3.

16 2000 kg of salt solution containing 30% salt are heated to evaporate a part of
H2O and then cooled to 20C to crystallize the salt. If 50% of dissolved salt in the
original solution is to be crystallized out, calculate:
(i) The weight of water to be evaporated and
(ii) The weight of mother liquor left after crystallization.
Data: Solubility of salt at 20C =

36 g salt
100 g water .

3.18 1500 kg of 25% by weight solution of NaNO3 is concentrated to saturation by

evaporation. The solution is then cooled to 20C. The crystals of NaNO3 are
removed by filtration. The wet crystals carry 10% by weight of mother liquor. This is
dried. The solubility of NaNO3 is 1.76 kg/kg of water at 100C and 0.88 kg/kg of
water at 20C.
Calculate:
(i) The amount of water evaporated to achieve saturation at 100C.
(ii) The weight of NaNO3 obtained.
3.19 250 kg of saturated solution of AgNO3 at 100C is cooled to 20C. The crystals
are filtered out. The wet filter cake contains 80% solid crystals and 20% saturated
by mass, is sent to the dryer. Calculate the amount of water that must be removed
to get moisture free product. Also, calculate the weight of dry AgNO3 obtained.
Solubility of AgNO3 at 100C =

Solubility of AgNO3 at 20C =

952 g AgNO3
100 g water .
222 g AgNO 3
100 g water .

3.20 A solution of potassium dichromate in water contains 15% K2Cr2O7 by weight.

From 500 kg of this solution, 320 kg of water is evaporated and the solution is
cooled to 20C. Calculate the amount and percentage yield of potassium
dichromate crystals.
Solubility of K2Cr2O7 at 20C =

114.66 g K 2 Cr 2 O7
.
1000 g water

3.21 A solution of FeCl3 in water contains 65% by weight. Calculate the yield of
FeCl36H2O crystals obtained from 800 kg solution, if cooled to 27C. Solubility of
FeCl3 at 27C is 68.3% by weight.
3.22 A solution of NaNO3 in water contains 150 kg of NaNO3 per 1000 kg of water.
Calculate the amount of ice formed in cooling 1000 kg of this solution to a
temperature of 15C.Concentration of saturated water in NaNO3 solution at 15C =

6.2 k g mol NaNO 3

.
1000 g water

3.23 After a crystallization operation, the solution of calcium chloride in water

contains 60 g of CaCl2 per 100 g of water. Calculate the amount of this solution
necessary to dissolve 300 kg of CaCl26H2O crystals at a temperature of 298 K.
The solubility of CaCl2 at 298 K =

819.2 g CaCl 2
1000 g water .

3.24 How many kg of potassium nitrate will crystallize from 250 kg of a solution
saturated at 60C, if it is cooled to 0C. The solubility of potassium nitrate at 60C is
110 kg per 100 kg of water and at 0C is 13 kg per 100 kg of water. Assume no
evaporation takes place during crystallization process.
3.26 An aqueous solution of Na2SO4 is saturated at 35C. Calculate the percentage
of solute crystallized as Na2SO4.10H2O if it is cooled to 27C. The solubility of
Na2SO4 at 27C is 23.5% by weight and at 35C is 32% by weight.
3.28 1000 kg of a solution containing 50% by weight of a certain salt is cooled to
20C in a crystallizer and the crystals formed are separated. The solubility of the
salt at the crystallization temperature is 20 kg per 100 kg of water. Calculate the
theoretical amount of crystals that can be produced from the solution.
3.29 A spent lye sample obtained from a soap making unit contains 9.5% glycerol
and 10.2% salt. It is concentrated at a rate of 5000 kg/h in an evaporator until the
solution contains 80% glycerol and 6% salt. Calculate the amount of salt crystallized
in the salt box of the evaporator. What is the quantity of water evaporated? What is
the quantity of salt crystallized in the evaporator?
3.31 A solution of sodium sulfate in water is saturated at a temperature of 40C.
Calculate the weight of Na2SO4.10H2O crystals and the percentage yield obtained
by cooling 150 kgof this solution to a temperature of 5C. Solubility of Na2SO4 at
40C = 32.6% by weight Solubility of Na2SO4 at 5C = 5.75% by weight.
3.32 A crystallizer is charged with 7500 kg of an aqueous solution at 104C
containing 29.6% by weight Na2SO4. The solution is cooled. During cooling, 5% of
initial water is lost by evaporation. As a result, the crystals of Na2SO4.10H2O
crystallize out. If the mother liquor is found to contain 18.1% Na2SO4 by weight,
calculate the yield of crystals and the amount of mother liquor
3.33 Calculate the amount of ice formed in cooling 1000 kg of sodium nitrate
solution containing 10 parts of NaNO3 per 100 parts of water by weight at 15C.
The concentration of saturated NaNO3 in water solution at 15 C =

6.0 gmole
1 g water .

3.34 An aqueous solution of Na2SO4 is saturated at 35C. Calculate the percentage

of solute crystallized as Na2SO4.10H2O if it were cooled to 27C.
Solubility of Na2SO4 at 35C = 32.5% by weight
Solubility of Na2SO4 at 27C = 23.3% by weight.
3.35 250 kg saturated solution of silver nitrate at 100C is cooled to 20C. The
crystals are filtered out. The wet filter cake contains 80% solid crystals and 20%

saturated solution by mass and is sent to a drier. Calculate the amount of water that
must be removed to get a moisture free product. Also, calculate the weight of dry
silver nitrate obtained. Solubility of silver nitrate: At 100C: 952 g per 100 g of
water At 20C: 222 g per 100 g of water.
3.38 A solution containing 53.6 g MgSO4 per 100 g water is cooled from 80C to
50C. During the process 5% of the water evaporates. How many kg of
MgSO4.7H2O crystals obtained per 100 kg of the original solution? At 50C the
solution contains only 0.4 mass fraction of MgSO4.
3.56 One thousand kg of a solution containing 50% by weight of a carbon salt is
cooled to 20C in a crystallizer and the crystals formed are separated. The solubility
of the salt at the crystallization temperature is 20 kg/100 kg of water. Calculate the
theoretical amount of crystals that can be produced from the solution.
3.58 A spent lye sample obtained from a soap making unit contains 9.6% glycerol
and 10.3% salt. It is concentrated at the rate of 5000 kg/h in an evaporator until the
solution contains 80% glycerol and 6% salt. Calculate the amount of salt crystallized
in the salt box of the evaporator. What is the quantity of water evaporated? What is
the quantity of the salt crystallized in the evaporator?
3.63 A solution of sodium sulphate in water is saturated at a temperature of 40C.
Calculate the weight of Na2SO4.10H2O crystals and the percentage yield obtained
by cooling 200 kg of this solution to a temperature of 5C.
Solubility data of sodium sulphate:
At 40C, 32.6% Na2SO4
At 5C, 5.75% Na2SO4.
3.66 If a crystallizer is charged with 7000 kg of an aqueous solution at 104C
containing 29.6% by weight Na2SO4. This solution is cooled. During cooling 5% of
initial water is lost by evaporation. As a result, the crystals of Na2SO4.10H2O
crystallize out. If the mother liquor is found to contain 18.1% by weight Na2SO4,
calculate the yield of crystals and amount of mother liquor.
3.69 A spent lye sample obtained from a soap making unit contains 9.6% glycerol
and 10.3% salt. It is concentrated at a rate of 5000 kg/h in an evaporator until the
solution contains 80% glycerol and 6% salt. Calculate the amount of salt crystallized
in the salt box of the evaporator. What is the quantity of water evaporated? What is
the quantity of salt crystallized in the evaporator?
3.72 350 kg of saturated solution of silver nitrate at 100C is cooled to 20C. The
crystals are filtered out. The wet filter cake contains 80% solids crystals and 20%
saturated solution by mass and is sent to a dryer. Calculate the amount of water
that must be removed to get a moisture free product. Also, calculate the weight of
dry silver nitrate obtained.
Solubility of silver nitrate:
At 100C: 952 g per 100 g of water
At 20C: 222 g per 100 g of water.

3.85 A crystallizer is charged with 8000 kg of an aqueous solution at 104C

containing 29.6% Na2SO4 by weight. The solution is cooled. During the cooling, 8%
of initial water is lost by evaporation. As a result, the crystals of Na2SO4.10H2O
crystallize out. If the mother liquor is found to contain 18.2% Na2SO4 by weight.
Calculate:
(i) The yield of crystals
(ii) The amount of mother liquor.