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    Sử Dụng Các Bài Tập PH Trong Cân Bằng Axít - Ba Zơ Bồi Dưỡng Học Sinh Khá Giỏi - Tài Liệu, eBook, Giáo Trình

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    ADAT VAN DE 1. Loi Mé Diu: Hau hét e4e phan img hos hoe dién ra trong dung dich va moi trudng 6 anh hudng rat nhigu t6i kha nang tham gia phan ting cla cfc chat. Loai bai tap tinh pH luén 1a edn thiét trong vige xée dinh dinh luong tinh axit, bazo cia dung dich. Day 1a dang bai tap kh6, da dang va hoc sinh thuding lding tng khi gap chting. Trong céc dé thi dai hgc cao dang, dé thi hgc sinh gidi_nhimg nam gn day, eée bai tap tinh pH thudng xuyén xudt hign, dic bigt 1a dé thi hoc sinh gidi mon hod hge trong 2 nam 2008-2009,2009-2010 luon xuat hign céc bai tap vé pH. ji ton bing méy tinh casio Chinh vi vay dang bai tap nay cén duge dua thanh mgt chuyén dé on luyén quan trong béi dudng cho hye sinh khé gidi. Gido vin béi dudng hoe sinh cin phai c6 mot hé thong cée kién thie co ban vé phan pH, suu tap céc dang bai tap phong phti phit hop véi kién thife phé thong Toi chon dé tai ‘Sit dung cée bai tap pH trong can bing axit- baze béi dung hoe sinh kha gidi’ dé nghién ctu nhiim mue dich lam co sé cho ban than trong giing day hge sinh va nang cao chat hge tap trong thdi gian t6i. Il. Thuc trang: Mic di da xuat hign nhiéu trong cc dé thi tuy nhién khi gap céc bai tap vé pH thi hoe sinh thudng king ting khong dinh hinh duge céch giai. Hoe sinh khong phan loai cée bai tap thude dang nao va phai ap dung nhiing kién thitc va dinh luat nao dé gidi quyét van dé, ngoai ra vige ty nghién eitu ti ligu va suy luanj cia hg sinh dang con han ché hge sinh. Nhimg t6n tai va han ché tren cia hge sinh 1a do sy tigp can cée van dé vé pH trong dung dich cée chat dign ly chua ving va chua hgp If khong biét cde dang bai tap minh dang xit ly thuge dang ndo. Vi vay hge sinh thuding khong biét phai 4p dung nhiing kign thite nao dé van dung. Tir nhiing van dé néu tren dé cong thc gidng day dat higu qua cao dap ting xu hung déi méi cita gido duc trong thdi dai dé méi. Toi manh dan déi méi phuong phép gidng day hoc sinh khé gidi vé céc bai tap pH “ Sit dung céc bai tap pH trong can bang axit- ba zo béi dung hge sinh khé gidi” B. GIAI QUYET VAN DE: 1. Céc gidi php thue hien : Toi yeu cau hoe sinh nam vimg kién thite vé dung dich chat dign ly nhu chat dign ly, su dign ly, phuong trinh dign ly, hang s6 axit-ba zo ,tich s6 ion ciia nude... Sau dé hoe sinh nim cong thite tinh PH, e4e dinh luat 4p dung tinh pH ( dinh luat bao toan néng dg ban dau, dinh luat bao toan dign tich, dinh lugt bao toan proton. Céc dang bai tap vé pl trong ean bang axit nhu sau. Phin 1: pH va ede dinh luat tinh pH Phin 2: Cc dang bai tap thutng gap. Dang 1: Axit manh, Dang 2: Ba zo manh. Dang 3: Don a xit yéu, Dang 4: Don ba zo yéu. Dang 5:Hén hop cde axit va don ba zo. i : pH va céc dinh luat 4p dung tink pH LL.1: pH Cong thie tinh: pH = ig (HY) (H") chi s6 hoat 49 ciia ion hidro Trong dung dich loang pH = -Ig(H'] Tircan bing .H,0 0 HY +HO™ Kw= 10" => pH + pOH = 14 1.1.2. Cac dinh luat 4p dung tinh pH 1.1.2.1, Dinh luat bio ton néng do: Néng do ban dau cia 1 cau tit bing téng néng 9 can bang cita c&e dang t6n tai cla edu tircé mat trong dung dich. 1.1.2.2. Dinh lugt bio toan dign tich: Dya tren nguyén tic dung dich ¢6 tinh trung hoa dién. Téng dién tich am cia cc anion phai bang téng dién tich duong cia cdc cation. 1.1.2.3. Dinh luat t4c dung khéi lugng: aA+bBO oC+dD [c} [oy Ta a day xét hoat do cc ion bang 1 “* Gp 1.1.2.4. Dinh Iuat bao toan proton (diéu kign proton): Néu ta chon mot trang thdi nao cia dd lam chudn (mie khong) thi téng néng do proton ma céc cau tit & mie khong gidi phéng ra bang téng néng do proton ma cée cau tir thu vao dé dat dén trang thai can bang VD: Dung dich CH,COONa C,mol/ va NaOH, mol/L NaOH — Na’ + OIL Q CH, COONa > CH,COO" + Na* Mite khong: CH,COO(C,), H,O HO) H*+OH K, CH,COO' +H b CH,COOH Ka" [i] = (OH) - C,) - [CH,COO] 1,2. CAC DANG BAI TAP : 1.2.1, AXIT MANH: Axit manh (Kf higu HY) nhumg hoan toan proton cho nuée. HY +H,0 > H,0'+Y 1). trong dung dich [HY] ~ 0 va [¥] = Cyy. Cc axit manh thudng gap la: HCl; HBr, HI; HSCN; HCIO,; HBrO,; HNO, (nde 1); HCIO,, HMnO,, v.v... Can bing (I-1) thutmg duge vigt & dang don gin: HY > H'+¥ 2) Trong dung dich nuée ngo&i qué trinh (1-2) cdn c6 qué tinh phan li cia nuée. HO H’ +OH (13) Nhu vay c6 2 qué trinh cho proton va phuong trinh ddk proton c6 dang: [H'] = [OH] +[Y] 4) hoae: [1] = [OH] + Cyy 5) ang (1-3) sang tréi Sut e6 mat ciia ion H* do HY phan li ra Lam chuyén dich can bs va [OH] < 10”. Vi vay, trong trudng hgp Cj, >> 10” thi ¢6 thé coi. [H] = Cyy 6) nghia la, trong dung dich sy phan li cia HY 1a chiém uu thé cdn sy phan li cia H,O xy ra khong déng ké. 1.2.1.1. Tinh pH, pOH va [H~] , [OH~] .ciia dung dich HCI 1,0.10°M. HCl oH + Cr 1,0.10° HO 0 H'+OH Cue >> 107 vay [H*] = Cycy= 1,0. 10° pH = -lg (1.10%) = 3,0, pOH = 14,0 - 3,0 = 11,0 > [OH] = 1,0. 10M. 1.2.1.2: Tron 200ml dung dich HCI ¢6 pH = 2,0 véi 300ml HNO, cé pH = pH cia dung dich thu duge. Dung dich g6c:— Cyyqq = 107 = 1,0. 107; Cynwo, = 10 = 1,0. 10° Vo icy= 200ml; Venn, = 300ml. 2 Sau khi tron: Cue =O 28 = 4.0.10 500 1.10°°.300 Cc = 1N0; = S59 0.10°* Hcl >H*t+Cl HNO, > H' + NO, H,O 0 H’-OH Béi vi Cua, Cizyo, >> 10” nen 6 thé khong can ké dén su phan li cua muéc. dk proton: [H"] =[Cl]+ NO, =Cyq + Cyyo, = 4.10" +6.10* = 4,6 10°. pH = -lg(4,6.10° ) = 2,33. Chit ¥-Trong trudng hop Cyy ~ 107 thi phai ké dén su phan li cia nuée va phép tinh duge thyc hign don gian theo can bing phan li ca H,O. 1.2.1.3: Nhé 1 giot HCI 3,4 .10° M vao 300,00 ml nude. Tinh pH cita dung dich, biét thé tich eita 1 giot 18 0,03ml. 3,4.10°7.0,03 7 7 Cues = Shy gg 73410. Vi Cyq khong 1én hon nhigu so véi 107 nén can phai ké dén su phan li cia H,0. HCI H*+Ct 34.107 H,Oo Ht + OH Ky =10 c 34.107 o 4.107 +x) x. Theo dinh luat tac dung khéi luong tacé: x (3,4.107+x) =1,0.10'* x°43,4.107x-1,0.10% =0. 2,72.10°% va [OH] 72. 10%. [H*] = 10°{/2,72. 10° =3,67.107 => pH=6,43. 1.2.2. BAZO MANH. Che baz manh thutng gap: LiOH; NaOH; KOH; RbOH; CsOH; FrOH; Ca(OH),; Sr(OH),; Ba(OH), (nde 1). Trong dung dich bazo manh XOH cé c4c qué trinh: - Can bang ion hoé cita nuée. > x H,O 0 H'+OH ay - Can bang thau proton cita XOH: XOH +H’ > X*+H,0 (8). XOH + H,0 — X* (H,0) +OH (1-9). Mot céch don gidn ¢6 thé viét cc qué trinh xay ra trong dung dich bazo manh: XOH — X* + OH (£10). H,O 0 H*+OH (E11). Digu kign proton: [H'] =[OH]- C,.=[OH]-Cyon (+12). hoge [OH] = fH" + Cyon 13). G day do su c6 mat cia OH gidi phéng ra tir (I-10) ma can bing phan li cia nutée (I-11) chuyén dich sang tréi va [1H"] << 107. Vi vay, n€u Cyoy >> 10” thi, [OH] = Cyon nghia li néng do OH trong dung dich bang néng 9 cia bazo manh. 1.2.2.1:Tinh [H1'], (OH, pH ciia dung dich NaOH 1,0. 10°M NaOH — Na’ + OH 1104 H,0 H+ 0H Cyuon >> 107 nen: [OH ] = Cyou = 10.10% [H'] = K,/ [OH ] = 10/1,0. 10% H=-1g 1,0. 10" = 10,0. Trong trudng hop Cyou =107 thi phai ké dén su phan li cla HO nhu déi voi trudng hyp axit manh. 1.2.2.2:Tinh [H"], [OH], pH cia dung dich thu duge khi them 20,10ml dung dich NaOH 1,00 .10°M vao 80,00ml dung dich HCI 2,50. 10M. Sau khi tron: 1,00.10°*.20,10 Cao = 0 2,008.10°4 M _ 2,50.107.80,00 ct = 998.104 M 100,10 Phanimg HCL + NaOH > NaCl+H,0 1,998. 104 2,008.10 1,01.10% Thanh phan gidi han: NaOH 1,00.10° , H,0. Cée qué trinh: NaOH Na‘+ OH 1,00.10° HO H + OH Ky = 10" c 1.10% 0 x 1.10% +x Theo dinh luat te dung Khoi lung: =x (1.10% +x) = 10" = x=9,90. 10°, = [H‘]=9,90.10° M; [OH] = 1,01 . 10°M; pH = 8,00. 1.2.3.DON AXIT YEU. Cée axit yéu phan ly mot phan va dung dich c6 phan ting axit, DO manh cia cée axit duge dac tring bing hang s6 phan li axit K, hoae chi sO hang s6 phan li pK, = -IgK,. Di nhién K, cdng lén hay pK, cang bé thi axit cing manh, Cée axit yEu c6 thé tén tai & dang phan tit, cation, hoc anion. Vi du: Phan ti: ~=HCN HY +CN K,=10°"; pK, = 9,35. cation: NH; H'+NH, K,=10°"; pK, =9,24. anion: HSO, © H+ SO} K,=10"; pK, = 1,99. Trong tung hgp tng quét trong dung dich axit HA c6 c4c qua trinh sau: H,O H’ - OH Ky 15), HA H+A K, (E16). Theo dinh luat td khéi hrgng 4p dung ta c6: HA ey @oiff=1 17). hay (H"] [A] =K, [HA] 18). Tich s6 ion cia hai qué trink, [H'] [OH 1=Ky 19). [H"] [A] = K [HA] = K,Cuy 6-20). Néu Ky << K,Cy, thi su phan li cita nude xdy ra khong dang ké va c6 thé tinh thanh phan can bang theo (I-16): HA Ht +A K, c c 1 Cex x x x oon 21). Giai phuong tinh cho phép danh gif x tite 18 [H"], [A]. 1.2.3.1: Danh gid pH cia dung dich HCOOH 0,10M. H,O H' + OH Ky = 1,0. 10 (). HCOOH 0 Ht+HCOO” K,=1,78.10* 2). K,C = 1,78 .10° >> Ky,, vay can bang (2) 1 chit yéu: HCOOH = H’ + HCO0O K, = 1,78. 10°. Cc 0,10 1 0,10-x x x 2 *__ =1,78.10~* 010—x Gia sittx << 0,10 + x= 4,22. 10° << 0,10 thoa man, Vay [H']=4,22. 10°; pH = 2,37 1.2.3.2: Dénh gid néng do cia dung dich CH,COOH phai ¢6 trong dung dich sao cho CH,COOH == CH,COO-+H* K= 10", c c N= c-10° 10° 10°. Theo dinh luat tac dung khéi lung LATYCH,COO™] _ 10*Y _ 19-476 [CH,COOH] — C-10% 10° 3 ygrhas -2 [pare THO +10" = 5.85.10 => C=10°+ Trong trudng hyp Ky ~ K,C thi phai ké dén can bang phan li chia nuée. Vige tinh gan ding duge thy hign theo phuong trinh dk proton. 1.2.3.3: Tinh gan diing pH cita dung dich NH,Cl 1,0. 10¢ M. NH,Cl —> nH; +Cl NH} = NU, +H" K, = 104, H,O = H'+0H Ky =10" 6 day K,C = 10%. 10° = 10° = K,, do dé khong thé bé qua su phan li cha nue. méc khong NH}, H,0. DKP: [H*] =[OH] + [NH]. Ky, x [NH] (H']= + K, [1] [1] => [H1=\K,+K,[NHj] Coi NH} = Cy,,. = 1.10% ta c6 gid tri gan diing cita [H"]: [Hy] = v104 +10 =2,6.10°7 vapH = 6,58. Néu khong tinh su phan li céa HO thi (H1']= /K,C =10°° va pH = 6,62 1.2.4.DON BAZO YEU. Mot phin céc bazo yéu phu thudc vao hing s6 bazo K, hoae chi s6 hang sé -leK, Hang s6 K, duge t6 hgp tir hang s6 phan li cita nuée va hang sO phan li cia bazo pK, axit tuong ting. D6i voi bazo A> H,0 = WH+OH ky = HA K, A+H,0 = HA+O0H K, (1-22). Titt6 hop cée phan ting tren ta c6: K, = KwK, (223). va pK, = pKy - pK, (1-24) Nhu vay khi axit HA cing manh (K, 1én) thi bazo tong ting cing yéu (K, bé) va nguge lai Phin img (I-22), dic trmg cho phan mg cia cée bazo, phan anh qué trinh nhan proton cita nuéc trong cae dung dich bazo yéu. Dé giai thich tinh bazo cua A theo thuyét Aréniut phuong trinh (I-22) duge goi la phan ting thuy phan cia A. Nhu vay trong bat ki dung dich bazo nao cling déu ¢6 hai qué tinh: - Phan li cia H,O = W+OH Ky -Thuprotociiabazs A +H,0 = HA+OH K, Trong trudng hgp tich sO ion Ky, cia née rat bé so véi tich sO ion cia bazo (HA] [OH] =K,[A]=K,C,.: Ky <> Ky. Diéu kign (I - 25) ho’n to’n thod man, Ta cé thé tinh can bang theo (1) CN+H,O = HCN +OH K,=10**. Cc 0,010 1 0,010-x x x Ta 06: rigay “IO = 4.73.10" Vay: [OH] 4,73.10* => pOH = 3,32; pH = 10,68. Trong trudng hop diéu kign (1-25) khong thod man, nghia la KW = K,C,_ thi phai tinh dén can bang phan li cua nuéc. Phép tinh gan diing duge thye hign dé dang dua trén phuong trinh dk proton. 1.2.4.2: Tinh pH ciia dung dich Na,SO, 0,010M. Na,SO, — 2Na* + SO}~ HO H'+OH =10% (1). 10 SO} +H,O = HSO, +OH K,= 10/10", K,C=10'"', 10? = ky, khong thé bo can bang (1). dk proton véi mie khong , SO{”;H,0. HO = H'-OH Ky. SO} +H* = HSO; K;' (H'] = [OH] - [HS0,] (H"] = Ky/{H"] - K,'S0;"] [H") Suy ra (H}= /——* \1+Kz"18077] Tinh gan dting voi [ SO? ] = 107 [ar]- — 110" 14107 /10 = pH=7,15. 1.2.5,HON HOP CAC AXIT VA DON BAZO. 1.2.5.1 Hén hgp axit manh va axit yeu: Trong dung dich axit manh HY néng do C, mol/l va axit yeu HA néng do C, mol/l c6 ce qué trinh sau Phan li cia axit manh HY: HY—> H*+Y (I- 27). Ton hod cia nu HO H'+OH™ Ky (1-28). Phan li ciia axit yeu HA: HA 0 H+A K, (29) G day Cu = Ci Cy CG Trong da s6 truimg hop, do su o6 mat cia cde axit HY va HA nén su phan li cilia nude xy ra khong dang ké. Ta c6 thé tinh néng do ion H* dya vao can bang (I- 29) c6 ké dén sy c6 mat cia ion H’ do HY phan li ra (1-24): HA = Wt A K, c Gg c 0 G-x C+xx MOtY_ (£30) Cox ul Néu hing sé phan li Ky, tong d6i bé va C, va C, khong qué nhé thi 6 thé coi x< H+ cl CH,COOH H’ + CH,COO K,= 104% Cyr = 0,0200M; Vue = 20,00ml. 015.30 Coe =0,150M; Cycx,coon == = 0,0900 ‘oc ,COOH cH,C00H = 55, 49 CH,COOH t Ht + CH,COO” Ka=1,74. 10° c 0,0900 0,00800 U) 0,09-x 0008+x x x(0,008+ x) 74.1078 0,09 V6i x << 0,008 ta nit ra phuong trinh gan déing: 0,09 x = 1,74.10° =1,95.10°4 Gié tri nay khong nhé hon nhiéu so véi 0,008 Néu coi x << 0,09 thi: x? + 8.10? x - 1,566. 10% =0. tinh duge 912.104. Hai két qua nay déu phi hgp. Vay x = [CH,COO"] = 1,91 [H*] = 0,008 +x = 8,19. 10°M = pH =2,09. x 10% 1.2.5,2.116n hgp bazo manh va bazo yéu: Trong dung dich c6 qué tinh phan li hodn toan ciia bazo manh (KOH) can bang phan li cia nuée, qué trinh proton hod cia bazo yéu (A>) XOH > X*+OH (0-32). 12 H,O = W-on 33). A+HO = HA-OH (34). C6 thé coi qué trinh phan li cia nude xdy ra khong dang ké do sy c6 mat cia néng do OH sinh ra tiv hai qué trinh (I- 32) va (1-34) Ta c6 thé dénh gid néng do OH” dua vao can bang (I-34) c6 thé tinh dén sur c6 mat cila néng dd OH do XOH phan li ra, voi C,,,. =Cyon=C, va Cy = Cy A+HO = HA+0H Kae cg Gq ) G,-x x C+x MOHD Cx Véi x << Cy; x << C, ta 06 gid tri gin ding: x=k,.& (135). Gq 12.5.2.1: Tinh pH trong dung dich g6m NaOH 1,0. 10°M va NaNO, 0,10M. NaNO, > Na‘ + NO; NaOH — Na* + OH HO = H'-OH 10", 18 NO;+H,O 0 HNO, +OH * i = 197107! 2 10% Coy-= Coon = 10. 104; Cyy. = Cyayo, = 9510 NO; +H,0 HNO,+OH Ky 249°" a) Cc 0,10 1,0. 10¢ 1 0,10-x x 10.10% +x x(1,0.107 +x) = 10771 0,10—x Vai x << 1,0. 10* ta duge: 13 0,10 1,0.10~* Vay x = [HNO,] = 1077" = 1,95. 10%. [OH] =x +1,0.10*=107"+1,0.10*=1,0. 10%. x= 1007 = 10717 ce 19-4 10% 1,0.10°7 [Ht] = 0.107" = pH=100. G day sy proton hod cia NO; xay ra Khong ding ké do hang s6 bazo K, 1a qué bé va do sy c6 mat cia lugng OH phan li ra ti NaOH 1m chuyén dich can bang (1) sang tri. D6i véi dung dich cua mét axit nhat dinh thi o 14 ham cua pH. Khi pH tang thi Gy gidm dan, nguge lai @,. tang dan (pH cang tang, HA phan li cang nhiéu). 1.2.5.3. Hon hop céc don axit. Trong dung dich céc don axit HA,, HA,, HA, ¢6 cdc can bang: HO = H’-OH kK, (49) HA, == Ht- 4 Ky (1-50) HA, “= Ht- A; Ky a5) HA, = HW 4; Ky (1-52) Trong tridng hop KyiCyy4, >> KazCya, > KaxCna, >> Kythi 6 thé tinh néng d9 ion hidro theo can bang (I-50) nhu d6i v6i dung dich chita mot don axit. Trong trudng hgp khi K,,C, = K,,C, ~ K,,C, thi biéu thite ddk proton 4p dung cho hé sé [H']=(0H]+[4,]+[4,14+0451] (E53). Sau khi t6 hop can thiét véi cha ¥ 1a [H*] >> [OH ] ta c6: KWAK TK] as Dé tinh gan dving c6 thé chap nhan [HA] = Cyzq, = Cys [HAS] ~ Cyyy, = Cy tH] 125. : Tinh pH cia dung dich CH,COOH C, = 0,010M va NH,CI_C, = 0,100M. NH,Cl > NH} +CI- 14 HO = 4H +0H Ky=10" (1) CH,COOH == 1H’ +CH,COO K,= 104" (2) NH; = -H'+NH, K,= 10°) Boi vi K,,C, (10°) >> K,,C,(10") > Ky nén ¢6 thé tinh [H"] theo (2): CH,COOH = CH,COO"+Ht 1045, Cc 0,010 11 0,010-x x x — 5104 = x 107 = 4,17. 10M 0,010 [A] = 4,17. 10% Tir can bang (3): [NH] = 10° Vay su phan li cia N/71a khong dang ké so véi axit axetic 1.2.5,3.2: Tinh pH trong dung dich CH,COOH C, = 0,0100M va CH,CH,COOH C, = 0,0500M. HO = H'-on K=10" CH,COOH = H'+CH,CoO K,= 104% (2) CH,CH,COOH == H*+CH,CH,COOH K,,=10°% (3) K,,C,(10°") = K,,C, (5.10% = 10°"), dk pron: [H*] = [CH,COO] + [CH,CH,COO] 4 Suy ra: [H'] = /K,[CH,COOH]+K,,[CH,CH,COOH] (5), va [H"] = (KC, + KC) = 1,73.1077 + 6,44.1 9,04.10-* pH = 3,04. 19-3 * Kidm tra: [CH,COOH] = 0,01 =9,81.107 10>" a10 8% 3.04 = 493.1072 [CH,CH,COOH] = 0,0500 . 9 5 = 4,93.10 -10°°.9,81.10°* +1,29.10-*.4,93.10-* =8,98.10* Tinh lap lai: [H*], = pH = 3.05. |: Hén hgp cae don bazo 12.5. Vige tinh can bang déi véi hén hop cdc don bazo ciing tuong ty nh hén hop cde don axit, Trong dung dich NaA, C\M; NaA, C.M NaA, > Na’ + 4; H*- OW K, (56). A, +H,0 — HA,+OH Ky (657). 4, +H,0 = HA,+OH K,, (E58). Néu K,,C, >> K,,C,>> Ky thi phép tinh durge thyc hign theo can bing (I-57) Néu K,,C, = K,,C, >> Kw thi phai tinh theo phuong trinh DKP: [H"] = [OH] - [HA,] - [HA,] (59). va (1-60) véi gid tri tinh gin ding: 1.2.5.4.1: Tinh pH cia dung dich NH, C, = 0,100M va natri axetat NaAx C, = 0,100M, NaAx > Na’ + Ax H,O = H'+0H K=10"% (1) NH, + H,0 = H'+0H K,= 104") Ax +H,0 == HAx + OH Ky. =10° (3) K,,C, >> KC, >> Ky. Tir (2) ta tinh duge: {OH ] = 107**= 1,32. 10°M (1 58. 10° M, pH = 11,12. 1.2.5.4.2: Tinh pH clia dung dich KCN C, = 0,100M (pK,, = 9,35) va NH, C, = 0,100M (pK,, = 9,24) KCN > K*+CN CN +H,0 == HCN+0H K,=104* 1) NH, + H,0 <= Nit, +0 K,, = 104 2) H,O = Ht+OH Ky=10" — @) 16 KC, >> K,C, >> Ky, Ap dung (II - 72) 104 ny=,——_1e BI Vo 10107 pH = 11,26, 5,01.10? M 1928 9 = = 0,100M * Vige kiém tra cho thay: [CN] = 0,100 . ————___ 5,01.10°? +10 1094 [NH,] = 0,100 . —— ,——__ = 0,100M * 501.107 +10 °°" Vay cach gidi gin diing theo DKP cé thé chap nhan duoc. 1.2.5.5: Hén hop cée axit yéu va bazo lién hop Xét dung dich chia axft HA (Cy, = C,) va bazo lign hop NaA (Cy, = C,). Trong dung dich ce qua trinh: NaA > Na*+A c, HO = H+0H K, (1-62) HA H+A = kK, (1-63) CG G hoa =A +H,0 = HA+0H K, (1-64) (H']= K, (WA) Ga (1-65). A CG, Trong truing hop K, € >> 1077 thi can bang (1-63) chiém wu thé 6 thé 6 . C, dia vo n6 a dé gi phn cn bing, Tong tng hep K, 2 >> 10 7 thi c6 thé dua » vao (1-64) dé dénh gid thanh phan can bing 1.2.5. ‘inh pH trong hén hop HCOOH 1,00.107M va HCOONa 1,00.10°M. HCOONa + Na’ +HCOO C, = 1,00.10° HCOO. H’+HCOO” K,= 10°" ad) 7 C.= 1,00.107 2 ; 295107 19-278 55.197 CG, 10 Ti (1) HCOOH H’ +HCOO K, C 1,00.10? 1,00.10° 1 d0?-x) x (10°+x) s sao" +3) _yop375 107 —x x? + (10° + 10°")x - 10° =0 x2 +1,178.10°x - 1,78.10%=0 H’] = 8,69.104, pH = 3,06 Néu tinh theo (11-76) thi pH = 2,75. 1.2.5.2: Tinh pH cita hén hgp HCN 1,00.10° va KCN 0,100M. KCN > K*+CN C, = 0,100M. C, = 1,00.10° HCN <= H‘+CN K,= 10° C,=1.10°M K, G2 2195 OE 10 ce 107 “GC, 10! Can bing chit yéu sé 1a CN +H,0 = HCN+oH K,= 10" Cc 0,100 10° 1 @s-x) (10° +x) x (10 4,65 (O1=x) x? + (10° +10*)x - 1 x? + 1,022.10" - 2,24.10 =0 [OH] = x = 1,07.10°; [H'] = 9,35.10°" pH = 11,03 Tinh theo (1-65) thi pH = 11,35. 18 Trong truimg hop téng quat c6 thé tinh gin diing theo phuong trinh DKP Ap dung cho HA (C,), A(G). [H’] = [OH] + [A] - Cy. h Két qua tinh theo phuong trinh gin ding. bY + C,h-(K, +K,C,) =0 (1-66) Sé cho ta [H*] = h. Tir (1-66) ta thay K, << K,C; h<

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