1

COLUMN

Column: A long post made of steel, stone, etc., that is used as a support in a building, machine
etc.

Three Types: Short Column, Intermediate Column, Long Column

Effective Length: The distance between inflection points in a column when it bends. (Page-213)

Slenderness Ratio: The ratio of length and radius of gyration of column. If the length is
replaced by effective length, it can be written as

𝐿𝑒
=
𝑘
𝐿𝑒
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝒍𝒐𝒏𝒈 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛, > 120
𝑘

𝐿𝑒
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛, < 100
𝑘

𝐿𝑒
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛, 100 < < 120
𝑘

Md Rasedul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of Mech Engg,KUET

 2

Radius of Gyration:

𝐼
𝑘=√
𝐴

Euler’s Formula for long Column (Page-212)

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐴
𝐹𝑐 =
(𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑘)2

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐴 𝐹𝑐 𝐼
=> 𝑁𝐹 = 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑁 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 = √
𝐼 𝐹 𝐴
(𝐿𝑒 ⁄√𝐴)2

𝝅𝟐 𝑬𝑰
∴𝑭=
𝑵𝑳𝟐𝒆

𝐿𝑒
(𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 > 120)
𝑘
Jhonson Formula for Short and Intermediate Columns:[Page-213]

𝐹 𝑠𝑦 (𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑘)2
= 𝑠𝑒 [1 − ]
𝐴 4𝜋 2 𝐸

𝐿𝑒
(𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 30 < < 120)
𝑘
It can also be called parabolic formula.

Here,
𝒔𝒚
𝒔𝒆 = 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 /𝑆𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑖𝑠𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 =
𝑵
𝐹 = 𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

𝐴 = 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛

𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑘 = Selenderness ratio

𝐸 = 𝑀𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐸𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦

Note: Euler and Jhonson formula are valid for centrally loaded Column.

Problem-334:

Md Rasedul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of Mech Engg,KUET

 3

A round steel rod made of structural steel, AISI C1020, as rolled, is to be used as a column
(rounded ends), centrally loaded with 10 kips.; 𝑁 = 3. Determine the diameter for (a) 𝐿 =
25 𝑖𝑛., (𝒃)𝐿 = 50 𝑖𝑛. (c) The same as (a) and (b) except that the material is AISI 8640, OQT
1000ºF. Is there any advantage in using this material rather than structural steel?

Solution:

Given:

Material AISI C1020, as rolled

Load, 𝐹 = 10 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠 and centrally loaded

Factor of safety, 𝑁 = 3

Required:

(a) Diameter of the column, 𝐷 =? 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿 = 25 𝑖𝑛.

(b) Diameter of the column, 𝐷 =? 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝐿 = 50 𝑖𝑛.
(c) Diameter of the column, 𝐷 =? 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 material is AISI 8640, OQT 1000ºF. And any
advantage in using this material rather than structural steel?

From table AT-7, for AISI C1020, as rolled

𝑠𝑦 = 48 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸 = 30 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝒔𝒊

Radius of gyration

𝑘 = √𝐼/𝐴

For solid round section,

𝜋𝐷4 𝜋𝐷2
𝐼= 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐴 =
64 4

𝜋𝐷4 𝜋𝐷2 𝐷2 𝐷
∴ 𝑘 = √𝐼/𝐴 = √( / )= √ =
64 4 16 4

Considering Rounded end column, so we get from page-213

Effective length, 𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿

(a)

Md Rasedul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of Mech Engg,KUET

 4

𝐿𝑒 25 100
∴ = =
𝑘 𝐷 𝐷
4
For centrally loaded , First we can use Jhonson or Parabolic formula, (Page-213)

𝐹 𝑠𝑦 (𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑘)2
= 𝑠𝑒 [1 − ] − − − − − (1)
𝐴 4𝜋 2 𝐸

Here,

𝑠𝑦 = 48 𝑘𝑠𝑖

𝑠𝑦 48
𝑠𝑒 = = = 16 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑁 3
𝐹 = 10 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

100
𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑘 =
𝐷
𝐸 = 30 × 103 𝑘𝑠𝑖

𝜋𝐷2
𝐴= (𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
4
From equation (1), we have

𝐹 𝑠𝑦 (𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑘 )2
= 𝑠𝑒 [1 − ]
𝐴 4𝜋 2 𝐸

100 2
10 48 ( 𝐷 )
=> = 16 [1 − ]
𝜋𝐷2 4 × 3.14162 × 30 × 103
4

0.796 0.405
=> 2
= 1−
𝐷 𝐷2
0.796 0.405
=> + =1
𝐷2 𝐷2
1.2012
=> =1
𝐷2
∴ 𝐷 = 1.096 𝑖𝑛
𝐿𝑒 100 100
∴ = = 1.096 = 91.24. Hence, Jhonson Formula is valid.
𝑘 𝐷

Md Rasedul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of Mech Engg,KUET

 5

(b)

𝐿𝑒 𝐿 50 200
∴ = = = [𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠, 𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿]
𝑘 𝑘 𝐷 𝐷
4
For centrally loaded , First we can use Jhonson or Parabolic formula, (Page-213)

𝐹 𝑠𝑦 (𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑘)2
= 𝑠𝑒 [1 − ] − − − − − (1)
𝐴 4𝜋 2 𝐸

From equation (1), we have

𝐹 𝑠𝑦 (𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑘 )2
= 𝑠𝑒 [1 − ]
𝐴 4𝜋 2 𝐸

200 2
48 (
=>
10
= 16 [1 − 𝐷 ) ]
𝜋𝐷2 4 × 3.14162 × 30 × 103
4
0.796 1.6211
=> = 1 −
𝐷2 𝐷2
0.796 1.6211
=> + =1
𝐷2 𝐷2
2.417
=> =1
𝐷2
∴ 𝐷 = 1.555 𝑖𝑛
𝐿𝑒 200 200
∴ = = 1.555 = 128.6. Hence, Jhonson Formula is invalid.
𝑘 𝐷

Now, we have to use Euler’s Formula

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝐹= − − − − − (2)
𝑁𝐿2𝑒

From equation (2), we obtain

𝜋 2 𝐸𝐼
𝐹=
𝑁𝐿2𝑒

Md Rasedul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of Mech Engg,KUET

 6

𝜋𝐷4
3.14162 × 30 × 103 × 64
=> 10 =
3 × 502
=> 10 = 1.937 × 𝐷4

=> 𝐷4 = 5.16

=> 𝐷 = 1.50 𝑖𝑛
𝐿𝑒 200 200
∴ = = 1.50 = 133. Therefore, Eulers formula is valid.
𝑘 𝐷

(c)

From table AT-7, for AISI 8640, OQT 1000ºF

𝑠𝑦 = 150 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸 = 30 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝒔𝒊

For L = 25 in

𝐿𝑒 25 100
∴ = =
𝑘 𝐷 𝐷
4
For centrally loaded , First we can use Jhonson or Parabolic formula, (Page-213)

𝐹 𝑠𝑦 (𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑘)2
= 𝑠𝑒 [1 − ] − − − − − (1)
𝐴 4𝜋 2 𝐸

Here,

𝑠𝑦 = 150 𝑘𝑠𝑖

𝑠𝑦 150
𝑠𝑒 = = = 50 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑁 3
𝐹 = 10 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

100
𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑘 =
𝐷
𝐸 = 30 × 103 𝑘𝑠𝑖

𝜋𝐷2
𝐴= (𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
4

Md Rasedul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of Mech Engg,KUET

 7

From equation (1), we have

𝐹 𝑠𝑦 (𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑘 )2
= 𝑠𝑒 [1 − ]
𝐴 4𝜋 2 𝐸

100 2
150 (
=>
10
= 50 [1 − 𝐷 ) ]
𝜋𝐷2 4 × 3.14162 × 30 × 103
4

0.255 1.267
=> 2
= 1−
𝐷 𝐷2
0.255 1.267
=> + =1
𝐷2 𝐷2
1.522
=> =1
𝐷2
∴ 𝐷 = 1.23 𝑖𝑛
𝐿𝑒 100 100
∴ = = 1.23 = 81.06. Hence, Jhonson Formula is valid.
𝑘 𝐷

For L = 50 in

𝐿𝑒 𝐿 50 200
∴ = = = [𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠, 𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿]
𝑘 𝑘 𝐷 𝐷
4
For centrally loaded , First we can use Jhonson or Parabolic formula, (Page-213)

𝐹 𝑠𝑦 (𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑘)2
= 𝑠𝑒 [1 − ] − − − − − (1)
𝐴 4𝜋 2 𝐸

From equation (1), we have

𝐹 𝑠𝑦 (𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑘 )2
= 𝑠𝑒 [1 − ]
𝐴 4𝜋 2 𝐸

200 2
150 (
=>
10
= 50 [1 − 𝐷 ) ]
𝜋𝐷2 4 × 3.14162 × 30 × 103
4

0.255 5.066
=> = 1 −
𝐷2 𝐷2

Md Rasedul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of Mech Engg,KUET

 8

0.255 5.066
=> + =1
𝐷2 𝐷2
5.321
=> =1
𝐷2
∴ 𝐷 = 2.30 𝑖𝑛
𝐿𝑒 200 200
∴ = = 2.30 = 86.9. Hence, Jhonson Formula is valid.
𝑘 𝐷

In this case, diameter is greater than structural steel. So much more material is needed. On
the other hand, for AISI 8640, column will be stronger and capable of taking high stress.
Therefore, this is an advantage.

Problem-335:

A hollow circular column, made of AISI C1020 structural steel, as rolled, is to support a load of
10000 lb. Let 𝐿 = 40 𝑖𝑛 , 𝐷𝑖 = 0.75𝐷𝑜 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑁 = 3. Determine 𝐷𝑜 by (a) using either Euler’s or
parabolic equation, (b) using the straight line equation (c) what factor of safety is given by the
secant formula for the dimensions found in (a)?

Solution:

Given:

Material AISI C1020, as rolled

Load, 𝐹 = 10000 𝑙𝑏 = 10 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

𝐷𝑖 = 0.75𝐷𝑜

𝐿 = 40 𝑖𝑛

Factor of safety, 𝑁 = 3

Required:

(a) Diameter of the column, 𝐷𝑜 =? using either Euler’s or parabolic equation

(b) Diameter of the column, 𝐷𝑜 =? using the straight line equation
(c) Diameter of the column, 𝑁 =? by the secant formula for the dimensions found in (a)?

From table AT-7, for AISI C1020, as rolled

𝑠𝑦 = 48 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸 = 30 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝒔𝒊

Radius of gyration

Md Rasedul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of Mech Engg,KUET

 9

𝑘 = √𝐼/𝐴

For hollow round section,

𝜋
𝐼= (𝐷 4 − 𝐷𝑖 4 )
64 𝑜
𝜋
𝐴= (𝐷𝑜 2 − 𝐷𝑖 2 )
4

𝐼
∴𝑘=√
𝐴

𝜋 𝜋
= √( (𝐷𝑜 4 − 𝐷𝑖 4 )/ (𝐷𝑜 2 − 𝐷𝑖 2 ))
64 4

(𝐷𝑜 2 + 𝐷𝑖 2 )
=√
16

𝐷𝑜 2 + (0.75𝐷𝑜 )2
=√
16

1.56 𝐷𝑜 2
=√
16

1.25 𝐷𝑜
=
4
= 0.3125𝐷𝑜

Considering Rounded end column (hinged), so we get from page-213

Effective length, 𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿 = 40 𝑖𝑛

(a)Jhonson or Parabolic formula, (Page-213)

𝐹 𝑠𝑦 (𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑘)2
= 𝑠𝑒 [1 − ] − − − − − (1)
𝐴 4𝜋 2 𝐸

Here,

𝑠𝑦 = 48 𝑘𝑠𝑖

Md Rasedul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of Mech Engg,KUET

 10

𝑠𝑦 48
𝑠𝑒 = = = 16 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑁 3
𝐹 = 10 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

40 128
𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑘 = =
0.3125 𝐷𝑜 𝐷𝑜

𝐸 = 30 × 103 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴 = 4 (𝐷𝑜 2 − 𝐷𝑖 2 ) = 4 {𝐷𝑜 2 − (0.75𝐷𝑜 )2 } = 0.3436 𝐷𝑜 2

From equation (1), we have

𝐹 𝑠𝑦 (𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑘 )2
= 𝑠𝑒 [1 − ]
𝐴 4𝜋 2 𝐸

128 2
10 48 ( 𝐷 )
𝑜
=> 2 = 16 1 −
0.3436 𝐷𝑜 4× 3.14162 × 30 × 103
[ ]
1.819 0.6640
=> 2 = 1−
𝐷𝑜 𝐷𝑜 2

1.819 0.6640
=> + =1
𝐷𝑜 2 𝐷𝑜 2

2.4829
=> =1
𝐷𝑜 2

∴ 𝑫𝒐 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖 𝒊𝒏
𝐿𝑒 128 128
∴ = = 1.58 = 81.23. Hence, Jhonson Formula is valid and design is OK.
𝑘 𝐷𝑜

(b) Straight Line equation for structural steel (equation c, Page-214)

𝐹 𝐿 𝐿𝑒
= 16000 − 70 − − − −(𝟐) [𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 30 < < 120]
𝐴 𝑘 𝑘
Equation (2) =>

10000 40
2 = 16000 − 70
0.3436 𝐷𝑜 0.3125𝐷𝑜

=> 10000 = 5497.6 𝐷𝑜 2 − 3078.7𝐷𝑜

Md Rasedul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of Mech Engg,KUET

 11

=> 5497.6 𝐷𝑜 2 − 3078.7𝐷𝑜 − 10000 = 0

=> 𝐷𝑜 = 1.66 𝑜𝑟 − 1.09

∴ 𝑫𝒐 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝟔 𝒊𝒏

(c)Secant formula (equation 7.3, page-216)

𝑁𝐹 𝑒𝑐 𝐿𝑒 𝑁𝐹
𝑠𝑦 = (1 + 2 sec √ ) − − − − − (3)
𝐴 𝑘 2 𝐸𝐼

Here,
𝑒𝑐
= 𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑚𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑷𝒂𝒈𝒆 − 𝟐𝟏𝟔)
𝑘2
𝜋
𝐼= (𝐷 4 − 𝐷𝑖 4 ) = 0.0336 𝐷𝑜 4 = 0.0336 × 1.584 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟗𝟏 𝒊𝒏𝟒
64 𝑜
𝜋 𝜋
𝐴 = 4 (𝐷𝑜 2 − 𝐷𝑖 2 ) = 4 {𝐷𝑜 2 − (0.75𝐷𝑜 )2 } = 0.3436 𝐷𝑜 2 = 0.3436 × 1.582 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟖 𝒊𝒏𝟐

Equation (3) =>

𝑁 × 10 40 𝑁 × 10
48 = (1 + 0.25 × sec √ )
𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟖 2 30 × 103 × 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟗𝟏

=> 4.1 = 𝑁[1 + 0.25 sec(0.80 √𝑁)]

By trial and error method, 𝑁 = 3.28 (𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓)

Problem-336:

A column is to be built up of a 1⁄2 in, AISI C1020, rolled steel plates, into a square box section.
It is 6 ft long and centrally loaded to 80,000 lb. (a) Determine the size of section for 𝑁 = 2.74.
(b) Compute N from the secant formula for the size found and compare with 2.74.

Solution:

Given,

1⁄ steel plate
2
Square box section

Material AISI C1020

Md Rasedul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of Mech Engg,KUET

 12

𝐿 = 6 𝑓𝑡 = 72 𝑖𝑛

𝐹 = 80000 𝑙𝑏 = 80 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

Required:

(a) Size of the section for 𝑁 = 2.74.

(b) 𝑁 =? 𝑏𝑦 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑛 (𝑎).

From table AT-7, for AISI C1020, as rolled

𝑠𝑦 = 48 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸 = 30 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝒔𝒊

b
Radius of gyration

𝑘 = √𝐼/𝐴

For above section,

1 1
𝐼= 𝑏ℎ3 − (𝑏 − 1)(ℎ − 1)3
12 12
For square section ℎ = 𝑏

1 1 𝟏 𝟒
𝐼= 𝑏𝑏 3 − (𝑏 − 1)(𝑏 − 1)3 = {𝒃 − (𝒃 − 𝟏)𝟒 }
12 12 𝟏𝟐
𝐴 = 𝑏 2 − (𝑏 − 1)2 = 𝟐𝒃 − 𝟏

𝑏 4 − (𝑏 − 1)4
∴ 𝑘 = √𝐼/𝐴 = √
12(2𝑏 − 1)

Assuming rounded end (Pinned) column

𝐿𝑒 = 𝐿 = 72 𝑖𝑛

(a) Jhonson or Parabolic formula, (Page-213)

Md Rasedul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of Mech Engg,KUET

 13

𝐹 𝑠𝑦 (𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑘)2
= 𝑠𝑒 [1 − ] − − − − − (1)
𝐴 4𝜋 2 𝐸

Here,

𝑠𝑦 48
𝑠𝑒 = = = 17.51 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑁 2.74
Equation (1)=>
2

72
48
4 4
√𝑏 − (𝑏 − 1) ⁄
80 ( 12(2𝑏 − 1))
=> = 17.51 1 −
2𝑏 − 1 4 × 3.14162 × 30 × 103

[ ]

0.4569 2.5212 (2𝑏 − 1)

=> =1− 4
2𝑏 − 1 𝑏 − (𝑏 − 1)4

2.5212 (2𝑏 − 1)2

=> 0.4569 = 2𝑏 − 1 −
𝑏 4 − (𝑏 − 1)4

By trial and error,

𝑏 = 3.23 𝑖𝑛

𝑏 4 − (𝑏 − 1)4
∴ 𝑘 = √𝐼/𝐴 = √ = 1.13 𝑖𝑛
12(2𝑏 − 1)

𝐿𝑒 72
= = 63.54 𝐽ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑑.
𝑘 1.13
(b)

Secant formula (equation 7.3, page-216)

𝑁𝐹 𝑒𝑐 𝐿𝑒 𝑁𝐹
𝑠𝑦 = (1 + 2 sec √ ) − − − − − (2)
𝐴 𝑘 2 𝐸𝐼

Md Rasedul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of Mech Engg,KUET

 14

Here,
𝑒𝑐
= 𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑚𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝑷𝒂𝒈𝒆 − 𝟐𝟏𝟔)
𝑘2
1 4
𝐼= {𝑏 − (𝑏 − 1)4 } = 7 𝑖𝑛4
12
𝐴 = 2𝑏 − 1 = 5.46 𝑖𝑛2

Equation (2)=>

𝑁 × 80 72 𝑁 × 80
48 = (1 + 0.25 sec √ )
5.46 2 30 × 103 × 7

=> 3.276 = 𝑁(1 + 0.25 sec 0.7026√𝑁)

By trial and error method

𝑁 = 2.62 (𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓)

Problem-343

A schedule-40, 4 in pipe is used as column. Some of its properties are: 𝐷𝑜 = 4.5 𝑖𝑛, 𝐷𝑖 =
4.026 𝑖𝑛, 𝐼 = 7.233 𝑖𝑛4 , 𝑘 = 1.509 𝑖𝑛, 𝐴 = 3.174 𝑖𝑛2 , 𝐿 = 15 𝑓𝑡, material equivalent to AISI
C1015 as rolled. The total load to be carried is 200 kips. (a) what minimum number of these
columns should be used if a design factor of 2.5 is desired and the load is evenly distributed
among them? For the approximately fixed ends, use 𝐿𝑒 = 0.65𝐿 as recommended by AISC. (b)
What is the equivalent stress in the column?

Given:

𝐷𝑜 = 4.5 𝑖𝑛 𝐷𝑖 = 4.026 𝑖𝑛

𝐼 = 7.233 𝑖𝑛4 𝑘 = 1.509 𝑖𝑛

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝐴 = 3.174 𝑖𝑛2

𝐿 = 15 𝑓𝑡 = 15 × 12 = 180 𝑖𝑛

Material AISI C1015 as rolled

𝑁 = 2.5

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝐹 = 200 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

Md Rasedul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of Mech Engg,KUET

 15

Required:

(a) Minimum number of column if 𝑁 = 2.5

(b) Equivalent stress 𝑆𝑒 =?

Solution:

From table AT-8 (page-578), for AISI C1015 as rolled, we get

𝑠𝑦 = 45.5 𝑘𝑠𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸 = 30 × 106 𝑝𝑠𝑖 = 𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑 𝒌𝒔𝒊

(a) Here, we have to find total area using total load. Then number of column will be found by
total area divided by individual area (single column area).

𝐿𝑒 = 0.65𝐿 = 0.65 × 180 = 117 𝑖𝑛

𝐿𝑒 117
= = 77.53 < 120 . 𝑊𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝐽ℎ𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎.
𝑘 1.509
Jhonson or Parabolic formula, (Page-213)

𝐹 𝑠𝑦 (𝐿𝑒 ⁄𝑘)2
= 𝑠𝑒 [1 − ] − − − − − −(1)
𝐴 4𝜋 2 𝐸

Here,

𝑠𝑦 45.5
𝑠𝑒 = = = 18.2 𝑘𝑠𝑖
𝑁 2.5
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝐹 = 200 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝐴 =?

From equation (a)=>

200 45.5(77.53)2
= 18.2 [1 − ]
𝐴 4 × 3.14162 × 𝟑𝟎 × 𝟏𝟎𝟑

=> 𝐴 = 14.29 𝑖𝑛2

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 14.29

𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒏 = = = 4.50 ≈ 𝟓 (𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓)
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 3.174

(b)

For a single column

Md Rasedul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of Mech Engg,KUET

 16

200
𝐹= = 40 𝑘𝑖𝑝𝑠
5
𝐴 = 3.174 𝑖𝑛

Jhonson or Parabolic formula, (Page-213)

40 45.5(77.53)2
= 𝑠𝑒 [1 − ]
3.174 4 × 3.14162 × 30 × 103

=> 𝑠𝑒 = 16.386 𝑘𝑠𝑖 (𝑨𝒏𝒔𝒘𝒆𝒓)

Md Rasedul Islam, Lecturer, Dept. of Mech Engg,KUET