BASIS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN

(EN1990:2002)
Design Working life
Design working life
(CYS NA EN1990,Table 2.1)
Design working life
category
1
2

Indicative design
working life (years)
10
10 25

Examples

Temporary structures (1)

Replaceable structural parts, e.g. gantry girders,
bearings
3
15 30
Agricultural and similar structures
4
50
Building structures and other common structures
5
100
Monumental building structures, bridges, and other
civil engineering structures
(1) Structures or parts of structures that can be dismantled with a view to being re-used should
not be considered as temporary.
In the case of replaceable structural parts the design life for the structural determination of loads should be
the design life of the structure.

Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

Ultimate Limit State Concern

(EN1990,cl.3.3(1)P)

Safety of people,
Safety of the structure
Protection of the contents
Design situations
(EN1990,cl.3.2(2)P)

Persistent design situation: Normal use condition

Transient design situation: Temporary condition, e.g. during execution or repair
Accidental design situation: Exceptional condition, e.g. fire, explosion, impact.
Seismic design situation: Structure subject to seismic events.

Ultimate limit state verification

(EN1990,cl.6.4.1(1)P)
The following ultimate limit states shall be verified as relevant:
EQU: Loss of equilibrium of the structure, (considering for sliding, overturning or uplift)
STR: Internal failure or excessive deformation of the structure of structural member (Design of structural for
strength of members and frames),
GEO: Failure due to excessive deformation of the ground (Design of structural members such as footing,
piles, basement walls, etc.),
FAT: Fatigue failure of the structure or structural member.

Ultimate Limit State (ULS)

Important notes
(EN1990,cl.3.2(2)P)

Approach 2 (CYS NA EN1990,Table.A1.2(B)) should be used for the

design of the structural members of substructure (i.e. footings, piles,
basement walls, etc.) (CYS NA EN1990,cl. 2.2.3.4).
Actions that cannot exist simultaneously due to physical of functional
reasons should not be considered together in combination.
The use of expression 6.10a and 6.10b lead to a more economic
design in most circumstances.

COMBINATION OF ACTIONS FOR PERSISTENT/TRANSIENT DESIGN SITUATION

(EN1990,cl.6.4.3.2)
Persistent and transient design situation EQU Equation 6.10 (Set A)
Action

Favourable

Unfavourable

Ed=G Gk +Q Qk1 + Q 0,2 Qk2

Permanent (dead,
0.9
1.1
earth), G
Variable (imposed,
0
1.5
wind), Q
Note: Single source is not applicable for EQU design situation. Different factors can be used in favourable and unfavourable
areas.
6.10

Persistent and transient design situation STR/GEO Equation 6.10, 6.10a & 6.10b (Set B)
6.10

Ed=G Gk +Q Qk1 + Q 0,2 Qk2

6.10a

Ed=G Gk +Q 0,1 Qk1 + Q 0,2 Qk2

6.10b

Ed=G Gk +Q Qk1 + Q 0,2 Qk2

Action
Permanent (dead,
earth), G
Variable (imposed,
wind), Q

Favourable

Unfavourable

1.0

1.35

1.5

Note: Single source is applicable for STR/GEO design situation.

Persistent and transient design situation GEO Equation 6.10 (Set C)

Action
6.10

Ed=G Gk +Q Qk1 + Q 0,2 Qk2

Note: Single source is applicable for STR/GEO design situation.

Permanent (dead,
earth), G
Variable (imposed,
wind), Q

Favourable

Unfavourable

1.0

1.0

1.3

Combination (sensitivity) factor,

(CYS NA EN1990:2002, Table A1.1)
Category

Specific Use

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

Domestic and residential

Office
Areas for Congregation
Shopping
Storage
Traffic < 30 kN vehicle
Traffic < 160 kN vehicle
Roofs
Snow, altitude < 1000 m
Wind

0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
1.0
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.5
0.5

0.5
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.7
0.5
0
0.2
0.2

0.3
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.6
0.3
0
0
0

Summary table of partial, combination and reduction factors for the STR and GEO ultimate limit states for
buildings
Unfavourable Permanent action

Unfavourable Variable actions

Expression

6.10

Self-weight

Imposed floor loads

Wind loads

Snow loads

G=1.35

Q,1 =1.5

Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75

Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75

G=1.35

Q,i0,i =1.5x07=1.05

Q,1 =1.5

Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75

G=1.35

Q,i0,i =1.5x07=1.05

Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75

Q,i =1.5

Less favourable equations 6.10a & 6.10b

6.10a

6.10b

G=1.35

Q,i0,i =1.5x07=1.05

Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75

Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75

G=1.35

Q,i0,i =1.5x07=1.05

Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75

Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75

G=1.35

Q,i0,i =1.5x07=1.05

Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75

Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75

G=0.85*1.35

Q,1 =1.5

Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75

Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75

G=0.85*1.35

Q,i0,i =1.5x07=1.05

Q,1 =1.5

Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75

G=0.85*1.35

Q,i0,i =1.5x07=1.05

Q,i0,i =1.5x05=0.75

Q,i =1.5

Note: Shaded boxes indicate the leading variable action,

Serviceability Limit State (SLS)

Characteristic value of variable actions

For each variable action there are four representative values:
1.The characteristic value Qk (determine by insufficient data).
2.The combination value 0Qk (of an action is intended to take account of the
reduced probability of the simultaneous of two or more variable actions).
3. Frequent value 1Qk (exceeded only for a short period of time and is used
primary for the SLS and also the accidental ULS).
4. Quasi-permanent value 2Qk (exceeded for a considerable period of time or
considered as an average loading over time and used for the long-term affects
at the SLS and also accidental and seismic ULS).

COMBINATION OF ACTIONS FOR SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE

(EN1990,cl.6.5.3)
Characteristic combination
Equation 6.14b

Ed=Gk +Qk,1 + 0 Qk,2

Frequent combination

Equation 6.15b

Ed=Gk + 1Qk,1 + 2 Qk,2

Quasi-permanent combination

Equation 6.16b

Ed=Gk + 2Qk,1

Serviceability Limit State (SLS) Vertical and Horizontal deformations

INDICATIVE LIMITING VALUES FOR VERTICAL DEFLECTIONS
(Manual of EC0 &EC1, Table D.1)
Serviceability Limit States
Vertical deflections
Serviceability Requirement
Function and damage to nonstructural elements (e.g.
partition walls claddings etc)
Brittle
-Non-brittle
Function and damage to
structural elements

Characteristic Combination (Expression 6.14b

in EC0) wmax

L/500 to L/360
L/300 to L/200
L/300 to L/200

INDICATIVE LIMITING VALUES FOR HORIZONTAL DEFLECTIONS

(Manual of EC0 &EC1, Table D.2)
Serviceability Limit States
Vertical deflections
Serviceability Requirement
Function and damage to nonstructural elements
Single storey buildings top
of column
-Each storey in a multi-storey
building
-The structure as a whole for
a multi-storey building

Characteristic Combination (Expression 6.14b

in EC0) wmax

uH/300
uH/500 to H/300
uH/500

STRUCTURAL LOADS
(EN1991:2002)
Imposed Loads

Category of use
(EN1991-1-1:2002,Table 6.1)
Category
A
B
C

Specific Use
Area for domestic and
residential activities
Office areas
Areas where people may
congregate (with the
exception of areas
defined under category
A, B, and D1))

Shopping areas

Example
Rooms in residential buildings and houses bedrooms and wards in
hospitals, bedrooms in hotels and hostels kitchens and toilets
C1: Areas with tables, etc. e.g. areas in schools, cafs, restaurants,
dining
halls, reading rooms, receptions.
C2: Areas with fixed seats, e.g. areas in churches, theatres or
cinemas, conference rooms, lecture halls, assembly halls, waiting
rooms, railway waiting rooms.
C3: Areas without obstacles for moving
people, e.g. areas in museums, exhibition rooms, etc. and access
areas in public and administration buildings, hotels, hospitals,
railway station forecourts.
C4: Areas with possible physical activities, e.g. dance halls,
gymnastic rooms, stages.
C5: Areas susceptible to large crowds, e.g. in buildings for public
events like concert halls, sports halls including stands, terraces and
access areas and railway platforms.
D1: Areas in general retail shops
D2:Areas in departments stores

Imposed loads
(EN 1991-1-1:2002, Table 6.2)
Category Of loaded areas

qk
(kN/m2)

Qk
(kN)

Category A
-Floors
-Stairs
-Balconies

1.5-2.0
2.0-4.0
2.5-4.0

2.0-3.0
2.0-4.0
2.0-3.0

Category B

2.0-3.0

1.5-4.5

Category C
-C1
-C2
-C3
-C4
-C5

2.0-3.0
3.0-4.0
3.0-5.0
4.5-5.0
5.0-7.5

3.0-4.0
2.5-7.0
4.0-7.0
3.5-7.0
3.5-4.5

Category D
-D1
-D2

4.0-5.0
4.0-5.0
Imposed load on Roof
(CYS NA EN1991-1-1, Table 6.10)

Sub-category

Actions

Roof (inaccessible except for

normal maintenance and repair)

3.5-7.0
3.5-7.0

Imposed load,
qk
Q (kN)
(kN/m2)
0.4

1.0

Permanent Loads

Permanent load
(EN 1991-1-1:2002, Table A.1-A.12)

Typical unit floor

Materials

Density,
(kN/m3)

Reinforced Concrete
Steel
Glass
Water
Plastic PTFE
Softwood timber
Hardwood timber
Concrete blockwork
Asphalt
Roof tiles
Soil (Sand)
Soil (Clay)
Insulation board
Aluminium
Copper
Cement mortar
ylon
Epoxy resin
Polystyrene
Carbon fibre
Fibre glass
Granite

25
78
25
10
21-22
5
7
18
22
20
16-18
20-22
3
27
87-89
19-23
11.5
16-20
10-13
20
15
26

Typical loadings

Modulus of
Elasticity, E
kN/mm2
17-31
210
74
0.3-0.6
10
12
5-30
69
96
20-31
2-3.5
20
3-3.3
415
10
40-70

Typical unit floor

Typical loadings

kN/m2
0.25
0.10
0.05
0.15
0.55

Internal ConcreteFloor kN/m2

Partition (minimum)
1.00
Screed (5-70cm)
1.20-1.80
Raised floor
0.40
Concrete floor (15cm)
3.75
Celling and services
0.15
Total
6.50-7.10

External Concrete Floor kN/m2

Slabs / paving
0.95
Screed (50cm)
1.20
Asphalt waterproofing
0.45
Concrete floor (15cm)
3.75
Celling and services
0.15
Total
6.50

Metal deck roofing

kN/m2
Live loading: snow/
wind uplift
0.6-1.0
Outer covering, insulation and
metal deck liner
0.30
Purlins-150 deep at 1.5m c/c 0.10
Services
0.10
Total
1.1-1.5

kN/m2
1.00
0.15
0.20
0.15
1.50

Timber Flat Roof

kN/m2
Asphalt waterproofing
0.45
Timber joist and insulation 0.20
Celling and services
0.15
Total
0.80

Steel floor
Self weight of beam
Self weight of decking
Self weight of meshing
Ceiling and services
Total

Timber Floor
Partition
Timber boards/plywood
Timber joist
Celling and services
Total

SNOW LOAD
(EN1991-1-3)

Monopitch roof

Pitch roof

Cylinder roof

Snow load shape coefficients for cylinder roofs,

(EN1991-1-3, Eq. 5.4-5.5)

Snow load shape coefficients,

(EN1991-1-3, Table 5.2)

Angle of pitch of
0 30
roof, a
1
0.8
2
0.8+0.8 /30
For monopitch roof use only 1
For pitched roof use 1and2

CHARACTERISTIC SNOW LOAD

ON GROUND,sk
(kN/m2)
(CYS NA 1991-1-3, cl. NA 2.7)
sk = 0.289*(1+(A/452)2)
A:is the attitude above sea level (m)

30 60

60

0.8(60-)/30
1.6

1
0.8
s=0
a15o
2
s+w
w=(b1+b2)/2h h/sk
Range must:0.8w4
:is the weight density of snow may taken as 2kN/m3

0
-

Angle of pitch of roof, a

3 should be less than 32

Exposure coefficient(1991-1-3, Table 5.1)

Topography
Windswept
Normal
Sheltered

Ce
0.8
1.0
1.2

Snow load on roof for transient design situations

s=iCeCtsk
(EN 1991-1-3Equ.5.1)

>60

60

0.2+10 h/b

THERMAL COEFFICIENTS C
(1991-1-32003, cl. 5.2(8))
Ct=1.0
Thermal transmission on the roof
<1W/m2K

WIND LOAD
(EN1991-1-4)

BASIC WIND VELOCITY

Fundamental Basic wind velocity, vb,0

(CYS NA EN1991-1-4,Fig.1)

Season factor
(CYS EN1991-1-4,NA 2.4)
cseason=1.0

Directional factor
(CYSEN1991-1-4,NA 2.4)
cdir=1.0
(Conservative value for all direction)

Basic wind velocity

(EN1991-1-4, Eq. 4.1)
vb=cdir.cseasonvb,0

STRUCTURAL FACTOR
(EN1991-1-4, cl.6.0)

Determination of cscd

Builiding with less than

h15m

Natural frequency
f5Hz

Walls100m high

Chimney with circular

cross-sectional area and,
h60m
h6.5diameter
h

cscd =1.0

Determine of structural factor cscd

Size factor
(EN1991-1-4,Eq.6.2)

Dynamic factor
(EN1991-1-4,Eq.6.3)

It is on the safe side to use

B2=1
kp=3
Calculation of R2 can be found in Annex B of
EN1991-1-4:2005

It is on the safe side to use

B2=1
kp=3
Calculation of R2 can be found in Annex B of
EN1991-1-4:2005

Can be found

TERRAIN OROGRAPHY,
(EN1991-1-4, cl.4.3.3)

YES

Consider

Detail calculation of terrain orography

factor can be found in Annex A of
EN1991-1-4:2005

Upwind Slope3o

NO

Ignore

PEAK VELOCITY PRESSURE

Terrain category and terrain parameters (EN1991-1-4, Tab.:4.1)
Terrain
category

Description

z0 (m)

zmin(m)

0.003

0.01

Sea, costal area exposed to the open

sea.

Lakes or area with negligible

vegetation and without obstacles.

II

Area with low vegetation such as

grass and isolated obstacles trees,
buildings) with separations of at least
20 obstacle height.

0.05

III

Area with regular cover of vegetation

or buildings or woth isolatd obstacles
with seperations of maximum 20
obstacle height (such as villages,
suburban terrain, permanent forest).

0.3

1.0

10

SEA

COUNTRY

IV*
*

TOWN

Area in which at least 15% of the

surface is covered with building and
their average height exceeds 15m.

For buildings in terrain category IV, displacement height hdis should be consider and information can be found in Aneex A.5 of EN1991-1-4:2005

Wind turbulence, Iv(z)

(EN1991-1-4,Eq.4.7)
Iv(z)=v/vm(z)=kl/co(z)ln(z/z0) for
zminzzmax
Iv(z)=Iv(zmin)
for

zzmin

Turbulence factor: kl=1.0

(NA CYS EN1991-1-4, cl. NA 2.10)

Roughness factor, cr(z)

(EN1991-1-4,Eq.4.3-4.5)

Terrain factor,
(EN1991-1-4,cl.4.4)

cr(z)=kr . ln(z/z0) for zminzzmax

cr(z)=cr . (zmin) for zzmin
z0: is the roughness length

kr=0.19(z0/z0,II)0.07

Maximum height, zmax

(EN1991-1-4, cl. 4.3.2)
zmax=200m

Note: for co(z)=1 Iv(z) is not important

Orography factor co(z)
co(z)=1

Mean wind velocity, vm(z)

(EN1991-1-4 cl.4.3.1 )
vm(z)=cr(z).co(z).vb

Peak velocity pressure, qpeak(z)

(EN1991-1-4 Eq.4.8 )
qpeak(z)=[1+7 Iv(z)]0.5 vm2
(z)=ce(z)0.5vb2
Air density:=1.25kg/m3

EXTERNAL WIND PRESSURE/FORCE ON WALLS

Reference height ze, depending on h and b, and corresponding velocity pressure profile
(EN1991-1-4, Fig. 7.4)

Values of external pressure coefficient for vertical walls of rectangular plan buildings
(EN1991-1-4, Tab.:4.1)
ZONE
h/d

cpe,10

cpe,1

cpe,10

C
cpe,1

cpe,10

D
cpe,1

cpe,10

E
cpe,1

cpe,10

cpe,1

5
-1.2
-1.4
-0.8
-1.1
-0.5
+0.8 +1.0
-0.7
1
-1.2
-1.4
-0.8
-1.1
-0.5
+0.8 +1.0
-0.5
0.25
-1.2
-1.4
-0.8
-1.1
-0.5
+0.7 +1.0
-0.3
Note: Values for cpe,1 are intended for the design of small elements and fixings with an element of 1m 2 or
less such as cladding elements and roofing elements. Values for cpe,10 may be used for the design of the
overall load bearing structure of buildings. The external pressure coeffiecient cpe,1 and cpe,10 is using for
loadaded area of 1m2 and 10m2 respectively.

Key for vertical walls Mono&dual pitch

Roof
(EN1991-1-4, Fig.7.5)

Key for vertical walls Flat Roof

(EN1991-1-4, Fig.7.5)

Pressure on surface &Wind force (EN1991-1-4, Eq. 5.1&5.5)

we=qp(ze).(cpe +cpi)
&
Fw=cscdweAref

EXTERNAL WIND PRESSURE/FORCE ON FLAT ROOF

Recommended values of external pressure coefficients for flat roofs

(EN1991-1-4,Tab. 7.2)
Zone
F
G
H
I
cpe,10
cpe,1
cpe,10
cpe,1
cpe,10
cpe,1
cpe,10
cpe,1
Sharp eaves
-1.8
-2.5
-1.2
-2.0
-.07
-1.2
+0.2
hp/h=0.025
-1.6
-2.2
-1.1
-1.8
-0.7
-1.2
-0.2
With
hp/h=0.05
-1.4
-2.0
-0.9
-1.6
-0.7
-1.2
+0.2
Parapets
hp/h=0.10
-1.2
-1.8
-0.8
-1.4
-0.7
-1.2
-0.2
r/h=0.05
-1.0
-1.5
-1.2
-1.8
-0.4
+0.2
Curved
r/h=0.10
-0.7
-1.2
-0.8
-1.4
-0.3
-0.2
Eaves
r/h=0.20
-0.5
-0.8
-0.5
-0.8
-0.3
+0.2
a=30o
-1.0
-1.5
-1.0
-1.5
-0.3
-0.2
Mansard
a=45o
-1.2
-1.8
-1.3
-1.9
-0.4
+0.2
Eaves
a=60o
-1.3
-1.9
-1.3
-1.9
-0.5
-0.2
Note: Values for cpe,1 are intended for the design of small elements and fixings with an element of 1m2 or
less such as cladding elements and roofing elements. Values for cpe,10 may be used for the design of the
overall load bearing structure of buildings. The external pressure coeffiecient cpe,1 and cpe,10 is using for
loadaded area of 1m2 and 10m2 respectively.
Roof type

Pressure on surface &Wind force (EN1991-1-4, Eq. 5.1&5.5)

we=qp(ze).(cpe +cpi)
&
Fw=cscdweAref

EXTERNAL WIND PRESSURE/FORCE ON MONOPITCH ROOF

Recommended values of external pressure coefficients for monopitch roofs

(EN1991-1-4,Tab. 7.3a)
Pitch
Angle
a
5o
15o
30o
45o
60o
75o

Zone for wind direction =0o

F
G
cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10
cpe,10
-1.7
-2.5
-1.2
-2.0
+0.0
+0.0
-0.9
-2.0
-0.8
-1.5
+0.2
+0.2
-0.5
-1.5
-0.5
-1.5
+0.7
+0.7
-0.0
-0.0
+0.7
+0.7
+0.7
+0.7
+0.8
+0.8

H
cpe,1
-0.6
+0.0
-0.3
+0.2
-0.2
+0.4
-0.0
+0.6
+0.7
+0.8

Zone for wind direction =180o

F
G
cpe,10
cpe,10
cpe,1 cpe,10
-1.2
-2.3
-2.5
-1.3

cpe,1

H
cpe,10

cpe,1

-2.0

-0.8

-1.2
-1.2

-2.5

-2.8

-1.3

-2.0

-0/9

-1.1

-2.3

-0.8

-1.5

-0.8

-0.6

-1.3

-0.5

-0.7

-0.5
-0.5

-1.0
-1.0

-0.5
-0.5

-0.5
-0.5

Recommended values of external pressure coefficients for monopitch roofs

(EN1991-1-4,Tab. 7.3b)
Pitch
Zone for wind direction =90o
Angle Fup
Flow
G
H
I
a
cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10
cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10
cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10 cpe,1
5o
-2.1
-2.6 -2.1
-2.4
-1.8 -2.0
-0.6
-1.2 -0.5
15o
-2.4
-2.9 -1.6
-2.4
-1.9 -2.5
-0.8
-1.2 -0.7
-1.2
30o
-2.1
-2.9 -1.3
-2.0
-1.5 -2.0
-1.0
-1.3 -0.8
-1.2
45o
-1.5
-2.4 -1.3
-2.0
-1.4 -2.0
-1.0
-1.3 -0.9
-1.2
60o
-1.2
-2.0 -1.2
-2.0
-1.2 -2.0
-1.0
-1.3 -0.7
-1.2
75o
-1.2
-2.0 -1.2
-2.0
-1.2 -2.0
-1.0
-1.3 -0.5
Note: Values for cpe,1 are intended for the design of small elements and fixings with an element of 1m 2 or less such
as cladding elements and roofing elements. Values for cpe,10 may be used for the design of the overall load bearing
structure of buildings. The external pressure coeffiecient cpe,1 and cpe,10 is using for loadaded area of 1m2 and 10m2
respectively.

Pressure on surface &Wind force (EN1991-1-4, Eq. 5.1&5.5)

we=qp(ze).(cpe +cpi)
&
Fw=cscdweAref

EXTERNAL WIND PRESSURE/FORCE ON DUOPITCH ROOF

Recommended values of external pressure coefficients for duopitch roofs

(EN1991-1-4,Tab. 7.4a)
Pitch
Angle
a
-45o
-30o
-15 o

Zone for wind direction =0o

F
G
cpe,10 cpe,1 cpe,10
cpe,10
-0.6
-0.6
-1.1
-2.0 -0.8
-1.5
-2.5
-2.8 -1.3
-2.0

J
cpe,10
-1.0
-0.8
-1.2
-0.7
+0.2
o
-5
-2.3
-2.5 -1.2
-2.0
-0.8
-1.2
-0.6
-1.7
-2.5 -1.2
-2.0
-0.6
-1.2
+0.2
o
5
-0.6
+0.0
+0.0
+0.0
-0.6
-0.9
-2.0 -0.8
-1.5
-0.3
-0.4
-1.0
o
15
+0.2
+0.2
+0.2
+0.0
+0.0
-0.5
-1.5 -0.5
-1.5
-0.2
-0.4
-0.5
o
30
+0.7
+0.7
+0.4
+0.0
+0.0
-0.0
-0.0
-0.0
-0.2
-0.3
o
45
+0.7
+0.7
+0.6
+0.0
+0.0
60 o
+0.7
+0.7
+0.7
-0.2
-0.3
75 o
+0.8
+0.8
+0.8
-0.2
-0.3
Recommended values of external pressure coefficients for duopitch roofs
(EN1991-1-4,Tab. 7.4b)
Pitch
Angle a
-45o
-30o
-15o
-5o
5o
15o
30o
45o
60o
75o

H
cpe,1
-0.8
-0.8
-0.8

Zone for wind direction =90o

F
G
cpe,10
cpe,1
cpe,10
cpe,10
-1.4
-2.0
-1.2
-2.0
-1.5
-2.1
-1.2
-2.0
-1.9
-2.5
-1.2
-2.0
-1.8
-2.5
-1.2
-2.0
-1.6
-2.2
-1.2
-2.0
-1.3
-2.0
-1.2
-2.0
-1.1
-1.5
-1.4
-2.0
-1.1
-1.5
-1.4
-2.0
-1.1
-1.5
-1.4
-2.0
-1.1
-1.5
-1.4
-2.0

cpe,10

H
cpe,1
-1.0
-1.0
-0.8
-0.7
-0.7
-0.6
-0.8
-0.9
-0.8
-0.8

I
cpe,10
-0.7
-0.6
-0.5
+0.2
-0.6

cpe,10
-1.3
-1.3
-1.2
-1.2
-1.2
-1.2
-1.2
-1.2
-1.2
-1.2

cpe,1

I
cpe,10
-0.9
-0.9
-0.8
-0.6
-0.6
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5
-0.5

cpe,1
-1.2
-1.2
-1.2
-1.2

Pressure on surface &Wind force (EN1991-1-4, Eq. 5.1&5.5)

we=qp(ze).(cpe +cpi)
&
Fw=cscdweAref

cpe,1
-1.5
-1.4
-1.2

-1.5
+0.0