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Surveying With GPS
Surveying With GPS
Three Dimensional
Site Intervisibility Not Needed
Weather Independent
Day or Night Operation
Common Reference System
Rapid Data Processing with Quality Control
High Precision
Less Labor Intensive/Cost Effective
Very Few Skilled Personnel Needed
GPS can establish control as and when needed and establish points
at strategic locations to start and close conventional traverses
Only the data collected from the same satellites by the receivers
occupying the ends of a baseline can be used in the computation of
this baseline
For this reason, at least one receiver must occupy a known point in
the WGS84 datum as GPS satellite positions are defined in
WGS84 datum coordinate system
required precision
number of visible satellites
satellite geometry(DOP)
whether the receivers are single frequency or dual
frequency
distance between receivers
If more than two receivers are used multiple baseline vectors can
be determined simultaneously
Redundant measurements are those that are over and above the
ones required to determine the coordinates of unknown points
In a single session using more than two receivers, there are both
independent (non-trivial) and dependent (trivial) baselines
Field requirements and procedure for fast static are same as those
for static except for the short session lengths
However, fast static is only suitable for low order control surveys,
e.g. ground control for photogrammetric mapping
Rover will occupy each unknown point for a very short time (less
than two minutes); Hence the term "Stop-and-Go" surveying
It also is possible to operate more than one rover with the same
base station
If for any reason a cycle slip occurs, the rover must return to any
previous point which had been determined without cycle slip
The rover will occupy the other end to collect 3 or 4 epochs of data
(less than 2 minutes)
Antenna swap is done by first occupying the known point with the
base receiver and another point 15-30 feet away with the rover
After collecting data for 3-4 epochs two receivers + antennas are
swapped while maintaining lock
Collect data for another 3-4 epochs, return the base receiver +
antenna to the base and continue the survey with the rover as usual
This now becomes a known baseline and the rest is similar to the
first method
Each point must be revisited multiple times (at least once more)
and these visits must be separated by at least 1 hour and preferably
not more than 4 hours
Accuracy requirements
Urgency of the project
Local terrain conditions
Available equipment, etc.
QUESTIONS
1. What are the advantages of GPS surveying over conventional surveying methods ?
2. What is the single factor that determines whether or not a GPS survey is possible in
an area and/or a project ?
3. What is a baseline in GPS surveying ?
4. What information/quantities pertaining to points and baselines are computed by postprocessing software ?
5. What is an epoch in GPS terminology ?
6. Why is the static GPS survey method so named ?
7. What is the reason for minimum session length in static surveying ?
8. What factors determine the length of a session in static surveying ?
9. What factors determine the GPS surveying method suitable for a given area/project ?
10. What is the purpose of rover initialization in kinematic surveying ?
11. What are the three ways of rover initialization in stop-and-go kinematic surveying ?
12. What is the fastest initialization method ?
13. How much data is collected at each point in stop-and-go GPS surveying ?
14. What is the purpose of re-occupation of points in pseudo-kinematic method ?
15. What are the time limitations on re-occupation ?
16. Which GPS surveying method would you use for establishing control with geodetic
accuracy ?
17. Which GPS surveying method would you use if you need to complete a job urgently ?
18. Which GPS survey method is suitable for a project that does not need very high
accuracy but the project is in a downtown area where there are tall buildings and
over-passes ?
19. What type of receivers are needed to do true fast static surveys ?
20. Everything else being equal, real time kinematic GPS or conventional method with a
total station would you prefer for a stakeout survey ? Indicate your reasons.