Q. 4.1. What is curve fitting?

Sol. Suppose there be two variables x and y which give us a set of n pairs of values (x1,
y1) (xv, yr). To find an approximate idea about relationship of these two variables, we
plot these n paired points on graph like scatter or dot diagram. From scatter diagram,
we get only non-mathematical relation between two variables. Thus an exact
mathematical relation between two variables is called curve fitting. Curve fitting means
to form an equation of curve from given data. We get a curve of Best fit.
The following methods are used for curve fitting:
1. Graphical method
2. Method of group averages
3. Principle of least squares
4. Method of moments
Q. 4.2. State two differences between curve fitting and Interpolation.
Sol. 1. Curve fitting is an exact relationship between two variables where as
interpolation is process of estimating the value of dependent variable y for a given value
of independent variable x in given range.
2. In curve fitting, we get a curve of best fit. In interpolation, we attempt to find a simple
function say (x) such that f (x) and (x) agrees at set of specified values.
Q. 4.3. Explain method of least squares for curve fitting.
Sol. The principle of least squares provides an elegant procedure of fitting a unique
The- curve of best fit is that for which e. are small i.e. sum of squares of error is
minimum.
From (2)
For E to be minimum

On solving, we get

The equations (3), (4) and (5) are known as normal equations.

Q. 4.4. Give working procedure for fitting a straight line.

Sol. To fit a straight line y = a + bx
1. Substitute the observed set of n values in this equation.
2. -Write normal equations.

3. Solve these normal equations as simultaneous equations for a and b (use Cramers
rule). 4. Substitute value of a and b in y = a + bx, which is required line of best fit.
Applications:
1. It gives best data fit.
2. It is applicable to both linear and non-linear curves.
3. It gives accurate result.

Q. 4.6. Give working procedure for fitting a parabola.

Ans. To fit a parabola

Q. 4.7. Fit a polynomial second degree by using the following data points.

Step 3 Table

Substituting value from table and solve normal equations.

Step 4.

On solving

Step 3. Prepare table

Step 4. Substituting values from table and solve normal equations.

Step 3.

Q.4.16 Explain curve fitting by sum of exponentials.

Sol. consider sum of exponential of form

Q. 4.17 For the following for y measured for a set of values of x, fit a second
degree
polynomial:

Put values in normal equations

Q. 4.18. Give principle of least square curve fitting.

Sol.
Let the curve y = a + bx + cx2 + tke mbe fitted to set of data points (x, y.), (2 Y2) (xv, y). At x = x1, the observed
(experimental) value is y1 and corresponding value on the fitting curve (1) which is expected (calculated) value is Y1 (say). The difference of observed and expected
values is called error (or Residual) at x = x,
The curve of best fit is that for which es are as small as possible i.e. sum of the square
of the errors is a minimum. This is known as principle of least square for curve fitting.
Q. 4.19. Using method of least squares, fit a relation of the form y = au to the
following data. Also estimate y(3.5)