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2

CSS

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Cascading Style Sheets


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, CSS .
, .
""
, 2012 . CSS

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, editor@kaniyam.com
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, .

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tshrinivasan@gmail.com

editor@kaniyam.com

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CSS
2016
2016 .

- . - nithyadurai87@gmail.com
: . - tshrinivasan@gmail.com
: .

- - socrates1857@gmail.com

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, , www.kaniyam.com
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike


4.0 Unported License.

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. CSS

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CSS
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3 2015

: nithyadurai87@gmail.com
: http://nithyashrinivasan.wordpress.com

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1 Cascading Style Sheets....................................................................................10


1.1 HTML without CSS.........................................................................................11
1.2 Internal style sheet.......................................................................................13
1.3 External style sheet......................................................................................15
1.4 Inline style sheet............................................................................................17
1.5 Multiple style sheet.......................................................................................18
2 Text.............................................................................................................................. 22
3 Font..............................................................................................................................25
4 Links............................................................................................................................ 27
5 Lists............................................................................................................................. 29
6 Tables..........................................................................................................................33
7 Divisions....................................................................................................................36
8 Body background.................................................................................................40
9 Positioning............................................................................................................... 46
10 Combinators.........................................................................................................51
11 Gallery......................................................................................................................58
12 CSS3.......................................................................................................................... 64
13 Transitions..............................................................................................................64
14 Animations............................................................................................................ 66
15 Multiple Columns...............................................................................................69
16 Re-sizing................................................................................................................. 71
17 Shadows..................................................................................................................72
18 Border Radius.......................................................................................................74
19 Gradients................................................................................................................76
20 Displaying Texts..................................................................................................78
21 ......................................................................................................................82
22 .............................................................................................................83
23 ......................................................................................84
24 .............................................................................................................86
25 .................................................................................................................. 89

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1 Cascading Style Sheets


Cascading Style Sheets CSS . HTML

. HTML- font color, size,
bgcolor attributes-
,
.
.
HTML .
CSS .
CSS file-,
HTML file-
. HTML file- css file-
.
html file- css file 4 .
,
1. External style sheet
2. Internal style sheet
3. Inline style sheet
4. Multiple style sheet

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10

style sheets html


.
css-
.

1.1 HTML without CSS


css . html
.
<html>
<head></head>
<body bgcolor='skyblue'>
<h1 align='center'><font color="blue" size=18
face="Arial">
<u>Most children love being told Nursery
Rhymes</u></font></h1>
<p><i><font color="green" size=18 face="Times New Roman">
The most popular rhymes are listed here. Even elders love
to hear these rhymes.
The list is clearly not exhaustive but it is believed that
a good cross section
of famous poems for children have been
included.</font></i></p>
</body>
</html>

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<h1> , <p> -
tag-
. <u>,
<i>, <font>
<h1> , <p> tag- .
html
.
output .

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1.2 Internal style sheet


Internal style sheet-
.
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {background-color:skyblue;}
h1 {text-align:center;textdecoration:underline;color:blue;font-family:Arial;fontsize=36pt;}
p{font-style:italic;color:green;font-size=36pt;}
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</style>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Most children love being told Nursery Rhymes</h1>
<p>The most popular rhymes are listed here. Even elders
love to hear these rhymes.
The list is clearly not exhaustive but it is believed that
a good cross section
of famous poems for children have been included.</p>
</body>
</html>

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<h1> , <p> -
<style> tag -
. <head> tag -
.
h1, p - { } - .
{ -: ; -: ;
-: ; } .
<u>- text-decoration:underline
, <i>- font-style:italic
. css-
.

1.3 External style sheet


External style sheet-
.

<html>
<head><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"
href="nithya.css"></head>
<body>
<h1>Most children love being told Nursery Rhymes</h1>
<p>The most popular rhymes are listed here. Even elders
love to hear these rhymes.
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The list is clearly not exhaustive but it is believed that


a good cross section
of famous poems for children have been included.</p>
</body>
</html>

<style> <head> tag - .


<link> .
rel, type, href- stylesheet
.
Internal style sheet- <style>-
file- .css
. <h1> , <p> -
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nithya.css file- <link>- .
external style sheet .
nithya.css- .

1.4 Inline style sheet


Inline style sheet-
.
<html>
<head></head>
<body style="background-color:skyblue;">
<h1 style="text-align:center;textdecoration:underline;color:blue;font-family:Arial;fontsize=36pt;">
Most children love being told Nursery Rhymes</h1>
<p style="font-style:italic;color:green;font-size=36pt;">
The most popular rhymes are listed here. Even elders love
to hear these rhymes.
The list is clearly not exhaustive but it is believed that
a good cross section
of famous poems for children have been included.</p>
</body>
</html>

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<h1> , <p> -
tag-
. html -
<u> , <i> html
{text-decoration:underline ; font-style:italic} css
.

1.5 Multiple style sheet


Multiple style sheet inline, internal, external
. inline, internal , external 3
css .

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<html>
<head>
<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="nithya.css">
<style>
body {background-color:skyblue;}
h1 {font-family:Times New Roman;}
p{font-style:italic;color:green;font-size=36pt;}
</style>
</head>
<body style="background-color:skyblue;">
<h1>Most children love being told Nursery Rhymes</h1>
<p style="color:red;font-size=36pt;">
The most popular rhymes are listed here. Even elders love
to hear these rhymes.
The list is clearly not exhaustive but it is believed that
a good cross section
of famous poems for children have been included.</p>
</body>
</html>

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<h1> - Times New Roman-


internal css-
external css- . <p> -
inline css- internal css-
.
inline css- internal,
external- .
inline, internal, external .
multiple style sheet .

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( HTML http://www.kaniyam.com/learn-html-in-tamil/ ) Text, font, links, list,


tables HTML
.
CSS .

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2 Text
color . 3
: HEX
(e.g: "#ff0000") , RGB (e.g: "rgb(255,0,0)")
. (e.g: "red").
text-align
. Left , Right
, center
. Justify
, margin-
.
text-decoration
link-
.
text-transform
. uppercase
, lowercase
, Capitalize

.

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text-indent (eg. 50px)


.

HTML program- .
<html>
<head>
<style>
p.first {color:green; text-decoration:overline; texttransform:uppercase; text-indent:50px;}
p.second {color:#0000ff; text-align:right; textdecoration:line-through; text-transform:lowercase;}
p.third {color:rgb(255,0,0); text-align:center; textdecoration:underline; text-decoration:capitalize;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class=first> Dont Giveup! Keep on Trying! </p>
<p class=second>Even through it seems to be impossible,
It will happen in your life one day. </p>
<p class=third> All the very best Friends! Wait to
receive the surprises in your life!!!!!!</p>
</body>
</html>

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3 Font
font-family .
("Times New
Roman", Times, serif),
, 3-
.
font-style
. Normal, Italic, Bold, Oblique
.
font-size . px-
em- .

HTML program- .

<html>
<head>
<style>
p.first {font-family:Tiems New Roman, Times, serif;
font-style:normal; font-size:10;}
p.second {font-style:italic; font-size:20;}
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p.third {font-style:bold; font-size:30;}


</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class=first> Dont Giveup! Keep on Trying! </p>
<p class=second>Even through it seems to be impossible,
It will happen in your life one day. </p>
<p class=third> All the very best Friends! Wait to
receive the surprises in your life!!!!!!</p>
</body>
</html>

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4 Links
link- color, font-family, font size
.
.
a:link = link .
a:hover = Mouse cursor- link-
link
.
a:active = link-
.
a:visited = link-
.
<html>
<head>
<style>
a:hover {color:red;background-color:yellow;}
a:active {color:white;background-color:black;}
</style>
</head>
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<body>
<a href=http://www.kaniyam.com/mysql-book-in-tamil/
target=_blank> Click here for MYSQL book </a>
</body>
</html>

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5 Lists
HTML- Ordered list 1,2,3...
, Unordered list
. CSS-
.
, (a,b,c...), (I, II, III) , (A,B,C..)
. .
<html>
<head>
<style>
ol li {list-style-type:upper-roman;}
ol li {list-style-type:circle;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
Types of Testing
<ol>
<li>Functional Testing</li>
<li>Non-functional Testing</li>
</ol>
Types of non-functional testing
<ul>
<li>Performance Testing</li>
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<li>Automation Testing</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>

list-type-style list-
.
Visibility
. hidden
.
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Display Inline list-



.
<html>
<head>
<style>
ol li {visibility: hidden;}
ol li {display: inline;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
Types of Testing
<ol>
<li>Functional Testing</li>
<li>Non-functional Testing</li>
</ol>
Types of non-functional testing
<ul>
<li>Performance Testing</li>
<li>Automation Testing</li>
</ul>
</body>
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</html>

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6 Tables
CSS- tables-
. table
, table heading ,
table data
.
<html>
<head>
<style>
table {width:60%; height: 40%; border: 3px solid red;}
th {border: 2px solid green;}
td {border: 1px solid orange;}
</style>
</head>
<body> <table>
<tr>
<th>Name</th>
<th>Marks</th>
<th>Rank</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Viyan</th>
<th>1200/1200</th>
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<th>First</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Harini</th>
<th>1180/1200</th>
<th>Second</th>
</tr>
</table></body>
</html>

table, th & td 3-
border . 3- table-
.
border-collapse
collapse . .

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table {width:60%; height:40%; border: 3px solid red;


border-collapse: collapse;}

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7 Divisions
Division content-
.
.
<html>
<head>
<style>
div {width:60%; height: 40%; border: 3px solid red; }
</style>
</head>
<body> <div>Dont Giveup! Keep on Trying! Even though it
seems to be impossible, It will happen in your life one
day. All the very best friends! Wait to see the miracle in
your life!!!!!! </div></body>
</html>

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division- , , border
.
margin:25px division
25px .
div {width:60%; height: 40%; border: 3px solid red;
margin:25px; }

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division- content-
margin padding:25px .
.
div {width:60%; height: 40%; border: 3px solid red;
margin:25px;padding: 25px; }

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8 Body background

style .
<html>
<head>
<style>
body {background-color: skyblue;}
</style>
</head>
<body> Dont Giveup! Keep on Trying! Even though it seems
to be impossible, It will happen in your life one day. All
the very best friends! Wait to see the miracle in your
life!!!!!! </body>
</html>

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.
.

body {background: url("image.gif");}

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.
no repeat .
.
body {background: url("image.gif")no-repeat;}

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no-repeat .
no-repeat right top .
.
body {background: url("image.gif")no-repeat right top;}

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repeat-x
, repeat-y
, . .
body {background: url("image.gif")repeat-x;}

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body {background: url("image.gif")repeat-y;}

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9 Positioning
Positioning-
.
Left, Right, Top, Bottom
. Fixed, Static, Relative 3
positioning- .

static positioning . 4 .
.
<html>
<head>
<style>
p.a {position:static; top:5px; right:30px}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class=a> Dont Giveup! Keep on Trying! </p>
<p class=b>Even though it seems to be impossible, It will
happen in your life one day. </p>
<p class=c>All the very best friends! Wait to see the
miracle in your life!!!!!! </p>
</body>
</html>

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top:5px; right:30px;
.
Position : fixed top:5px;
right:30px; ,
. .

browser-
,
overwrite .

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<html>
<head>
<style>
p.a {position:fixed; top:5px; right:30px}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class=a> Dont Giveup! Keep on Trying! </p>
<p class=b>Even though it seems to be impossible, It will
happen in your life one day. </p>
<p class=c>All the very best friends! Wait to see the
miracle in your life!!!!!! </p>
</body>
</html>

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Position : relative
.
, 30px
.

<html>
<head>
<style>
p.a {position:relative; top:5px; right:30px}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<p class=a> Dont Giveup! Keep on Trying! </p>
<p class=b>Even though it seems to be impossible, It will
happen in your life one day. </p>
<p class=c>All the very best friends! Wait to see the
miracle in your life!!!!!! </p>
</body>
</html>

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10

Combinators

Combinator selector-
. <div> , <p>
selectors.
combinator .
div p { ----- } : div, p selector-
style- , style-
div p- .

<html>
<head>
<style>
div p {background-color:skyblue;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<p> Dont Giveup! Keep on Trying! </p>
<b><p>Even though it seems to be impossible, It will
happen in your life one day. </p></b>
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</div>
<p>All the very best friends!</p>
<p> Wait to see the miracle in your life!!!!!! </p>
</body>
</html>

div ~ p { ----- } : div, p selector- ~


div- p-
style .

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<html>
<head>
<style>
div ~ p {background-color:skyblue;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<p> Dont Giveup! Keep on Trying! </p>
<b><p>Even though it seems to be impossible, It will
happen in your life one day. </p><b>
</div>
<p>All the very best friends!</p>
<p> Wait to see the miracle in your life!!!!!! </p>
</body>
</html>

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div + p { ----- } : div, p selector- +


div- p-
style .

<html>
<head>
<style>
div + p {background-color:skyblue;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<p> Dont Giveup! Keep on Trying! </p>
<b><p>Even though it seems to be impossible, It will
happen in your life one day. </p></b>
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</div>
<p>All the very best friends!</p>
<p> Wait to see the miracle in your life!!!!!! </p>
</body>
</html>

div > p { ----- } : div, p selector- >


div p- style . p tag- style
.

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<html>
<head>
<style>
div > p {background-color:skyblue;}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<div>
<p> Dont Giveup! Keep on Trying! </p>
<b><p>Even though it seems to be impossible, It will
happen in your life one day. </p></b>
</div>
<p>All the very best friends!</p>
<p> Wait to see the miracle in your life!!!!!! </p>
</body>
</html>

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11

Gallery

Gallery .
Gallery-
, .
gallery- .
<html>
<head>
<style>
div.one {margin:5px; padding:5px; border:1px; solid red;
float:left; text-align:center;}
div.one img { display:inline; margin: 5px; border:1px
solid yellow; width:170px; height:150px;}
div.one a:hover img{border:1px solid blue;}
div.two {text-align:center; font-weight:normal;
width:120px; margin:5px;}
</style>
</head>

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<body>
<div class="one"> <a target="_blank" href="a1.jpg"><img
src="a1.jpg"></a> <div class="two">1</div></div>
<div class="one"> <a target="_blank" href="a2.jpg"><img
src="a2.jpg"></a> <div class="two">2</div></div>
<div class="one"> <a target="_blank" href="a3.jpg"><img
src="a3.jpg"></a> <div class="two">3</div></div>
<div class="one"> <a target="_blank" href="a4.jpg"><img
src="a4.jpg"></a> <div class="two">4</div></div>
</body>
</html>

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<style>- div.one
one division
. <img>-
.
cursor image- image
border a:hover
. one
division- two division-
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image- .
Gallery- image- cursor
image ,
Opacity
. 100- image-
. .

<html>
<head>
<style>
div.one {margin:5px; padding:5px; border:1px; solid red;
float:left; text-align:center;}
div.one img { display:inline; margin: 5px; border:1px
solid yellow; width:170px; height:150px; opacity: 0.4;
filter:alpha(opacity=40);}
div.one a:hover img{border:1px solid blue;opacity: 1;
filter:alpha(opacity=100);}
div.two {text-align:center; font-weight:normal;
width:120px; margin:5px;}
</style>
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</head>
<body>
<div class="one"> <a target="_blank" href="a1.jpg"><img
src="a1.jpg"></a> <div class="two">1</div></div>
<div class="one"> <a target="_blank" href="a2.jpg"><img
src="a2.jpg"></a> <div class="two">2</div></div>
<div class="one"> <a target="_blank" href="a3.jpg"><img
src="a3.jpg"></a> <div class="two">3</div></div>
<div class="one"> <a target="_blank" href="a4.jpg"><img
src="a4.jpg"></a> <div class="two">4</div></div>
</body>
</html>

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IE8 version- filter:alpha(opacity=40);


. opacity:0.4;
.

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12

CSS3

CSS3
. screenshot
.
. .

13

Transitions


. cursor- ,

.
cursor-
.
division-
transition . <div>
</div> program- style section-
.
div {width: 100px; height: 100px; background: red;
transition: width 1s, height 1s;}
div:hover {width: 300px; height: 300px;}
100px divition- 300px
. 100px
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division- cursor- , 300px


div:hover .
1 second-
transition- <div> property- .

division- cursor 1 second-


division- . cursor
1 second- division .
Transition-Delay:
Transition-delay
.
div {transition-delay: 1s; transition: width 1s, height
1s; }
, 1 1
division- .
Transform:
Transform
.
div:hover {width: 300px; height: 300px; transform:
rotate(180deg)}

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180 degree- 300px


. degree- 90, 180, 360, 1200
.

14

Animations

Animation
.

Animation .
division-
. <div> </div> program-
style section-
.
div {width: 100px; height: 100px; background: red; }
100px
. Animation- ,

animation .
div {width: 100px; height: 100px; background: red;
position: relative; animation: nithya 5s; }

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animation: nithya 5s; 'nithya' 5 second animation- . 2s


, animation- 2
(animation: nithya 5s 2s;). animation-
.
infinite
(animation: nithya 5s 2s infinite;). .
@keyframes:
animation @keyframes nithya-
. style section- .
@keyframes nithya {0%{left:0px; top:0px;}25%{left:200px;
top:0px;}50%{left:200px; top:200px;}75%{left:0px;
top:200px;}100%{left:0px; top:0px;}}
- division- .
, animation- 5 second 25%
division , 50%
division , 75%, 100% -
. 5 second- division
. 0px, 200px

. @keyframes division
.

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background-color
keyframes - . 25%{background-color: yellow;
left:200px; top:0px;}

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15

Multiple Columns

columns-
.
column-count
. paragraph-
program- style section-
.
<p><b>This blog will tells you about how to make
estimation for an ETL project with SMC Model.</b></p>
<div> Based on the requirement we need to calculate the
overall tables count and we need to categorize them as
simple tables, medium tables and complex tables. Rough
values are given below. Here I have considered all the 30
staging tables as simple. So I have categorized only the
warehouse tables. All the values mentioned in the above
Test Case Unit Efforts are fact values. We cant change
it. So no need to worry about this. We can keep this as it
is and lets go for the staging table & warehouse tables
validation part.</div>
div{-webkit-column-count: 3;}

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paragraph-
3 column- . column-
column-gap: 40px;
. columnrule . column-rule: 1px solid lightblue; 1px
, solid ,
lightblue .
paragraph- h1- column column-
, column-span . style
section- .
h1 {column-span: all;}

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16

Re-sizing

,
border- Re-sizing .
heading, division, paragraph
. heading-
program- style section-
.
<h1>This blog will tells you about how to make estimation
for an ETL project with SMC Model.</h1>
h1 {border: 2px solid; padding: 20px; width: 300px;
resize: both; overflow: auto;}
resize: both heading-
resize . resize
horizontal , vertical .
overflow: auto resize-
.

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Shadows

Shadows .
text-shadow , boxshadow
.
,

.
text division- program-
style section-
.
<h1>This blog will tells you about how to make estimation
for an ETL project with SMC Model.</h1>
<div>SMC Model is nothing but simple, medium and complex
estimation</div>
h1 {text-shadow: 2px 2px 5px red;}
div {width: 300px; height: 50px; border: 2px solid; boxshadow: 10px 10px 5px blue;}

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text-shadow- 2px 2px


.
5px red ,
pixel-
.

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18

Border Radius

CSS- border content- border-


. CSS3- border-radius
border- ,
. 25px, 50px,
100px
.
heading- program-
style section- .
<h1>This is my Country</h1>
h1 {border-radius: 25px; border: 2px solid black;
padding:20px; width: 200px; height: 100px;}

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border-radius 25px , border-


25px- .

border-radius: 15px 25px 50px 100px;
.

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19

Gradients

division-
gradient . linear-gradient, radicalgradient .
linear-gradient
. radicalgradient .
division- program-
style section- .
div {height: 200px; background: linear-gradient(red,
blue); }

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linear-gradient . .
, linear-gradient(to
right, red, blue) .

radicalgradient .
div {height: 200px; background: radical-gradient(red,
blue, green); }

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20

Displaying Texts

border
CSS3- .
text-overflow, word-wrap, word-break 3
.
text-overflow border- .
clip border-
. ellipsis
border-
... .
text-overflow overflow-

. overflow- hidden
, visible
.

<body>
<p class="a">India is my country. All Indians are my
brothers and sisters. I love my country.</p>
<p class="b">India is my country. All Indians are my
brothers and sisters. I love my country.</p>
<div class="test" style="text-overflow:ellipsis;">This is
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some long text that will not fit in the box</div><br>


<div class="test" style="text-overflow:clip;">This is some
long text that will not fit in the box</div>
</body>
<style>
p.a{white-space: nowrap; width: 200px; border: 1px solid
black; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: clip;}
p.b{white-space: nowrap; width: 200px; border: 1px solid
black; overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis;}
div.test {white-space: nowrap; width: 200px; overflow:
hidden; border: 1px solid black;}
div.test:hover {text-overflow: inherit; overflow:
visible;}
</style>

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word-wrap border
.
.
<p> CognizantTechnologySolutions. The bestplacetowork.</p>
p{width: 150px; border: 1px solid green; word-wrap: breakword;}

word-wrap

.
word-wrap break-all
, keep-all

.

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.
<p class="a">CognizantTechnologySolutions. The
bestplacetowork.</p>
<p class="b">CognizantTechnologySolutions. The
bestplacetowork.</p>
p.a{width: 140px; border: 1px solid black; word-break:
keep-all;}
p.b{width: 140px; border: 1px solid black; word-break:
break-all;}

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21

Cascading Style Sheets -


.
.
,
.
.

http:// www. w3 schools. com/ css/


http://learnlayout.com/
http://www.csstutorial.net/
http://alistapart.com/

http:// www. csszengarden. com/

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22

.
. Cognizant Technologies
Solutions , Datawarehouse Testing .

,
, .
.

- nithyadurai87@gmai.com
- http://nithyashrinivasan.wordpress.com

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23

'

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http://freetamilebooks.com/ebooks/learn-mysql-in-tamil/
http://freetamilebooks.com/ebooks/learn-gnulinux-in-tamil-part1/
http://freetamilebooks.com/ebooks/learn-gnulinux-in-tamil-part2/
http://freetamilebooks.com/ebooks/html-in-tamil/
http://freetamilebooks.com/ebooks/learn-mysql-in-tamil-part-2/

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24




.
, , .
.

.
, ,
.

.
.

.
editor@kaniyam.com

.
:



.

.
, .
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86



.
,
.
.
, , , ,
,
.
.

editor@kaniyam.com .
,
.
editor@kaniyam.com .


.

.

.
.

.


2013 .

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
.
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,

, , ,
, ,
.
: . editor@kaniyam.com

+91 98417 95468

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Creative Commons ,

.
.
Name - Nithya Duraisamy
ICICI - 006101540799
Branch - Mcity branch, chengalpattu.
IFSC code - ICIC0000061

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