Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Amplifiers
Recommended Text: Pallas-Areny, R. & Webster, J.G.,
Analog Signal Processing, Wiley (1999) pp. 293-321
Introduction
www.electronics.dit.ie
www.electronics.dit.ie
I c = I s (e 38.6Vbe 1) I s e 38.6Vbe
iC
Vout = Vbe = VT ln
IS
www.electronics.dit.ie
v
V
= T lg i
2.3 R1 I S
Vin
= 0.0259 ln
Ri Is
www.electronics.dit.ie
Transfer Function
www.electronics.dit.ie
IC Log Amps.
www.electronics.dit.ie
Temperature
Compensation
vi
vo = VT ln
R1 I S
The equation for output voltage shows that the scale factor of
the basic transdiode log amp depends on temperature because of
VT and
that there is also a temperature-dependent offset because of IS.
Temperature compensation must correct both error sources.
Figure (next slide) shows the use of a second, matched,
transistor for offset compensation and a temperature-dependent
gain for gain compensation.
www.electronics.dit.ie
Temperature
Compensation
www.electronics.dit.ie
Temperature
Compensation
vi
Ir
vBE1 = VT ln
vBE 2 = VT ln
R1 I S1
IS2
vo = v1 1 + = (vBE 2 vBE1 )1 + = VT 1 + ln
R4
R4
R4 vi I S1
Matched transistors (IS1 = IS2) will cancel offset.
In order to compensate the gain dependence on temperature, R4 must be
much smaller than R3 and such that d(VT/R4)/dT = 0.
This requires dR4/R4 == dVT/VT (= l/T).
At T = 298 K, the temperature coefficient of R4 must be 3390 x 10-6K.
D1 protects the base-emitter junction from excessive reverse voltages.
www.electronics.dit.ie
Stability Considerations
= R I c / VT = Vi / VT
www.electronics.dit.ie
Range Considerations
www.electronics.dit.ie
Range Considerations
Transistor parameters re and ro depend on the operating current Ic,
re = VT / I C VT / I C
ro = VA / I C
where VA is called the Early voltage (typically ~ 100 V). C is the basecollector junction capacitance. Both C and Cn are typically ~10 pF range.
R1 = R || ro || (rd + R ) and R 2 = re + RE
vn (1 / R1 + j (Cn + C ) ) + ie + jC F (vn + vo )
1 + jR1C1
1 + jR 2C F
vn
= vo
R1
R2
1 vo R 2 1 + jR 2C F
=
vn R1 1 + jR1C1
www.electronics.dit.ie
Range Considerations
1 vo R 2 1 + j ( f / f z )
1
1
where f z =
= =
and f z =
2R1C1
vn R1 1 + j ( f / f p )
2R1C F
Frequency stability
www.electronics.dit.ie
The basic log amp in only accepts positive input voltages or currents.
Negative voltages or currents can be first rectified and then applied to the log
amp, but this adds the errors from the rectifier.
Alternatively, the log amp can be preceded by a precision current inverter.
The current inverter in Figure below uses two matched n-p-n transistors and a
precision op amp to achieve accurate current inversion.
The collector-base voltage in both Ql and Q2 is 0 V, so that the Ebers-Moll
model for BJT transistors leads to
ie1 = I ES 1 (e v BE 1 / VT 1)
v BE 2 / VT
ie 2 = I ES 2 (e
1)
where IES1 and IES2 are the respective
emitter saturation currents of Ql and Q2.
www.electronics.dit.ie
From circuit inspection, assuming an op amp with infinite open-loop gain but
finite input currents and offset voltage,
i =i +I
e1
www.electronics.dit.ie
b1
ie 2 = io + I b 2
v BE 2 = vBE1 + Vio
I ES 2 Vio / VT
I b1 Vio / VT
e
io = ii
e
+ I ES 2 1 +
I ES 2 I b 2
I ES 1
I ES 1
Exponential (Antilog)
Amplifiers
www.electronics.dit.ie
Antilog Amplifier
www.electronics.dit.ie
Temperature
Compensation
vi
vo Vr
R4
= v BE1 vBE 2
R 4 + R3
R1
v
R4
exp( i
)
R5
VT R3 + R 4
www.electronics.dit.ie
Log-Antilog
Log and antilog amp circuits include the same elements but
arranged in different feedback configurations.
Some integrated log amps have uncommitted elements allowing
us to implement antilog amps.
Some IC (like ICL8049) are a committed only antilog amp.
Some so-called multifunction converters (AD538, LH0094,
4302) include op amps and transistors to simultaneously
implement log and antilog functions, or functions derived
thereof, such as
www.electronics.dit.ie
multiplication,
division,
raising to a power,
or taking a root
Basic Multiplier
www.electronics.dit.ie
Multiplication Stages
1.
2.
3.
www.electronics.dit.ie
block diagram of an
analog multiplier
www.electronics.dit.ie
This expression is then applied to the antilog amplifier; the expression for the
multiplier output voltage is as follows:
1
V V
V
Vout (exp) = K 2 exp out ( sum ) = K 2 exp K1 ln in1 2 in 2 =
K 2
K1
K1
Vin1 Vin 2
Vin1 Vin 2
= K 2
2
K2
K2
The output of the antilog (exp) amplifier is a constant (1/K2) times the
product of the input voltages.
The final output is developed by an inverting amplifier with a voltage gain of
K2.
V V
Vout = K 2 in1 in 2 = Vin1 Vin 2
K2
www.electronics.dit.ie
Four-Quadrant Multipliers
www.electronics.dit.ie
Multiplier Applications
www.electronics.dit.ie
Squaring
Dividing
Modulation / demodulation
Frequency and amplitude modulation
Automatic gain control
Amplitude Modulation
& Squaring
Amplitude Modulation
VLF
Vout
VRF
Squaring circuit
Vin
www.electronics.dit.ie
Vout
Divider
Divider
i1 =
Vin
R1
Vm = K Vx Vout
i2 =
Vm
R2
Vin = Vm = K Vx Vout
Vout =
Vm
Vin
=
K Vx
K Vx
www.electronics.dit.ie
www.electronics.dit.ie