Physics 104A, Homework 2 Solutions

TA: Antonio Russo

November 12, 2014

Kittel 6.1
Z

F

U0 =

F

 D() d =


0

V
=
2 2

2m
~2

1/2 Z

V
=
2 2

2m
~2

1/2

V
2 2

2m
~2

1/2

1/2 d


1/2 Z F
V
2m
 d =
3/2 d
2 2 ~2
0
0

1/2
2 5/2
2m
3 5/2
V
3 5/2

=

= N F
5 F
3 2 ~2
5 F
5
F

3/2

Kittel 6.2
F =

2/3
~2
3 2
(N/V )2/3
2m

so

2/3 2/3 2/3

2/3 5/3 2/3
~2
3 ~2
3
N
3 2
N V
=
3 2
N V
5
2m
5 2m
and (because the entropy of a Fermi gas is zero at zero temperature)


2/3 5/3 2 5/3
3 ~2
2
U 
=
3 2
N

V
= U0 /V
p=

V N,S
5 2m
3
3
U0 =

So
B = V

p
5
5 2
10
= V
p = U0 /V =
U0 /V
V
3
3 3
9

Notice that
U0 /V =

3N
F
5V

which, for potassium is

U0 /V =

3
1.4 1022 cm3 (2.12 eV) 1.6 1012 erg/eV = 0.95 dyne cm2
5

Kittel 4.1

(a)
The kinetic energy of site s is
1
1
mv 2 = m
2 s
2

dus
dt

2

and the potential term for the spring connecting the s and s + 1 sites
1
1
C(x)2 = C(us us+1 )2
2
2
adding these together for every site, we get the expression.

Physics 104A, Homework 2 Solutions

TA: Antonio Russo

(b)
We could do this by just a time average integral, but Ill show a cute trick that avoids some work. Notice
that we have a sum of terms of the form a(t)2 , where
a(t) = <
aeit
and a
may be complex and depend on position, but is independent of time. Notice that

Z 2/
Z 2/
Z / 

2
2 

2 


dt
a(t)2 dt =
<
aeit dt =
aeiti
<
aeit + <
a(t)2 =
2 0
2 0
2 0

Z
Z
i2 
h

 
/ 
/(2) 
iti/2
it 2
it 2
=
+ <
ae
dt
dt =
<
ae
<
ae
0
0

Z
Z
i2 
2 h
/(2) 
/(2)  it 2
=
<
aeit + =
aeiti/2
dt =
a
e
dt
0
0
Z
/(2) 2
1 2
a|
=
|
a| dt = |
0
2

which youve probably seen elsewhere. We get that

hEi =



2
2 
1
1
1
C  skA



M 2 u2 + Cu2 eskA e(s+1)kA  = M u2 2 +
e(s+1)kA 
e
4
4
4
M

The last term simplifies considerably:


2 
2






 skA

e(s+1)kA  = 1 ekA  = 1 ekA 1 ekA = 2 ekA ekA
e


= (2 2 cos kA) = 2 cos2 kA/2 + sin2 kA/2 cos2 kA/2 + sin2 kA/2 = 4 sin2 kA/2
(this bit of trig seems to be a favorite of Kittels)


1
4C
2
2
2
hEi = M u +
sin kA/2
4
M
Using the suggested dispersion relation (9), we get the claim.

Kittel 4.2

In the long wavelength limit, the lattice spacing a is small and us+1 can be Taylor expanded
us+1 = us +

u
1 2u
(s)a +
(s)a2
x
2 x2

Thus,
M



2
1 2u
1 2u
2u
u
u
2
2
2 u
(s)a
+
(s)a
+
=
C
u
+
(s)a
+
u

(s)a

2u
s
s
s = Ca
2
2
2
t
x
2 x
x
2 x
x2

or

5
(a)

2u
Ca2 2 u
2u
=
= v2 2
2
2
t
M x
x

Kittel 5.1
1D Phonon DOS

We have (15)
D() =

L 1
L dk
=
d/dk
d

Physics 104A, Homework 2 Solutions

where

(notice this is indeed the m

TA: Antonio Russo

1
4C
2
2
2 = m
sin2 ka with m
=
2
M
from the problem). Taking an implicit derivative
1
1
2
2 d = m
a sin ka cos ka dk
2
2

We need to solve this in terms of (and eliminate k). We can get rid of the sin term using



1 

= sin kA
m
2
or
sin 12 ka
sin 21 ka
d
1
1
1
 cos ka = m a 

= m a 
1
sin 1 ka
dk
2
2
2
sin 2 ka
2
If we take the absolute value

sin 12 ka
1
1

1 sin ka = m a 
2
2
sin 12 ka
2

s
1

2
2
m

 
 d  1 p
2 2
  = a m
 dk  2

If we pay very close attention, we would actually noticed that the absolute value is unnecessary. That said,
a surface created due to decreasing as k is increasing still contribtes positive density of states. The correct
thing to consider is, in fact, the absolute value
s
 
 dk  2
1
 =
 d  a 2 2
m
to give us
L2
D() =
a

2N
1
=
2
2
m

s
2
m

1
2

for 0 m , and 0 otherwise.

(b)

3D Optical Phonon DOS

For the dispersion relation 0 = Ak 2 ,

d
= 2Ak = 2 A Ak 2 = 2 A 0
dk
The density of states is
V
D() =
(2)3

dk
V
1
1

dS =
d
(2)3 2 A 0

Z
dS

The area of the surface of constant is given for k 2 = 0A , or

Z
0
dS = 4k 2 = 4
A
so that
1
0
V
1

D() =
4
= 2
(2)3 2 A 0
A

L
2

3

0
A3/2

Physics 104A, Homework 2 Solutions

TA: Antonio Russo

Kittel 5.2

A single unit cell has dilation energy


2
1
V
a3
B
2
V
There is only one mode for the bulk dilation, so

2
1
1
V
a3 = kB T
B
2
V
2
or
*
2 +
V
kB T
0.125
=
V
Ba3
and, since
V V = (a + a)3 V + 3a
we get


a
a


= 0.04

Kittel 5.3

(a)
Using the result we derived in problem 3 (i.e., Kittel 4.1), u = <u0 eit , so

 1
u(t, x)2 = u20
4
where we have performed the average over time and space, resulting in two factors of 2, from the aforementioned work. Following the instruction of the problem gives us

2  X 1 2 X 1 2~
~ X 1
R =
u0 =
=

4
4 V
2V

The sum over states

X

=3

3V
D() d =
2 2 v 3

d =
0

3V
2
4 2 v 3 D

where we have included all polarizations. Therefore,

2
R =

2
~ 3V
3~D
2

=
D
2V 4 2 v 3
8 2 v 3

(b)
In one dimension, using (15)
X

1 =

Z
0

1 D() d =

L
v

1 d

which plainly diverges. For the strain,

*
2 + D
E 1 4~ X 1
R
~ X
2
= (ku(x, t)) =
k2 =
x
4 2N

2N v 2
Z D
Z D
Z D
~

L
~
~L
=
D()
d
=
d
=
d
2N 0
v2
2N 0
v 2 v
2N v 3 0
~
=
2
4M v 3 D