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Coconut Husk Ash As A Partial Replacement of Cement in Sandcrete Block Production PDF
Coconut Husk Ash As A Partial Replacement of Cement in Sandcrete Block Production PDF
2.1.1 Sand
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The Sand used was clean, sharp river sand that was free from clay. The sand had a specific gravity of 2.60.
2.1.2 Cement
The cement used was ordinary Portland cement from the West African cement company, Ewekoro in Ogun
State, Nigeria with properties conforming to BS 12(1971). The properties of the cement are shown in Table 1.
2.1.3 Water
The water used was potable, fresh, colourless, odourless and tasteless water that is free from organic matter of
any type.
2.1.4 Coconut Husk Ash (CHA)
The coconut husk for this research was collected from Badagry in Lagos State. 75 bags were collected for
burning. The burning was done in the gas kiln of Federal Institute Industrial Research Oshodi (FIIRO) in
Oshodi, Lagos Nigeria. The 75 bags were loaded into the gas kiln gradually for 3 days. Chemical analysis of
CHA was carried out in the laboratory of Chemistry Department of University of Lagos, Nigeria. The properties
are shown in Table 1.
2.2 Manufacture of Sandcrete Blocks
In this study, the hollow blocks were manufactured with the use of the fabricating machine. One mix proportion
of 1:8 was used in the production of 450mm x 225mm x 225mm sandcrete block. One hundred and forty of
450mmx150mmx225mm hollow sandcrete blocks were produced. The quantities of materials obtained from the
mix design were measured in each case by volume. The percentage of CHA content was varied in steps of 5% to
a maximum of 30%. For the experiment, hand mixing was employed, and the materials were turned over a
number of times until an even colour and consistency was attained. Water was then added as required through a
fire hose, and the materials were further turned over to secure adhesion. It was then rammed into the machine
mould, compacted and smoothened off with a steel face tool.
After removal from the machine moulds, the blocks were left on pallets under cover and kept wet by watering
through a fine watering hose. Testing for crushing strength was then carried out at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days.
3. Results and Discussion
The results are presented in tabular and graphical forms. Table 2 shows the results of the compressive strength
test at various percentages of CHA contents. Figure 1 shows the plot of compressive strength against percentage
CHA content at ages 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Figure 2 shows the plot of dry density against percentage of CHA
contents.
3.1 Effect of Coconut Husk Ash on Compressive Strength
The compressive strength values show that the inclusion of CHA in the cement matrix does not appreciably
enhance the compressive strength of the sandcrete blocks. At 5% replacement of CHA the compressive strength
is 2.16N/mm2, which is 15% less than the control value. Figure 2 revealed that there is decrease in compressive
strength as the proportion of coconut husk ash increases in the mix. The reduction in compressive strength for
the replacement is due to low percentage of Calcium Oxide and Silicate Oxide in coconut husk ash. These two
silicates are the main constituent of cement and are mainly responsible for the strength development. So as the
cement content is gradually replaced by the coconut husk ash, the quantity of cement for hydration is reduced
thereby the strength of the sandcrete blocks is reduced.
The Nigeria National Building Code (16) recommended that average strength of 6 sandcrete block shall be
2.00N/mm2 and lowest strength for individual block shall be 1.75N/mm2 sandcrete block (18). For the 5%
replacement of CHA in the cement matrix, the least value for the 28th day compressive strength is 2.03N/mm2,
higher than recommendation by the code.
3.2 Effect of CHA on Dry Density.
There is inconsistency in the dry density of the mix for the ages, but the maximum dry density for all the ages
occurred at 15% CHA replacement. The maximum value of 1945.90 Kg/m3 was recorded at 7 day test.
466
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference and 32nd Annual General Meeting of the Nigerian Institution of Agricultural Engineers
(NIAE Ilorin 2011), October 17 20, 2011, Ilorin, Nigeria.
ISBN: 978-036-578-8
Coconut Husk Ash as a Partial Replacement of Cement in Sandcrete Block Production
Oyelade, O. A. (2011). Vol. 32: 465 469.
4.
Conclusion
The main conclusions derived from this investigation are as follows:
1. Agriculture wastes such as coconut husk ash does not show good pozzolanic property in the production
of sandcrete blocks.
2. The maximum compressive strength of 2.16 N/mm2 was obtained for the sandcrete block specimens at
a percentage CHA content of 5%.
3. Coconut husk ash addition should not exceed 5% of the weight of cement for best results.
4. The maximum compressive strength achieved at 5% is more than recommendation of 2.00N/mm2
recommended by Nigeria National Building Code (2006), for non load bearing wall.
5. As the percentage of CHA content in the mix increase the compressive strength decreased appreciably
to a value of 0.06N/mm2at 30% CHA content.
6. There is no noticeable relationship between CHA content and dry density in the mix.
References
Abdullahi M. (2005): Compressive Strength of Sandcrete Blocks in Bosso and Shiroro Areas of Minna,
Nigeria:. Civil Engineering Department, Federal University of Technology Minna, Niger State,
Nigeria.
BS 12 (1971): Portland cement (Ordinary and Rapid Hardening), Part 2, British Standards Institution, London
National Building Code (2006), Federal Republic of Nigeria National Building Code First Edition. pp
319.
Nimityongskul P. and Daladar T.U (1995), Use of coconut husk ash, corn cob ash and peanut shell ash as
cement replacement, Journal of Ferrocement vol. 25, no1, pp. 35-44 (5 ref.)
NIS 2000. NIS 87: (2000). Nigeria Industrial Standard: Standard for Sandcrete Blocks. Standard Organisation of
Nigeria. Lagos, Nigeria.
Oyekan G.L. (2007) Crushed Waste Glass in Sandcrete Block Manufacture. Proceeding on 32nd Conference on
Our World In Concrete And Structure:, Singapore pp 365-372
Oyekan G.L. (2008) Effect of Admixture on the Compressive Strength of Sandcrete Blocks. Journal of
Engineering and Applied Sciences 3(6): 451-454.
Table 1: Chemical Analysis result of Portland cement & Coconut Husk Ash
Name of compounds
Cement (%)
CHA (%)
Total Organic Content (Toc)
1.7
8.88
Calcium Oxide (Ca0.)
62.32
0.25
Silicate (Si02)
18.72
0.005
Aluminate (Al203)
6.2
5.10
Ferrite (Fe203)
0.94
2.48
Magnesium Oxide (Mg0)
1.62
0.09
Sulphur trioxide (S03)
1.1
0.12
Sodium oxide (Na20)
0.34
0.02
Table 2: Compressive Strength Test Result of Sandcrete block Specimens Containing Various CHA
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percentages.
Percentage CHA Age
content
(Days)
7
0
14
21
28
7
5
14
21
28
7
10
14
21
28
7
15
14
Compressive Strength at
28 days (N/mm2)
1.52
2.11
2.41
2.48
1.14
1.52
1.97
2.16
0.70
1.14
1.33
1.40
0.54
0.98
21
1,860.70
1.05
28
1,886.00
1.14
1,840.00
0.25
14
1,842.30
0.35
21
1,833.00
0.44
28
1,853.80
0.51
25
1,869.90
0.10
30
14
21
28
7
14
21
28
1,833.00
1,846.90
1,835.30
1,842.30
1,844.60
1,837.70
1,821.50
0.32
0.38
0.29
0.03
0.06
0.10
0.06
20
468
Proceedings of the 11th International Conference and 32nd Annual General Meeting of the Nigerian Institution of Agricultural Engineers
(NIAE Ilorin 2011), October 17 20, 2011, Ilorin, Nigeria.
ISBN: 978-036-578-8
Coconut Husk Ash as a Partial Replacement of Cement in Sandcrete Block Production
Oyelade, O. A. (2011). Vol. 32: 465 469.
469