Tnh ton sc chu ti ca cc n c k n ha

lng ca t nn khi ng t
06:50am - 25/06/2015

Bi bo trnh by mt cch tm tt cc phng php nh gi ha lng ca

t v p dng chng trong vic tnh ton sc ti n ng ca cc theo s
ba ng SPT. Kt qu cho thy sc chu ti ca cc n b gim i mt cch
ng k nu nh c xem xt ti hin tng ha lng trong t nn.

Nghin cu xc nh sc chu ti ca nn t gia c bng tr t xi mng p dng cho cng

trnh cu ng

Cc nh khoa hc mun bin smartphone thnh cm bin d bo ng t

Hanel u t ng dng sng ch khoa hc

y mnh ng dng khoa hc k thut tng nng sut lao ng

KS. Lng Th Hng

Trng i hc Kin trc H Ni
TS. Trn Hng Minh
B T lnh Cng binh
Ngi phn bin:
TS. L Anh Tun
PGS. TS. Nguyn Tr T
T kha: Ha lng, SPT, sc chu ti ng, cc n, sc chu ti cc n.Tm
tt: Bi bo trnh by mt cch tm tt cc phng php nh gi ha lng ca t
v p dng chng trong vic tnh ton sc ti n ng ca cc theo s ba ng
SPT. Kt qu cho thy sc chu ti ca cc n b gim i mt cch ng k nu nh
c xem xt ti hin tng ha lng trong t nn.
Abstract: This article presents briefly some methods in evaluating liquefaction of soil
and apply in calculating vertical capacity of single pile by SPT numbers. Results
show that vertical capacity of single pile is reduced significantly if consider
liquefaction phenomenon of soil.

Keywords: SPT, vertical capacity, single pile, liquefaction, vertical capacity of single
pile.
1. Gii thiu chung
Hin tng ha lng c th xut hin trong t ct bo ha nc khi ng t xy ra. Do
c nhiu yu t nh hng n kh nng xy ra ha lng ca t nn nn hin tng ny
cn c nh gi khi thit k cc cng trnh quan trng c xt n tc ng ca ng t.
i vi cc cng trnh cao tng hin nay ti Vit Nam, sc chu ti ng ca cc thng
c xc nh theo tiu chun TCVN 205:1998 [6]. Tuy nhin, tiu chun ny ch k n s
gim ma st thnh phn u cc m khng k n s gim ma st thnh do hin tng
ha lng c th xy ra trn ton b chiu di ca cc. Do vy, cn thit phi xt n hin
tng ha lng khi tnh ton sc chu ti ng ca cc l cn thit.
2. Cc phng php xc nh ha lng ca nn t
2.1. Phng php tng qut nh gi s ha lng ca t nn
Vic khng nh kh nng ha lng ca mt loi t bao gm 3 bc sau:
- nh gi ng sut ct bin i do ng t gy ra cc su khc nhau;
- Xc nh sc khng ca t nn vi qu trnh ha lng cc im khc nhau;
- So snh gia hai kt qu nu trn.
Vi iu kin trong phng th nghim, di mt p lc ct t cho th sc khng chng
li hin tng ha lng c th hin bng gi tr ng sut ct chu k , ngha l mt s
chu k cho trc ca t nn d gy ra hin tng ha lng.
H

Cc gi tr tng ng khi c xc nh s l: Bin ng sut ct tng ng

v s chu k tng ng n .Kt qu ca cc bc xc nh c th hin trn cng
mt th, theo chiu su, th hin bin ng sut tng ng v bin ng sut ha
lng (xc nh c trong phng th nghim), vi chnh s chu k tng ng n .
Phm vi hai ng cong ct nhau gip ta xc nh c khu vc ha lng.
eq

eq

eq

2.2. Phng php n gin xc nh chu k tng ng

Trn c s mt s trng hp c th, Seed v Idriss (1971) [3] kin ngh mt phng
php n gin xc nh bin v chu k tng ng:
Vi t nn khng su qu 10 n 15m th ng sut ct cc i t c trong qu
trnh ng t mt su h, c th xem nh hm s ca h v gia tc cc i trn b mt
a v th hin qua biu thc:
max

max

(1)
Trong : - Trng lng ring ca t; h - su; g - Gia tc trng trng; r - Hm s
ph thuc (h) v bin dng mi trng, c th xc nh theo bng sau:
d

Bng 2.1. Gi tr trung bnh ca hm r (Seed, 1974) [4]

d

Mt khc, ci thin mc khng ng u ca phn hi, ngi ta c th chp nhn

cc chu k tng ng c bin hiu dng bng khong 65% ca .
max

Theo , ng sut ct tng ng s l:

eq

(2)
V s chu k tng ng n c lin h n chn cp (m bn thn cp c lin quan n
thi gian rung ng). Ta c th xc nh n theo bng sau:
eq

eq

Bng 2.2. Gi tr ca n

eq

2.3. Phng php kinh nghim nh gi kh nng ha lng

Phng php ny rt ra t kt qu nghin cu Nigata, (Nht Bn) nm 1964. Nguyn l
ca phng php l thnh lp tng quan gia sc khng, chng li kh nng ha lng
ca mt loi t, vi mt thng s t nn, c th xc nh d dng l sc khng SPT (s
ba p N ng mu chun cm xung 30cm).
Gi tr ca N th hin cht D v p lc ct t hu hiu ' . Ngha l, di mt p lc
ct t cho ' v gi tr N c th thay th cht tng i D a vo tng quan.
Cng chnh ' v D li l thng s nh hng cng chiu n sc khng chng ha lng
ca t v sc khng xuyn ca SPT.
r

Gi tr chun ha ca ' c la chn bng 0,1 Mpa (1kg/cm ). Ch s sc khng N di

p lc ' no (tnh bng Mpa) s c xc nh:
V

(3)
ng sut ct tng ng, pht trin hin trng do nh hng mt ng t, cng
c chun ha di dng t s: , ' vi ' = 0,1 Mpa. Khi c th nghin cu mi
tng quan gia N v cc gi tr ( /0,1) tng ng trng thi c kh nng ha lng
hoc khng.
eq

0,1

eq

2.4. Phng php nh gi kh nng ha lng theo quy phm

Trong quy phm thit k ca Nht Bn [2] trnh by mt phng php thc tin nh gi
kh nng ha lng t nn, n hi t cc yu t v t nn, chn rung v kinh nghim
ca mt nc xy ra ng t thng xuyn nht. Phng php nh sau:
Da theo quy phm Nht Bn [2] v tiu chun Eurocode 8 [1], Trn Vn Vit (2008) [7]
tng hp v kt lun nh gi kh nng ha lng cho t loi ct bo ha cho thy loi t
ny lun c kh nng xy ra hin tng ha lng, lm cho t bin thnh trng thi chy
khi c s gia tng t ngt p lc nc l rng do ng t gy ra. Hin tng ha lng
ch xy ra khi ng thi c ba iu kin sau c thc hin:
- su mc nc nm trong khong 10 n 20m tnh t mt t;
- Hm lng ht mn (F < 0,075mm) nh hn 35% hoc l ch s do (Ipc >35%);
c

- Kch c ht trung bnh ca 50% lt ry (D ) nh hn 10,0mm v kch c ht 10% lt ry

nh hn 1,0mm.
50

Theo TCVN 9386:2012 [5] phn 2, mc 4.1.4 nh gi cc loi t c kh nng ha lng

nh sau:
i vi th nghim SPT, gi tr o c N , biu th nht p/30cm phi c chun ha
vi ng sut hu hiu biu kin ca bn thn t bng 100kPa v vi t s ca nng
lng va p v nng lng ri t do l thuyt bng 0,6. Vi cc su nh hn 3m, cc
gi tr o c N phi gim i 25%.
SPT

SPT

Nguy c ha lng c th c b qua khi .S < 0,15 v t nht mt trong cc iu kin sau
phi c m bo:
- Ct c hm lng ht st ln hn 20% vi ch s do PI >10;
- Ct c hm lng ht bi ln hn 35% v ng thi s ba SPT sau khi c chun ha
vi cc nh hng ca p lc bn thn t v vi t s nng lng N (60) >20;
1

- Ct sch, vi s ba SPT sau khi c chun ha vi p lc bn thn t v vi t s

nng lng N (60)>30.
1

Nu nguy c ha lng khng th b qua th t nht n phi c nh gi bng cc

phng php tin cy ca ngnh a k thut. Khi hi t iu kin nu trn v gi tr
ca thng s (F ) nh hn 1 th t c xem nh b ha lng, Vi cng thc:
L

(4)
Trong :
F - Sc khng ha lng;
L

L - T s ng sut ct trong qu trnh ng t;

R - T s sc khng ct ng.
T ng sut ct t do hu qu ca ng t (L)

(5)
Trong :
r - H s tng theo su, r =1,0 - 0,15z , z - su;
d

K - H s ng t phng ngang vi cp ng t I = 8 c th ly K =0,17;

h

- p lc ct t tng (kg/cm );
2

' - p lc ct t hu hiu (y ni, kg/cm );

V

T sc khng ct ng ca t chng li chn rung: R

Nu:

(6)

Nu:

(7)
Trong :
Vi t loi ct: v

(8)

(9)

(10)
Vi loi sn si:

(11)

N-N

value

ly t th nghim SPT;

N -N

value

hiu chnh, tng ng p lc ct t hu hiu 1,0 kg/cm ;

N -N

value

hiu chnh, xem xt cho t ht mn;

F - Hm lng ht mn (%<0,075mm).
c

Theo [5], t th nghim gia ti lp cc mu t trong phng F c th xc nh theo cng

thc:
L

(12)
Trong : - ng sut ct cn thit lm ha lng ca t hin trng trong mt s ln
lp tng ng vi bin ca ng t tham chiu; gi tr /' c ly bng cch
tra Ph lc B, phn 2 ca TCXD 9386:2012 [5].
cy

cy

V0

Kt qu tnh ton theo phng php cho thy t nn c kh nng ha lng, do hu qu

ng t th khi tnh ton trong thit k cc thng s t nn (nh h s phn lc nn, ma
st thnh cc, m un n hi ca t nn...) cn c nhn vi h s hiu chnh (D ) ly
theo bng sau, ty theo gi tr F .
E

Bng 2.3. H s hiu chnh D [2]

E

3. Tnh ton sc chu ti ca cc n c k n ha lng nn t

Thit k cc khoan nhi cho nh cao tng c 3 tng hm vi cc lp t nn nh
trong Bng 3.1. Da vo cc phng php nh gi ha lng ca t nn trnh by

trn th phng php nh gi kh nng ha lng theo quy phm Nht Bn l d p dng
v c s dng nh gi kh nng ha lng ca cc lp t nn trong v d tnh ton
ny. Mc nc ngm ti su 14m, do vy nh gi kh nng ha lng t lp t c
cha mc nc ngm. Bng 3.1 cng trnh by kh nng ha lng ca mi lp t nn.
t nn c lp t 6 v 8 l ct ln nhiu bi l c kh nng ha lng.
Bng 3.1. nh gi s b kh nng ha lng ca cc lp t

Bng 3.2. Kt qu h s sc khng ha lng ca tng phn t t trong mi lp t,

tnh theo [5]

Bng 3.3. Kt qu gi tr sc khng ha lng cho lp 6 v lp 8: Ct ln nhiu bi

Vi gi tr F tnh c theo Bng 3.2 v Bng 3.3, cng vi su z>10m, ta c h s hiu

chnh trong tnh ton thit k cng trnh i vi lp t 6 l D =1/3, i vi lp t 8 l
D =2/3. S dng s liu th nghim xuyn tiu chun SPT tnh ton sc chu ti gii hn
ca cc theo cng thc ca Nht Bn cho trong TCXD 205:1998 [6].
L

Sc chu ti cho php ca cc:

(13)
Trong :
a - H s ph thuc phng php thi cng cc, cc khoan nhi ly, a = 150; N - Ch s SPT
ca t di mi cc, mi cc nm trong lp ct th cui si, N = 100; A - Din tch tit
din ngang di chn cc; U - Chu vi ca cc; N - Ch s SPT ca lp ct bn thn cc; L Chiu di on cc nm trong t ct; L - Chiu di on cc nm trong t st; Cu=
7,14.N .
a

30

H s c k n ha lng lp t 6 v 8 ln lt l FL=0,27 v FL=0,6 nn tng ng c

h s D =1/3 v D =2/3.
E

Phng n 1: Cc khoan nhi c ng knh 1,2m, cc cm vo lp 9 - lp cui si mt

khong l 2,1m. Sc chu ti ca cc khoan nhi c xc nh cho hai trng hp khng
xt n v c xt n ha lng nh trong Bng 7.
Bng 3.4. Sc chu ti ca cc khoan nhi trong mi lp t nn

So snh P trng hp khng k n ha lng v k n ha lng khi c ng t xy ra

nh trong Bng 3.5.
SPT

Bng 3.5. So snh sc chu ti ca cc khoan nhi v phn lc u cc

Phng n 2: S dng cc Barrette c kch thc 0,8 x 2,2m cm su cc vo lp 9 l lp

cui si mt khong l 2,1m. Sc chu ti ca cc Barrette c xc nh cho hai trng
hp khng xt n v c xt n ha lng nh trong Bng 3.4.
Bng 3.6. Sc chu ti ca cc Barrette trong mi lp t nn

So snh P trng hp khng k n ha lng v k n ha lng khi c ng t xy ra

nh trong Bng 3.7.
SPT

Bng 3.7. So snh phn lc u cc v sc chu ti ca cc Barrette

Nhn xt: Sc chu ti cc hn thnh cc gim 36% trong trng hp s dng cc khoan
nhi v 30% trong trng hp s dng cc Barrette. i vi sc chu ti ca cc th s suy
gim l 13% trong trng hp s dng cc khoan nhi v 10% trong trng hp s dng
cc Barrette.

4. Kt lun
Hin tng ha lng t nn c th xy ra khi t ct bo ha c s gia tng p lc nc
l rng t ngt do ti trng ng t gy ra. Ha lng lm cho t nn mt kh nng chu
ti trng ng thi nh hng n sc chu ti ca cc kt cu trong t nh mng cc,
tng chn t...
C nhiu phng php nh gi kh nng xy ra ha lng t nn nh phng php da
trn kh nng chng ct ca t nn, phng php da trn thnh phn ht v ch s SPT
ca t nn. Trong thc t thit k thng s dng phng php thc hnh nh gi s
ha lng ca t nn da trn ch s SPT.
Sc chu ti ca mng cc khi k n s ha lng ca t nn da trn v d tnh ton
gim ng k so vi khi khng k n s ha lng ca t nn. Do vy, khi thit k cc
cng trnh trn mng cc c k n ng t, cn nghin cu kh nng xy ra ha lng ca
t nn m bo an ton.
Ti liu tham kho
[1]. Ahmed Y. Elghazouli (2009), Seimic Design of Buildings to Eurocode 8,Spon Press,
London and New York, first edition.
[2]. Japan Road Asociation (1996), Standard Specification for Highway Bridge,Vol.1 Earthquake Proof Design.
[3]. Seed H.B., and Idriss I.M. (1971), Simplified procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction
potential, J.Geotech. Engng 97(8): 1249-1273.
[4]. Pyke, R., Chan, C.K., and Seed, H.B., (1974), Settlement and Liquefaction of Sands
Under Multi-directional Shaking, Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Report No.
EERC 74-2, Berkeley CA.
[5]. TCVN 9386:2012, Thit k cng trnh chu ng t, Tiu chun quc gia.
[6]. TCVN 205:1998, Mng cc - Tiu chun thit k, Tiu chun quc gia.
[7]. Trn Vn Vit (2008), Cm nang dnh cho k s a k thut, NXB. Xy