Plants, also called green plants, are multicellular eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae.

They form an
unranked clade Viridiplantae(Latin for green plants) that includes the flowering plants, conifers and
other gymnosperms, ferns, clubmosses, hornworts, liverworts,mosses and the green algae. Green
plants excludes the red and brown algae, the fungi, archaea, bacteria and animals.
Green plants have cell walls with cellulose and obtain most of their energy
from sunlight via photosynthesis by primary chloroplasts, derived
from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria. Their chloroplasts contain chlorophylls a and b, which gives
them
their green color. Some
plants are parasitic and have lost the ability to produce normal
square-shaped
cells
amounts
of chlorophyll or to photosynthesize.
Plants are also characterized by sexual
of Haloquadratum
walsbyi. Despite

reproduction, modular[clarification needed] and indeterminate growth, and an alternation of generations,

this visual similarity to bacteria,

archaea possess genes and
severalmetabolic
that
Precise
numbers are difficultpathways
to determine, but
as ofare
2010, there are thought to be 300315
thousand
of plants,
of which
great majority,
some 260290 thousand, are seed
more species
closely
related
to the
those
of
plants (see the table below). Green plants provide most of the world's molecular oxygen and are
eukaryotes, notably
the basis of most of the earth's ecologies, especially on land. Plants that
the enzymes involved
produce grains, fruits and vegetables form mankind's basic foodstuffs, and have
in transcription andtranslation. Other
been domesticated for millennia. Plants are used as ornaments and, until recently and in great
aspects
of served
archaeal
biochemistry
are and drugs. The scientific study of plants is
variety,
they have
as the source
of most medicines
known
as botany,
a branch
ofbiology.
unique,
such
as their
reliance on ether
lipids in their cell membranes. Archaea
use more energy sources than
eukaryotes: these range from organic
compounds, such as sugars,
to ammonia, metal ions or
evenhydrogen gas. Salt-tolerant
archaea (the Haloarchaea) use
sunlight as an energy source, and
other species of archaea fix carbon;
however, unlike plants
and cyanobacteria, no known species
of archaea does both.
Archaea reproduce
asexually by binary
fission,fragmentation, or budding;
unlike bacteria and eukaryotes, no
known species forms spores.
althoughasexual reproduction is also common.

[1]

[2]

The Archaea a domain or kingdom of

single-celled microorganisms. These
microbes are prokaryotes, meaning
that they have no cell nucleus or any
other membrane-bound organelles in
their cells. Archaea were initially
classified as bacteria, receiving the
name archaebacteria (in the
Archaebacteria kingdom), but this
classification is outdated. Archaeal
cells have unique properties
separating them from the other two
domains of life, Bacteria and
Eukaryota. The Archaea are further
divided into multiple recognized phyla.
Classification is difficult because the
majority have not been studied in the
laboratory and have only been
detected by analysis of their nucleic
acids in samples from their
environment.
[3]

as extremophiles living in harsh

environments,
as hot or
springs
and salt
The Archaeasuch
a domain
kingdom
of
lakes, but they have since been found in a
single-celled microorganisms. These
broad range of habitats, including soils,
microbes are prokaryotes, meaning
oceans, marshlands and the human colon,
thatcavity,
they have
no cell
nucleus
oral
and skin.
Archaea
are or any
other membrane-bound
in
particularly
numerous in theorganelles
oceans, and
cells.
Archaeamay
were
the their
archaea
in plankton
beinitially
one of the
classified
as groups
bacteria,
receiving on
thethe
most
abundant
of organisms
planet.
Archaea
are a major part
Earth's
name
archaebacteria
(inofthe
lifeArchaebacteria
and may play roles
in both the
kingdom),
butcarbon
this
cycle
and the nitrogen
cycle. No
clear
classification
is outdated.
Archaeal
examples
cellsofhave unique properties
archaeal pathogens or parasites are known,
separating them from the other two
but they are
domains of life, Bacteria and
often mutualists or commensals. One
Eukaryota.
Archaea are
example
is theThe
methanogens
thatfurther
divided
into multiple
recognized
phyla.
inhabit human
and ruminant
guts, where
Classification
is difficult
because the
their
vast numbers
aid digestion.
Methanogens
majority haveare
not
used
been
in biogas
studiedproduction
in the
and laboratory
sewage treatment,
andonly
enzymes
and have
beenfrom
extremophile
that
high
detected byarchaea
analysis
of can
theirendure
nucleic
temperatures
organicfrom
solvents
acids inand
samples
theirare
exploited in biotechnology.
[3]

environment.