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DC Machines PDF
DC Machines PDF
ELE-A6
DC Machine
3/23/2007
ELEC A6 DC Machine
ELEC A6 DC Machine
DC Generator Fundamentals
e = ( v B) l
e = Blv sin cos
ELEC A6 DC Machine
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ELEC A6 DC Machine
ELEC A6 DC Machine
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ELEC A6 DC Machine
DC MACHINES
Real DC machine Construction
Field
Rotor
Stator with
with poles
ELEC A6 DC Machine
Field poles
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ELEC A6 DC Machine
DIRECT CURRENT
MACHINES
DC machine Construction
Poles
Brushes
Rotor winding
Bearing
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Fan
Commutator
ELEC A6 DC Machine
DC MACHINES
Generated EMF in a Real DC Machine
ZP
ZP
EG =
n = k gn =
= k m
60a
2a
Where
Z = total number of conductors, P = total number of poles
a = P for lap winding, a = 2 for wave winding, = flux,
= speed in rad/s and n = speed in rpm.
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DC Motor Fundamentals
F = ( l B )i
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DC Motor Fundamentals
Counter EMF:
When the motor is running, internally generated
emf, (EG = EC) opposes the applied voltage, thus:
VT EC
IA =
RA
Where: VT = terminal voltage, Ec = counter
EMF, RA is the armature resistance and IA is
the armature current
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Ei = T
{
{
electric
power
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EI
ZP
T=
=
IA
2 a
T = k m I A
Where: T is the torque,
mechanical
power
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Example 1
Find the induced voltage for
a road with a length of 1 m.
eind = (v B).l
v B = vB = 3 (into the page)
B=3T
V = 1 m/s
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Example 2
Example: Find the
force for a conductor
with a length of 1 m.
B = 0.35 T
i=2A
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Example 3
A 6 pole DC machine has an armature connected as a Wave
winding. The aramature has 48 slots with 4 conductors/slot.
The armature is rotating @ 600 rpm and the flux per pole is
30 mWb, calculate the induced voltage.
ZP
48 * 4 * 6
EG =
n =
* 600 * 30 *10 3 = 172.8V
60a
60 * 2
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Example 4
A six-pole DC machine has a flux per pole of 30 mWb.
The armature has 536 conductors connected as a lap
winding. The DC machine runs at 1050 rpm and it
delivers a rated armature current of 225 A to a load
connected to its terminals, calculate:
A) Machine constant, Km
B) Generated voltage, EG
C) Conductor current
D) Electromagnetic torque.
E) Power delivered by the machine.
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Example 4
ZP
6 * 536
=
= 85 . 31
2 a
2 * 6
2 n
2 * 1050
=
= 109 . 96 rad/s
b) =
60
60
E G = k m = 85 . 31 * 0 . 03 * 109 . 96 = 281 . 4 V
a) km =
Ia
225
=
= 37 . 5 A
I ( conductor ) =
a
6
d ) T = k m I a = 85 . 31 * 0 . 03 * 225 = 575 . 84 N .m
e ) P = T = E G I a = 63 . 32 kW
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DC Motors
Equivalent circuit.
The equivalent circuit of DC Motors (and Generators) has two
components:
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Classification of DC Motors
Separately Excited and Shunt Motors
- Field and armature windings are either connected separate or in
parallel.
Series Motors
- Field and armature windings are connected in series.
Compound Motors
- Has both shunt and series field so it combines features of series and
shunt motors.
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Shunt DC Motors
The armature and field windings are connected in parallel.
Constant speed operation.
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Shunt DC Motors
By KVL around the outer loop:
VT
VT - IA RA - EC = 0
I =
F
EC = k gn but
RF
I f , so I f = m
EC = kI f n
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VT
IA =
Ra
To limit IA, a resistance is inserted in series
with RA then removed after the development
of EC
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Speed Regulation
Speed regulation is the percentage change
in speed from no-load to full-load as a
function of the full load speed.
n NL n FL
SR =
100%
n FL
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Pin = VtIL
Stray Losses
Mechanical
Losses
Core Losses
I2R Losses
(Both cores)
Vt = Terminal voltage
Copper losses
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Example 1
Q1) A 240 V, shunt DC motor takes an
armature current of 20 A when running at
960 rpm. The armature resistance is 0.2 .
Determine the no load speed if the no load
armature current is 1 A.
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Example 1
Vt = I a Ra + Ec
Ec (full load) = 240 20 * 0.2 = 236 V
Ec (no load) = 240 1* 0.2 = 239.8 V
assuming I f is constant
Ec (n.l.) n(n.l.)
239.8
=
n(n.l.) =
* 960 = 975.45 rpm
236
Ec ( F .l.) n( F .l.)
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Example 2
Q2) A 120 V shunt motor has the following
parameters: Ra = 0.4 , RF = 120 and
rotational (core, mechanical and stray) losses are
240 W. On full load, the line current is 19.5 A and
the motor runs at 1200 rpm, find:
The developed power
The output power, and
The output torque.
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Example 2
(a) I a = I L I f
120
If =
= 1A I a = 19.5 1 = 18.5 A
120
Ec = VT I a Ra = 120 (18.5) * (0.4) = 112.6 V
Pdeveloped = Ec * I a = 112.6 *18.5 = 2083.1 watt
(b) Pout = Pdeveloped rotational losses = 2083 240 = 1843 watt
(c) out =
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Pout
1843
2
1200
60
= 14.67 N.m
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Series DC Motors
The armature and field winding are connected in series.
High starting torque.
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Series DC Motors
By KVL around the loop:
VT - IA (RA + Rf) - EC = 0
EC = k gn but
I A , so I A = m
EC = kI A n
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Example 3
Q1) A DC series motor is operated at full
load from a 240 V supply at a speed of
600 rpm. The EC is found to be 217.2
V at a line current of 38 A, find:
a) The armature resistance assuming the
series field resistance is 0.2 .
b) Find the no-load speed given that the
no-load current is 1 A.
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Example 3
(a ) Vt = Ec + I a * ( Ra + R f )
240 217.2
Ra + R f =
= 0.6
38
(b) At no load :
Ec = 240 1* 0.6 = 239.6 V
Ec 2 n2 I a 2
=
n2 = 25,151 rpm
Ec1 n1 I a1
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Compound DC Motors
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so
VT = k m + I A RA but
T
IA =
k m
so
T
VT = k m +
RA solving for
k m
VT
RA
T
=
2
k m (K m )
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Comparison between
different DC Motors
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Comparison of DC Motors
Shunt Motors: Constant speed motor (speed regulation is very
good). Adjustable speed, medium starting torque. (Start = 1.4 TFL)
Applications: centrifugal pump, machine tools, blowers fans,
reciprocating pumps, etc.
Series Motors: Variable speed motor which changes speed
drastically from one load condition to another. It has a high
starting torque.
Applications: hoists, electric trains, conveyors, elevators, electric
cars, etc.
Compound motors: Variable speed motors. It has a high starting
torque and the no-load speed is controllable unlike in series
motors.
Applications: Rolling mills, sudden temporary loads, heavy
machine tools, punches, etc
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