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    Module IV Automated process planning: Process planning, general methodology of group technology, code structures of variant and generative process planning methods, A1 in process planning, process planning software. Process Planning Process planning is concerned with the preparation of route sheets that list the sequence of operations and work centers require to produce the product and its components. Products and their components are designed to perform certain specific functions. Every product has some design specifications which ensure its functionality aspects. The task of manufacturing is to produce components such that they meet design specifications. Process planning acts as a bridge between design and manufacturing by translating design specifications into manufacturing process details. It refers to a set of instructions that are used to make a component or a part so that the design specifications are met, therefore it is major determinant of manufacturing cost and profitability of products. Process planning answers the questions regarding required information and activities involved in transforming raw materials into a finished product. The process starts with the selection of raw material and ends with the completion of part. The development of process plans involves mainly a set of following activities;  Analysis of part requirements  Selection of raw work piece  Selection of manufacturing operations and their sequences  Selection of machine tools  Selection of tools, tool holding devices, work holding devices and inspection equipments  Selection of manufacturing conditions i.e. cutting speed, feed and depth of cut. Manufacturing firms try to automate the task of process planning using CAPP systems due to many limitations of manual process planning. Approaches to Process Planing (1) The manual experience-based planning method (2) Computer Aided Process Planning (Automated Process Planing) The manual experience-based planning method: The manual experience-based process planning is most widely used. It is mainly based on a manufacturing engineer's experience and knowledge of production facilities, equipment, their capabilities, processes, and tooling. The major problem with this approach is that it is time consuming and developed plans may not be consistent and optimum. The feasibility of developed process plan is dependent on many factors such as availability of machine tools, scheduling and machine allocation etc. Computer aided process planning is developed to overcome this problems to some extent. These includes: – Tied to personal experience – and knowledge of planner of production facilities, equipment, their Capabilities, process and tooling. This results in inconsistent plans. – Manual process planning is time consuming and slow. – Slow in responding to changes in product design and production. Computer Aided Process Planning (Automated Process Planning) The primary purpose of process planning is to translate the design requirements into manufacturing process details. This suggests a system in which design information is processed by the process planning system to generate manufacturing process details. CAPP integrates and optimizes system performance into the inter-organizational flow. For example, when one changes the design, it must be able to fall back on CAPP module to generate manufacturing process and cost estimates for these design changes. Similarly, in case of machine breakdown on the shop floor, CAPP must generate the alternative actions so that most economical solution can be adopted in the given situation. A typical CAPP frame-work is shown in figure below. CAPP is the application of computer to assist the human process planer in the process planning function. In its lowest form it will reduce the time and effort required to prepare process plans and provide more consistent process plan. In its most advanced state, it will

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    Module IV Automated process planning: Process planning, general methodology of group technology, code structures of variant and generative process planning methods, A1 in process planning, process planning software. Process Planning Process planning is concerned with the preparation of route sheets that list the sequence of operations and work centers require to produce the product and its components. Products and their components are designed to perform certain specific functions. Every product has some design specifications which ensure its functionality aspects. The task of manufacturing is to produce components such that they meet design specifications. Process planning acts as a bridge between design and manufacturing by translating design specifications into manufacturing process details. It refers to a set of instructions that are used to make a component or a part so that the design specifications are met, therefore it is major determinant of manufacturing cost and profitability of products. Process planning answers the questions regarding required information and activities involved in transforming raw materials into a finished product. The process starts with the selection of raw material and ends with the completion of part. The development of process plans involves mainly a set of following activities;  Analysis of part requirements  Selection of raw work piece  Selection of manufacturing operations and their sequences  Selection of machine tools  Selection of tools, tool holding devices, work holding devices and inspection equipments  Selection of manufacturing conditions i.e. cutting speed, feed and depth of cut. Manufacturing firms try to automate the task of process planning using CAPP systems due to many limitations of manual process planning. Approaches to Process Planing (1) The manual experience-based planning method (2) Computer Aided Process Planning (Automated Process Planing) The manual experience-based planning method: The manual experience-based process planning is most widely used. It is mainly based on a manufacturing engineer's experience and knowledge of production facilities, equipment, their capabilities, processes, and tooling. The major problem with this approach is that it is time consuming and developed plans may not be consistent and optimum. The feasibility of developed process plan is dependent on many factors such as availability of machine tools, scheduling and machine allocation etc. Computer aided process planning is developed to overcome this problems to some extent. These includes: – Tied to personal experience – and knowledge of planner of production facilities, equipment, their Capabilities, process and tooling. This results in inconsistent plans. – Manual process planning is time consuming and slow. – Slow in responding to changes in product design and production. Computer Aided Process Planning (Automated Process Planning) The primary purpose of process planning is to translate the design requirements into manufacturing process details. This suggests a system in which design information is processed by the process planning system to generate manufacturing process details. CAPP integrates and optimizes system performance into the inter-organizational flow. For example, when one changes the design, it must be able to fall back on CAPP module to generate manufacturing process and cost estimates for these design changes. Similarly, in case of machine breakdown on the shop floor, CAPP must generate the alternative actions so that most economical solution can be adopted in the given situation. A typical CAPP frame-work is shown in figure below. CAPP is the application of computer to assist the human process planer in the process planning function. In its lowest form it will reduce the time and effort required to prepare process plans and provide more consistent process plan. In its most advanced state, it will

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    15 views4 pages

    Kepadaf Aklfaklfalknfklan

    Uploaded by

    matbear
    Module IV Automated process planning: Process planning, general methodology of group technology, code structures of variant and generative process planning methods, A1 in process planning, process planning software. Process Planning Process planning is concerned with the preparation of route sheets that list the sequence of operations and work centers require to produce the product and its components. Products and their components are designed to perform certain specific functions. Every product has some design specifications which ensure its functionality aspects. The task of manufacturing is to produce components such that they meet design specifications. Process planning acts as a bridge between design and manufacturing by translating design specifications into manufacturing process details. It refers to a set of instructions that are used to make a component or a part so that the design specifications are met, therefore it is major determinant of manufacturing cost and profitability of products. Process planning answers the questions regarding required information and activities involved in transforming raw materials into a finished product. The process starts with the selection of raw material and ends with the completion of part. The development of process plans involves mainly a set of following activities;  Analysis of part requirements  Selection of raw work piece  Selection of manufacturing operations and their sequences  Selection of machine tools  Selection of tools, tool holding devices, work holding devices and inspection equipments  Selection of manufacturing conditions i.e. cutting speed, feed and depth of cut. Manufacturing firms try to automate the task of process planning using CAPP systems due to many limitations of manual process planning. Approaches to Process Planing (1) The manual experience-based planning method (2) Computer Aided Process Planning (Automated Process Planing) The manual experience-based planning method: The manual experience-based process planning is most widely used. It is mainly based on a manufacturing engineer's experience and knowledge of production facilities, equipment, their capabilities, processes, and tooling. The major problem with this approach is that it is time consuming and developed plans may not be consistent and optimum. The feasibility of developed process plan is dependent on many factors such as availability of machine tools, scheduling and machine allocation etc. Computer aided process planning is developed to overcome this problems to some extent. These includes: – Tied to personal experience – and knowledge of planner of production facilities, equipment, their Capabilities, process and tooling. This results in inconsistent plans. – Manual process planning is time consuming and slow. – Slow in responding to changes in product design and production. Computer Aided Process Planning (Automated Process Planning) The primary purpose of process planning is to translate the design requirements into manufacturing process details. This suggests a system in which design information is processed by the process planning system to generate manufacturing process details. CAPP integrates and optimizes system performance into the inter-organizational flow. For example, when one changes the design, it must be able to fall back on CAPP module to generate manufacturing process and cost estimates for these design changes. Similarly, in case of machine breakdown on the shop floor, CAPP must generate the alternative actions so that most economical solution can be adopted in the given situation. A typical CAPP frame-work is shown in figure below. CAPP is the application of computer to assist the human process planer in the process planning function. In its lowest form it will reduce the time and effort required to prepare process plans and provide more consistent process plan. In its most advanced state, it will

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    of 4

    Ciri-ciri aliran restrictors berkadar dan injap kawalan arah(page 65)

    Kadar aliran seluruh kelebihan kawalan injap berkadar depends pada kejatuhan
    tekanan. Korelasi yang berikut dikenakan menjadiTween kejatuhan tekanan dan kadar aliran jika pembukaan injap tetap
    sama:
    qp~
    Yang bermaksud: Jika kejatuhan tekanan merentasi injap dua kali ganda, mengalir
    kenaikan pelbagai oleh faktor, iaitu kepada 141.4%. Kawalan kelajuan beban yang
    bergantung dengan berkadar injap kawalan arah
    Dalam kes memandu silinder hidraulik, penurunan tekanan merentasi injap kawalan
    arah berkadar jatuh, jika pemacu perlu oper- makan terhadap pasukan. Oleh kerana
    tekanan kebergantungan aliran, kelajuan terabas juga turun. Ini adalah untuk
    dijelaskan melalui
    satu contoh.
    Mari kita kaji pergerakan ke atas pemacu silinder hidraulik untuk dua kes beban:
    tanpa beban (gamb. 5.1a),
    dengan beban (gamb. 5.1b). Pembolehubah membetulkan adalah 4 V dalam
    kedua-dua kes, iaitu:
    Pembukaan injap adalah sama.
    Tanpa beban, penurunan tekanan merentasi setiap tepi kawalan proportonal injap kawalan arah ialah 40 bar. Omboh pemacu naik ke atas dengan
    kelajuan v = 0.2 m / s (gamb. 5.1a).
    2
    Jika silinder perlu mengangkat beban, kenaikan tekanan di bahagian bawah
    ruang, manakala tekanan di dalam titisan ruang atas. kedua-dua
    kesan menyebabkan penurunan tekanan merentasi tepi kawalan injap untuk
    mengurangkan, iaitu kepada 0 bar per kawalan kelebihan dalam contoh yang
    ditunjukkan.

    Kadar aliran dikira seperti berikut:


    q
    dengan beban
    q
    tanpa beban
    Kelajuan dan aliran adalah berkadar dengan satu sama lain. Oleh yang demikian,
    kelajuan di negeri ini dimuatkan dikira seperti berikut:
    qv
    ~
    v
    dengan beban
    v
    tanpa beban
    1
    v v ms
    ==
    dengan beban tanpa beban
    2
    Kelajuan Oleh itu, adalah jauh kurang daripada yang tanpa beban deWalaupun pembukaan injap yang sama.
    = ==
    p

    dengan beban

    p
    tanpa beban
    1
    1
    4
    2
    q
    dengan beban
    ==
    q
    tanpa beban
    1
    2
    ./
    01
    awalan kelajuan beban bebas dengan berkadar
    injap kawalan arah dan keseimbangan tekanan Keseimbangan tekanan tambahan
    menyebabkan penurunan tekanan merentasi berkadar injap kawalan arah kekal
    tanpa mengira berterusan beban. Aliran dan kelajuan menjadi beban bebas.
    Rajah 5.2 mewakili litar dengan keseimbangan tekanan suapan. pengangkutan
    ulang-alik
    injap untuk memastikan bahawa lebih tinggi daripada dua tekanan kebuk adalah alcara dibekalkan kepada baki tekanan.

    Litar Berbeza(69)
    Alat mesin, dua tugas sering diperlukan daripada hidraulik pemacu:
    kelajuan suapan berpuasa traverse pesat,
    kuasa tinggi dan tepat, kelajuan malar semasa langkah kerja.
    Kedua-dua keperluan dapat dipenuhi dengan menggunakan litar yang ditunjukkan
    dalam Rajah. 5.3.
    Memanjangkan omboh dalam traverse pesat menyebabkan injap penghad untuk
    terbuka. Tekanan bendalir mengalir dari sebelah anulus omboh melalui kedua-dua
    injap ke sisi omboh; omboh mencapai kelajuan yang tinggi.
    Memanjangkan omboh semasa langkah kerja menyebabkan penghad injap untuk
    menutup. Tekanan pada permukaan anulus jatuh dan memandu mampu
    menggunakan daya tekanan yang tinggi.
    Sejak injap penghad adalah dalam bentuk injap berkadar, ia adalah mungkin
    untuk pertukaran lancar antara traverse pesat dan langkah kerja.
    Injap penghad masih ditutup semasa lejang kembali. Khas 4/3-cara injap berkadar
    menggabungkan fungsi kedua-dua injap juga digunakan untuk litar yang berbeza.

    tekanan Counter(70)
    Apabila merosot beban, tekanan di dalam cham- silinder lega ber mungkin jatuh di
    bawah tekanan ambien. Gelembung udara mungkin crea- ted dalam minyak akibat
    daripada tekanan yang rendah dan sys- hidraulik tem mungkin rosak disebabkan
    oleh peronggaan. Ubat untuk ini adalah tekanan kaunter melalui injap pelega
    tekanan.
    Langkah ini menghasilkan tekanan yang lebih tinggi dalam kedua-dua dewan dan
    peronggaan dihapuskan. Injap pelega tekanan tambahan tekanan dengan tekanan
    dari ruang silinder yang lain. Langkah ini menyebabkan pembukaan injap pelega
    tekanan apabila beban dipercepatkan, dengan itu mencegah tekanan kaunter
    mempunyai apa-apa yang memudaratkan sebagai operasional ini status aturan.

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