process or DCDA process for manufacturing of the

sulphuric acid and oleum :-

Raw materials :- 1) molten sulphur

2) Air

3) catalyst- vanadium pent oxide

4) Uitility – air, cooling water, electricity,etc

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SULFUR

 Formula. :- S
 Density. :- 2.070 g/cc
 Melting point. :- 388.36 K
 Boiling point. :- 717.75 K
 State at STP. :- Solid
 Appearance. :- lemon yellow sintered Microcrystals
 Atomic. :- 16
 Critical temperature. :- 1314 K
 Critical pressure. :- 20.7 m. Pa
 Heat of vaporization. :- 45 KJ/mol
 Molar heat capacity. :- 22.75 J/mol.K

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SULPHUR

1) Sulphur burns in air or oxygen or gentle heating with a pale blue
flame It produces colorless Sulphur dioxide gas
 S + O2 SO2

2) Sulphur and oxygen react in a combination reaction to produce

Sulphur trioxide and environmental pollutant according to the
following chemical reaction

2S + 3O2 2SO3
3) When concentrated HNO3 Sulphur. It oxidizes Sulphur to give Sulphur
acid. Concentrated HNO3 oxidizing agent

S(s) + 6HNO3(aq) 2H2O + H2SO4(aq) + 6 NO2

Chemical reactions:-
1. In this reaction molten sulphur (S) will be burned in the burner in the
presence of excess air and sulphur dioxide (SO 2) will be produced.

S + O2 SO2

2. In this reaction sulphur dioxide (SO2) is reacted with oxygen in the presence
of catalyst vanadium pent oxide (V2O5) in 4 stage catalytic converter and
sulphur trioxide (SO3) is produced.
V2O5
SO2 + ½ O2 SO3

3. In this reaction sulphur trioxide (SO3) is absorbed in 98% H2SO4 so oleum(H-

S O7) is produced.
2 2
Flow diagram :- DCDA PROCESS
SO3 + H2SO4 H2S2O7
Process description of DCDA process for oleum production:-
 Sulphur or sulphide ore are stored in molten state because it has high
purity in molten state and low pumping cost.
 These sulphide ore or sulphur is sent to the burner.
 Here combustion reaction is carried out.
 Here air is supplied for combustion.
 If air is directly fed to the burner than the moisture present in the air can
cause corrosion to the pipes and other parts.
 So air is dried in the drier by using 98% H2SO4.
 Now sulphur dioxide (SO2) Gas is produced in the burner.
 This SO2 gas is filtered and sent to the 4 stage catalytic converter.
 After preheating this SO2 gas is sent to 1st stage where we obtain 80%
conversion of SO2 to SO3
 Now the gases coming out from 1st stage are cooled to 450 degree Celsius
as the reaction is exothermic so temperature is maintained between 450 –
600 degree Celsius.
 Now this gas mixture is sent to the second stage of the catalytic converter
and after that it is sent third stage of the catalytic converter.
 Till 3rd stage we can get 95% of SO2 converted to SO3.
 This mixture of SO2, SO3 And O2 is sent to 1st absorption tower where SO3 is
absorbed in 98% H2SO4 so oleum is produced (H2S2O7).
 The unreacted sulphur dioxide and oxygen are sent back to the 4 th stage of
the catalytic converter so we can convert remaining SO2 in SO3 and obtain
99% conversion of SO2 into SO3. Due this step of double time conversion of
SO2 to SO3 this process is known as double contact absorption process.
 This SO3 is again sent to the 1st absorption tower and oleum is produced.
 This oleum is sent to the 2nd absorption tower where it is hydrated with
97% H2SO4 and 98% H2SO4 is produced.
 Both sulphuric acid and oleum are very hot so they are cooled in water
cooled pipe chiller and stored for further use.
MAJOR EQUIPMENTS AND INSRUMENTS REQUIRED FOR
SELECTED PROCESS :-

ABSORPTION COLUMN :-
 A mass heat exchange apparatus for the separation of gas mixtures by
selective absorption of their individual liquid absorbent. It is used in the
drying and purification of natural gases, in the production of sulfuric acid,
chlorine, ammonia, etc.
 Absorption occurs at the interface of the media, so the absorption columns
have a developed mass transfer surface between the liquid and the gas,
according to the method of formation of which the absorption columns are
conventionally divided into 4 groups.
 In the surface absorption columns, the gas passes over the surface of a
stationary or slowly moving liquid; in more efficient - film absorption
columns, the contact of the phases occurs on the surface of the flowing
liquid.
 In packed absorption columns (a kind of film), the phases are contacted on
the surface of solids of various shapes that fill the working volume of the
apparatus, the so-called packing. The liquid flows along the nozzle in the
form of a thin film, washed with gas.
 Bubble (disc) absorption columns have plates located at a certain distance
from each other. The gas rises up and passes through a layer of liquid on
the plates (through holes or special devices - valves). Liquid overflow pipe
flows down from one plate to another.
 In spray absorption columns, contact between the phases is achieved by
spraying or spraying the liquid inside the column in various ways.
The absorption tower used in the kiri industry which we have visited is tray type
absorption tower

 In that tower the sulphur trioxide (SO3) which is obtained from the catalytic
converter is entered from the bottom of the tower and the 98% sulphuric
acid is entered from the top in atomized form using atomizer.
 The trays provide the contact area between the sulphuric acid and sulphur
trioxide and so the sulphur trioxide will be absorbed in the sulphuric acid
and the oleum will be produced.
 This absorption will be exothermic so the this stream of the oleum will be
cooled in the water piped chiller.
 And after that the oleum will be stored.
CATALYTIC CONVERTOUR:-

The apparatus in which SO2 is converted into SO3 is as shown in figure. It is

designed so as to achieve high rate of conversion along with highest possible
thermodynamic yields. The convertor is subdivided into several compartments
having separate layers of catalytic mass supported by meshes. In four
compartment reactor, upon entering the reactor from top , the sulfurous gases
have been heated to about 4000C by heat exchange carried out earlier on the
sulfurous gases themselves, the added air or the mixture of them are heated up
to about 6000C where upon they react. The rate of reaction is high but the yield
does not exceed 75%.Upon leaving the first compartment the temperature of the
partially converted gases is lowered by 1000C in the gas-gas heat exchanger (HE-
1), and they are returned to the converter where, in correspondence with the
temperature of the catalytic bed in the second compartment, they are brought up
to about 5000C and react to form further SO3 from SO2. The rate of reaction is
lower but the yield goes up to 85%.The gases are again sent out of the reactor
and their temperature is reduced again by 1000C by means of heat exchanger
(HE-2). Then returned to third compartment where yields raised up to 95% by
passing through the catalytic bed at 4800C. The rate of reaction is further
lowered, but now only small amounts of gas to be converted into SO3.After
lowering the temperature third time by external heat exchange (HE-3), the gases
are passed back to the reactor where they undergo on the catalytic bed in the
fourth compartment, final conversion at about 4500C, which gives yield of 98-
99%.
Material balance:-
Basis: - 1 ton/day of H2S2O7 to be produced

= 1000kg/day H2S2O7 to be produced

= 1000/24 kg/ hr H2S2O7 to be produced

= 41.66 kg/hr H2S2O7 to be produced.

1) S + O2 SO2

 We require 0.236 kmol of sulphur (S) to produce 0.236 kmol of

sulphur dioxide (SO2).
 So we require 7.552 kg/hr of sulphur.

 We requires 0.236 kmol of oxygen (O2) to produce 0.236 kmol of

sulphur dioxide (SO2)

 So we require 1.123 kmol of air.

 But as there is no inlet for air in converter so excess air is supplied in

burner for both burner and converter

 Therefore air required in burner = 1.123 kmol

 And air required in converter =0.835 kmol

Total air required = 1.123 + 0.835

= 1.958 kmol air
  20 % excess air is to be supplied
So 20% of air required = 0.2 × 1.958
= 0.3916 kmol/hr
Total 20% excess air = 1.958 + 0.3916
= 2.3496 kmol/hr
= 68.1384 kg/hr
So we have to supply 68.1384 kg/hr of total air.

sulphur (S) sulphur dioxide (SO 2)

Air Burner O2, N2.

Sulphur inlet = 0.236 kmol/hr

= 7.552 kg/hr
Air inlet = 2.3496 kmol/hr
= 68.1384 kg/hr
Sulphur dioxide outlet = 0.236 kmol/hr
= 15.104 kg/hr
O2 Outlet from burner = 0.2574 kmol/hr
= 8.236 kg/hr
N2 Outlet from burner = 1.856 kmol/hr
= 51.968 kg/hr

 O2 in air supplied to the burner = 0.21 × 2.3494

 = 0.4934 kmol/hr

 O2 unreacted = feed – reacted O2

= 0.4934 – 0.236
= 0.2574 kmol/hr
= 8.236 kg/hr

 N2 unreacted = 0.79 × 2.3496

= 1.856 kmol/hr
= 51.968 kg/hr

 INPUT = sulphur supplied + air supplied

= 7.552 + 68.138
= 75.69 kg/hr

 OUTPUT = SO2 outlet + N2 unreacted + O2 unreacted

= 15.104 + 8.236 + 51.968
= 75.308 kg/hr
So input = output
75.69 = 75.308

2) SO2 + ½ O2 SO3

 SO2 supplied to the catalytic converter from burner = 15.104 kg/hr

= 0.236 kmol/hr
 O2 fed to the converter = 0.2574 kmol/hr

sulphur dioxide (SO2) sulphur trioxide (SO3)

Catalytic
converter
O2, N2 from burner O 2,N2 unreacted

Sulphur dioxide (SO2) inlet = 0.236 kmol/hr

= 15.104 kg/hr

O2 Inlet = 0.257 kmol/hr

= 8.2368 kg/hr

N2 inlet = 1.856 kmol/hr

= 15.968 kg/hr

Conversion % = SO2 reacted to produce SO3

SO2 feed

0.99 = SO2 reacted to produce SO3

0.236
0.99 × 0.236 = SO 2 reacted to produce SO3

0.2336 kmol/hr = SO2 reacted to produce SO3

 ½ O2 reacted to produce 1 kmol SO3

So ? kmol O2 = produce 0.2336 kmol SO3
So 0.1168 kmol O2 reacted
 SO3 outlet = 0.2336 kmol/hr
= 18.689 kg /hr
 O2 unreacted = O2 feed – O2 reacted
= 0.2574 – 0.1168
= 0.1406 kmol/hr
= 4.4992 kg/hr O2

 N2 unreacted = 1.856 kmol/hr

= 51.968 kg/hr

 SO2 unreacted = SO2 enter – SO2 reacted

= 0.236 – 0.2336
= 0.003 kmol/hr
= 0.192 kg/hr

 INPUT = SO3 + O2 + N2
= 15.104 + 8.2368 + 51.968
= 75.30 kg/hr

 OUTPUT = SO3 + N2 + O2 + SO2

= 18.688 + 4.499 + 0.192 + 51.968
= 75.3 kg/hr

 INPUT = OUTPUT
75.30 = 75.3
 3) SO3 + conc.H2SO4 H2S2O7

 SO3 feed to absorption tower from converter = 0.2336 kmol/hr

 To produce 1 kmol H2 S2O7 = 1 kmol H2SO4

To produce 0.234 kmol H2S2O7 = ? H2SO4

So 0.234 kmol /hr H2SO4 required.

sulphur trioxide (SO3) Oleum Absorption

Oleum H 2S2O7
sulphuric acid (H2SO4) tower

SO2 inlet = 0.23367 kmol/hr

=18.688 kg/hr

H2SO4 inlet = 0.234 kmol/hr

= 22.932 kg/hr

H2S2O7 outlet = 41.66 kg/hr

= 0.234 kmol/hr

Inlet = outlet
 SO3 supplied + H2SO4 supplied = H2S2O7 produced

18.688 + 22.932 = 41.66

41.6 = 41.66

Plant Location Decisions and Factors Affecting Plant

Location :-
Plant location refers to the choice of the region where men, materials, money,
machinery and equipment are brought together for setting up a business or
factory. A plant is a place where the cost of the product is kept to low in order to
maximize gains. Identifying an ideal location is very crucial, it should always
maximize the net advantage, must minimize the unit cost of production and
distribution. Plant location decisions are very important because once the plant is
located at a particular site then the organization has to face the pros and cons of
that initial decision.
While taking plant location decision organizations need to consider various
factors such as availability of men, materials, money, machinery and equipment.
At the same time plant, location decisions should also focus on expanding and
developing facilities, the nearness of the market, transport facilities, availability of
fuel and power, availability of water and disposal of water etc. There is no exact
method of analysis or assurance for the selection of an optimal location. But an
extent of analysis and study can help in maximizing the probability of finding the
right locations.

If an organization is placed in a potentially satisfactory location then it can fulfill

the objectives smoothly in the long run, on the other hand, opt for a poor location
does not give the expected results due to the non-availability of raw materials,
problems from local people, problems associated with availability and disposal of
water, power supply problems, etc. However following a systematic method in
order to evaluate the better location can give maximum results in generating
profits.
Factors affecting the plant location
Decisions regarding selecting a location need a balance of several factors. These
are divided into primary factors and secondary factors; here both the factors can
influence the business in the long run.

Primary factors
1. Availability of raw materials

Availability of raw materials is the most important factor in plant location

decisions. Usually, manufacturing units where there is the conversion of raw
materials into finished goods is the main task then such organizations should be
located in a place where the raw materials availability is maximum and cheap.

2. Nearness to the market

Nearness of market for the finished goods not only reduces the transportation
costs, but it can render quick services to the customers. If the plant is located far
away from the markets then the chances of spoiling and breakage become high
during transport. If the industry is nearer to the market then it can grasp the
market share by offering quick services.

3. Availability of labor

Another most important factor which influences the plant location decisions is the
availability of labor. The combination of the adequate number of labor with
suitable skills and reasonable labor wages can highly benefit the firm. However,
labor-intensive firms should select the plant location which is nearer to the source
of manpower.
 4. Transport facilities

In order to bring the raw materials to the firm or to carrying the finished goods to
the market, transport facilities are very important. Depending on the size of the
finished goods or raw materials a suitable transportation is necessary such as
roads, water, rail, and air. Here the transportation costs highly increase the cost
of production, such organizations can not complete with the rival firms. Here the
point considered is transportation costs must be kept low.

5. Availability of fuel and power

Unavailability of fuel and power is the major drawback in selecting a location for
firms. Fuel and power are necessary for all most all the manufacturing units, so
locating firms nearer to the coal beds and power industries can highly reduce the
wastage of efforts, money and time due to the unavailability of fuel and power.

6. Availability of water

Depending on the nature of the plant firms should give importance to the
locations where water is available. For example, power plants where use water to
produce power should be located near the water bodies.

Secondary factors
7. Suitability of climate
Climate is really an influencing factor for industries such as agriculture, leather,
and textile, etc. For such industries extreme humid or dry conditions are not
suitable for plant location. Climate can affect the labor efficiency and productivity.

8. Government policies

While selecting a location for the plant, it is very important to know the local
existed Government policies such as licensing policies, institutional finance,
Government subsidies, Government benefits associated with establishing a unit in
the urban areas or rural areas, etc.

9. Availability of finance

Finance is the most important factor for the smooth running of any business; it
should not be far away from the plant location. However, in the case of decisions
regarding plant location, it is the secondary important factor because financial
needs can be fulfilled easily if the firm is running smoothly. But it should be
located nearer to the areas to get the working capital and other financial needs
easily.

10.Competition between states

In order to attract the investment and large scale industries various states offer
subsidies, benefits, and sales tax exemptions to the new units. However, the
incentives may not be big but it can help the firms during its startup stages.

11.Availability of facilities

Availability of basic facilities such as schools, hospitals, housing and recreation

clubs, etc can motivate the workers to stick to the jobs. On the other hand, these
facilities must be provided by the organization, but here most of the employees
give preference to work in the locations where all these benefits/facilities are
available outside also. So while selecting plant location, organizations must give
preference to the location where it is suitable for providing other facilities also.

12.Disposal of waste

Disposal of waste is a major problem particularly for industries such as chemical,

sugar, and leather, etc. So that the selected plant location should have provision
for the disposal of waste.

 We have visited Kiri industries limited. Here we

understand practically how the plant location is selected for
oleum production:-
 Kiri industries limited is situated at Padra . In selecting this location kiri
industries have taken all the points in consideration:-

1) Kiri has selected padra because padre is situated in center of the market
of oleum. As oleum is used as intermediate for production of dyes and
highest production of dyes is in the cities like Ahmadabad, Ankleshwer,
Bharuch, etc and Padra is exactly the center of all this cities
2) Kiri also considered the issue of pollution. As it somewhat isolated place
from villages nearby. And there are also high number trees in the Padra
so air pollution can also be contolled.
3) Point of waste disposal is also considered by the kiri as there is a E.P.C.
CANAL which is a common canal where liquid effluent is dumped by all
 the industries situated in the Padra and this effluent is treated and
dumped into the atlast.
4) The area nearby the Padra is highly less fertile so there is less
employment of people in agriculture field. High number of worker can
be obtained of working in plant. And like this employment can also be
provided to the peoples and issue of the shortage of employee can also
solved. so a the land is less fertile so company can get the land at less
price.
5) There is sufficient water availability in the region of Padra.

SAFETY CONSIDERATION :-

Safety consideration
Fuming Sulphuric Acid Oleum 65%

Section 1:- Identifications

Chemical Name :- Fuming Sulphuric Acid.

Usual Name :- Sulphuric acid, Oleum.

Sulphuric Acid Formula :- H2SO4.

Oleum :- Solution of fuming sulphuric acid (H2SO4) with SO3.

KIRI INDUSTRIES LTD. UNIT-5

TELEPHONE :- (02662) 273724

ADDRESS :- Plot no. 552, 566, 567, 569, 570, 571,

 ECP Channel Road,

Village :- Dudhwada,

Taluka :- Padra,

District :- Baroda.

Section 2 :- Composition and information on ingredients:-

The product is a gaseous sulphur trioxide solution in sulphuric acid at 20-30% by
weight equivalent to a sulphuric acid of 105-106% which means that for every 100
kilograms of product 105 are obtained or 106 Kg, of 100% acid. It contains traces
of minerals such chrome, nickel, selenium.

Section 3 :- Hazard Identification Danger :-

Corrosive materials to metals and living tissues. It causes severe burns. It can be
fatal if ingested. It absorbs moisture from the skin, producing burns similar to fire
inhalation. In its formulation there are dissolved sulphur trioxide gases that
escape when the dissolvent containing them is uncovered. If it is diluted and the
container is metallic, it can generate explosive hydrogen. At room temperature, it
releases dioxide and toxic sulphur trioxides. On ingestion it produces severe burns
of the digestive tract. Skin contact with the skin produces immediate, more
severe burns at higher concentration. Continuous contact with diluted solutions
can cause dermatitis. On contact with eyes causes burns and permanent loss of
vision.

Section 4:- First Aid Measures :-

In case the acid has fallen on making use of large amounts of water as pure as
possible and remove the patient from the tar, the skin or the eyes should be
washed the contaminated affected parts. The doctor should be called
immediately, explaining exactly what happened.

1. Contact with the skin and mucosus membranes :-

People who have had contact with fuming sulphuric acid should put safety
showers to wash affected parts with water in clothes as quickly as possible
under spray. As a complement to this first aid, soap can be used to wash the
affected parts. The burned parts will subsequently receive medical treatment
similar to that used in the treatment of thermal burns. The washing should
continue for at least 10 minutes.

2. Eye contact :-
If fuming sulphuric acid comes into contact with the eyes, they should be
immediately irrigated with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. The eyelids
should be kept open during irrigation to ensure contact of the water with the
tissues of the region. Call or call the doctor immediately, preferably the
specialist. If the discomfort continues after the irrigations, second irrigations of
15 minutes will be needed. Be careful to use pure water. You can also apply 2
or 3 drops of liquid anaesthetic, then protect them with a patch. Do not apply
oily oils or ointments.

3. Ingestion :-
If a person accidently ingested smoky sulphuric acid, then he should be given
immediately large amount of water, in order to reduce the concentration, and
once done, can be given milk of magnesia or lime water to neutralize the acid.
Do not induce vomiting or stomach flushing. Immediate medical attention
must be obtained.
4. Inhalation :-
Persons who inhale acidic mists must be transported to non-contaminated
areas; you should immediately call the doctor, who will keep you under
observation for sufficient time, in case a pulmonary reaction should occur. If
the necessary means are available, a trained person or a doctor can provide
oxygen to the patient. The inhalation of oxygen must continue for time
necessary to maintain the normal skin colour of the mucous membranes. In
case of severe exposure, the patient should breath oxygen under positive
exhalation pressure for a period of half an hour every hour, for at least 3
hours; if the patient does not breath, an artificial method to resume breathing
should be applied. Any drug or shock treatment should only be administrated
by doctor. “you should never try to administer anything by mouth to an
unconscious patient.”

Section 5 :- Action in case of fire

The acid itself is not flammable, but might be isolated from organic materials,
metals powders, nitrates, carbides, chlorates, etc. The contact of concentrated
acid with these materials can cause ignition. The oleum contained in deum, tanks
causes hydrogen evolution, the hydrogen gas is explosive in the range of 4 to 75%
volume of hydrogen in the air. Hydrogen, a highly flammable gas, can be
produced inside a drum, tankers, a pipe or a metal storage tank containing fuming
sulphuric acid. As hydrogen forms explosive mixture with the environment under
certain conditions, you should not smoke or light uncovered lights in the vicinity
of such containers. To avoid the explosion of hydrogen when it produces fire or
welding, lines that go to the equipment that is being repaired must be emptied
and closed with valves. In case of fires where possible do not use water to contain
them, since dangerous projections of hot acid can be produced. In all the closed
systems that are opened for work with heat production, the interested section
should be isolated as much as possible, in both directions. Sweeping of entrained
or accumulated gases should also be carried out. Adequate ventilation is essential
to prevent explosion of hydrogen.
Section 6 :- Accidental Release Measures :-
In the case of spillage from a container for the transport of sulphuric acid fumes in
bulk or in containers, follow the following recommendations:-

Locate the container in a safe place that is to say in a place outside the road, to
wasteland. If possible away from surface water currents. Try to get help and build
a containment dam. Use the shovel to channel the spill, keep in mind that you
must act in favour of the wind and avoid contact of liquid with your body. Inform
the Transport Company and recipient of the product as soon as possible. Notify
the component authorities (local emergencies committees, road police, civil
defence, firemen, Red Cross.)

Section 7 :- Handling And Storage :-

Handling: - The appropriate personal protective equipment must be used and

referenced in numeral 8. A proven source of water must be available at a short
distance from the point of use, for best treatment of burns.

Storage: - Store in open places, with good ventilations, separated from organic
materials that may enter in contact to avoid contamination and ignition. The
floors must have unevenness and drainage to collection channels of accidental
spills and direct the waters to a neutralization treatment pit. The containers must
be properly labelled.

Section 8 :- Exposure Controls And Personal Protections:-

It is necessary to consider as a complement of mandatory and essential character
the use of personal protection equipment to those who have contact or are
involved in the direct handling of the smoky sulphuric acid, and do not exempt
the worker from taking all kinds of precautionary measures regarding their
behaviour and personal performance the exercise of any operation.

The personal protection equipment should be selected, taking into account the
work that will be developed, among which are listed below:-
 Rubber boots.
 Neoprene or PVC gloves mask with cartridges for acid gases.
 Jacket and pants made of rubber or other acid resistant materials.
 Glasses for protection against chemical substances.
 Face screens.
 Mask or cap with forced air supply.
 Belts or harnesses.

Eye Protections:-

 Safety glasses with metal or plastic edges with protections without

perforations. They can be used in place where it is convenient a continuous
protection to the eyes, such as in laboratories. However, the should not be
used where full eye protection against the smoky sulphuric acid is needed.
 Suction cups or rubber moulds, carefully adjusted and equipped with
impact resistant plastic or glass lenses, should be used when there is a
possibility of receiving acid in the eyes.
 The plastic masks (full coverage, at least eight inches), with protection of
forehead, can be used as complement to the antacids security safety mono-
glasses, where there is the danger of impact on the eyes from below or
around of the lateral parts of the mask.

Respiratory protection: -
The autonomous air equipments allow the carrier to carry an oxygen supply or
around compressed in a cylinder and the auto generator type produces oxygen
chemically. The equipment allows considerable mobility. The laps of time in which
autonomous air equipment gives protection, varies according to the volume of
air, regeneration material oxygen that is transported. Compressed oxygen should
not be used where there is a danger of contact with flammable liquid or vapours
or sources of ignition, especially in confined spaces such as pits and tanks. Masks
with a contamination free area. The conditions of use of this equipment must be
such as to permit safe escape in the event of air supply failures. Precautions
should be taken so that the house does not get tangled. Masks can also be used
with plant line air, but only if safe exhaust is above and with oil-free pressure air,
they should be located in a possible in case of air shortage. An appropriate
pressure regulator should be used. The air should be checked frequently.

Protection for the feet: -

The use of rubber safety shoes with steel inner sleeves is recommended for
worker who handles drums and jugs with smoky sulphuric acid. Rubber shoes
overlap plel safety shoes. They must be totally limited when they have suffered
contamination in their use.

Protection of the body, skin and hands: -

In places where there is possibility of contact with the body, rubber, neoprene or
PVC gloves should be worn. It is recommended to use complete rubber
equipment with chemical safety mono-glasses, rubber boots and plastic mask, to
clean tank cars, equipment in which fresh air must be supplied.

Sure Resumes And Security Belt: -

Baby use any of these safety equipment tied to an extension, in case the carrier of
breathing equipment between in a closing and unprofitable atmosphere.
Whenever it act in case of proper protective equipment in case there must be at
least one person outside of contaminated area for emergency. This assistant must
be provided that you need to enter the also in contaminated area of control of
rotation or rotten protection, acting from the head to the feet with vulcanized
seams, integral boots and gloves, separate synthetic hule can housing can be
used with air or mascular filter type gas small size, medium or large.

Section 9 : - Chemical And Physical Properties : -

The product is a liquid which is more dense than water, viscous, corrosive,
hygroscopic (absorbs moisture) and it is transparent when it is pure and it is also
found with colours varying from white, pink, yellow, green or black according to
contaminants that are present.

Density at 25 degree Celsius: - 1891Kg/litre

Viscosity at 20 degree Celsius: - 25 cp (centi poise)

Boiling point: - it decomposes at 30 degree Celsius

Solubility: - it is extremely soluble in water and generates heat of dissolution.

Section 10: - Stability And Reactivity: -

In addition to attacking many metals, the acid it contains is a strong oxidizing
agent and can ignite upon contact with organic matter, such as paper, cloth,
cardboard, sawdust and compounds such as nitrates, carbides, chlorates, etc. It
also reacts exothermically with water. It has higher heat evolution when the
proportion is two gram molecules of water per gram molecule of sulphuric acid,
reaching a temperature of 158 degree Celsius. It has a great affinity for water due
to which, it produces dehydration of the organic compounds sometimes so strong
that it gets to carbonize them.
Section 11: - Toxicological Information: -
The product is toxic by the inhalation of mists produced at room temperature
when its concentration in the air greater than 1 mg/m3. It does not present risks
of mutation or teratogenicity. No associations of the product with appearance of
cancer have been reported.

Section 12: - Ecological Information: -

The product is strong inorganic acid. The effects on the flora, fauna, soil and water
are more serious as their concentration increases. Its effect on waters and soil is
that its pH decreases which make them unfit for life. A low pH also increases the
solubility in the soil of some minerals, up to values that are toxic for most plants.

Section 13: - Disposal Considerations: -

The product should not be discarded without treating to the soil or water,
without prior treatment no matter the concentration or quantity. The treatment
consists in neutralizing it with an alkaline agent, such as lime, caustic soda,
sodium carbonate or other alkaline materials, which do not themselves present
any problems of toxicity or disposal. It must be ensured that the pH of
neutralizing products is in the range of 5-9 units. In the case of using
neutralization products such as those named, the products obtained in solid form
are used for sanitary landfills or slag heaps.

Section 14: - Transportation information: -

Containers for transporting the product must be adequate to the quantities and
concentration handled. Generally, the product is transported in tankers with
more than 10 tons of net cargo, made of carbon steel or stainless steel. For
transportation of smaller quantities, 200 litre cans or even 20 litre containers can
be used. The material of these containers is usually polypropylene or high density
polyethylene, PEADts. Transport units must meet the requirements. The transport
units and the tankers must be labelled with UN code 1831 and logo corresponding
to the classification of corrosive product GRADE 8, established in the technical
standard NTC 1692.

Section 15: - Regulatory Information: -

The product is a material controlled by the national narcotics directorate and for
its production, commercialization, transportation and consumption it is necessary
to have permit of litres.

References: - Law 55/93

Decree 1609/02

NTC-1692.

Section 16: - Additional Information: -

Information related to this product may not be valid if it is used in combination
with other materials. It is responsibility of the user to interpret the information
provided here.
Note explanatory: -All the information and recommendations are
based on evidence and data which are considered reliable, but the
accuracy of them are not guaranteed and there is no guarantee of any
kind in this regard. This information is presented as auxiliary to your
analysis and does not pretend to be an authorization or license for its
use. Since Quimica basica colombiana S.A. has no control over the use
of the product described here does not assume any responsibility for
damage or losses incurred due to its own or improper use.

MATERIAL SHEFTY DATA SHEET:-

OLEUM ICSC: 1447

Sulfuric acid, fuming

Disulphuric acid
Dithionic acidS November 2016
Pyrosulfuric acid
Mixture of sulfuric acid and sulfur trioxide

CAS #: 8014-95-7

UN #: 1831

ACUTE HAZARDS PREVENTION FIRE FIGHTING

FIRE & Not combustible. NO contact with NO water. In case of

 Many reactions may
cause fire or fire in the
explosion. Gives off surroundings, use
incompatible
irritating or toxic appropriate
substances. See
fumes (or gases) in a extinguishing media. 
Chemical Dangers. 
fire.  Risk of fire and In case of fire: keep
EXPLOSION NO contact with
explosion on contact drums, etc., cool by
incompatible
with bases, spraying with water.
materials: See
combustible NO direct contact of
Chemical Dangers
substances, reducing the substance with
agents, water or water.
organic materials.

 PREVENT GENERATION OF MISTS! AVOID ALL CONTACT! IN ALL CASES

CONSULT A DOCTOR!

SYMPTOMS PREVENTION FIRST AID

Fresh air, rest. Half-

Cough. Sore throat. upright position.
Use ventilation, local
Burning sensation. Artificial respiration
Inhalation exhaust or breathing
Shortness of breath. may be needed. Refer
protection.
Laboured breathing. immediately for
medical attention.

Skin Redness. Pain. Blisters. Protective gloves. Wear protective gloves

Serious skin burns. Protective clothing. when administering
Apron. first aid. First rinse
with plenty of water
for at least 15 minutes,
then remove
contaminated clothes
 and rinse again. Refer
immediately for
medical attention.

Rinse with plenty of

water for several
Wear face shield or
minutes (remove
Redness. Pain. Blurred eye protection in
Eyes contact lenses if easily
vision. Severe burns. combination with
possible). Refer
breathing protection.
immediately for
medical attention.

Burns in mouth and

throat. Burning Rinse mouth. Give
sensation behind the nothing to drink. Do
Do not eat, drink, or
Ingestion breastbone. NOT induce vomiting.
smoke during work.
Abdominal pain. Refer immediately for
Vomiting. Shock or medical attention.
collapse.

SPILLAGE DISPOSAL CLASSIFICATION & LABELLING

Evacuate danger area! Consult an According to UN GHS Criteria

expert! Personal protection: chemical
protection suit including self-contained
breathing apparatus. Do NOT let this
chemical enter the environment. Do
NOT absorb in saw-dust or other DANGER
combustible absorbents. Collect leaking
Fatal if inhaled
liquid in sealable containers. Absorb
Causes severe skin burns and eye
remaining liquid in dry sand or inert
damage
absorbent. Then store and dispose of
according to local regulations. May cause respiratory irritation
Cautiously neutralize remainder with May be corrosive to metals
lime or soda ash. See Notes

STORAGE Transportation
UN Classification
Dry. Separated from food and feedstuffs UN Hazard Class: 8; UN Subsidiary Risks:
and incompatible materials. See 6.1; UN Pack Group: I
Chemical Dangers. Store only in original
packaging. Ventilation along the floor.

PACKAGING

Unbreakable packaging.
Put breakable packaging into closed
unbreakable container.
Airtight.
Do not transport with food and
feedstuffs.

Prepared by an international group

of experts on behalf of ILO and WHO,
with the financial assistance of the
European Commission.
© ILO and WHO 2017
OLEUM ICSC: 1447

PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL INFORMATION

Physical State; Appearance Formula: H2SO4.O3S

COLOURLESS-TO-BROWN FUMING
VISCOUS OILY HYGROSCOPIC LIQUID
WITH CHARACTERISTIC ODOUR.
Physical dangers
Molecular mass: see Notes
Boiling point: see Notes
Melting point: see Notes
Relative density (water = 1): 1.9
 Solubility in water: miscible, reaction
The vapour is heavier than air. Vapour pressure: see Notes
Relative vapour density (air = 1): 3-3.3
Chemical dangers Relative density of the vapour/air-
Decomposes on heating. This produces mixture at 20°C (air = 1): 1.01-1.3
toxic and corrosive gases including
sulfur oxides. The substance is a strong
oxidant. It reacts with combustible and
reducing materials and organic
materials. This generates fire and
explosion hazard. The solution in water
is a strong acid. It reacts violently with
bases and is corrosive to metals. This
produces flammable/explosive gas
(hydrogen - see ICSC 0001). Reacts
violently with water and moist air. This
produces sulfuric acid. See Notes.
Attacks some plastics.

EXPOSURE & HEALTH EFFECTS

Routes of exposure Inhalation risk

Serious local effects by all routes of A harmful contamination of the air will
exposure. The substance can be be reached quickly on evaporation of
absorbed into the body by inhalation of this substance at 20°C.
its aerosol.
Effects of long-term or repeated
Effects of short-term exposure exposure
The substance is very corrosive to the Repeated or prolonged contact with
eyes, skin and respiratory tract. skin may cause dermatitis. Repeated or
Corrosive on ingestion. Exposure could prolonged inhalation of the aerosol may
cause asphyxiation due to swelling in cause effects on the lungs. Risk of tooth
the throat. Inhalation of high erosion upon repeated or prolongated
concentrations may cause lung oedema, exposure to an aerosol of this
but only after initial corrosive effects on substance. Mists of this strong inorganic
the eyes and the upper respiratory tract acid are carcinogenic to humans. See
have become manifest. Inhalation may Notes.
cause asthma-like reactions (RADS).
Medical observation is indicated. See
Notes.

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS

ENVIRONMENT

The substance is harmful to aquatic organisms.

NOTES

The symptoms of lung oedema often do not become manifest until a few hours
have passed and they are aggravated by physical effort. Rest and medical
observation are therefore essential.
IARC considers mists of strong inorganic acid to be carcinogenic (group 1).
However there is no information available on the carcinogenicity of other
physical forms of this substance. Therefore no classification for carcinogenicity
under GHS has been applied.
NEVER pour water into this substance; when dissolving or diluting always add it
slowly to the water.
The amount of free sulfur trioxide may vary, which can change the physical
properties, and therefore no figure for the molecular weight is given.
Reported vapour pressure values differ greatly (from 0.3 to 21.9 kPa).
Boiling points of solutions (% SO_3): 138°C (20% ), 116°C (30%), 60°C (65%).
Melting points (% SO_3): 2°C (20%), 21°C (30%), 5°C (65%).
See ICSCs 0362 and 1202.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

  EC Classification
Symbol: C; R: 14-35-37; S: (1/2)-26-30-45; Note: B

All rights reserved. The published material is being distributed

without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied.
Neither ILO nor WHO nor the European Commission shall be
responsible for the interpretation and use of the information
contained in this material.

See Also:
Toxicological Abbreviations