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Abstract
The eective width method that is widely applied for the analysis of isotropic planar stringer-stiened panels has been extended to
laminated composite stringer-stiened circular cylindrical panels. The approach was modied and adapted to handle curved composite
structures.
Panels stiened by blade type stieners, J-form stieners and T-form stieners were considered in the present study. Bending buckling
of the stieners, their torsional buckling, combined bending and torsion buckling and local buckling of the stringers were accounted for
in the investigation. Using the proposed extended eective width method, a MATLAB based software code TEW1 was developed and
implemented. To validate this code, predictions obtained by it were compared with experimental results and with nite element calculations. Good agreement between the present proposed method, experiments and nite element simulations was found, thus yielding an
ecient, simple to apply and fast engineering code to be used in design and optimization stages.
2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Eective width; Collapse; Laminated composite curved panel; Stringer-stiened panel; Buckling load
1. Introduction
It is well recognized that relatively widely spaced stringer-stiened panels, when appropriately designed, can
withstand axial compression postbuckling loads that significantly exceed their rst between adjacent stringers skin
buckling load, before they collapse. Thus, stiened postbuckled panels constitute excellent, very suitable structural
elements in lightweight structures design. The particular
interest in, and demand of lightweight structures in aeronautical engineering, already in the thirties and the forties
of the previous century, motivated extensive theoretical
experimentally supplemented investigations (see [19]), that
focused on reliable determination of the ultimate postbuckling load capacity of at stiened panels (see detailed discussion and literature survey in Chapter 8 of [10]).
0263-8223/$ - see front matter 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compstruct.2007.05.001
2 sst
b
342
The above eective width concept is widely and eectively applied as an adequate reliable tool for prediction
of ultimate loads of metal at stiened panels. When
appropriately modied and adapted it might lend itself as
an appropriate approach for determination of ultimate
load capacities of axially compressed laminated composite
stringer-stiened curved panels as well.
In light of the above discussion, the present study undertook to adopt the eective width concept to treat the
postbuckling capacity of composite stringer-stiened
curved panels. The results are compared with complementary experimental results and F.E. calculations to examine
the applicability of the concept in the present investigation.
2. First buckling of a stiened panel
The panel skin buckling between adjacent stringers in
panels stiened by relatively widely spaced adequately sti
stringer stieners is usually their lowest buckling load, consequently referred to as the rst buckling. Calculation of
this buckling load was carried out by either one of two different approaches, use of semi empirical formulae [2], or
deriving an approximate analytical solution. Adaptation
of empirical formulae for composite panels with stieners
ange of variable thickness is presented in Appendix A.
In the approximate solution, the panel between adjacent
stieners was treated as a curved panel, simply-supported
in the longitudinal direction along the center line of the
stringers web and clamped in the circumferential direction
along its loaded edges. Based on this assumption and
employing Donnells equations [13], the buckling load of
the curved laminated composite panel can be evaluated
(see Appendix B).
stress has to be determined. This in turn requires the evaluation of the exural and torsional rigidities of the equivalent stringer conguration of Fig. 2, which is presented in
Appendix C.
3.1. Torsion and bending equations of motion
Lets consider the stringer of the equivalent column in
Fig. 3 and assume that it rotates around point O of
Fig. 3, which can move in Z direction only. Therefore,
the deection in Z direction of any element b of the
cross-section, that is of either the web or table of the stiener is given by
wb w x/
343
The forces per unit length in the Y direction, that are acting
on the slightly deected element b, in the Z and X directions, are
dF z r dAw x/00 dy
00
dF x r dAz/ dy
Integrating of the unit length moment (4) over the crosssection areas of the web and table yields the stiener torque
per unit length
Z
0
M
mzz
A
0
0
11
5
Z
B Z
BZ
CC
B 0
CC
00 B
rBw
x dA / B x2 dA z2 dACC
@
@ A
AA
A
A
|{z}
|{z} |{z}
I zz
Sx
I xx
b flange
up
A11
b1 bdop Aweb
11 A bA11
flange
2we Askin
11
b flange
A11
b1 bdop Aweb
11 A
Equating Eq. (7) to Eq. (C.23) (from Appendix C), the rst
equation of motion due to torsion becomes
P
w00 S x /00 I zz I xx 0
GI/00 Ab11 flange C w /
KA
0000
Combining Eq. (8) with Eq. (10) yields the following set
of equations:
8
0
0000
b flange
P
< w00 S x KA
GI A11
Cw/ 0
/00 PI
KA
2
11
2
: EI ddyw2 P w X 0 / EI ddyw2
0
y0
12
344
15
16
C 1 P P b C 2 x0 P 0
17
18
b flange
up
A11
b1 bdop Aweb
11 A bA11
Ab11 flange b1 tweb
2
flange
23
C 1 S x P C 2 I 0 P P / 0
GI1
P cr min fP 1 ; P 2 ; P 3 g
2we Askin
11
22
2
This equation is derived from the rst equation of Eq. (11) for the cases
when the column is only a plane. In this case the shear center and the
centroid coincides, i.e. S x 0 and the warping rigidity vanishes too,
C w 0.
P cr
Area
P cr
b1 bdop tb flange Atweb btup
flange
2we tskin
24
where we is the eective width of the panel that is determined by an iterative process as will be next discussed.
To begin the determination of the eective width, we of a
curved stringer stiened panel, the Marquerre formula
([11,12], Eq. (25)) is applied, while in the rst iteration it
is assumed that we 0
r
1 rcrf
we bpanel 3
25
2 rco
Here, the critical buckling stress, rcrf , of a at composite
panel, of width and laminate construction equal to those
of the real composite cylindrical panel is calculated (see
[11]). The boundary conditions of this at panel are taken
as CCSS (clamped at the bottom and at the top and simply-supported along its sides). Consequently, a rst iteration eective width is determined. Introducing this
eective width into Eq. (24) and employing Eq. (25) a
new eective width is obtained.
The process is repeated until we obtained by Eq. (25)
leads to convergence of Eq. (24). It has been found that this
process had to be repeated 35 times until the value of Pcr
converged.
3.3. Calculation of the panel critical load
Repeating the process as is described above, the nal
values of we ; rco and Pcr are obtained.
At rst, the column stress, rco of the stringer with an
attached strip of the panel skin has to be compared with
the buckling stress of the panel skin between stringers,
rcrp (see Appendices A and B and Eqs. (A.5), (B.10)).
In case that rco < rcrp buckling does not occur between
adjacent stringers rst, but includes a stiener as well
(see Fig. 5a). For this case, the stiness bending matrix
[D] of the combined skin and stringers has to be recalculated and the critical load Ncr can be found following
Appendix B.
In case that rco < rcrp (see Fig. 5b) the ultimate load
P crpanel of a panel with n stringers consists of n equivalent
columns (stieners + eective skin) critical loads Pcr,
plus n 1 critical loads of the panels of width
(b 2we ) between stringers, plus two loads on the sides
of the panel. The stresses on the panels of width
(b 2we ), between stringers, can be found according to
345
Fig. 5. (a) Case sco < scrp : Buckling test of a panel with T type stringers having a height of 15 mm and (b) case sco > scrp : Buckling test of a panel with T
type stringers having a height of 20 mm.
rcrc
1:6
t 1:3
2
Dskin
t
11 1 m12 12
9
0:16
R
L
h3skin
26
Summing up the above load contributions, the nal formula for the panel critical load becomes
P crpanel nP cr n 1bpanel 2we rcrc tskin
2we rco tskin
27
346
Table 1
Experimental and calculated local buckling force, Pbuckling, and total collapse force, Pcollapse, for dierent types of panels
Pbuckling (kN)
Experiment
137.3
147.2
158.5
133.4
110.9
123.6
224.2
237.3
234.5
83.4
70.6
59.8
90.8
Pcollapse (kN)
F.E.
method
Proposed method
Semi-empirical
formula
Approx. analytical
solution
122
123.5
137.6
115
114.4
127.4
180
171.7
207.2
95
80.4
100.8
75
111.2
119.3
of the test results with either of the approaches for calculating the rst local buckling load. In spite of these
observations it does not appear that they had any consistent signicant eect on the calculations of the collapse
load of the panels, neither by employing the F.E. method
nor by use of the present proposed method. Therefore, this
further emphasizes the conclusion that the method proposed inhere for determination of the ultimate load carrying capacity of laminated composite stringer-stiened
Experiment
F.E.
method
Proposed
method
208.7
222.7
224.8
158.9
153.3
147.2
274.7
264.9
274.7
230.5
226.1
289.8
293.0
204
240.5
135
127.4
290
281.7
215
202.6
330
354.9
347
whole panel. During the interactive session, the user has the
possibility to vary any parameter in the dialog regime and
to immediately receive the updated new values of buckling.
Using the present code one can optimize a panel under
348
5. Conclusions
The eective width approach was extended for prediction of the collapse load of composite stringer-stiened
circular cylindrical panels.
Torsional buckling and combined bending and torsion
buckling of the stringers were included.
Predictions were compared with test results, as well as
with nite element predictions: (a) Validity and adequacy
of the proposed method was found to be stiener dependent, higher ultimate loads than the experimentally
observed ones were obtained in the case of heavy stiening, whereas lower ones were predicted for relatively
light stiening. (b) Good correlation with nite elements calculations was found. Yet, the proposed analysis
yielded higher ultimate load predictions than F.E. ones in
the case of heavy stiening and lower ones than those
yielded by F.E. for the relatively light stiening, however with less discrepancy between the two calculation
methods.
Hence, like in the more accurate F.E. calculations the predictions obtained by the present proposed method do not
provide denite bounds, higher or lower, to the panel ultimate load capacity. Nevertheless, the present method provides an adequate and ecient analysis tool that is much
desired in the design and optimization stages.
Acknowledgements
This work was partly supported by the European Commission, Competitive and Sustainable Growth Program,
Appendix A
A.1. Empirical formulae for the rst buckling of the skin
of a curved laminated composite panel
Existing empirical formulae for denition of buckling of a
constant thickness circular cylinder curved plate under axial
compression apply to isotropic materials only (see for example [12]). To extend their application to composite stringerstiened panels these empirical formulae have to be adapted
to handle composite materials and variation in panel skin
thickness due to presence of anges of the stieners.
First, equivalent thickness of the panel between adjacent
stringers and equivalent Youngs modules has to be
dened. Assuming the thickness of the panel to be equal
to the equivalent thickness, and using average bending stiness, an expression for the equivalent Youngs modulus is
given by
Eequivalent
12 Daverage
1 m212
11
3
hequivalent
A:1
rcr
Eequivalent
9
c
1:6
1:3
hequivalent
hequivalent
0:16
R
L
A:2
A:4
Eequivalent f Eequivalent hequivalent
An empirical formula for buckling of an isotropic cylindrical panel between two adjacent stieners was suggested by
Redshaw (see [12]). Using the previous two formulae (A.2)
and (A.4) an adaptation to this approach to laminated
composite materials yields
s
2
2
rcr
rcr
1
rcr
Eequivalent p
Eequivalent c 4 Eequivalent f
1
rcr
2 Eequivalent f
where
rcr
Eequivalent
Appendix B
B.1. Approximate analytical formula
349
A:5
composite
cylindrical panel between two adjacent stringers,
rcr
is the buckling stress ratio of the complete
Eequivalent
c
The buckling analysis formulation for cylindrical composite panels can be found in ([1417]). Herein an example
is shown how to analytically nd the buckling load of a
cylindrical composite panel under longitudinal compression. For this type of a problem the boundary conditions
in the longitudinal direction are of less importance, and
are assumed to be simply-supported, while the boundary
conditions in the circumferential direction were taken as
clamped.
The Donnells simplied equations for a composite
cylindrical panel were used [13], namely
the equilibrium equation:
2D12 2D66
D22
1
w0;YY hh 4 w0;hhhh N h
r2
r
r
D11 w0;yyyy
N y w0;yy
B:1
2a12 a33
a11
1
v;yyhh 4 v;hhhh w0;yy 0
2
r
r
r
B:2
From these formulae (B.1) and (B.2) the following equation can be derived:
D11 w0;yyyy
2D12 2D66
D22
w0;yyhh 4 w0;hhhh
r2
r
A
w0 y; h N ycconst w0;xx
r
B:3
where A is given by
A
a22
mp4
l
1 mp 2
r l
2 1p2
2a12 a33 mp
l
b
a11
1p4
B:4
D22 Y
0000
B:6
where Y F y; y hr
The corresponding characteristic equation is given by
350
mp 2
D22 k4 2H
k2
1
mp 2
mp 4
A mp 2
D11
Nx
0
1
r 1
1
B:8
where Fbelow is the force acting below the neutral axis (see
Fig. 2) and Fabove is the force above the neutral axis.
Assuming that due to applying a pure bending moment
on the stringer it undergoes a bending exure with a radius
q, Fbelow and Fabove can be found as following: The force
that acts on the part of the web that is below the neutral
line F web
below is (see Fig. 2)
F web
below
nweb Z
X
i1
Ek3 b
a1
0
24
X
z
h
c11
C 11 hi dz
q
q
i1
a1
z dz
0
nweb
hX
a2 Aweb a2
C 11 1 11 1
q i1
2
q 2
C:2
F web
above
y0;b
Introducing these boundary conditions (Eq. (B.9), the condition of existence of a non-trivial solution of Eq. (B.8)
yields
1
1
0
1
Ek3 b
k3
k
k
0
3
1
Ek3 b
B:10
0
1
1
sink
b
cosk
b
1
1
Ek3 b
k3
k3
k1 cosk1 b k1 sink1 b
C:1
Aweb
11 A a1
q
2
C:3
q
hi1
i1
!
n flange Z hi
tb flange bX
a1
C 11i dz
2
hi1
i1
bdop b1 b flange
tb flange b flange
B11
a1
C:4
A11
q
2
flange
F bbelow
C:7
#
b flange b flange
h
2
Aweb
A11
t
b flange
11 A
bdop b1 B11
a1
2
2
"
#
up flange
A11
2A tup flange
up flange
b B11
2
h
tskin i.
skin
A tup flange
2we Bskin
11 A11
2
b flange
up flange
web
bA11
2we Askin
A11 A bdop b1 A11
11
C:8
Again, it should be noted that at the beginning of the process, the value of we is unknown. Therefore, in the beginning it is assumed to be equal to zero and its value is
obtained by an iteration process.
C.1.2. Stringer exural rigidity (EI)
When a pure bending moment is acting on a section of a
stringer, the following equation has to be fullled:
M M below M above
C:9
r
zh
dz
C 11i h dz
11i
below
q
0
0
i1
i1
Z
n
n
a
web
web
1
X
X
C 11i h
C 11i h a31 Aweb
a3
11 1
z2 dz
q
q
3
q 3
0
i1
i1
C:10
Similarly
M web
below
Aweb
11 A a1
3
q
C:11
nup
up flange
M below
i1
i1
br11 z a2 dz
hi1
flange Z
X
nup
hi
hi
C 11i
hi1
z a2
b dz
q
Z hi
flange
b X
C 11i
z2 2a2 z a22 dz
q i1
hi1
nup
b up
D11
q
flange
up flange
2a2 B11
up flange
a22 A11
C:12
up flange
2we skin
2 skin
D11 2a3 Bskin
11 a3 A11
q
C:13
351
skin
11
11
11
3
q 2we Dskin 2a3 Bskin a2 Askin bdop b1 Dtable 2a4 Btable a2 Atable
3 11
4 11
11
11
11
11
|
{z
}
EI
C:15
skin
2 skin
2we Dskin
11 2a3 B11 a3 A11
b flange
b flange
b flange
bdop b1 D11
2a4 B11
a24 A11
C:16
352
The resistance to lateral bending is calculated as following (Fig. 3): The stringer rotates with respect to point 0.
Since the angle of rotation / is small, the lateral deection
of the bottom ange (parts b1 and bdop) is
C:19
u /ah
t
skin
where ah is taken as ah A b flange
top flange
2
2
It is assumed that the bottom ange bends so that the
line of connection of the ange to the web constitutes a
neutral axis. Therefore, the moment applied to the ange
part b1 is
tweb
Z
tweb
d2 u b1 2 b flange
d2 /
warp
b flange b1 2
ah 2
M b1 2
A11
zz dz A11
dy 0
dz
3
M warp
bdop
Atable
11
bdop tweb
d2 /
2
ah 2
dz
3
M
b flange
a11 A11
EI
t
warp
M warp M warp
bdop M b1
1 b flange
tweb 3
tweb 3 d2 /
A11
ah bdop
b1
3
dy 2
2
2
M
b flange
a11 A11
x
EI
dF
b flange
dF
dM a11 A11
dy
x dy
dy
dy
EI
syx tb
b flange
a11 A11
x dy ) syx tb
EI
b flange
a11 A11
x
V
EI
flange dy V
b
h
dop
1
3 11
dz3
2
2
M t2 V warp ah
tweb 3
tweb 3
d3 /
b flange 1 2
ah bdop
A11
b1
3
3
dy
2
2
|{z}
Cw
b flange
A11
C w /00
C:22
C:23
Appendix D
D.1. Shear center of the stieners cross-section
The location of the shear center for an isotropic beam is
described in many text books, e.g. [20,21]. Here, an attempt
is made to locate the shear center of a composite stringer
that is assumed to bend in a direction perpendicular to
the skin of the panel only. When the column consisting
flange
D:4
C:21
The moment of resistance to lateral bending equals to the
moment of this shear force with respect to point O and
has the following form:
D:3
where V dM
is the vertical shear force acting on the beam.
dy
This change is balanced by a shear force acting in the
ange along the Y axis on the element dy at distance x from
the ange free side (Fig. 4). Therefore
C:20
V warp
D:2
D:1
T b1
b1 web
2
sxy tb
flange dx
b1 web
2
b flange
a11 A11
x dx
EI
0
2
a11 Ab11 flange b1 tweb
2
V
EI
2
D:5
M shear
V
a11 Ab11 flange
tweb 2
tweb 2
b1
b1
ah
2EI
2
2
353
X0
Properties
PSC-1, PSC-2,
PSC-4
PSC-3, PSC-5,
PSC-6
PSC-7, PSC-8,
PSC-9
720
720
720
660
660
660
Appendix E
938
680
5
136
938
680
5
136
938
680
6
113
[45, 02]3s
[45, 02]3s
[45, 02]3s
0.125
Blade
20
60
0.125
Blade
15
60
0.125
Blade
20
60
1,47,300
11,800
6000
0.3
1,47,300
11,800
6000
0.3
1,47,300
11,800
6000
0.3
Table E.2
Data used for load calculations of panels AXIAL1AXIAL4
Stringer type
Short ange J
Long ange J
Specimens
AXIAL1, AXIAL2
AXIAL3, AXIAL4
720
660
938
680
5
136
[0, 45, 90]s
[ 45, 0]3s
0.125
J
20.5
60
10
1,47,300
11,800
6000
0.3
720
660
938
680
4
174
[0, 45, 90]s
[ 45, 02]3s
0.125
J
20.5
60
20
1,47,300
11,800
6000
0.3
skin
where ah A b flange
top flange
(Fig. 3). This moment is
2
2
statically equalized by a moment due to a shear force V applied at a distance X 0 from the web, namely the shear distance X 0 is given by the following equation:
D:8
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