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Chemistry Unit 1 (Sem 1) PDF
Chemistry Unit 1 (Sem 1) PDF
Unit 1
Section 1.1
(1)
The same results were obtained with the cathode rays using different gases in the tube and with
tubes and electrodes of different materials. This suggested that electrons were present in the atoms of all
substances.
Unit 1-2
Rutherford suggested that deflections and reflections could only be caused by the particles coming
close to a concentrated region of positive charge.
Rutherford concluded that atoms in the metal foil consisted of a central positive nucleus composed of
protons, where the mass of the atom was concentrated. This nucleus was surrounded by a much larger
volume in which the electrons move. From the angles through which alpha-particles are deflected,
Rutherford calculated that the nucleus of an atom would have a radius of about 10-14 m. This is about
one ten-thousandth of the size of the whole atom which has a radius of about 10-10 m.
Unit 1-3
Neutrons
In spite of the success of Rutherford in explaining atomic structure, one major problem remained
unsolved. If the hydrogen atom contains one proton and the helium atom contains two protons, then the
relative atomic mass of helium should be twice that of hydrogen. Unfortunately, the relative atomic mass
of helium is four and not two.
In 1932, Chadwick, one of Rutherfords collaborators, was able to show where the extra mass in
helium atoms came from. Chadwick bombarded a thin sheet of beryllium with alpha-particles. The
alpha-particles can be traced by electric counter which detects charged particles. When the beryllium is
in place, the counter registers nothing, showing that the alpha-particles are being stopped by the beryllium.
However, if a piece of paraffin wax is placed between the beryllium and the counter, charged particles are
detected again.
Chadwick provided an explanation. He suggested that the alpha-particles striking the beryllium
foil displaced uncharged particles called neutrons from the nuclei of beryllium atoms. These uncharged
neutrons could not affect the charged-particle counter, but they could displace positively charged protons
from the paraffin wax which would affect the counter.
Further experiments showed that neutrons had almost the same mass as protons and Chadwick was
able to explain the difficulty concerning the relative atomic masses of hydrogen and helium.
Hydrogen atoms have one proton, no neutrons and one electron. Since the mass of the electron is
negligible compared to the masses of the proton and neutron, a hydrogen atom has a relative mass of one
unit. Helium atoms have two protons, two neutrons and two electrons, so the relative mass of a helium
atom is four units. This means that a helium atom is four times as heavy as a hydrogen atom.
Unit 1-4
(2)
Nowadays scientists believe that all atoms are composed of three important sub-atomic particles :
protons, neutrons and electrons.
Sub-atomic
particle
Proton
Neutron
Electron
(3)
Mass
/ Kg
1.6726 x 10-27
1.6750 x 10-27
9.1095 x 10-31
Relative mass
(to that of a proton)
1
1
1
1836
Charge
/C
+ 1.6022 x 10-19
0
- 1.6022 x 10-19
Relative charge
(to that on a proton)
+1
0
-1
The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and neutrons. Because protons and neutrons
occupy the nucleus, they are sometimes collectively called nucleons. Virtually all the mass of the atom
is concentrated in the nucleus, which occupies only a small fraction of the total volume of the atom. The
neutron has no charge, whereas the proton carries one positive charge. Electrons with one negative
charge occupy the space outside the nucleus. The mass of an electron is 1836 times less than that of a
proton.
The atomic number or the proton number of an element is the most important feature of an
elements individuality because it represents
(i) the number of protons in the nucleus,
(ii) the number of electrons in the neutral atom,
(iii) the position in which the element appears in the periodic table.
The number of protons + the number of neutrons in an atom is called the mass number or the
nucleon number. The word nuclide is used to describe any atomic species of which the atomic number
and the mass number are specified. The symbol AZ X is used to represent the nuclide X with atomic
number Z and mass number A.
Example :
Particle/Atom
Symbol
Proton
1
1H or 1p
Neutron
1
0n
Electron
0
-1e
Hydrogen
1
1H
Helium
4
2He
Atoms of the same element with different masses are called isotopes. All the isotopes of one
particular element have the same atomic number because they have the same number of protons, but they
have different mass numbers because they have different numbers of neutrons. Isotopes have the same
number of electrons and hence the same chemical properties, because chemical properties depend upon
the transfer and redistribution of electrons. As isotopes have different number of neutrons, they have
different masses and hence different physical properties. For example, pure 3717Cl2 has a higher density,
higher melting point and higher boiling point than pure 3517Cl2.
Example :
Hydrogen have three isotopes : hydrogen-1, hydrogen-2 and hydrogen-3. Write their symbols.
Example :
The nucleus of a fluorine atom has a diameter of about 1.0 x 10-12 cm and a mass of 3.1 x 10-23 g,
calculate the density of the fluorine nucleus.
Unit 1-5
Section 1.2
(1)
Carbon-12 scale
Chemists use a relative atomic mass scale to compare the masses of different atoms. In 1961
carbon-12 (12C) was chosen as standard against which the masses of other atoms were compared
Carbon-12, an isotope of carbon, has been assigned a relative atomic mass of exactly 12. This scale
is called the carbon-12 scale. The isotope of carbon was chosen because carbon is a very common
element. Being a solid, it is easy to store and transport.
Relative isotopic mass
Relative isotopic mass of a particular isotope of an element is the relative mass of one atom of that
isotope on the carbon-12 scale.
Mass of one atom of an isotope of an element
Relative isotopic mass =
1
Mass of one atom of carbon - 12
12
Atomic mass unit
1
of
12
the mass of the carbon-12 atom. Thus one atom of C-12 weighs 12.000 a.m.u. and its relative isotopic
mass is 12.000.
Example :
The mass of a carbon-12 atom is 1.9926 x 10-26 kg. What is the mass of 1 a.m.u. in kg ?
Relative isotopic mass is a ratio, it has no unit.
On the carbon-12 scale, the mass of the proton (1.0074 a.m.u.) is almost the same as that of the
neutron (1.0089 a.m.u.), and the mass of the electron is very small in comparison (0.0005 a.m.u.). Now
since the relative masses of the proton and neutron are very close to one and the electron has a negligible
mass, it follows that all relative isotopic masses will be very close to whole numbers. In fact, the relative
isotopic mass of an isotope will be very close to its mass number and the two are assumed to be almost
identical in all but the most accurate work.
Example :
Symbol
Relative isotopic mass
Mass / a.m.u.
12
C
12.000
16
O
15.995
17
O
16.999
18
O
17.999
35
Cl
34.969
37
Cl
36.966
Unit 1-6
Example :
The relative atomic mass of chlorine is 35.45. It has two isotopes with mass numbers 35 and 37.
Calculate the relative abundances of each isotope.
1
of the mass of a 12C
12
The relative mass of a molecule can be found by adding up the relative atomic masses of all the
atoms in it.
Example :
Find the relative molecular mass of ethanol, CH3CH2OH.
A vast number of compounds consist of ions, not molecules. The compound sodium chloride, for
example consists of sodium ions and chloride ions. For ionic compounds, the term formula unit is used
to describe the ions which make up the compound. A formula unit of sodium chloride is NaCl.
Relative molecular mass of an ionic compound =
Example :
Calculate the relative molecular mass of copper(II) sulphate-5-water.
Unit 1-7
( 3 ) Mass spectrometer
Mass spectrometer consists of five parts : the vaporization chamber, ionization chamber, electric field,
magnetic field, ion detector and the recorder.
Vaporization chamber
The material to be analyzed may be an element or a compound. The sample of the material under
investigation is injected and heated to vaporize in the vaporization chamber.
Ionization chamber
The vaporized sample then passes into the ionization chamber. Here, atoms or molecules of the
sample are bombarded with a stream of high-energy electrons emitted from the electron gun. This causes
ionization of the atoms or molecules to form positive ions which are mainly singly charged.
X(g) +
e- X+(g) +
2 e-
Unit 1-8
In the mass spectrum of an element, the peaks can give information about various isotopes of the
element. Whereas in the mass spectrum of a compound, the peak with highest m/e ratio will most likely
corresponding to the molecular ion, i.e. the molecule which has lost only a single electron. In most
mass spectra, the values of the m/e ratio can be converted to the relative masses of the particles if the
charges on the ions are taken to be one.
Example 1
When 13C and 12C are analyzed in a mass spectrometer, the ratio of their masses is found to be
Mass 13C
= 1.0836129
Mass 12C
Calculate the relative isotopic mass of 13C.
Example 2
The following figure shows a mass spectrometer trace for the isotopes of neon. Calculate the
relative atomic mass of neon.
Example 3
The following figure shows the mass spectrum of HCl. The peak at mass 36 corresponds to the
molecular ion (1H35Cl)+.
(i)
(ii) What ions are responsible for the two lower peaks ?
(iii) How do you explain the relative heights of the peaks at mass 36 and 38 ?
Unit 1-9
Section 1.3
(1)
The mole
The counting unit for atoms, molecules and ions is the mole ( mol ). It is defined as the amount of
substance that contains as many elementary particles as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12.
The Avogadro constant
The Avogadro constant ( L ) relates the number of particles to the amount.
L = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1
It is represented as :
Example 1
Using the Periodic Table, calculate the molar masses of
(a) ammonia, NH3,
(b) calcium bromide, CaBr2.
Example 2
A sample of ammonia, NH3, weighs 1.00 g.
(a) What amount of ammonia is contained in this sample ?
(b) What mass of sulphur dioxide, SO2, contains the same number of molecules as are in 1.00 g of
ammonia ?
If the number of particles in a given amount of substance is required, it can be found using the
expression : N = nL
where N = the number of particles, n = the amount, L = the Avogadro constant.
Example 3
Calculate the number of atoms in 7.20 g of sulphur, S8 .
Unit 1-10
(2)
The following table shows the results of an experiment to determine the volume of 1 mole of four
common gases at R.T.P. (25 and 1 atm) :
Gas
O2
N2
CO
CO2
In fact, the results of a large number of experiments show that one mole of any gas at R.T.P. occupies
24.0 0.1 dm3 or 22.4 0.1 dm3 at S.T.P. (0 and 1 atm). The volume of 1 mole of gas is known as
the molar volume.
Avogadros principle states that equal volumes of all gases at the same temperature and pressure
contain the same number of molecules. Therefore, the number of moles of a given volume of a gas can
be found by the following formula :
Example 1
Find the number of molecules in 4.48 cm3 of carbon dioxide gas at standard temperature and
pressure.
(Molar volume of gas at S.T.P. = 22.4 dm3 mol-1 ; Avogadro constant = 6.02 x 1023 mol-1)
Example 2
1.6 g of a gas occupies 1.2 dm3 at room temperature and pressure.
mass of the gas ?
(Molar volume of gas at R.T.P. = 24.0 dm3 mol-1)
Unit 1-11
(3)
Boyles law
In 1662, Robert Boyle had discovered that the volume of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional
to its pressure, provided the temperature remains constant
Charless law
In 1787, Charles showed that the volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature, provided the pressure remains constant.
Avogadros law
In 1811, the Italian chemist Amadeo Avogadro deduced that the volume of a gas is directly
proportional to its amount, provided the pressure and temperature remain constant.
The constant is given the symbol R and is called the gas constant.
For one mole of gas at S.T.P.,
Operating in SI units, the volume of one mole of gas is 0.0224 m3 at a pressure of 101325 Nm-2 (Pa)
and 273 K.
For n moles of gas, PV = nRT, which is known as the ideal gas equation.
A gas which obeys this equation is called an ideal gas or a perfect gas. In practice, real gases obey
the equation very closely at low pressure and high temperature.
Unit 1-12
Example 1
Assuming ideal behaviour, calculate the volume occupied by 2.00 g of carbon monoxide at 20
under a pressure of 6.25 kPa.
Example 2
(a) What is the volume of 1.50 g of hydrogen, H2, at 15 and a pressure of 750 mm Hg ?
( 1 atm = 760 mm Hg)
(b) At what temperature will 4.71 g of nitrogen occupy 12.0 dm3 at 1 atm ?
Example 3
A widely used explosive is TNT which has a formula C7H5N3O6 . This is mixed with a solid
oxidant so that oxygen required for combustion can be supplied rapidly.
(a) Write an equation for the combustion of TNT. Assume that C and H atoms are completely
oxidized and that N atoms emerge as nitrogen gas.
(b) What amount of gas is produced from 1.00 mol of TNT, and what volume would it occupy at
1.00 atm and 400 ?
(c) Assume that the reaction occurs so fast that the gaseous products occupy only 2.00 dm3 at 600
. What would be the resulting pressure ?
Unit 1-13
(4)
1.
By measuring m, p, V and T for a sample of gas and assuming ideal gas behaviour, it is possible to
calculate M.
Regnaults method
A container of known volume (V) is weighed full of gas at a pressure P and temperature T. The
same container is then weighed after evacuation in order to obtain the mass of gas inside (m). This
method is accurate provided the following precautions are taken :
1. The container must be large, so as to give an appreciable weight of gas. Gases are so light that any
slight error in weighing produces a large percentage error if the mass of the substance weighed is very
small.
2. The gas used must be perfectly pure and perfectly dry.
3. The container should be filled and emptied several times to make sure that all the air or the previous gas
has been removed.
4. The container must be evacuated as completely as possible.
5. All weighings must be carried out at the same temperature and pressure.
Example :
A volume of 1.00 dm3 is occupied by 1.798 g of a gas at 298 K and 101 kPa. Calculate the molar
mass of the gas.
Unit 1-14
2.
This method is a development of an earlier technique used by Victor Meyer. Figure below shows a
suitable apparatus to use :
Procedures :
1. Draw a few cm3 of air into the graduated syringe and fit the self-sealing rubber cab over the nozzle.
Pass steam through the outer jacket until the temperature reading and the volume of air in the syringe
become steady. Continue to pass steam through the jacket and record the temperature and the volume
of air in the syringe.
2. Fill the hypodermic syringe with about 1 cm3 of the liquid under investigation. Weigh the hypodermic
syringe and its contents and then push the needle through the self-sealing cap of the graduated syringe.
3. Inject about 0.2 cm3 of liquid into the graduated syringe and withdraw the hypodermic syringe.
Immediately, re-weigh the hypodermic syringe and its contents.
4. The liquid injected into the graduated syringe will evaporate. The final volume of air plus vapour in
the graduated syringe should be recorded when the volume becomes steadily. Finally, record the
atmospheric pressure.
Questions :
(a) Why is this method unsuitable for liquids which boil above 80 ?
(b) Why should the hypodermic syringe be handled as little as possible between weighings ?
Unit 1-15
(5)
Daltons law of partial pressures is strictly true only for ideal gas mixtures. Consequently the law
is likely to de disobeyed at high pressures and low temperatures.
For example, in a mixture of three gases, A, B and C, with partial pressures PA, PB and PC,
Mole fraction
In any mixture of substances, the mole fraction of a constituent A, XA , is given by the expressions :
amount of A
n
Mole fraction of A =
or
XA = A
total amount
n
There is a simple expression relating partial pressure of a gas to its mole fraction :
Example 2
A 500 cm3 globe contains oxygen at 1.00 atm. 300 cm3 of nitrogen, measured at the same
temperature and 1 atm, is added under pressure, and then carbon dioxide is added till the total pressure is
3.10 atm. Calculate the partial pressure and mole fraction of each gas in the mixture.
Unit 1-16
Section 1.4
(1)
Empirical formulae
The empirical formula shows the composition of a substance as the simplest ratio of the amount of
the constituent elements.
1. Derivation of empirical formula from composition by mass
Example 1
When 1.27 g of copper combine with oxygen, 143 g of an oxide are formed.
formula of the oxide ?
Cu
O
Elements
127
16
Masses / g
63.55
16.00
Molar mass / g mol-1
Amount / mol
Relative amount
Simplest ratio of relative
amounts
Empirical formula is
Example 2
10.00 g of hydrated barium chloride are heated until all the water is driven off. The mass of
anhydrous compound is 8.53 g. Determine the value of x in BaCl2.xH2O.
BaCl2
H2O
Compounds present
8.53
1.47
Masses / g
-1
208.2
18.0
Molar mass / g mol
Amount / mol
Relative amount
Simplest ratio of relative
amounts
Empirical formula is
and x =
Example 3
An organic compound was analyzed and was found to have the following percentage composition by
mass :
48.8% carbon, 13.5% hydrogen and 37.7% nitrogen. Calculate the empirical formula of the
compound.
Assume the mass of the sample is 100.0 g.
Elements
Masses / g
Molar mass / g mol-1
Amount / mol
Relative amount
Simplest ratio of relative
amounts
Unit 1-17
Example 1
An organic compound, X, contains only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. When 0.43 g of X is burnt
in excess oxygen, 1.10 g of carbon dioxide and 0.45 g of water are formed. What is the empirical
formula of X ?
Mass of carbon =
Mass of hydrogen =
Mass of oxygen =
Elements
Masses / g
Molar mass / g mol-1
Amount / mol
Relative amount
Simplest ratio of relative
amounts
Example 2
Vitamin C is an organic compound known to contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen only.
Complete combustion of a 0.200 g sample of this compound yields 0.2998 g CO2 and 0.0819 g H2O.
What is the empirical formula of vitamin C ?
Mass of carbon =
Mass of hydrogen =
Mass of oxygen =
Elements
Masses / g
Molar mass / g mol-1
Amount / mol
Relative amount
Simplest ratio of relative
amounts
Unit 1-18
(2)
Molecular formulae
A molecular formula shows the number of atoms of each element in a molecule or molecule unit of
a substance. Molecular formula is an integral multiple of the empirical formula and so its relative
molecular mass is also an integral multiple of the relative empirical formula mass.
molecular formula = n (empirical formula)
where n = 1, 2, 3, 4 .. etc.
Questions
(a) What are the molecular formula and empirical formula of benzene ?
(b) What are the molecular formula and empirical formula of poly(ethene) ?
Derivation of molecular formula from empirical formula and relative molecular mass
Example 1
A liquid, Y, of relative molecular mass 88 contains 54.5% carbon, 36.4% oxygen and 9.1% hydrogen.
Calculate the empirical formula of Y and deduce its molecular formula.
Assume the mass of Y is 100.0 g.
C
H
O
Elements
Masses / g
Molar mass / g mol-1
Amount / mol
Relative amount
Simplest ratio of relative
amounts
Example 3
2.00 g of a hydrocarbon with the general formula CnH2n+2 gave 400 cm3 of vapour at 523 K and 1 atm.
Given that the gas constant R is 0.082 atm dm3 K-1 mol-1, determine the molecular formula of this
compound.
Unit 1-19
Section 1.5
(1)
Stoichiometry is the study of quantitative compositions of chemical substances and the quantitative
changes that take place during chemical reactions.
3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)
is a kind of chemical balance sheet; it states that one mole of nitrogen reacts with three moles of hydrogen
to yield two moles of ammonia. It does not tell us about the rate of the reaction or the conditions
necessary to bring it about. The numbers 1,3 and 2 are called the stoichiometric coefficients, they tell
us the mole ratio in which the substances react and in which the products are formed.
Example
What mass of iodine will react completely with 10.0 g of aluminium ?
Step 1: Write the balanced chemical equation for the reaction.
Step 2: Find the mole ratio between aluminium and iodine from the stoichiometric coefficients.
Step 4: Calculate the amount of iodine which reacts completely with this amount of Al.
Unit 1-20
(2)
Example 1
What mass of oxygen would be produced by completely decomposing 4.25 g of sodium nitrate ?
Example 2
Iron burns in chlorine to form iron chloride. An experiment showed that 5.60 g of iron combined
with 10.65 g of chlorine. Deduce the equation for the reaction.
Example 3
A mixture of 5.00 g of sodium carbonate and sodium hydrogencarbonate is heated. The loss in mass
is 0.31 g. Calculate the percentage by mass of sodium hydrogencarbonate in the mixture.
Unit 1-21
Limiting reactant
In a chemical reaction, the amount of product is determined by the amount of the reactant that is not
in excess and is used up completely in the reaction. This is called the limiting reactant.
Example 4
5.00 g of iron and 5.00 g of sulphur are heated together to form iron(II) sulphide.
present in excess ? What mass of product is formed ?
Which reactant is
Percentage yield
There are many reactions which do not go to completion. The percentage yield is found by
comparing the actual mass of product obtained from the experiment and the theoretical mass of product
calculated from the equation.
actual mass of product
x 100%
Percentage yield =
calculated mass of product
Example 5
24.0 g of ethyl ethanoate are obtained by 23.0 g of ethanol by esterification with ethanoic acid in the
presence of concentrated sulphuric acid. What is the percentage yield of the reaction ?
Example 6
29.5 g of ethanoic acid are obtained from the oxidation of 25.0 g of ethanol. What percentage yield
does this represent ?
Unit 1-22
(3)
Gay-Lussacs law
In 1809, the French chemist Gay-Lussac stated that volumes of gaseous reactants and products of a
reaction, measured at the same temperature and pressure, will be in a simple ratio to each other. Using
the idea that the molar volume of any gas is approximately constant, the Italian chemist Amadeo Avogadro
stated his principle in 1811 and provided an explanation for Gay-Lussacs law.
Example 1
What is the volume of oxygen needed for the complete combustion of 2 dm3 of propane ?
Example 2
15 cm3 of a mixture of carbon monoxide and methane was mixed with excess oxygen and exploded.
There was a contraction in volume of 21 cm3 at the same room temperature and 1.0 atm.
Calculate the mole fraction of each gas in the mixture and their partial pressures.
Example 3
20 cm3 of ammonia are burnt in an excess oxygen at 110. 10 cm3 of nitrogen and 30 cm3 of
steam are formed. Deduce the formula for ammonia, given that the formula of nitrogen is N2, and the
formula of steam is H2O.
Let the formula of ammonia be NaHb .
Unit 1-23
A hydrocarbon in the vapour phase is burned in an excess of oxygen to form carbon dioxide and
water vapour. When the mixture of gases is cooled to room temperature, water vapour condenses to
occupy a very small volume. The gaseous mixture consists of carbon dioxide and unused oxygen. The
volume of carbon dioxide can be found by absorbing it in an alkali. From the volumes of gases, the
equation for the reaction and the formula of the hydrocarbon can be found.
Example 4
10 cm3 of the gaseous hydrocarbon were mixed with 33 cm3 of oxygen which was in excess. The
mixture was exploded and, after cooling to room temperature, the residual volume of gas occupied 28 cm3.
On adding concentrated potassium hydroxide the volume decreased to 8 cm3. Find the molecular
formula of the hydrocarbon.
Example 5
10 cm3 of a hydrocarbon, B, are exploded with an excess of oxygen. A contraction of 35 cm3 occurs,
all volumes being measured at room temperature and pressure. On treatment of the products with
sodium hydroxide, a contraction of 40 cm3 occurs. Deduce the molecular formula of B.
Unit 1-24
(4)
Molar concentration
Molar concentration is the amount in moles of a substance present per dm3 of solution.
Example 1
What is the concentration of a solution of 10.0 g of sodium hydroxide in 500 cm3 of solution ?
Example 2
Calculate the amount of solute in 250 cm3 of a solution of ethanoic acid which has a concentration of
0.100 mol dm-3.
Titration
A solution of known concentration is called a standard solution. A primary standard is a pure
compound from which a standard solution of accurately known concentration can be prepared. To
qualify as a primary standard the compound :
(i) must be pure;
(ii) should dissolve in water easily;
(iii) should not be hygroscopic or deliquescent.
In volumetric analysis, the concentration of a solution is found by measuring the volume of solution
that will react with a known volume of a standard solution.
The procedure of adding one solution to another in a measured way until the reaction is complete is
called titration.
The end-point is the point in a titration revealed by a significant change in the property of the liquid
system being monitored. This is usually shown by a sharp change in the colour of an indicator present
in the liquid.
The equivalent point is the point in a titration at which the stoichiometric amounts of reactants have
been added together. If 25.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm-3 NaOH(aq) are titrated with 0.100 mol dm-3 HCl(aq)
from a burette, the equivalent point will be reached when exactly 25.0 cm3 of the acid have been added to
the alkali. If a suitable indicator is used, the equivalent point will match the end-point of the titration.
Unit 1-25
Unit 1-26
Once it has been standardized, a solution of potassium manganate(VII) can be used to estimate
reducing agents such as iron(II) salts. No indicator is needed as the oxidant changes from purple to
colourless during titration. At the end point, permanent purple colour appears due to the addition of a
drop of excess KMnO4(aq).
Example 1 : Standardizing potassium manganate(VII) against primary standard, sodium ethanedioate
A 25.0 cm3 portion of sodium ethanedioate solution of concentration 0.200 mol dm-3 is titrated
against a solution of acidified potassium manganate(VII). If 17.2 cm3 of potassium manganate(VII) are
required, what is its concentration ?
Unit 1-27
Iodine has a limited solubility in water. It dissolves in a solution of potassium iodide because it
forms the very soluble complex ion, I3- :
An equilibrium is set up between iodine and triiodide ions, and if iodine molecules are removed from
solution by the reaction with thiosulphate, triiodide ions dissociate to form more iodine molecules.
When sufficient of a solution of thiosulphate is added to a solution of iodine, the colour of iodine
fades to a pale yellow. Then 1 cm3 of starch solution are added to give a dark blue colour with iodine.
Addition of thiosulphate is continued drop by drop, until the blue colour disappears.
Unit 1-28
The iodine produced can be titrated with standard thiosulphate solution, and from the amount of
iodine produced, the concentration of copper(II) ions in the solution can be found.
A sample of 4.256 g of copper(II) sulphate-5-water is dissolved and made up to 250 cm3. A 25.0
cm3 portion is added to an excess of potassium iodide. The iodine formed required 18.0 cm3 of a 0.0950
mol dm-3 solution of sodium thiosulphate for reaction. Calculate the percentage of copper in the crystals.
(Ar of Cu = 63.5)