Concrete Anchorage

By Jason Oakley, P.E.

New Anchorage
Design Requirements

Why Cracked Concrete?

Structural Requirements (2006 IBC)
Anchorage Design Provision (ACI 318 App. D)
Design Example
Software that helps
Evolution of anchorage
Code Reports

Why Cracked Concrete?

Stress Concentration

Studies Show

Anchors lose capacity when in a crack

Ex: a crack width of 0.4 mm, losses are
are
CIP=25%
expansion=40%

1.0

0.75

TC/TUCC 0.50

adhesives=50%

0.25

0.8
0.4
1.2
1.6
Crack Width (mm)

When & Where to Use

Cracked Concrete Anchors
Tension Zone
Zone

Any application where seismic

forces are considered

Regardless of location
(moderate/severe regions)

What makes an anchor work in CC?

Tri-segmented clip design

Grabs at least 2 sides of crack

Distributes loads more uniformly
redundancy

2 Teeth per segment

Creates ledges when installed

Provides secondary
secondary expansion as
crack cycles

The code has changed

New Codes have adopted new

design provisions
The new test standard addresses
anchor performance in cracked
concrete
07 CBC

06 IBC
ACI 318 - App. D

ACI 355.2

AC 193a mechanical/screw

AC 308 bonded

Structural Requirements (2006 IBC)

CIP / Post-installed Mech. Anchors

Per IBC 2006, Section 1911

Allowable Stress Design Approach

Applies to castcast-inin-place anchors only
Does not apply to postpost-installed anchors
Earthquake loads not permitted

CIP / Post-installed Mech. Anchors

Per IBC 2006, Section 1912

Strength Design Approach

Covers CIP and postpost-installed mechanical anchor
Appendix D referenced
Does not cover screw and bonded type anchors

STRUCTURAL

CIP / Post-installed Mech. Anchors

--STRUCTURAL--

Per 2006 IBC, Section 1908.1.16 Concrete

Appendix D modified for SDC C/D/E/F:
Anchor steel must have ductile failure mode or
Fixture must yield at anchor nominal strength or
Design strength = 2.5 x factored forces
non-ductile
overstrength factor

STRUCTURAL

Steel Failure

Steel Failure

Steel Failure

Fuse

Fuse

Plastic Hinge
Mp

Use over-strength factor

Mu x 2.5

Anchorage Design Provision (ACI 318 App. D)

Anchorage Design Provision (ACI 318 App. D)

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Anchorage Design Provision (ACI 318 App. D)

Appendix D
Strength Based Design Approach

Nn > Nu
Vn > Vu

Design Strength > Factored load

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ACI 318-05, Appendix D

Design equations check 6

different failure modes

Steel capacity
Tension and Shear
Concrete breakout capacity
Tension and Shear
Pullout/Pull-through capacity
Tension only
Concrete Pryout
Shear only.

ASD method used safety factors

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USD considers the spread of the data

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Concrete Breakout Strength (Tension)

Concrete Breakout Strength (Tension)

100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
0

10

12

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Concrete Breakout Strength (Tension)

What happens when we get close to an edge?

Concrete Breakout Strength (Tension)

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Concrete Breakout Strength (Tension)

Not considered suppl. Reinf.!!

Concrete Breakout Strength (Tension)

Suppl.
Reinf.

(CIP)
Only 7 to 20% increase in CBS!
(PI)

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Concrete Breakout Strength (Shear)

Concrete Breakout Strength (Shear)

Capacity doubles!

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Concrete Breakout Strength (Shear)

Must use rational engineering judgment:
100

100

100

(1) 5/8
5/8 x 55-1/8
1/8 emb. Shear = 6,800 lbs
(2) 5/8
5/8 x 55-1/8
1/8 emb. Shear = 7,025 lbs!!
Treat as one anchor if adjacent
anchor is greater than 3 x hef away

Concrete Breakout Strength (Shear)

Flaw of 05 ACI-318 App. D..
h,V (added in 08 ACI 318)

See: Shear Toward a Free Edge paper by Burdette

Code fix: h,V = [1.5 x ca1 / ha ]1/2

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Concrete Breakout Strength (Shear)

h,V makes a big difference......
ca1

No h,V ca1 = 160

Include h,V 37.5

Big difference?

Concrete Breakout Strength (Shear)

Btw, lightweight concrete factor is not correct..

Should be 0.6software uses

0.6, not 0.85

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Simple Design Example

Strong Bolt
(ESR(ESR-1771)

Example (STB)

(8d) 5
1 kip @ 45 deg.
hef = 4-1/2

5/8 Strong-Bolt
CC / SDC F / STRUCTURAL

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Example (Strong-Bolt)
TENSION
Steel

Ns = 1 x 0.167 x 125,000 = 21 kips

Concrete
0.5
1.5
Nb = 17 x (4,000) 4.5 = 10.3 kips [basic]
ed,N = 0.7 + 0.3 x 5 / (1.5 x 4.5) = 0.92 [edge]
c,N = 1.0 [cracked]
cp,N = 1.0 [does not apply to CC]
2
Anc = (5 + 1.5 x 4.5) x (2 x 1.5 x 4.5) = 159 in [edge]
2
2
ANno = 9 x 4.5 = 182 in [1 anchor; no edge]
Ncb = 159/182 x 10.3 x 0.92 x 1.0 x 1.0 = 8.3 kips
Pullout
0.7
Npn,cr = 5,200 x (4,000/2,500) = 7.2 kips

Example (Strong-Bolt)
TENSION
Steel

Ns = 0.75 x 21 kips = 16 kips [ductile steel]

Concrete
Ncb = 0.65 x 8.3 kips = 5.4 kips [no supplementary reinf.]
Pullout
Np = 0.65 x 7.2 kips = 4.7 kips
Pullout governs

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Anchor Categories
Example:
Anchor A: Reference Test = 10000#
Reliability Test = 8600#

w = 0.012
w = 0.020

8600#/10000# = 0.86

0.65
0.55
0.45

Example (Strong-Bolt)
SHEAR
Steel

Vsa = 9.7 kips

Concrete
Vb = 7(4.5/0.625)0.2(0.625)0.5(4,000)0.5(5)1.5 = 5.8 kips
ed,V = 1.0
c,V = 1.0 [cracked]
2
AVc = 2 x (1.5 x 5) x (1.5 x 5) = 113 in [edge]
2
2
AVco = 4.5 x 5 = 113 in
Vcb = 113 /113 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 5.8 = 5.8 kips
Pryout
Vcp = 2 x 8.3 = 16.6 kips

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Example (Strong-Bolt)
SHEAR
Steel

Vs = 0.65 x 9.7 kips = 6.3 kips [ductile steel]

Concrete
Vcb = 0.70 x 5.8 kips = 4.1 kips [no supplementary reinf.]
Pryout
Vp = 0.70 x 16.6 kips = 11.6 kips
Concrete governs

Example (Strong-Bolt)

0.75 x Ncb = 0.75 x 4.7 k = 3.5 kips

0.75 x Vcb = 0.75 x 4.1 k = 3.1 kips
NDOF
2.5 x 0.707 x Pmax 2.5 x 0.707 x Pmax
+
= 1.2
3.5
3.1
Pmax = 1.1 kips > 1 kip OK

Pmax

0.707Pmax

0.707Pmax

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Reality Check Time

CC/UCC = 0.65 to 0.8, call it 0.70
Seismic: 0.75 factor (code: SDC C, D, E or F)
Then you apply phi factor:

0.65 (cat. 1)
What is left?
0.7*0.75*0.65 = 0.34
If we assume 15% COV for CC tests N5%=0.49Navg_ult:
0.34/1.1*0.49 = 0.15*Navg_ult (S.F. = 6.6)
Oh, and if its not ductile, divide by 2.5! (S.F. = 16)

Ultimate Strength Design (USD)

4

Anchor Software

4
Nua

Tension
(lbf)

Shear
(lbf)

No Edge

3,000

1,900

4 single edge

3,000

900

4 double edge

3,000

550

Vuay
x 3-7/8 emb. STB

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Evolution of Anchorage

Bonded Anchors

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In the old days - ASD

****TENSION****
Dia.

Emb.

Edge

5/8

7-1/2
1/2

6,700 lbs 2,100 lbs

Bonded

TCA

5/8

5
4-1/2
1/2

1-3/4
3/4
2-1/2
1/2

3,300 lbs
3,700 lbs 1,400 lbs

Bonded anchor was dominant!

Bonded anchor evolution

(5/8 dia. x 5 emb. in 4 ksi NWC)
Old adhesive

New adhesive

TCA
(CC) **

ASD
TENSION

prev.
prev. ESR
(UCC)

LARR
(UCC)

New Code/ESR
(CC)**

Critical Edge

8.9 k @ 7.5
7.5

6.4 k @ 7.5
7.5

2.1 k @ 12.5
12.5

1.3 k @ 9
9

Min. Edge

4.3 k @ 1.75
1.75

3.1 k @ 11-7/8
7/8

750 lbs @ 33-1/8

1/8

1.3 k @ 5
5

50% loss

19-D or 1911.2

**2.5 NDOF included

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Double anchor example (AC 308)

Whats the ASD value for a dry,
structural connection in CC and SDC C
F for (2) ATR x 9 emb.?
ASD
= 0.65 x [(105 / 74) x 0.98 x 0.95 x 1.0 x
0.19] x 15,200 / 1.1 / 2.5
= 0.65 x 0.25 x 15,200 / 1.1 / 2.5
= 0.059 x 15,200
= 900 lbs

[bond strength governs]

Cracked Concrete

compared with single anchor (AC 58)

1.75

Take (1) ATR x 6 emb. @ 1-3/4

What do we get?
Live pull test = 10 to 12 kips (steel fails 90% of
the time witnessed by almost 1,000
eng./arch./plan checkers, contractors, etc.)
18,556 x 0.59 = 11 kips (coincidence?)
ASD (old) = 11 / 4 x 1.33 = 3,650 lbs
3650 lbs vs. 900 lbs.
@ the edge
@ 3 less emb.

Cracked Concrete

@ the anchors

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Shear walls (ASD / 2006 I.B.C.)

4
5/8 dia.

Wood
b

CIP
Max Tension

8 emb

SETSET-XP

41.5

8 emb

IXP
6-5/8
5/8 emb

**ductile

Tension

3-3/4
3/4
12
12

8
12
12

2.7 k
8.9k

1-3/4
3/4
10
10

8
10
10

1.2k
2.7k

6-5/8
5/8
10
10

8
10
10

1.7k
2.5k

**

Shear walls (ASD / 2006 I.B.C.)

4
5/8 dia.

Wood
b

CIP
Max Tension

8 emb

SETSET-XP

41.5
**ductile

8 emb

IXP
6-5/8
5/8 emb

shear

3-3/4
3/4
12
12

8
12
12

290 plf
960 plf

1-3/4
3/4
10
10

8
10
10

130 plf
295 plf

6-5/8
5/8
10
10

8
10
10

190 plf
280 plf

**

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Shear walls (ASD / 2006 I.B.C.)

Titen HD
2,500 psi NWC / CC / USD

1-3/4

567 plf
(140 lbs/bolt!)

THD x 3-1/4 emb.

5
3 typ.

Wood allowable = 1,040 lbs / bolt

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2006 IBC Compliant Code Reports

Current

ESR 1771 (Strong(Strong-Bolt)

Concrete / LWCMD

ESR 2138 (pins)

Concrete / Steel / CMU /

LWCMD

Pending

SET XP

Concrete

Titen HD

Concrete

Torque Cut

ESR 1772 (SET)

Concrete

CMU / URM

ESR 1056 (Titen HD)

CMU

ESR 1396 (Wedge(Wedge-All)

CMU

Questions

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