Maths Extension 2 Conics

Conics
! General Equations of Conics
! Parabola, Circle, Ellipse, Hyperbola, Rectangular Hyperbola
!
!
!
!

Equation
Eccentricity
Tangents
Normals

!
!
!
!
!

Foci
Directrices
Asymptotes
Chord
Chord of Contact

! General (Cartesian)
! (x1, y1)
! Parametric
! (a cos , a sin ) - Circle
! (a cos , b sin ) - Ellipse
! (a sec , b tan ) - Hyperbola

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Maths Extension 2 Conics

Shapes

From Phoenix Senior Maths Notepad Study Guides by George Fisher

Eccentricity of Conics
PS
PM

=e

Eccentricities
Circle

=0

Ellipse

0<e<1
b2 = a2(1 e2)

Parabola

=1

Hyperbola

>1
b2 = a2(e2 1)

Rectangular Hyperbola

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Maths Extension 2 Conics

General Equation of Conics

Circle
Basic

x2 + y 2 = r 2

(x h )2 + ( y k )2 = a 2
General

x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0

Centre (-g, -f)

Radius

g2 + f 2 c

Basic

_r

_r

_y

(h, k)

_x

Parametric

General Form
_x2 + y2 + 4x 6y + 10 = 0
P(acos, asin)
Complete the Square

_a

asin

_acos

(x + 2)2 + (y 3)2 + 10 = 0
Centre = (-2, 3)
Radius =
______=

Parabola
Basic

4 + 9 10
3

x 2 = 4ay

!
!
!

Vertex (0, 0)
Focus (0, a)
Directrix y = a

(x h )2 = 4a( y k )

Vertex (h, k)

SEE 3U Parabola NOTES

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Maths Extension 2 Conics

Ellipse
x2 y2
+
=1
a2 b2

!
!

Foci (ae, 0)
Directrices x = ae

!
!

Major Axis A(a, 0); A(-a, 0)

Minor Axis B(0, b); B(0, -b)

S and S are the two foci

D and D are the two Directrices
P is a point on the ellipse
M is the perpendicular distance from D to P
_b is the minor axis
_a is the major axis

_b
_a
S

y=

a
e

(0, ae)

A
(-ae, 0)

(ae, 0)
(0, -ae)

x = ae

AA > BB
_b2 = a2(1 e2)

x=

a
e

y = ae

AA < BB
_a2 = b2(1 e2)

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Maths Extension 2 Conics

Hyperbola
x2 y2

=1
a 2 b2

Foci (ae, 0)
Directrices x = ae

Asymptotes

x2 y2 = a2

(ae,0)
( ae,0)

x=

x=

D
D

xy = c 2
x+ y = a
x + y = a

D
D

!
!

a
e
a
e

(c, c )

( c,c )

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Maths Extension 2 Conics

Conics in Detail
Circle
Equation

x2 + y 2 = r 2

(x h )2 + ( y k )2 = a 2
Eccentricity
Tangents
P(x1 , y1 )

P(a cos , a sin )

Normals
P(x1 , y1 )

P(a cos , a sin )

x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
0
xx1 + yy1 = a 2
(x1 h )(x x1 ) + ( y1 k )(y y1 ) = a 2
(x x1 )(x1 + g ) + ( y y1 )( y1 + f ) = 0
x cos + y sin = a
(x h )cos + ( y k )sin = a
(x + g )cos + (y + f )sin = a
xy1 yx1 = 0
( y1 k )(x x1 ) (x1 h )(y y1 ) = 0
???
x sin y cos = 0
(x h a cos )sin ( y k a sin )cos = 0
???

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Maths Extension 2 Conics

Circle Tangent
x2 + y2 = a2

P(x1 , y1 ) OR P(a cos , a sin )

2x + 2 y

dy
dx
dy
dx

2y
dy
dx
x
1
y1
xx1 + x1
2

x1 + y1

=0
= 2x
x
=
y
y y1
=
x x1

(x h )2 + ( y k )2 = a 2
2(x h ) + 2( y k ) dy
dx
dy
2( y k ) dx

Equation of tangent

P(x1 , y1 ) OR P(h + a cos , k + a sin )

=0
= 2(x h )

xh
x h
cos
= 1
=
yk
y1 k
sin
cos
y k a sin

=
sin
x h a cos
2
( y k ) sin a sin = (x h )cos + a cos 2
( y k ) sin + ( x h) cos = a
dy
dx

Gradient

= yy1 y1
= xx1 + yy1
x cos + y sin = a

xx1 + yy1 = a 2

cos
x1
=
sin
y1

(x h )cos + ( y k )sin
x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0

(x x1 )(x1 + g ) + ( y y1 )( y1 + f ) = 0
(x + g )cos + (y + f )sin = a

=a

Gradient

{(cos 2 + sin 2 = 1)

Equation of tangent

P(x1 , y1 ) OR P( g + a cos , f + a sin )

Equation of tangent

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Maths Extension 2 Conics

Circle Normal
x2 + y2 = a2
dy
dx
y1
x1
y1 x x1 y1
xy1
xy1 yx1 = 0

y
x
y y1
=
x x1
= x1 y x1 y1
= yx1
=

P(x1 , y1 ) OR P(a cos , a sin )

Gradient
y
sin
= 1 =
x1 cos

x sin y cos = 0

P(x1 , y1 ) OR P(h + a cos , k + a sin )

(x h )2 + ( y k )2 = a 2

yk
xh
y1 k
y y1
=
x1 h
x x1
(y1 k )(x x1 ) (x1 h )(y y1 ) = 0

dy
dx

Equation of normal

(y1 k )(x x1 ) (x1 h )(y y1 ) = 0

(x h a cos )sin ( y k a sin )cos

=0

y1 k sin
=
x1 h cos

Equation of normal

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Maths Extension 2 Conics

Ellipse
Equation

x2 y2
+
=1
a2 b2
b 2 = a 2 (1 e )
x = ( ae,0 )
a
x=
e
xx1 yy1
+ 2 =1
a2
b

Eccentricity
Foci
Directrices
Tangents
P(x1, y1)
P(a cos , b sin )

x cos y sin
+
=1
a
b

y = mx + c

*c2 = a2m2 + b2
a2 x b2 y

= a2 b2
x1
y1

Normals
P(x1, y1)
P(a cos , b sin )
Chord
P (a cos , b sin ) & Q (a cos , b sin )
Chord of Contact
T (x0 , y0 )

ax
by

= a2 b2
cos sin
y + x
+

sin
+ cos
= cos

b 2 a
2
2
xx0 yy0
+ 2 =1
a2
b
Other Stuff

Angles in an ellipse
The tangent at a point P on the ellipse is
equally inclined to the focal chords through P
The segment of the tangent to an ellipse
between the point of contact and the directrix
subtends at right angles at the corresponding
focus.

Area
PS + PS = 2a

ab

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Maths Extension 2 Conics

Area of the Ellipse by integration

y2
b2

A = y dx
a

b2 x 2
b 2
a

= 2

a
a

= 2b 1
a
a

= 2b

x2
a2

=1

x2
a2

b2 x2
=b 2
a
2

b2

b2 x2
a2

a2 x2
a2

2b a 2
a x2

a a
2b 1 2
. a
=
a 2
=

a2 x2

Is a Semicircle

Area of Ellipse = ab

Gradient of an Ellipse
x2 y2
+
a 2 b2
dy
2 x 2 y dx
+ 2
a2
b
dy
dx

=1
=0
=

2 x b2
.
a2 2 y

b2 x
a2 y

Implicit Differentiation

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Maths Extension 2 Conics

Chords in an Ellipse
A chord through the centre is a diameter
Eg. PR

C
P

A chord through a focus is a focal chord

Eg. CD

A focal chord that is perpendicular to the

major axis is the Latus Rectum
Eg. PQ

Chord P (a cos , b sin ) & Q (a cos , b sin )

b sin b sin
m =
a cos a cos

(
=
2a sin (
b cos(
=
a sin (

+
2
+
2
+
2
+
2

2b cos

)sin ( )
)sin ( )

2

2

) OR = b cot +
Gradient of Chord
a 2
)
b cos( ) = y b sin

x a cos
a sin ( )
xb cos( ) + ab cos cos( ) = ay sin ( ) ab sin sin ( )
+
2

+
2
+
2
+
2

y + x
+
sin
+ cos

b 2 a
2

+
2

+
2

+
+
= cos cos
+ sin sin

2
2
+
= cos

y + x
+

sin
+ cos
= cos

b 2 a
2
2

Equation of chord

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Maths Extension 2 Conics

Ellipse Tangent
dy
dx

Gradient of Tangent

xb 2
ya 2

At (x1, y1)

x1b 2
y1a 2
b cos
=
a sin
2
y y1
b x
2 1 =
x x1
a y1
=

b 2 xx1 + b 2 x1
2

b 2 x1 + a 2 y1
2

At (a cos , b sin )

= a 2 yy1 a 2 y1
= b 2 xx1 + a 2 yy1

x1
y
+ 12
2
a
b

xx1 yy1
+ 2
a2
b
xx1 yy1
1 = 2 + 2
a
b
=

x cos y sin
+
=1
a
b

xx1 yy1
+ 2 =1
a2
b
Ellipse Normal
dy
ya 2
=
dx
xb 2
y a2
= 1 2
x1b

Gradient of Normal
At (x1, y1)
At (a cos , b sin )

a 2b sin
b 2 a cos
y y1
y1a 2
=
x x1
x1b 2
=

a 2 y1 x a 2 y1 x1
a 2 y1 x + b 2 x1 y1
y1 a 2 x + b 2 x1

= b 2 x1 y b 2 x1 y1
= b 2 x1 y + a 2 x1 y1
= x1 b 2 y + a 2 y1

a x
+ b2
x1
a 2 x b2 y

x1
y1
a2 x b2 y

= a2 b2
x1
y1

Equation of tangent

b y
+ a2
y1

= a 2 b2
ax
by

= a2 b2
cos sin

Equation of normal

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Maths Extension 2 Conics

Hyperbola
Equation

x2 y2

=1
a 2 b2
b2 = a 2 e2 1
x = ( ae,0 )
a
x=
e
xx1 yy1

=1
a 2 b2

Eccentricity
Foci
Directrices
Tangents
P(x1, y1)
P(a sec , b tan )

x sec y tan

=1
a
b

Normals
P(x1, y1)

a 2 x b2 y
+
= a2 + b2
x1
y1

P(a sec , b tan )

Chord
P (a sec , b tan ) & Q (a sec , b tan )
Chord of Contact
T (x0 , y0 )
Gradient of a Hyperbola
x2 y2
=1

a 2 b2
dy
2 x 2 y dx
=0
2
a2
b
dy
2 x b2
= 2.
dx
a 2y
=

ax
by
+
= a 2 + b2
sec tan
x
y +
+
cos

= cos

a
2
2 b 2
xx0 yy0
2 =1
a2
b

Implicit Differentiation

b2 x
a2 y

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Maths Extension 2 Conics

Hyperbola Tangent
dy
b2 x
= 2
dx
a y

Gradient of Hyperbola
At (x1, y1)

b 2 x1
a 2 y1
b sec
=
a tan
y y1
=
x x1
=

b 2 x1
a 2 y1
2

b 2 xx1 b 2 x1
b 2 xx1 a 2 yy1
xx1 yy1

a 2 b2
xx1 yy1

a 2 b2

At (a sec , b tan )

= a 2 yy1 a 2 y1
2

= b 2 x1 a 2 y1
2

x
y
= 12 12
a
b
=1

x sec y tan

=1
a
b

xx1 yy1

=1
a 2 b2

Hyperbola Normal
dy
a2 y
= 2
dx
b x
a2 y
= 2 1
b x1
a tan
=
b sec
2
y y1
a y
2 1 =
x x1
b x1
a 2 y1 x + a 2 y1 x1
a 2 x1 y1 + b 2 x1 y1
x1 y1 a 2 + b 2

a +b
2

a 2 + b2 =

a2 x b2 y
+
x1
y1

Equation of tangent

Gradient of Normal
At (x1, y1)
At (a sec , b tan )

= b 2 x1 y b 2 x1 y1
= a 2 xy1 + b 2 x1 y
= a 2 xy1 + b 2 x1 y
=

a2 x b2 y
+
x1
y1
a 2 + b2 =

ax
by
+
sec tan

Equation of normal

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Maths Extension 2 Conics

Rectangular Hyperbola
Equation
Eccentricity
Foci

e= 2
a 2
* ( a, a )
a
x=
2
* x + y = a
y = x
* x & y axis

Directrices

Asymptotes
Tangents
P(x1, y1)

P cp, cp

x2 y2 = a2
* xy = c 2

xy1 + yx1 = 2c 2

x + p 2 y = 2cp

Normals
P(x1, y1)

xx1 yy1 = x1 y1

P(a cos , b sin )

p 3 x py = c p 4 1

Chord
P(x1, y1) & Q(x2, y2)

c 2 x + x1 x2 y = c 2 (x1 + x2 )

( )

P cp, cp & Q cq, qc

x + pqy = c( p + q )

Chord of Contact
T (x0 , y0 )

xy0 + yx0 = 2c 2

Other Stuff
The area of the triangle bounded by a tangent 2c2
and the asymptotes is a constant
Intersection of 2 tangents P and Q
2 xpq 2c

=
,
p+q p+q

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Maths Extension 2 Conics

Gradient of a Rectangular Hyperbola

xy = c 2
y
c2
=
x
dy
c2
= 2
dx
x

( )

Chord P cp, cp & Q cq, qc

y

c
p

x cp
(x cp ) qc cp

xc xc c 2 p

+ c2
q
p
q

c
q

c
p

cq cp
= y cp (cq cp )

c2q
= cqy cpy
+ c2
p

0 = pq 2 y p 2 qy cq 2 + cp 2 + qx px
= pqy (q p ) c q 2 p 2 + x(q p )
= pqy c( p + q ) + x

x + pqy = c( p + q )

Equation of Chord

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Maths Extension 2 Conics

Rectangular Hyperbola Tangent

dy
c2
= 2
dx
x
2
y1
= 2
x1
1
= 2
p

1
p2

x + p2 y
xy1 + yx1 = 2c 2

At cp, cp

x cp

c
p

= p 2 y pc
= 2cp
Equation of tangent

x + p 2 y = 2cp

Rectangular Hyperbola Normal

dy
x2
= 2
dx
c
2
x
= 12
y1

Gradient of Normal
At (x1, y1)

At cp, cp

= p2
p2
p (x cp )
2

x cp
= y cp
= y

p 3 x cp 4

= py c

c
p

p 2 x cp 3

xx1 yy1 = x1 y1

c
p

2
(x cp ) = p y

x + cp

At (x1, y1)

c
p

p 3 x py = c p 4 1

Equation of Normal

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