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aLp

/
o;sf] u'0f:t/df ljsf;

aLp eg]sf] s] xf] <


cfkm\gf] hft klxrfg /fVg, a+z arfpg / a+z
km}nfpg cfufdL lbgdf /f]Kgsf nflu /flvg] jf
k'gM pTkfbgsf nflu /f]lkg] e|'0fnfO{ aLp elgG5 .
aLplj?jf eg]sf] Ps bfgfz'Id af]6 xf] hf]
lglZrt tfks|d / cfb|tfdf pld|P/ x'ls{P/
la?jf af]6?v aGb5 .

qmdzM
aLp eg]sf] hLlat a:t' xf] h;n] cfkmgf]
a+zsf] u'0f cfkm' leq /fv]sf] xG5 . / cg's'n
jftfj/0df pld|P/ ;Gtfg pTkfbg ub{5 .
aLp eg]sf] clGtd pTkfbg xf] . hf] lhlat
a:t' ePsf]n] htg ;fy /flvG5 / dg'{ eGbf
klxn] k|of]u ul/G5 .

c;n aLpdf x'g' kg]{ u'0f s] s] x'g <

pdf/ zlSt *% () k|lt;t x'g' kg]{ .


hflto z'tf x'g kg]{ .
kf]l6nf] bfgf ePsf] .
:j:Yo aLp
lDf>0f gePsf] .
cfsf/ a/fa/ ePsf]

aLpsf] pdf/zlSt kl/If0f lsg <


aLpdf pdf/zlSt slt /x]5 eGg] kQf nufpg .
:j:Yo aLp kQf nufpg .
aLp v]/ ghfcf];\ eGgfsf nflunufgL v]/
ghfcf];\ eGgfsf nflu .
;do v]/ ghfj;\ eGgfsf nflu .
cfo cfh{g a9fpgfsf nflu .

aLpsf] pdf/zlSt kl/If0f ug]{ tl/sf

-s_ k|of]uzfnf -Nofa_ k/LIf0f


v_ s[ifs :t/df kl/If0f
aLpsf] pdf/ zlQm ljj/0fM
lgl/If0f ldlt

dfWod
tl/sf

pd]|sf]
;+Vof

pd|]/ d/]sf]
;+Vof

Gfpd|]sf] ;+Vof
Rffpl/Psf]

;8]sf]

pd|g afFls

ls/fn]
vfPsf]

aLpsf] pkrf/
!= aLpsf] pdf/zlQmdf x|f; cfpFb5M w]/} h;f] aLpaf6 ;g]{
/f]usf hLjf0f'x?n] aLp /f]lk ;s] kl5 aLp pd|g' eGbf klxnf
gi6 ug]{ jf aLp pd|LO{ ;s] kl5 km]b s'xfP/ gi6 ub{5
@= /f]u km}nfpgdf 7'nf] e"ldsf v]Nb5M aLpdf /f]usf hLjf0f'
w]/} ;do ;Dd hLljt /xg] x'Fbf Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf
aLpsf] dfWodaf6 /f]u km}lnO{ /fv]sf] x'G5 .
#= aLp rfpl/g] tyf /+u p8\g] x'Fbf aLpsf] u'0f:t/df x|f; cfpF5
.
$= /f]u u|:t aLpdf /f]usf sf/0fn] aLp leq ljiffn' kbfy{
pTkGg x'G5 h'g dfgj tyf kz'k+lIfsf] :jf:Yosf nflu
xflgsf/s x'G5 .

/f]u nfUg / /f]u km}ng cfaZos tLg s'/fx?M


!= /f]u pTkGg ug]{ hLjf0f'sf] pkl:ytL / To:tf
hLjf0f'x?sf] pkl:ytLdf af]6 tyf aLp
glhs k'Ug] dfWod
@= /f]usf] cfqmd0f ;xg g;Sg] afnLx?
#= /f]usf hLjf0f' km}ng] cg's'n jftfj/0f

afnL lj?jfdf /f]u ;fg]{ sf/0f


s_ aLpf/f
v_ df6f]f/f
u_ xfjf / sL/ff/f

afnLnfO{ /f]usf] k|sf]kaf6 arfpg] pkfox?


!= afnLsf] aLp ;+sng ubf{ hlxn] klg :j:y /
lg/f]uL v]t, af]6 tyf kmnaf6 dfq aLp ;+sng
ug'{ kb{5 .
@= :j:y / /f]u /lxt jftfj/0fdf aLp ;kmf ug]{,
;'sfpg] / yGSofpg] ug'{ kb{5
#= aLp 5g'{ eGbf klxn] aLpaf6 ;g]{ hLjf0f' gi6 ug{
aLpsf] pkrf/ ug]{

aLp pkrf/sf nflu Jofjxfl/s t/Lsfx? M


s= 3fdf/f aLp pkrf/

v_ tftf] kfgLf/f aLp pkrf/M


u= w'nf] /f;folgs ljifflbf/f aLp pkrf/

laifflbn] aLp pkrf/ ubf{ Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx?

aLp pkrf/ ubf{ gfs, d'v sk8fn] /fd|/L 5f]Kg' kb{5 .


;Lkmf/L; cg';f/sf] aLifflbsf] dfqf dfq k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .
aLp pkrf/ ubf{ ;s] ;Dd v'nf 7fpdf ug'{ kb{5 .
cfk'm a:g] u/]sf] sf]7fdf aLp pkrf/ ug'{ x'b}g .
pkrfl/t aLp dflg; tyf a:t'efpnfO{ v'jfpg' x'Fb}g .
sfd ;s]kl5 k|of]u ul/Psf ;a} ;fdfgx? ;fa'g kfgLn] ;kmf
u/L wf]P/ /fVg' kb{5 .

wfgsf] k'i6, kf]6Lnf] aLp 5fGg] t/Lsf


aLp u'0fsf] af]6, af]6 u'0fsf] kmn .
aLp u'0fsf] af]6, af]6 u'0fsf] kmn x'G5 .
a9L pTkfbg lngsf] nflu :j:y, k'i6, kf]6Lnf] aLpsf] k|of]u ug'{
k5{ .
aflx/af6 x]bf{ wfgsf] ;a} bfgfsf] cfsf/ k|foM Pp6} cfsf/sf]
b]lvG5 . t/ ltgLx? dWo] s'g}sf] leq bfgf x'b}gg\, s'g} bfgf k'/f
e/LPsf] x'b}gg\, s'g} bfgfx? rfp/LPsf x'G5g\, s'g} bfgfx? /f]uL
x'G5g\ eg] s'g} bfgfx?dfq k'i6 kf]l6nf, rlDsnf x'G5g\ .
;kmf kfgLdf wfgsf] aLp /fVbf s]jn kmf];|f bfgfx? / lgs} xNsf
bfgfx?dfq kfgLdf t}/LG5g\ / afFls bfgfx? kfgLdf 8'Ab5g\ .
wfgsf] k'i6, kf]6Lnf] aLp 5fGg] ;a} eGbf ;lhnf] t/Lsf g'g
kfgLf/f aLpsf] pkrf/ xf] .

jLp pTkfbg k|ljlw


jLp s] xf] <
jfg:klts lx;fjn] jLp Pp6f kl/kSj jLh c08 -Ovule_ xf] .
lj?jfsf] ;Gtfg pTkltsf] ;fwg xf] .
jLp Ps cfkm\gf] hftLo -j+zfg'ut_ cl:tTj sfod /fVg] tyf
cfkm\gf] hLjg ;+/If0f ug{] dfWod xf] .
u'0f:t/o'Qm jLp eGgfn] s'g} klg hftsf] jLpsf] a+zfg'ut hftLo
ljz'tf, ef}lts z'tf, pko'Qm lr:ofg, /f]u vKg jf ;xg ;Sg]
h:tf u'0fx?sf] ;fy} :j:y / /fd|f] pDf|g] Ifdtf cflb ePsf] x''g'
kb{5 . To;}n] jLp ljhgdf lgDgfg';f/sf] u'0fx? x'g' kb{5 .

hftLo z'tf (Genetic/varietal purity)


ef}lts z'tf (Physical purity )
jLpsf] hLljtkg / pdf/ zlQm -(Viability & Germination )
alnof]kg -(Vigour )
lr:ofg -(Moisture )
:j:y -(Seed Health )
tf}n -(Weight )
cfsf/ tyf k|sf/ -(Shape & size )
rdskg -(Lusture )

jLpsf :t/x?M
k|hgg\ jLp
d"n jLp
k~hLs[t jLp
k|dfl0ft jLp
k|dfl0ft jLpM
pGgt jLp

s_ k|dfl0ft k|yd k':tf


v_ k|dfl0ft ltLo k':tf

aLp afnL k|dfl0fs/0fsf] nflu aLp pTkfbsn]


Wofg lbg' kg]{ s'/fx?M
aLp pTkfbg ul/g] 7fpFsf] xfjfkfgL / pko'Qm hftx?sf]
5gf}6
ahf/sf] dfu / pkef]Qmfx?sf] ?lr cg';f/ pTkfbg tyf
ljt/0f Aoj:yf
aLp pTkfg ;DaGwL k|ljlwsf] 1fg
aLp pTkfbgsf nflu pko'Qm hUufsf] 5gf}6

k[ystf b"/L sfod /fVg ;lsg] vfnsf] hldg


df6f]af6 ;g]{ /f]u lgoGq0fsf nlu afnL rqm -Crop rotation_
ckgfpg] .
afnL ;'xfpbf] df6f] ePdf] hdLg
l;+rfO{ / dnsf] Joj:yf /fd|f] ePsf]
afnL cg';f/ k|sfz / tfkqmd pko'Qm x'g] 7fpF
9'jfgLsf nflu pko'Qm oftfoft Aoj:yf ePsf] 7fpF
3/af6 aLp pTkfbg ug]{ Kn6 / aLp a'emfpg] 7fpFsf] b"/L glhs ePsf]
aLpaf6 ;g]{ /f]u, df6f]af6 ;g]{ /f]u gePsf]
ahf/af6 glhs
b}aL k|sf]k sd x'g]
h+unL / 3/kfn'jf hgfj/af6 ;'/lIft 7fpFsf] l:y/tf
lgl/If0f / k|fljlws ;xof]u ;lhn};Fu k'ofpg ;lsg] 7fpF .

aLp pTkfbgsf] nflu pko'Qm s[ifssf] 5gf]6


aLp pTkfbs s[ifssf] ;s[otf /fd|f] ePsf]
aLp pTkfbs s[ifssf] cfly{s l:ylt pko'Qm
ePsf]
;fd'lxs ;DaGw /fd|f] ePsf] .

aLp afnL nufPkl5 k"j{ hfgsf/L kmf/fd


e/L ;DalGwt k|dfl0fs/0f lgsfodf clgjfo{
?kn] k7fpg]
hftLo z'4tfsf nflu a]hft lgisf;g
-Roughing_ ug]{ .
aLp k|dfl0fs/0fsf nflu v]t lgl/If0f

jLp pTkfbgsf nflu k|fljlws a+'bfx?M


d'n jLpsf] k|of]u
jLp pTkfbgsf nflu :jLs[t k|fKt / l;kmfl/; ul/Psf]
;|ft] af6 d'n jLp lnP/ k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . d'n jLp Go"lNso;
jf k|hgg\ jLpaf6 pTkfbg ul/Psf] x'g' kb{5 .
k[ystf b'/L sfod

afnL / aLpsf] :t/cg';f/ sfod ug'{ kg]{ k[ystf b'/L


s|=;+=

jfnL

d'n jLp -k[ystf b'/L pGgt jLp -k[ystf


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b'/L dL=_

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hdLgsf] k"jf{j:yf
x/]s jif{ Pp6} hdLgdf pxL hftsf] jLp pTkfbg ul/g' x'b}g . o;af6
gfef]gd]/f] la?jf pd|]/ jLpsf] u'0f:t/ ljufb{5 . To:t} u/L ToxL
jfnLsf] v]tL ul/Psf] hldgdf klg jLp afnL nufpg x'+b}g .
s[lif sfo{x?
7Ls ;ddodf afnL nufpg]
jLp /f]Kg] jf 5g]{ tl/sf
df6f]sf] pj{/fkg
l;kmfl/; dnsf] k|of]u
l;+rfO{sf] pko'[Qm ;do / dfqf /f]u / ls/fsf Joj:yfkg
emf/kft lgoGq0f

gldNbf af]6 x6fpg] (Roughing)

km/s jfnLsf] af]6


km/s hftsf] af]6
emf/kftsf] af]6
af]6sf] prfO{
kfSg] ;do -l56f], 9Lnf]_
/f]u sL/fn] IftL k'ofPsf] af]6
/+u,cfsf/ k|sf/df km/s -kft 8f+7 km"n afnf cflb_
jLp jfnL s6fO{, r'6fO{, ;kmfO{ / e08f/0f
jLp afnL ;dodf s6fgL r'6fgL / e08f/0f plrt ;dodf
ug'{ kb{5 . ;f] gePdf jLpsf] u'0f :t/df sdL cfp+b5 .

k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu Go"gtd :t/M


s|+=
;+=
!
@
#

ljj/0f

z'4 jLp -sDtLdf_


lgis[o kbfy{ -a9Ldf_
c?jfnLsf] jLp a9Ldf_
$ emf/kftsf] jLp ;+Vof
-Af9Ldf_
% pd|g] zlQm -sDtLdf_
^ lr:ofg-a9Ldf_

d'n jLp
wfg/ux"+
((
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@/!))
u|fd
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u|fd
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!# wfg
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k|dfl0ft jLp
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!# wfg !@
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6\ofusf k|sf/
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ljj/0f

6\ofusf] /

k|hgg aLp
d'n jLp
k|dfl0ft jLp -I)
k|dfl0ft jLp II_

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