Chueng UT MOT SO VAN DE VE DONG LUC HOC QUA TRINH KET TINH VA XU LY BE MAT Qua Ink hoa fan, ket unk tir du e dich 1a gud tinh dung rang ci trong cong nghe how vo co, dac biét 18 ong cong nghé mudi khoang. © day néu mot s6 nguyen |¥ co bin din) nutic qua tinh nay - Khong ban den phan hod hoc dan dén Ket tua. két inh; cho yéu ban den dung dich mudi - 1. VAN DE ANH HUGNG CUA NHIET BO TO! DO HOA TAN Neuen ta goi hé sé nluet do chi ndng J Chat tan thay doi theo ahret dé dC/dt. dé 1B théng 50 evr bin dé xaie dinh phuong phiip kee tinh C6 nhdag mudi KMnO,. KAWSO.1.12H3O00 he so nay tat lon KCI. NaCl hé so ay rit nh ai 6 CaCrO, hé 50 am Ova vio diév kién can ba whuc x cin long 66 the tinh do hoa tan theo cong . Gh trong dor X - dO hoa tan cus mudi khodng, mol chat tan/mol dung dich, AH - bide thin entanpi wong qui tinh chuyén pha: R - hing s6 the Khi: T, -nluet do néng chay cia tinh the. "K: Ts - nhiét do lian vide. "K Phan [én qui trinh ho’ tan thu nhiét nen SH > 0 , vi way do boa tan ty Ig thuan véi nhiet do, hoae tinh theo cong this InN 4 -b (3-2) hode do how tsa tinh hang lugng chit tan tong don vi the tich chat tautC=A+ Bet Cr A B.C. a. b- ohimng hang so co thé tra cttu trong cdc 56 tay vé cin bang rin long: (- nhiet do. "C 2. ANH HUGNG CUA KICH THUGC TINH THE TOI 60 HOA TAN Trén co 9G gia thet nh thé hat hinh civ, tinh theo cong thie cua Ostwald. = G3) RTp G aby vay Khir; 00; Int 2 c C,. C, - do hoa tan cua bat dudng kinh ry: C) - ndéng do can bang img véi hat tén nhat r, G- nang luony ne do be mat ran - long; p - khdi lvong méng nah thé. Vai mudi dién ly, Dudon vi Mack gid thigu cong thite: 2.M. = ea +aal (ay RT pr cdo dige Ty ciia chat tan trong dung mor: +30 canon, anion hinh thimh sau khi dign ly J mol chat tan: © - do tan tigu chuan : Wang JIB Cor hinh chi quan he nong te va kich thudée hat (hind 1). Dung dich o trang thir can bang rin - long goi 1a dung dich bio hoa, nong dé chat tan vugt qué, gd try dy 14 dung dich qua bao hoa oO nhiet d6 Hinh 2 cho dinh nghia quan hé néng do va nhigt do AB La dung cong do hod tan tigu chuan een Kich thude hat 14Dudng cong qua bao hoa CD. Néng do 16 qué bao hoa cé thé tinh theo: = (3-5) ac=c-C™ (3-6) hay AT=T -T trong dé: T” - nhigt do qué bao hoa va T - nhiet do qué lant: Kich thuée hat AC= < AT (3-7) vues Vé mat nhigi dong, dung dich qua bio hoa la trang thai khong én dinh, Ostwald phan hai rung hop qua bao hoa. Trudng hop goi 1a “Trang thai bao hoa khong én dinh” qua bio hi tinh thé va chi trang thai .c6 thé ty chuyén sang trang thai két tinh ma khong can mém. “trang thai qué bio hoa gid on dink”, khong thé ty hink thank tinh thé néu khong dua mam vio, Mite dd qué bio hoa trong mién ABCD khéng déng hat, c6 thé coi nh cé mot duding CD nao d6 xc dinh pham vi qua bio hoa. vi ui cia CD thay déi tuy theo tinh chat tan, dung moi va nhigt do. Nhu vay hinh thanh 3 mién, mién dudi AB: mién dn dinh, mién gidta ABCD gia 6n dinh va mién trén CD mién khong 6n din. O mén 6n dinh, dung dich khong bao hoa, khong két tinh. GO mién gid dn dinh, dung dich qua bao hoa. c6 kha nang lap tue két tinh, hoac phai chés mot khodng thsi gian dai moi tach tinb thé, hoge dua mam vao ket tinh, do rong cia mién bing AC = C - C, C” néng do can bing. 6 mién khong 6n dinh, hinh thanh két tinh,-mién can bang long - ran. Trong cong nghiép. dé dam bao chat hong tinh thé thudng khéng ché 6 mién pa én dinh. Co nhigu nhan (6 anh hudng dén tinh chat cua hé nbu: thanh phan hod hoc cia mudi: néi chung phan tir lugng 1én, cau tao thinh phan phic tap, ngam nhiéu két tinh nude dé bioh thanh dung dich qua bio hoa 6n dinh: do hoa tan cang nhé dung dich qua bao hoa cang 6n dinh, it 6 bién tugng chuyén pha, Nhiét do cang cao dO 6n dinh cang kém, Khuay tron thu hep mién gui dn dinh. dung cong CD ha xudng muc CD". Tap chat sinh hung ti qui trink két tinh, Nbéng tap chat khéng tan Lim gidm do 6n dinh cia dung dich. véi tap chat tan nhiéu trong dung dich chac chan 1Ssé Ham thay ddi do qua boa tan cua dung dich, anh hung nay phe (ap, tay thuoc un chat cua 3 loai: ap chat. chat tan dung moi 3. QUA TRINH KET TINH TU DUNG DICH Bude thé nhat cua qua Cink ket tinh la qua trink to mam tinh the tir dung dich. Nguoi ta phan than binh thank mam dong nhat tong dung dich néu nhy xdc suat tag mam 1a aby nhaw Wong roan Khoi dung dich loa hhong dong hat. néu ting ving khde ohau trong Khor e6 kha mang to mam khaéc nau. Qua trinh hinh thanh mam c6 the la sw phat cong co the dua vio tae dong ben ngow Xée quad tinh hinh thank mam dong nhat Ihice 4 qua trink (40 mam dong nhat tirdung dich, ve mat ahict dong c6 nhimg not chung vai qua trink ngung ty thanh ding ling trong he khi thutmye gap trong qua winh to qi trong sin auat axit supfune, trong ché tao Gie Sol tir khi - mot trong alng phuung phdp thudng dung trong che Ja vat ligu nano, dong thai cong tw a6 din tor cong thie Ostwald (3-3) 0 day neu lén utiing Ly thuyét chung aha ay. Tht nhat, van dé can bang ling hon tren mat cong X¢t ign thign nang Iuong ts do AG trong qud trish tinh thanh aim hoxe dud dang gior. hoac hat tr mot he A di ban kink hat mdm R. New hé gam Ny phan ti, hinh thanh sign trong pha hen Fa Ny phan tit: hay Ny = Ne ~ gém g phan tir, phin edn lai Goi nang lwong ie do Gibbs ctia mot phan ti dang hey Jag, a dang Jong Fg, Nang tuong ty do thay dor Khi tao thanh hat R vai be mat ngoat Ame vasue cang hé mits la 4xRio hay tang bien thien AG = 2(2)- 2.) + 4m Rio. Neu got y; la thé heh chiém hor mot phan te trong giot thi. 4 rk a hay AG = "al (g- g) FARR (8) Luu y: o mot nlugt do nbat dink, dg = vdp. Trong trudng hyp nay ()- © pode vy, << ¥, nen co thé gan dung chuyén vé dang 116dy =~ ydp Coi pha how nhu khé ly wong. nghta Bev, = EE P 1 Hay dg= J: in p to % trong dé p,, chi dp sudt bao hoa, wong ing vér dp suat bZo hea cua hor ién mat phang dung dich. py gid tri urong img trén giot ge go-krPa . aytg Ps Pa Cong thite (3-8) tro thanh: chinh la d6 qua bao hoa S. AG =- San St [nS + 4nRio [ (3-9) Nhu vay AG he nay, ta c6 hinh ((R). Dua quan hé (3-9) len ddr ng vé moi quan 3a hoac tich riéng phuong trinh (3-9): vé dhe nhat 1a bien thién nang lwong ty do khi hinh thin thé lich mdi AG, va vé he har hinh thanh bé mat ma AG, ta c6 hinh 3b ’ Isat 7 (4G SRT WS > dn Ris y a >0 oo 26 = gr ATs + GRE 70 Hinh 3a. KbiS < 1, AG tang theo ban kinh hat khiS > 1, AG tude her tang theo bar kinh hat, qua gid trr cue dar ting vdi RY sau do AG gid pec * aan ON C6 thé tim gid tri ca R’ nity thea did kien | = 0. ta duoe: 720, kTInS So phan a trong giot 46 32no* vi kT In S)* hoac do qui bao hoa: D - duing kink hat ‘ day Bi phuong trinh Kelvin cho dd = _ qua bia hoa khi binh thinh hat vii 4G, dudng kinh D trong hé mot cau Ui. hoac viel dui dang mot phan ur Hinh 3p. gam: ay InS = a (3-10) Coane M : : cing ¢6 thé thay 1, = —. trong do p, {a khéi Luong riéng pha long p (G-1) Trrcing hop hat long khong chi cd A va Alany va Bla ay. Neu dat x, = n/(ny + my) én phan ty B vit sé phan ur ip sual bao hoa cua dung mor tren dung dich bdo hoa wan thea dink luat Raoul: p, = ¥4X\P.- trong dé p, - ap suat bao hod én mat phang cus dung mo: nguyén chit, yy ~ he x6 hoat do Phuong trinh Kelvin trd ve dang: inS Se ime, =m tet | (G12) 7 Tp ~anve | : LIKQuay U6 lai trying hop hoi nguyen chat, Phuong trinh (3-8) cd thé viel vé dang il Coi néng do cdc hat 6 dang can bing N{. bao gém g phan ty So vi tng so phan tit trong hé N. tuan theo phan bo Boltzman: {_ 3G Nexp|-— ml a] thi Ni =N.Stexp(- be/kT) ‘Ging ohu vay, dp dung cho he long rin, ta xen d6 thi 3b va ta cS quan bé gitta dudng kinh mam tinh thé va do qua bao hoa tinh theo cong thue (3-11) va suy dién tuong tu, vie gid (1 AG, ting voi bin kinh ti han = L6M?.no/f3.(RTpInS)"] Nhu vay, ding vé mat ly thuyét vai bat ky dé qué bio hoa nao, chi cfin cung cap db nang luong 1a co thé hinh thanh mam Khi adng dé dat trang thai bao hoa (S= 1), AG, dan téi gid tri o>. Vi vay Khong thé kel tinh, phai dua mam vao ket unh, Trong cong ngbi 6 thé lan bui ran, cae vay thé ran tach ra ta thinh thiét bi, nby vay to cde nhitag mam két (inh ngoai Lai, tao hicn tuong ket tinh eye be bién tugng ket tinh khong déne nhar trong dung dich iia str pha long gid 6n din L. tren than thiét bj P hin thanb cde cum hat K voi ban kinh R. gde tiép xe 0 Chinh 4 Hinh 4. Goi cos) = m. Goi 6 - nang long bé mat giity cum hat K va dung dich 1: 5 - nang lvong bé mat gitta thanh P vd dung dich L: oy - nang Ivgng bé mat giita cum hat véi thanh thiét bi Nhu vay theo hinh 4. dén trang 1dr can bang: 96 =o, 4m id ms : 43 14) Caing nhu qua tank ket tinh trong mim déng hat. Su thay d6i tng nang Iuyng bao gém hai yeu to bien thién AG do tich tu thumb hat. va AG, do hinh than bé mat méi. Xét truang hop bink thank cum tink whe wén day bang Neéu gos AG truding hep thi nhat; binh think mam dong abit AG. tring hop thir hav: tink think mim khong déng nhat Kho dat can hang : | if emf a AG, fom) (15) fom) ham so cua, Khe 0" 6+ TRO" 0 < om s | nhy vay AG, - AG Cuong hop nay dé ta mim bon so vir hé two mam dang nhat. Nhu wy cuor cing hing s6 toe do qua troh tao mam, néu cor ahu C6 the tinh thee We do phan itng hod hoe : lea M ot Re { 3R7) Uns)" Gelop Nhu vay te dO tio niam tang 1& ret khr tang do qua bao how §, ha pluet do Lim tang Van tang do mhot cua dunh dich 1a edo Ble Had cao. Khus: tran Lane tang tia sat va cham do vay Gig toe de to mim amv t6¢ do tao inam trinh lon len © Sau qua toh hinh thank mam bag v tinh the, os qua tamieaay nang Long tir do toa ro Gong quid trink bink thank unh thé tin de cue phat te tich tw hai \G ka chu you. nang tueng hinh thank bé mat méi AG. Khong ding ke MG 2 AG Some do tong nang tuong ty de gram, qud tinh bink thavh mam can hong hoat hod. song qua tinh phat trién Lit chu yeu dua vio khucch 120tin phan ur chat tan den be mat uh thé, dén mat canh cia thém tinh thé hoae dén ede gée canh cia unb thé vai cde mac nang Inong kKhite nhau. Khi dé o6 thé unh toe do qua trinb Ka len cia cdc maim tinh thé bang phuong trinh khueck cin: Src, = ca) G17) dt Te Jo khyéch tan tinh bang Iueng tinh thé high thanh (m) trong mat don vi thon gran (1) va mot don vi bé mat tinh thé: ty le thaan vér dong lie cua qua tomb khudch uin edu ti A Wong dung dich Cy, dén ndng dy be ma Cyr he 96 ty 1é ky 1A ne so teuyén chat cla A Day la dang pho bién cua cong thie (inh tée dO truyén chit, Trudng hop mot tieng tinh khuceh tin chu yéu [a kbuéch tin phan tw khi 46 k, = DJ/Z,. Z, chi¢u day mang bien pha long: trudng hop khuéch tan doy lua ky = kay tinh qua cde cong thite nghiém Anh huding td t6c do 16a Len cua tinh thé chi yéu ta ahier do, do qua bao hoa, tap chat, khuay tron, doi khi chi dink hudéng cua mic qua tanh. Xét anh hudng nay cin xct tong hap cic yeu 16 do mot yeu 16 gay nén. Vi dy nhigt do. trong mot chimg mye nao dé lam tang We do yud tin lon len cia tinh thé song con anh hudng t4i do qua bdo hoa, 4 nha... tham chi nbiéu yeu 16 lam trig eu yeu t6 Lam tang toc 46 ket tinh 4. VAN DE KET KHOI TINH THE San pham dang tinh thé. déc biét 18 mudi Lhodng dé trong kho thuang bi két Khoi, fam thay doi tinh chat vat ly cua ching. gay nhiéu phién phic trong van chuyén, su dung. Dic biét vdi cae chat dé chay, dé nd nhy cdc mudi chorat, nitrat, nitrit, Khi cd hich thich do tia lira, phat ra tif va dip, vi dy ding bua kim loai dé pha cde knot sé bang chay. gay nd. Vi vay tim cach trinh ket king: 1k mot van dé thuimg dat ra trong Tinh vue mudi khodag, cée mudi 0 os Co mhiéu yéu to dan dén ket Khoi Theo ly thuyét két tinh: Do cae nguyén ahan vat Ly hvac hod hoc. bé mat tinh (hé by hoa tan mot phan, ri tii Ket anh: Ket qua 1a tao len cu nat git ving utp wie cla tinh thé tao thianh khoi dae xit. Hit dm 1 mot dae tah vat ly din dén két hor do nguyén nban vat ly Digin hat am phan anh kha nang but dm ctia cde chat, diém hilt am cang thap kha nang hut am cing cao va neuge Lai 121C6 thé dac trung diém hut im bang gid tri h: (3-18) Pio ~ chi dp sudt hoi nude tren dung dich: Pio - chi ép suat hoi nude mén nude nguyen chat Vi du: Xét mot loai tinh thé c6 thé tan trong nude. Coi hinh 5 Dat tinh thé trong khi quyén, dp suat p, 1 Ap suat riéng phan cita hei nude trong khong, FL Khi Pyjo (Pd. Khi hit dm hat 1 binh thank 3 \ép mang dung dich 2: mang khi 3: 4p suat riéng phan hoi nude trén ming 2: py: nh vay p chinh bing ap suat hoi nude bao hoa tren | dung dich bao hoa hay dp suat hoi nude can i bang. Zit Pr Gia sit di¢n tich bé mat ngoadi cia mang Ze F,. Vay tc d6 hap phu nude bang: - m Hinh 5. — = (3-19) uF, Z - chiéu day mang tré luc pha khi (khong di dong); AP = p, ~ p; chinh 1a dong luc hap phu hoi nude; m - Iwong nude hap phy trong thei gian tk, - hang s6 ie do khuéch tan hai nude Néu qug trink khuéch tan hoi nude dén bé mat la qué trinh khong che 6 thé viet: m, _ ok uF, 2 {c; - ¢,) (3-20) Z,- chiéu day mang dung dich; C,, C; - néng do nude & phia ngoai vi phia trong lép dung dich trén bé mal tinh thé; k, - hang $6 hap phy nude Néu qué trinh boa tan mudi trong dung dich tun theo ¢inh luat Henri C\=E.p ap suat hoi nude can bang G21) (3-22)Néu qud (rinh khuéch tén khéng ché m= m.. Thay C,. C; vao va sap xép lai: m Pr) = (3-23) 1 (3-24) a KF, k).KA, K, - Ro 86 chuyén khoi cia hoi nude. ‘Theo dinh aghia cita h (3-24): by Paso eS eee! 3-25) Pre sarap ce S| hepio eal (3-26) 7 100 ol Mm =KyPyyo- 5, = K'wlhy ~ b’) (3-27) G mot nbiét 40 ahdt dinh, py,o 4p sudt bao hod hai nude nguyén chat La hing 56 Ky) = Ky Py by - dd dm tuongddi cia khong khi. Con nguyén nhan hod hoc. chi yéu do trén bé mat tinh thé, noi tiép xtic voi khong khi, ¢6 lan tap chat, lap chat nay phan ting vai O2 vA CO; SO)... trong khong khi tao sin pham, gidm 6 boa tan cia mudi trong nude, tir dé tach ra tinh thé gay két khoi. Ciing c6 mo hinh mao quan: coi giifa cde tinh thé binh thanh khoang khong gian tu do, coi khoang khong gian ty do nay nhur tap hap nhing mao quan. Do twong tc cia luc bé mat v3 do hod tan cha tinh the, dp swat hoi nude bao hod trong mao quan thép hon khoang khong g1an ngodi mao quan tao nén dong luc khvéch tan, tinh thé hut am, ta: kel tinh dan dén ket Khoi Bien phdp phong kel khdi nhdm vao cu ché trén, c6 3 bién phap chinh: (. Dua chat tro vio tinh thé, dita chat khong tan trong nude dang hat hodc dang nhi twong c6 kha aang boc kin tinh thé nhy bat tal, caolin, dii marn, silicat canxi. 2. Dua chat hoat dong bé mat. dang cationit. anionit hoae trung tinh thanh mot 6p bio ve hé mat di voi hat, Vi dy cdc dretyl Sunfat [(C:H. S04}, cde loai axit béo. axit lactic...3. Hoae hén hap st dung hay bicn phap tren. Hoae bico php co hoc phy tgo hat. din day 5. VAN DE XU LY BE MAT Trong nhing nam gan d cong nghé xir ly bé mat thé ran, mot cong nghé ding cae bién phap hod ly hoae phu len thé can mot lép div ve b xir ly bé mat lao t n nhing tinh chit in thiét, duge dag dung rong 1a Vi du CaCO. mot mudi vo ca dung lam chat don cho cao su, nhura nham lam tang thé tich san pham, giam gid thank, lam thay déi tinh chat sin phim theo hudng c6 lor Néu qua xu ly bang axit stéarie hoae mat vas hop chat khdc. ty gid thanh CaCQ, tang song twang chat don c6 thé ting Ién ma tinh chat khong dor, van mang higu qua kinh te hon, i dy mica qua wo ly lam ting cut dd chat déo Ién nhiéu so voi dig mica khong qua xtr Hoe c6 nhimg truong hop. qua «it ly ban than tinh chit mo6i vo ev thay doi Vi dy hydroxit nfm 1A mot chat we che qua trink chdy. 6 200°C phao huy, tach nude. Vi vay idng hop phar gia cong & nhiét dO cao, do tdch nude nén bé mat san pham hay cd hot. Song qua xr ly cd thé cai then Vinh trang may, gidm Itong sir dung, gaum long khoi hinh thanh... Hoae Wong cong aghé bot mau, au Ly Wo MOL }ép mang silie cue mong. cai thién do che phu, do chau mhict do, chiu axit, bazo, Van dé co ban cia nguyen Ty xii ty bé mat li dura vag suc cang bé mat. tac dung hap phy va thant wét cla bé mat. Bigu quan tam Jon 1a dé: voi he khi - Jong, hé khi - ran, Gita bé mat phan chia pha 1A mang rd luc véi chiéu day c& vai chue nm, hode ct 10 phan tit, cie phan tuo én bé mat chi Cie dong cua ohung luc khong can bang, khac vai ni bo hé. Ja co sd san sinh hign tuong be mat. Mot théng sé quan tyne 1a site cing bé malo. ngudn géc we luc Vandervan, 1a le trong tic 1udn t6n tar gitta phan tir hoe aguyén nit voi nhaw trong mien cy ly nm. TI cling vay, bé mit cling chyu tic dong cua lute khong can bang, ciing cd ste cang hé mat, ste cang nity cin bang voi lye phan tic dung tir trong hat, fam tang tha: aang luong. su sap sep c6 thé thay do Mot dac (rung cua bé mat thé ran Ja kha nang hap phu, bap phu cic an ir ludng cuc hoac co thé phan cuc trong pha khi howe long can bang vGi n6. VGi pha long né bap phu ca chat tan Lan duag mei 14Be mat thé long cing vay, cdny co kha nang hap phu. nea bé mat nd chiu jae dung cua sde cang be mat, site cing be mat nay thay dé1 Theo qua trinh hap thy, cing véi su bien dong cia néng do trong dung dich. Neu dua thé rin tiep adc va thé long, mang bé mat ran - long sé thay thé cho many vin - kbi trude dé. Ta gai hign tugng pay Li than uét, thé long lan ra lam tham uct toan bd be mat ran, Hé 6 lan tod § dae ung cho kha nang Jan cham thé long trén mat thé ran: (228) G.. T. Ty + sie cang be mat rung hop ran - khi, ran - long va Khi - long. © met nhiet do nhat din, néu > 0 thé bing c6 thé lan tham trén bé mat thé ran. Mor toai thé rain déu cé mot suc cang bé mat 161 han o,,, moi the long c6 ste cing be mat lon hon 6, déu khong thé lan cham tren bé mat thé rin va ngugc Ian Vai thé long lan truyén trén bé mat thd long cing vay (vdi thé Jeng khong tan trong nhau). Hé 4 lan toa cia thé léng a teén bé rit thé lang b: Sun = GR-,- Op (3-29) 5. 6,. Oy, ~ Suc cang bé mt cua the long b. a va tren bé mat up ade ab Hiéu kien lan tham 1a On 2 Sy (3-30) Chat king c6 site cang bé mat nhd cé thé laa thdm tén thé ling co site cang bé mat Ion hon, Thain udt ciing vay: chi qua uinh ngam tdm thé san vao thé Jéng, qué iinh thiim fong - rin, thay thé cho khi long. Phuong phip nghién evu ngdém tam tham wot khde lan thém. Céng thim wot W: W= a, - Thue chat céa hign wong thim udt la do su khac biee nhau cua hai ioas Ine, luc twang tic noi bd, luc hilt gitta cde phan ur trong pha léng va luc hap phu ita phan we thé ran va thé long). Mee do tham wit ctla thé 1éng tren thé ran cd thé dac trung bang gdc thém ust. poe tip xGe hinh thanh gut thé canva long (coi hinh 6) 8: g6c hop béi mat tiép xtic long - ran, va tiép luyen cua bé mar thé long 6 chan hat tong & diém A cé lye twong téc pitta ba logistic cang bé mat, site cang bé mat cua thé ran o,, theo hudng Ng. stic cang bé mat cua pha long a, va tan tong o,. Khi dat toi can bing: 6,.= 6, + 0, cosB G32) Név 6 = 0": hoan coan thdim ut, thé long tao thanh 1ép pho trén mat thé ran. Néu O = 180° ; thé long thanh mot giol cau én mat thé ran, hoan to’n khong thdm uot. 6 trong mién 0" + 180": tham wat mot phan. Voi mot loai thé long ahat dink 6-90" goi la thé rin ky lang, 8 <90" goi Mi thé ran ua long Tuong Ww theo ky nude vis ua nude Trong cong nghi¢p thuung gap thé fang fa nude. Vi vay thé ran ludng cuc déu ua nude, vi du nh cdc loa sunfat. Thé rin khong phan cuc déu ky léng. Thé ran cé sue cang bé mal cing I6n cang dé bi tham uét. Néu lay site cing bé mat gid: han la 0.1 N/m, c6 thé phan thé ran thanb 2 loai: + Loai bé mat c6 nang lyong cao nhur cdc chat vo ca: kim loa, cic oxst sunfua cua ching, cic mudi v6 co thug co 0.5 N/m - Loat bé mat cé ning lugng thiip thudng 1a cde hgp ehdt hitu ca, cic chat trong hop G mic cau. Vi loai nay kha nang tham uét tuong Ww nhu the ¥ thude vao tinh chat va cau tao thé long. Cac chat dua vao lam giam site cang bé mat cua thé Jong gor 1a chat hoat déng bé mat. Dua v3a mot long nho cé thé Lam thay déi tinh chat bé mat, qua dé gay lén hode tang kha nang thd uét, hoac nh hod. tao bot hoac cing 6 thé Jam giam tham uét. phd nh hod. pha bot Trong hoat dong cla cong nghi¢p hoac sinh hoat ding rat nhiéu chat hoat dong bé mat voi chung Joai khic mhau, song vé mat cau tao hod hoc ching giéng nhau: phan cf chat boat dong bé mar gém hai nhém cic nguyén tr vai tinh chat tréi nguge nhau. mot nhom ua nude, kha nang lin ket voi nude rat manh, mét ohém hy nude hay cdo gor 1a nhdm wa dau, rat khé gan nude rat dé gin dau. Vi du: stearat natri C,,H ,COONa, nhém C,H ky nude, nhém COONAa va nude. 126Hai nhém @ hai ddu phan wi binh thanh mor két cdu khang déi xtng Sung khong phai moi phan tw két edu nh vay déu Ja chat hoat dong bé mat Vi du: muéi Na cia anit propyonte (CH.CH,COOH ), axit butyric (butyonic) (C,H,COOH ) déu cé hai ahém ky nude va ua nude nhu vay. song chi trong phan tu hop chat cd sé nguvén tir cacbon & mute dO nhat dinh, aliphatic natri mdi c6 hoat tinh bé mat, vi kha ning lam gidm site cang bé mat cua dung dich khac ty lé thudn voi chiél dai day lien két hydrocacbon. Ngudt ta dua vao tinh chat: HDBM cé kha nang dién ly trong nue hay khong. hoac téch ra Joa ion niu dé phan toai, C6 chat hoat dong bé mat dang anionit: loai nay din Ly trong nude, nhém cé tac dung hoat dong bé mat mang dién tich am. Vi du xa phong trong nude bink thanh nhim RCOO: ky nude; loai ankyl bensen sunfonat (R-C,H,-SO,N, mui este cia sunfuaric, photphat... thudng duge ding Jam chat tdy rita, tao bot va ohii hod v.v. C6 chat hoat dong bé mat dang catnonit, ahém cé tc dung hoat dong bé mat tan trong nude mang dién tich duong. hau het déu la cac hap chat hiu co chia nito, ngoii ra con co Mot sO hyp chat hitu co cia photpho, sunfua, 6 kha nang hinh thanh mang ky nude. Do dat nén it dung chat tay rua, chat nha hod, chal tham ust... do cé tinh khang khudn cao nén ding trong chat sat tring. tiéu doc, ding Lam chat lim mém vai trong det... vi du nbw CTAB. C6 chat HDBM dang Luding tinh, trong phan tt mang hai loai dién tich. trong dung dich mang inh axit thé bién chat hoat dong bé mat cationit; trong dung dich kiém thé hién chat hoat dong bé mét aniontt, trong dung dich trung tinh thé hién trung tinh ding 1am chat phan tan trong chat miu, son, Chat HDBM nay dé tan trong nude, trong dung dich anil. bazg dac, dung dich musi khodng khOng tan trong chat hiu co. Loai khong phai jonit. khong dién ly trong nude thdnh ionit trong phan tir chat HDBM nay nhém hao nude thutmg IA cdc goc multi-hydroxy! hoac polyoxyl etylen va ngay cing phat trién ahiéu loai chat hoat ddng be mat khdc. Vi dy nhu fluo thay hydro trong hydrocacbon: chat hoat dong bé mat fluo. silic, polyme vv... Trong chat hoat dong bé mit fluo. toan bo nguyén tu H trong chudi cacbua hydro by fluo thay thé. Tinh ky nude cia hop chat fluo cacbon manh hon hydrocacbon. Khd nang ky dau cing vay. Phi mat Idp trén mat 427thé ran, khd nang tham dau vida. Noi chung hoat tinh cua chat HDBM nity rat cao, tinh chat hud hoe On dinh, chiu durge nhiét dé cao, axit manh. ba70 manok. chat oxy bod man. Nyua ta dua them vo dung dich ma crom nhim giam su tin phat cua nue axit cromic, Him chat pha uhém vio chat dap lta co higu qua cao ding trong nbing turing hop dap Ia xang déu bi chay. Chat HDBM sihe, Cac chat tring hop hu co cha oxyt stlte ahu dau silicon. nhya vihcon déu cé kha nang ky nude rat cao, ding rong rt abat Ja nhua methylpheny| silicon cho cic lou bOt mau, xu ly bé mat dé dé théo vat dic Khoi khudn. Chat HDBM cao phan tit nhu cdc hap chat cao phan Ur thién nhien (loai albumin tan trong nuéc, loai nhya); mot so hop chat cao phao tr téag nyp nhu cae loai PA (polyvinyl alcohol), loai polyacrylamid hoae must acrylat... dung lam chat ahi hod, chat phan tén Noi chung, néng 46 chat hoat dong bé mat trong dimg dich cao, ste cang bé mat gidm. me dO grim tuy thude tinh chat cua dung dich va chit hoat dong bé mat. Hinh 7 1a mot vi dy vé se bign thiéa nay. Néng dd cao, chat hoat dong hé mat tap hap dinh hudng - iéa bé mat dung dich, binh thanh mang don phan tir té mot mae \ nao ds bar dau hinh thanh ahang \ mixen trong dung dich - vat chuc hoac vai tram phan tir hoat tinh ed dau ky nude quay vio trong. dau hdo nude quay ra ngoai, nhing mixcn nay bat dau c6 hinh dang on Nong do dinh, nguii ta thudng goi khi dé Hinb 7. néng dQ chat hoat dong bé mat la nong do mixen ta han (CMC). Gia tr CMC phy thuée vao ban chat tinh chat va thudng rét hep, vi du loai ronit thutmg CMC trong mién 10° dén 10° mol/lit. Vugt aéng do ay. sur sip xép trén bé mat da bio hod, hinh thanh mixen trong dung dich: mixen khong lim thay déi site cang bé mal, su tang néng dé chat hoat dong bé mat khdng co higu qud nia; nhimg théng 6 abu site cang bé mat, 4p luc tham thau, kha nang khir edu caq gin nhu khong thay adi. C6 thé téng hop kha nang dy ten hinh 8 128Viée hinh thanh miacl lam ting toc dé hod tan trong dang dich. tinh chat nay duge ding rong rai trong ahigu Linh vuc. A Kha nang khir edu can DO dan dien Tae dung lam tang do hoa tan Ap suat than thau Tinh chat bé mat See cang bé mat —> Nong do Hinh 8. Chat hoat dong bé mat cé thé c6 nhimg téc dung sau i. Hap phu: chat hoat déng bé mat tan trong nude, le hot gira phan wir chat tan va dung mdi oho hun giffa cae phan tw dung moi, vi vay phan te chal tan cé hhuynh hudéng manh di dong trén bé mat, dong thdi phan tw chat hoat dong bé mat trong dung dich cing cé khuynh hudng di len be mat va cling cé nga phan tr nude tis bé mat di vao dung dich nam gidim thap ahat nang Iuong bé mat ti méc co thé duge: nhu vay nang do chat tan tren bé mat tang lén cao hon trong long dung dich tao thanh lop néng dé cao sin sinh hién trong hap thy: dong thoi ty le cde phan we cd lye hGt nhé trén bé mit cing tang lén, lam enim mite do khong bio hoa cia truéng luc gia edie phan ne Két qua lam gidm séc cing bé mar 2. Tham udt: Phdn Jén cac mud, cic chat vo coo thé ran cé nang Iugng bé mat cuo, dé bi thai ual, vin cée chat haw co, cic chat trong hop b mae cao thi nguae hat Khi dua chat hoat dong bé mat vao, do lam gidm sue cang bé mat cua dung cheb, giam xudng duot gia tri oy cua Cac hop chat hitw co. da uw high chung tu ue load ky mude thanh Joa wt nurce. 1293, Hien tuong keo ty. Chat hoat dong hé mat trong dung dich co met so dac tinh, & ndng dO thap tinh chat gidng nhu cdc chat dién ly. Song khi néng dé thay dot, tinh chat vat ly thay déi, dén mot gidi han nao dé cdc nhém ky nude hgp lam mot thank nhém keo nbam giam nang lugng be mat Trong cong nghé muds va co, dua mot chit chat HDBM vio qué trinh két nh, c6 thé gram hign tuong két khdi, duce tinh thé chat luang cao. Vi dy diing aliphatic amin chong két Khoi cho KCL. 15-alky! sunfonyl clorit 15 - RSO.CI chéng két khé1 cho bicacbonat amon, KCL, NaNO... Tac dung chéng ket khéi do chat HDBM xuat hién tren mat tink thé - bé phan phan chia pha puita ong 44 ran bj hap phy trén dv tao thanh lap vd ngan véi mdi truimg. giam tc dd qué trinh hot Am, ngan qua trinh hoa tan va tar ket tink cita tanh thé, Mat khae chit HDBM Lam thay déi qué trinh Ign len cia tinh thé theo hudng tao tinh chat bé mat khd ket khéi. Vi du KCIO, trong diéu kign binh thugng thank hinh phién mong. c6 chat HDBM thanh hinh lang tru. Tat nhicn con nhiéu tic dung va co ché khdéc nhaw nita, ohat 1a én cac val ligv vo co va hitu co. Vi du ding vé ly thayét mao quan ma noi, do chat HDBM Lam gidm ste cang bé mat cia dung dich, fam gidm géc tiép slic gida cac tinh thé va dung dich. qua dé Lam giam tae dung hap thy cua mao quan - khodng khong gian git inh thé. Mat khac chat HDBM ciing inh huang téi nhing tinh thé cue min vira hinh thinh, tao nén cau néu gida cae tinh thé ln, dé vO cang [am ting kha nang chéng ket khOi cds inh th Con mot s6 chat lim thay doi tinh chat bé mal cua thé ran - tao bé mat. Thudng gap dung dich mudi cia Si, Al. Zr, Za... tao thanh dung dich keo. khi tim vao thé ran hinh thaoh mot mang oxit hodc mot mang phuc chat, ming nay c6 tac dung Lim ting tinh én dink nhigt coa mot sé mudi vo co hoge kha nang phan tin trong chat hitu ca. Vi dy dang mudi natri céa axit meta photphoric (NaPO.), pyro photphorie (H,P30;), poly photphoric (tén chung chi poly meta photphoric va wat photphoric), tan trong nude: dung dich nay 4 pl = 1 ~ 5 tao thinh mot 1ép phi mong photphat canxi trén cacbonat canxi dang bé1 nhy nang cao do bén véi khi hau, md rong pham vi sit dung sin pham nay Sileon xie ly tao mang SiO, tang do phan tan trong ché phdm polyme, dung dich keo Si, Al xi Ty bor mau titan trang tao nén mor lop mang mang oxit silic. oxit Nhom, qua do nang cao tinh on dinh vé mat hoa hoc va chong hic xa mat (Tdi. 130Vii du Na,PO, la mot loa mudi dé ket kh6i dua chat chong ket Kho Hoac ngay trong qua trinh két tinh dua them mot sé mudi ciis AI hoae Ni. Cr’, Zn" Cue, Fe". tan déu trong dung dich qui bio hy lam thay déi nang cao kich thude tinh thé NaPO,, nh thay dor tinh chat. cau true tinh thé lam inay dor kha nang két khdi Trong cng nghé Jam vat ligu composit cdn ding song rai mot sé chat tao cau lién két giita cdc chat hitu cg vA vd co. Cau tao cud chat can lien két nay cvs dac diém chung 1a c6 nguyén tt kim lowi lam trung tm, hai nhom & hai phia co dic diém mot nhom wa (dé lién két) vi cae Chat vo co, mot nhom ua cde chit hitu cot (cé kha nang phan ung dé dang ven vie chat hau co va hitu cv) Vi du hap chat cia silic H,NCH,CH,|-SiOCH.CH,), vig tit RY - SHOR), nhom wa nhom va chat hituce«R°) chat voce Khi dua vao composit soi hoge vai thuy tah vat nhya epoxy (én chung ca loa polyme co hom aN aN nh6m ua vo co sé phan Gng ven soi thuy tinh 190 thinh oH Ze / HN ~~~Si—O—Si—soi thuy ink Nou nh6m a hitu cot sé phan tng voi epoxy CH, —CH~~~ hoe dang uch phan i (4-1) trong a6- y - chiéu day ting phan ding; t - thei gian phan dng: K - hang 96 chi sinh huang cua hé $6 kbugech tae cua thinh phan tham gia phan ung va di dong nut mang: K= D.C, 234 D - hé s6 khugch tin; C, - nong a6 cu wi khuéch tia da khuéch tin vio chiéu diy téng phan dng. Néu diea vito phuomg trinh kha mgm hieu suat chuyén hod va dé chun tren cov nhu Kho lugng riéng cla hat truce va sau phan tng khong doi. v4 hat cu c6 bin kinh 6. Trude phan ing thé lich cla hat: V, sins (4-3) Sau phan ing con Lai 4) Hiew sudt chuyén hoa. 100 (4-5) Rut ra: (4-6) 135Phuong trinh we dé Jander ho vé dang: Ke (4-7) Nhimng phan ung nhu BaCO, + SOs. Na,CO, + SiO), BaCOy + FeO cho ket qui phi hop véi phusmng trink nay. Vor nhitag loa phucng trinh tren, chi ap dung & nhiet do nhat dinh; c6 thé ding cong thdc Arhenius dé tim anh hirang cua nhigt dé véi toe do cua phan ing Trong d6 A 1a hang s6, hau nhur doc lap vei nbiét d6, thay ddi theo do min (kich thuéc) cua hat, nh (rang nép xc cia hat, clu tao cia ban than, vac chat tham gia phin dng. fang Iugng host hod, nang Jugng cin dé lun tan ri 6 mang. cdc nguyén ur hoge ion téch khor vi tri nit mang. Nhu vay phan ng thudng bit dau 6 nhimg noi co khuyét tat, Khong da dinh vé mat tinb the, noi cé E nhd nhac E thay di theo tinh chat bé mat. cau tir tham gia phan Ung va ket cau @ mang. Khuyét cic ong 6 mang anh hudng rat nhigu déa kha nang phan doy cua thé ran, Vi dy: tap chat trong unh thé, cdc ap chat tau thanh dung dich ran trong tinh thé, su bién déng bén ngoai lam thay dér cau tic mang. Hedvall nghién ctu mot s6 phiin ing cho thay nhigt do bén dang tinh thé co thé c4 dot bién lam gidm dang ké ming luung hoat hoa vidy phan dng 2Cal) + SiO, 4 2CaSiV, er nhist do o& Quatz ben thant a tridimit, E nha nhat hoac phan dng Bal) + CaSO, BaSO, + CaO + Q cin) dén nhigt dé o mang CaSO, ber nén khong On dink, we dO phan ting tang dot ngot. Cing (oy hién cho rang phirong trinh Junder cht yéu st dung trong trading hgp cye hat cit min, Plain Gny pha rin thug tién hanh ong digu hie aly. Trong a hiéu phen ing pha rin dita them phu Khoang hod vi du: Phot phat, CaF, rong sin xuat xi mang - chat xuc tée cho phan ving pha ran 136Cang co mor s6 cong thie tinh tueng vat chat hinh thanh khi dua phy vie yao, nhu cong thuc cua Avgustinik song chua duye ching minh chat ché 1am Hau het phan ng pha ran la phan dmg toa nhiét. pha ran tham phan ung thydng hé s6 dan nhigt kém, vi vay ving nhist do pln dng c6 thé ting rit ahizu so véi mbit dO ca (ong vung phan th Néu bat dau phan ung nhict do T. Sav mot thoj gian phan tng ti ehigu diy ting plidn ting: y. ahiet do T, Jander cho rang T\- T ty lé thuan vei y. Phuong trinh tinh anh bung cia nhugt du ¢ hay bang K trong Jandet co thé viét vé dang (Abs va y= 2Ky0* (4-9) ie fie = (4-10) ( | iar’ || trong do (41th ee (4-12) C6 mot dieu chung c6 thé khang dinh: te 46 phan ting pha nan cat chim, t0c do phan tg ting theo do min cia chat tham gia phan ung, abiet d6 cao déu c6 lui cho phiin img. Vi vay nhidw iruimy hop tro phoi fige qua nén Iam tang toc do phan ing, song co Jp sual nent ti UU, nen dp Suat qud cao bé mat hoat tinh gidm lam giam 16 dé phan ingChuung V PONG HOC PHAN UNG HE KHf - LONG (HAP THU HOA HOC) Phan ume hap thy kon phan img hod hoe ye co hon teas theo cet che phan ug he Khong dine shar dicn ra tren bé mat phan chia pha. O diy bong tinh leu phan my trong he don} nhat do phan tu the long bay san bong pha hi dong what: hoae do phan ue Ai Ahuech (at sao tinny aot bo pha long gay new ita dag hod hoc Nowy ph tone dongouhat O Le Khuceb (an cae phan tirchu cu de Khugeb tan phan pha bor tae nen phan ue, |. MOT SO VAN BE CHUNG 14. D6 hoa tan cua khi trong long Tiong dicu kien thuens gap cus phan dng hoa hoe, de hes Gan eu Kit Gong feng tink thee diab fual Henri, may dir day la din Juat khong ding cho Aho ly trong p= Hcy ced dung dich leang dinb Luar ain cho két qua cbimb xa trang pham She php Nong do cua eau tie A trong pha tong den Abi hap thy dat can b, Je thuan sarap suai tens phan cud can tess tang pha khié Hang sO H. hang so Sloan Phu nguyen cua bas so phu thie vio thirngusen Cncip suit nong do sa mot so chat khio digu kien hap phu xae dink, nbat RCnhiet da Moi quan he ay abe sau aint _ Alltrong d6 V1 ntiet hap thu Dun nen, hoae wong ban than chat hap thu. thuong ed oie union, Giton, khi hoa tan, Nbiing phan tw hoae nf qua lam thas dos so Henri wheh hehe muon ude. tin thank de chat be bap thi the Kr tie: yon nay anh huong den do hos tans kbE ‘Theo Kreleven va Holiyer. oo thé dung cong thu sau dé \ac dinh hang so Henri trong dung dich dren fy H qua hang so Henrr trong nue (khong tink anb hung cua cae ren), H iu. log, bl "1 tong dé |. Cuong do ion inh thee cong shite Gs 16-3) © noag do cow ton trong dung dich hap tha: Z, ~ how tr cua ton, h- hang So, bang tong so dar sé Cac hang so chr anh hudag cus ede cation, anton, Ahi how tan, trong dung dich hap thi Bang1 Gia 1 mat s6 hang sé cua cac 1on Cation u Anion | " ee Ms.nm) Migaony ° |i : i 4 ii o.oo | on _ {1.006 i | A068 0002 | iNe oor | oo 1.021 Oo iat on | kK O74 SO obo) 9 CO 0.010 Ob : NH, ee SOL nar? NO NA0s 0,000 va ats fe ooll WS =H083 Gu anss 4 CO ont Ni NOS4 | Bu 0,000, 1 noms CH, | 0,009 ' Mn 0,086 so. | =0403 1 be? j o.p49 : : CO | 0,088, i ' Nv 0.009 | ! ‘ i Mg~" O05! i boBang 2 Vai COLE 'C 0 Is 2s 40 50. 0 Gid tri hg. Vgmol | - 0,007 | - 0,010 | 6.900 | - 0.026 | - 0.029 | - 6.016 Trong trang hop khang cé 5 ligu vé mot char nao dé, mat ion d6 thudng tinh gan dting bang cach tim mot chat wong ne ve tinh chal va tinh theo cong thie: (1 7 —|=ht..= Ya (5-4) 7 trong dé h, 64 1, - bling sh va cudng do ion cla chil twang ting 2. Phuong trinh can bang vat ligu cho hap thu hoa hoc Vai phan cng hap thu & dang téng quat Ag+ vyf, > VaR, Ta cé thé coi bign then nong 48 A theo phuung thang gde vai bé mat hap thu ph hinh 1 Cau us A tir bé mats Khuéch tan vao lap bién pha ling. tiga hanh phan dng vdi B trong pha long, trang hap phan dng khong hét. usp tuc khuech cia vao dung dich hap thu qua |p bien day Z,. Tir phuong trinh can bang vit heu tng quit (cem chuong 1. phin IT) doi vas cau ir A qua don nguyen thé tich dV, la co thé giin luge. Xét trudng hop on dink, (rgng thar dig). Hinh 1. Khi do ‘Truong hgp & lép bien, & day khong chw anh hudng cua déi lau. u,. vu =O ma chi chiu anh huang cua khuéch tan cua phan tw. 140Khi tinh t6e do phan wing hap thu, chi tinh Luong cau tir A khuéch tin theo chiéu thang géc voi bé mat hin thu. hay chidu Z Phuong trinh vi phan (phan (U1, cong thuc i-1) tng quat rit vé dang: dee Dy "Cy (5-5) dz Nhu vay tuy phuong trinh déng hoc cia phan tng hap thu hod hoc, ta c6 ohimg dang phuong trinh vi phan cu thé. Nghigm cia phuong wink trén voi digu kign bien: 2-0 Cec. “eZ CyeCy Cho him C, = (7) ac : : Rae Lay duo ham “va cho moi gid tr} eda Z = 0; ta duge gradien néng d : ; ac, do cua A trén bé mat ——* Lugng A phn tig bang Iuong A qua mat. Ta tinh duge téc dg chuyén kor hay te do cia phin dng hod hoc. 3. Hé sé khuéch tan phan td cia cae cau tt trong mang tra luc pha léng Tinh he s6 khuéch tin phan ti cae hyp chat theo cde cong thie da néu & phan Il, chuung IT Véi cate cation, camson (trong ding dich dién ly) 6 thé tinh theo cong thie ly thuyét thong qua hé sd din dién cua ching (A* hodc 2), he so hoat do y, néng do ion C, Vi du cho ede chat dign ly hod tri I: 3 “af \ Deon ee u ly (5-6) fo dine } Hay hoa tr} bae cao han 1: 7 nee ‘ po cke ae diny ea deaaaeaa: trong dé: R 1A hang sO thé khi va F 1a 96 Faraday. 141Nlueu cong tuoh cho bot cong this thi nghrem cua Wieke va Chang cho ket qie Hit Clin sae 1 m Ace (8) bong do. Mo = phan tu tnone cut chat khucch bin, ©. dh uch mol emanals qo dy aot cue dung dich, mN sim? hoac oP (cenuPoase 1 nhwet do, Ke fis thong <6 chr anh brang cant hen ket phan Ur dang mor ser nue. [24 séi metyhe. B= 19: vor ets he = 13 tthuimg he so Khuech tin phan or tery plactong ed LO" os 10! messect i TOC BG CUA QUA TRINH HAP THU Vhuong uh-hans liane carne Garda kmelida phan dng tice den sedhen teh ep vie tee tin y trong doa ve thor su Ve nguyen ted tiny te nh don Aha ddine Ket gua Gila qusi tinh: hap thu hos hie, thay better hoo cu phan uns hag thi sae phtrens tinh oe phar Cong contre ta few dates fe toe do hap thi hog bog tren toe dé cus qua inh hap the sar dy | hhee fan cna cum chiar se dows dang me he se tang tac. sae dui he se Ging te may Thong theens tr gente nchiep vat cn thes toc de buee chim nbat Iie Klione che gat tinh plain iis Qua trauh phan dire di pha na han sve vmen Khows che ts de phan ams Pheay che ber qua tanh truvén chat sud tind Khuc oh tan phan re cata cas chat tham ght phan ung Wong lap bien pha lous rat chum. quis st hint toc de cua ee qind tink hap thu bee dé shoe gna trio phan wag hed hag cho phy ans nce tong andar de Osta tintttes de thes phuone in nay. aban Lun sang to ct che cut phen uns 1. Téc dé phan ung nam trong mién khéng ché boi qua trinh truyén chat, phan ung mot chiéu Ck, Coths quchndh 2 heh edane coche cua phan one phe blay vor cine dy Wwe Vvong ple br corners deg Khuceh tan quacmamg: ti hie. 7 Aes) he Mat phan lier phi PPO nong do be mat p 142Kia hoa tan Gong pha Jong tw hong de he mat Cy. mer quan he nay tan thee diab hut Henri p Thé long cu neng de GC). A Ahuech Lin RR hoc den =O. Mar RR nam gaita lop Zo vivety 7.7. Cami Bevo non: do tong pha long Cy. Kbuvel tan vate RR =HC (S95 lop bisa tie be anal how 24p Bo Wen hanh phason Lip ica th be mat phan ung phan ung hoa hoe vor Awa San pham sua phan ums Roo thank ten mar PP khucdh bin mot chasse hé 1 phan ebva pha tin Khe on dink, C, be mor hang 9. bus nen do bE mae, mst chisu ve glue bony vei nong de Do toc do phan wing mbaoh, phon wos hea bes bleag anh hue ir toc do cog ca phat ane hap thu Nertuens hopacu 7, O, pian way dient tone chueu das lap bret GotN, toc de phan ung bane trong Ada hap the tren den ua dber tim, Dy. DL. 0) be so Khugeh tin phan uch tep vie trong din vi the lrcua ALB. R trong p bien pha loos Dae < i 22h ul al 7 0) bh Du Ne De else b . ba : WY(5-14) Ruta (5-15) Neu thay (5-16) va (S17) ciing rit ra (5-18) hay (5-19) UA vA pha long I/F). Cong thie cho phép tinh te dé chuyén hhiit vB Ka, Pay Pal : Néu 7, = 0 nghta 1 phin ung ket thue tren bé mat phin chia pha ung vi pha ki ndng do A hung py, khi dé p,. = 0. Tuong tng: (5-20) Gor Atri Cue 1 y hang Cy, 2 ndng dé teh hyn cia edu Ue B trong dung «2, > 0; khi do phueng trinh (5-19) cbo phép tinh tc do phan ing hap thu, Neuve tai Cy > € ngay ca Ky Cy = Cy dich. c6 the thas néu néng do B trong dung dich Cy < C _ phuung trinb wen te nen 66 nghia “Wen Neu Cy = pha Ki. phan ding dién ra tren bé mat phan chia pha ta tinh te 49 nhir te do nim trong mén khuech tin Nye KPa (5-21) 4Nhiing phan dng gida thé khi basic véi thé long 1a axit manh. én hanh v6r tac do cao, nhat 14 phan Ung trung hoa NH, bing HCI. H,S0,, HNO, trong cong nghe musi vo co va phan dam la nhing phan img thudc Joar nay. 2. Tée dé phan img khéng ché bai qua trinh truyén chat, phan ung hai chiéu véi phan tng A, + ¥pB, == veR, Phan ting Su hai chiéu. tin hanh ahanh (so voi truyén chat), phan ting dat trang thai can bang. het thtic wen be mat phan chia pha. Khi dé hién thién néng do cic cau 1 nhy hioh 3. Quan hé gids nong do cde cau ww tren bé mat [a quan hé nong do cada bang hod hoc, xéc dinh bai hang s6 can bang. (5-22) Pa Ch DE tinh todn ta gia thict & trang thai dimg, hap thu én dinh, We dd Hinh 3. truyén chat coa A qua mang pha khi va R trong pha long, bang quan he sinh thanh. Nag = Kup (Pay > Badd = VieKr (Ca - Cai) (5-23) Trong pha léng téc do khuéch tin cia R va B bang nhau vé gid tri tyet dos, hay: Ca, Ca = Cp, = Cu, (S24) Ket hyp hai phuong tcinh (5-23) va (5-24) thay vao (5-22) cudi cing duvic 145Trong cong ngitep hed hoc. phin img bap thu CO trong hon hop Abi nguyen ligu cho tong hop amoniae bang dung dich phuc etia dong hed tri mot, tude loa phan dug nay Phan ung dién ra nhs sau: CO, + NHot (CUM (CuNH) COP co, Kir CO hap thu sao dung dich phan dng voi NIT er iran thas tude long dung dich va phife Cc hod irr mot, ce nbiet do thip ehuy tri bar Hang so can bau n Cu vé hod Cua phan ting he rat Cy, 6 day thip Cy., =35*0,05 = 1.75 kmol/m': nh vay Cy © Wen2. Viet phuong trinh can bang vac ligu cho phan dudi cia thip: 45%(0.05-p.,)=2*9x'Cu., ~0.5) "en Cw en = 35% Pay Wen Gidi duge pg, = 0.0166 atm Kh do Ce, = 350.0166 = 0,58 kmol/m*. 3. Tinh We do chuydn khoi Vi phan dudi nong dé ti han theo cong thie: : ln aE Dy 0.046 = 0.0083 mel maid 0.35 0,005%75 Phan dong luc hoc hap thy lay gid tri binh quan ca dinh va diy doan dud = £05 = 1.0633 OS*75 0,5* 75 0,0166- «OS = 0,0321 gid tr} binb quan bang 0.046 atm Tuong tu voi phan trén dong luc chuyén khoi hang 0.0133 Tinh theo cong thite N, = kag X Pag = 0.35 0.013 0.00405. kmol/nv’. gio Ls 03 Téng diér tich hap thu: Fo + 0.008% 0,00465 45m? Vi du 4: Tinh we dé hip thu CO, bang NAOH. Phan ung nim trong mién dong hoc, bac 1 theo CO, hang s6 tée dé phan ting hap thu bang: k, = 1600 sec! Diéu kién hap thu nhu sauzAp suat ri¢ng phdn cia CO, noi vao va ra khor thép Lan uot bang 0.05 va 0; nong d6 kidm du suét qué trinh phan dng vi bang Cy, = 0.4 kmot/iit. Tinh todn duge cdc hé 38. Day, = Dy, = 6.4.10 m’/ets ky, = 0.15 kmol/m’.gid.at kar = E = 0.33 kmol/m’atm 2m /gis Giai: Tinh theo phuong trinh: 1 [ fe ee ee ao ~tri.| ae (a ee ] EBKa | ha, EBK aL Trong d6: | x10 ° pear, =f ko2, = 3600x1600 LD Da. 64-10 B + u Gid tri y ton nen: tanchy Vay fé s6 chuyén khov K= = 0.0822 kmol/m*.gidt.at O1s 0 x12 0.0822 « 0,05 = 0,00411 kmol/m?. gid.Phan KY THUAT PHAN UNG Trong phiin nay, gido trinh dé cap dén mot sé vin dé cd lién quan 161 tinh todn xde dinh diéu kigu fam vide cho mot qua trinh thuc hién phan tag hod hoc trong cong nghiép, xc dinh thé tich thiét bi, edu tao va nguyen ly “Cink todn mot so thigt bi thong dung trong cong nghé hod hoe - dac biet cong nghé cic hop chal vd co co ban. Goi chung 1a ky thuat phan ting Chuong I PHUGONG TRINH CAN BANG VAT LIEU CHO HE DONG CHAY Nguyen tac chung 1a: vei mot he mo, téng hiemg vao cla mot cau uF nao dé, tris tong lugag ra cla cau tit dé bang luang tich § Tong lugng vio vi ra bao gém ca phan hinh thinh hoac mat di, chuyén hod do phan ung bod hoc. Vi du xé1 hé dong chay theo chiéu x. Phan ting hod hoc A + B — sin phim : Toe do phan dng tinh theo don vi thé teh: ry =k AC) A (Mo hinh phic binh 1) (1 Luong A vie x tinh theo dam vi rs tet hén dang khuéch tin trong dan vi ee thi gian goin hai phin: x - do khuéeh tin phan wt, tinh theo . Hinh 1.dinh luat Fick? D Px = do khuéch 14m d6i lua: uC, trong 6 u,. Dag van toe dang, hé sé khuéch tan phan wh cia A theo chiéu x, név lay gid (ry biah quan u,. Dy, la hang 6, C, néng 46 cdiu ti A. Luong A ra khdi mat « + Ax cing vay éC aes \s do khuéch tan phan tie Dy. do ding doi uu wc Phuong trinh can ang vat ligu sé la dx.dy traf (- Day Es jlo de ay oO one, . Ue. Cy + OCA) ae De C248 fp an) dy.d ox ex” Ox| & : =k MC, dady.de Khi dx — 0, dydz — 0 phuong trinb rut gon, sip xép duoc phuong irinh cudi ciing cho can bing vat hen véi dong chay mac chieu 1a a-l Trong truémg hop tinh thigt bi phan dng trong cong nghiép hos hoc. thucmy ly ged Uri binh quan ca he s6 khudch tan phan tu, coi Dy, = Trudng hgp trang théi ding. ndng do cdu 1 A trén mot tit den nao dS cus dang chay khong thay dbi theo thoi gian, Ivong tich luy bang khong 1970 a Truong hop cé thé bé qua khuech tin déi Inu. c6 thé bé qua hang myc th hai. Trung hop mor trudng tinh, hoac Re rat nho. bd qua bién thién vé lwang do déi hu, bd qua sé hang thi 3. Phuong trinh (1-2) la phuong crinh khdi quat nhat, ding cong rai cho ci tung hgp khao sat chat lugng aude trong céc dong chay nhu dong song, kénh that, cho sur phat tin khi thai trong khong gian trong cong nghé moi trudng. Vidul. is Trung hop xi ly chat thai cong nghiép trong mot thiet bj dao tron theo mé hinh (2) c6 thé viet phuong trinh vi phan tren - gidi nhu mo hinh khong chicu vé dang von chat thai A VSS 2 Vil Vue 8+ 1s i trong dé: Vy - tc d6 tu lugng dong vae va ra; $ - tc dé {yu lugng chat thai A bd sung; V, - thé tich thiét bi Ww phan dng. Vi du 2. Trying hop dong chy hén tuc, mot chiéu, gin ding cor nh phan tir chat thai ¢6 cing dae diém thuy luc nhy dong chay; dong chdy va chat thai nhur dong nhat. Ta es: trong wa ty, - te dé thodi gidm chat thai A. Khi d6 c6 thé cor Cy = f(x. 0 a8 Cyo = M/Vq, trong dé M - luong chat 6 nhiém: V,, = Fu, F - tit dién dang chay. Vé1 te do thodi gidm thuding gap, Linh theo quy Iuat phuung tink dong hoc bac I 158iE _ i Ce tiinn etl ea a FY4nD AD, Vi du 3. Cing nhir (2) sony dong chdy 6a dink, thod man digu kign GC, /H = 0: phuong tinh (4-2) vé dang Ki do aghiem sé Lae 4k.D. Cy = Cue pe ies e J Véi m6 hinh khugch tén 2 chiéu, 3 chiéu cling vay. Van dé La xde dinh dugc phuang trinh dong hoc va sau dé tim nghiém trong nhimg diéu kien cy thé. Vi du trong tinh todn dong chay, cong nghé moi trudng thydng chap nhan 18¢ dO thodi giim BOD trong dang séng 1a bac 1, tc dO thodi giam kim loai nang trong dung dich buyén phi cOng vay, phan tng bac | dé voi néng do chat huyén phir va ndng dé hom Joai nang trong dung dich; toe 06 hoa tan oxy (DO) bang tng dai sO gid In te dd cide bude: bude hod tan oxy. bude Sdn sinh oxy do 1a0, phan thoai gidm do BOD. cha chuyén hod nitrit thanh nitrat Phin tng dung phuung irinh nay cho thiét by phan ung trong cong nghiép hod chat sé duge trinh bay trong chuong (1 phan IL. Vi du 4. Vide céc chat 6 nhiém thai vio khi quyén hodc vao cdc dong chay. ngoai su phin tan trong dong do tc dé dong chay xd day, dic biét con phai chu ¥ dén sy phan tan ma tren quy vé he 66 Khuéch tn phan tit: nhait 1a trong ding nudc, dong song trong dé chat é ahiém o dang huyén pha day dinh Juat Fick duge ding cho 3 trudmg hgp déng thei xay ra Trang hop khuéch tin phan tit, sy van déng ngdu nhién cia phan tir. Khi do néu goi Da, li he s6 khuéch Lan phan tit thi 16¢ 46 khuéch tén tinh bang q; = - Da. (theo chiéu x, hoae tudng ut voi chiéu y va z). Gid tri Ox D,, thudng gap trong khi quyén vao khong 1,6.10° m/sec: trong dong song vao khodng 10% = 10% m’/sec. 189Truong hop khuéch tan phan tir cho chay a1 gay nerf Bo cb su thien lgch ce thong 6 nhs tic do dong chay, Sp Ive, ndng dé... trong mot Khoanh khac nao dé so ve gid ri due chon la binh quan, Sy sai lech nay cling tao uen su di dong. Gra tre hé 56 khuéch tan cho chay roi 13 Das, te do Khuseh tin cing tinh theo gy oe ({cding nbu vay. theo chiéu y hode z). ax tri Dy». nb trén - trong khi quyén vio khoang 2.10! + 107 m/s, theo chigu thang ding va 10* = LO! theo chiéu nam ngang, trong dong song vao khong 10° + 10° m/sec, rong bién khong 10° = 10? m/sec theo chiéu thing dung vi 10° 10° theo chu nim ngang Mot dang khwéch tén nga tao néa do su chenh lech 6c dé ddng chay trén mot tet dign cia ding chay thyc vor hé s6 khuéch tén Dar va We J (tuong Ut véi chiéu y va 2). Thudng xiy ra trong trong hup dong nude trong song chay theo che dg chay ri, thucmg ¢6 gid tri khoang 10? - 104 m°/s. 160Churong TIN THE tICH PHIET BI PHAN UNG V, I. VOl THUNG PHAN UNG LAM VIEC GIAN BOAN O day, dua nguyen licu vio thung phan ung, narig digw jen tung der Kho phiin ding bat dau say ra. gidr dice bien dam bao phan un hicu suat ctiuyen hoa thea yeu cau Thao san pl 2 dat toi mot im kel thuc phan ung Testi nghia vé 1c do phan ting trong he nay (phan 1, ong thie 1-1) Ket iisp phucing tink dong hoe tinh we do phan dng thew don vi the th Ceol dy Ratra Day La thet esa ean thidt dé sir ly mot leang nguyen tie V., phan ding tir bigu Suar chuyén hod ban daw <,, 5 higu suat chuyén hod bun cust x, OF day line y: hang so tee do bi ham etia mbid wink Arhenias. Truss ung ahiet 6. tinh theo phuong hop teng qual ohat, phan dng xay ci kem theo hieu Hacw emg nhist un bign dong whigt do be theo hweu suat chayén hos, Fen vay hoo thay dai theo x4 tolHay far (yuan be nay cho tinh tk. Mang so trong phuong dinh Aakenins Dua vao phueng (rink cau bang ahiet dé sac dink dang cus aes frudng hup phin dng ues haab di gusn hon hve dang don ninét, phuong | Nhu vin dé tinh toan phar tuét fap duce phuvmg tanh dong bye vt chuyda phuung trink nix ve dang ham ea Inu suat chuyen hod theo A. IL THIET BI DONG CHAY LIEN TUC CO thiet be nay, nguyen Uren hen tue di vao diiu ply cua Het bi va sin pham cum eguyén lieu chua phan ting hea tue ra khoi dau hia ciia thet bi. Gic thet bt phan ing he dong nhat. khong déng nbat Lan vie lien tue nat hap thu, hap pou. fo phan ung Khi nan, déu thude loai aay, DE nen uinb a wy trong pham 6) sat sd cho phep cua yeu eau nah (ode. tang phan va ba loai Uist bt = Thiet hi dang chay Jy tong (ddag iy wens) Thigt br dong tren LY tuons = Thiet by dong cay thue Duvi diy vot catch nit toan wong digu kien Kum sige on dink (trang thir lung), Khong tinh wai doan dong nus may. 1, Thiét bi dong chay ly tudng Hin Echo hint anh x thet br foar may Tong de \,, = toe dy fire tier du avr ay, © brovidu G. kmoln thet by Jong aguyén hee noi vao thigt bis vi hicu suit Chugen how, nong da cau tie A nai vio tet Vee Cy - alting gid irr tong dag & ney ta Kho g chay wong thict bens os dace diem, tinh chat cua Gre hat ten cung mot tit dicen ci dong chas Khong thay déi theo theo thn gian, chi Dov thay dos thee cr tri otis Matter ign trea dong. lo2Vidu tie do eae hat tren mat él din Fa nbu abaw ve ca ga tri tuyer doi va chidu, Khong 06 bien tugng chay vicot tang. thei g1an dimg cus ede hat trong thict bi la nh nhau, Nong d6. higu suat chuyén hod, toe dé phi dmg Hi nhiing dav lagag bien theca hen un thee ehieo ug phan tiny Thue ta trang Nay ta vin thé tong ple Niwtem khong way ta trong thus te (he nhung ioag san vat cone nghiep. wong cic day chuvca Hinh 1 Aluka sit tne do Gate phan ang. vat fink todd Hong song si so che phe p. cae thigh by trang thue te neu cd dac tinh dong chay eng ti dew tinh gan dune Mieqay sé dong hop nay che chiy I¥ tong Lap phoong tinh can bang Sat hou thee edu tie A orn doan tuet bi 66 thé tich AV, higu suat chuyén bod bic dong Hong aren Aw. vy + ANY VC vo Mul trong dé: 1, toe de phan ing tink thee cau tue A wi don vr the uch wl N.-d pe Iv, Qo hay dV. = VA Neu phuor noe cla phan ing hod hoe 6 dang Pee phustig tinh tro thinh ‘= fd¥, =VACQ.. dx, kth) Vyo thé tich thet by phan ing nham dam bao phan dng Gen bank ae fucu suit ban daw xy, dén higu suat ban cur x, Fuong Ur nhur tren, ven trun hop phan dng dang nhict A hang sor woe a Ce ! Xs nsTrading hep miier de thay dor f= oy oe dy a \ fol Hyd Thay phuc tinh deng hoo vas tinh duos ©, 2. Thiét bi phan wng tron ly tudng C6 thé Dinh dung net by lam vice vedi dong hen tue dng nguyen héu Ldn tue vao dau nay cua thet by vst san pha con chua phan dng hen tue na khor dau hac cas thet be phan nguven liga ‘Trong thet br cé pet oo Cau tn hoae puiy Khuay beac dong kha long day Gon Lrong thet by. o tang that Lam vee on dint tao thank mot he voi (inh chat dong mbit 6 moi diem trong thict bi, ot Khong thay dos theo thoi sian. $4 vay thiet by Lim vide dane niet Hinh 2 cho tinh anh ve fog thet br may rong de VY = toc do byw late dong weusen licu vio wa Yo, ar sleue sam_pltarm 1a, 61 dum JN: gg, BSL Va. mh CG ke vy mony do cau oe lh Vino via die et) rat Kho: x nl wet bt teh RHO Ae Gi ca duet bh avr da kmobin ys hig m sual chuven hoa nur vio thict br. oe nena how Gee BEC Ihvamg ur das gee thtet Khor oo Juong cua he thay dot khong dang be tuoc vat sau phan ing. lich Via inh 2 hen con ke dan Liong cong nytiép thung gap tine br nay nang oldie plan das be Khong dong nhat, deen ra tren be mat uep vue pha cue mot ue dae tan de do, uhtet de cue bor lang cuiing uep vic pha, tainh ed su hich done nen’ gay ine ngai cho phin Gng tien hainh Vi du phan cing the Jong - ran: hoa tan Kim lew neng ast phan uns Ha cas khoding va dung dich axit. kem ahi gpauit phan ung vn HNO hoae H.SO, hoac HCl trong ché tao cde loar phan lan nmrephet supe photphat, avit photphorig, phan tin ket tira... Phan ung hé kof tan: nh cac foai fo, thier br bey sor tuen qnang kan loan mau, phan ding vGe nig khi rin LodPhen ung hé Abi - long dien ra trong lop tong soi the Ant khi, hea Gate hat tre sor cuag hip be se Lang up Suc pla Lap phiung trink Gan ba sat tiou theo AL dor vor ca thee bi: VG eC ‘ c. ly New toc do phan tag anh then piuwang tink dong hoc: Hk UC O dav néng do dung dich trong thing phan ung hang neag do dine San jeham ra Khor thot BE bor vay toe do phan un wong do nay a bang ye. tinh ther cae Tne \w= MAC thy k et Noa duc dai ham cua higu suat chuyen bad thee A VG oo ee « Dax \ Ta se sanh due thiet br deag ly tuong stron Ie twfony wong dieu kin dang nhtet. hide Jaén ban dan yt ban ever nh nhay Net bie dor ven thiet br tron Is tg hode theo chtew dar thing phan tng sthye chat cing tu thie an phase ang Khe toc do dong chy an dinky dor ver thiet bi dong Gioch 3+ lw § meu nhich do khong thay dono nbiet de ay od mo Thica wong do Caw Ue A theo than sian phen & 1 twang 2 do Gan bang cua AC. nong dy nay chint fa gidt ban aang do thay nhat ed the dottor Nhe rang h Suse noag de ©. ©, a mot that digm nie do chink bs doag Ie ena phan dine C6 the thay don 4 iue ding by tuéng lin hon abicw (phan 4) so sd thet be ton by trong, Vi vay neu cing digu kien nh wen thee be tron Iv uzung sé can mot ist bi ce the Gch tow fan ahieU so scr slong ly unm 168VeCao Vela VCar a Che’ a) Cr a Ca T T Hinn 3 3, Thiét bi tron ly tudng, ghép néi tiép nhiéu thiét bi Nem hint 4 Cro i itr Thong 8661) Hinh 4. Co thé thas neu Uner br 92 dan den her qua tng thé tel hep wor nep ohicu Caixa, Caettainn Cate Car2%a2 CantXan ate Hhnet br ss dae Gen tot bans thet hy ae fle) ching i tery slows EY luda do dong ure doe ting (én sbinh 3» E Dureme vhien vee ahep song sony 7%: eae thigh hy Hen AS tony, «ag nhur ghep aes wee usp hoae song yong doi vor thet bi stem 1a vo aghis (dung ve mat di tei cua Vy Sine say neu Kun Gee ding let Loetong thé tich thet br so bang GaGa) as wo a Nh vay NG GG ce) gc thé viet phuong tinh rong ne vai \, Vt Co han cach ghép nhimg thiet bi nay we thet bi cd thé tich ba Phuong an thif nhat, ghép nhim 2 nha Vig = const: Vy nn Vigs mh vay 4, = const Phuong dn nay co uu diém: thé tich, cau tae dé ché tao, dé thay thé thiet bi la dong nhat Nhung néu s6 thiét bi da duce sie dink (nj, thé ich thet bi) bang mhau, tir cong thie (2-14) ta thay cde biéM SG Cy Con. Cy da dude xc dinh tren cod Vy, = const dv Phuong trinh (2-14) dat cue tr. nu thoa man quan he —* = 0 hay dx =. Chic chan ede bien 56 Cy, Cy. da due ic dinh kia, kadng thoa man diéu kién nay. Nhu vay tong thé tich thiet bi lam viée trong diéu kien rit ra tit phuong trinh (2-1-4) s@ khong phai 1a abo nha. i wu nhat, kink te ahat Co the nh todn Vy, tit phuag trinh (2-14) bang phuong php dé th Vidu vin (2-11) 6 the viet think: eae ease 2 Peaaaaa T (2-15) Tren dudng ry = (Cy), vor Vy, Side dim, quan he gida Cy va Cy, 1A hang 6 chinh 63. quan he dun thang Y \ + B vi dd doe I/t Cang c6 thé Lam nhw vay Wong tw var: 1 (Xa 7 Sant! Q-16) ee en 167Sig ss ta = We, , g ye Hinh 6. Gilta x, va xy, la quan he duty r,, = Ax + Bdhunh 6) Nhu vay hoac da bict Vy, t, Lib ehép (n) dé dat néng do ban cudt Cy, hode v,,, hose ngwoe Lar dit xéedinh (n) S6 thing muon ghép trong mot das chuyén, qua TCH the ade dinh the lich mot thang. 2 S6 v6 thé xa dinh so Thing can Hoac giai hang phuong phap dar 96, Ket qua sé chinh vic hen Khi ds chuyén phuong trinh vé dang Teta = Ca, 1 Cy, Qa7i Thay phuang trinh déng hoc va grat hé phuang winh vei a-2 din sa, Tuy vay déi voi phan ting e6 bac dom gian, bie mot, cdn grai duac, song vai phan img phitc tap. vee guar gap ahiéu kho khan Vi vay phuong php dé thi van la phuung phap thong dung trong (inh (xin bien nay je hat, so nguyen Phuong dn thi hai, ghép nhimg thiet bi cd thé uch Khic nha ade tiép oham dat dicu kién t61 wu: téng thé tich thiét br La nho nat a Khi dé: Ot. ax, Lay dao ham véi bién 56 12 x,. cdc bién so cut ta tir didu kien nay thay vio tig phuong trinh tinh V,,. ta duge thé tich cac thing phan ung Nguoi ta phai chon phuong an nay chi trong teudng hap thist br cat dat (ign, dau tr an, hoae nhimg phan dng can khong che thar gian phan ung aghiém ngat nham tanh phan ung phu hoac do thin Law chat loxthane sua phain ing by pha buy. hia Koo die gay phan wag phe. Nev phan ume bac}. neng Gudog hyp ghép bar thane phan dng aor tep co the ich bang ohau. chink 1a dieu Kien tor gu Co the ar chung mun drei nas qua ay, ihe ets ds Vai Vu Cau Kyu Va k Mb hang so, OF day cling 66 thé ding phuong phup de the dé git gan dung chew kign ter uu New law x Want y (sy tuy ¥ (cor inh Tyo mit diem mes s+ dhen tich ABCL A=Ay HAs xdy fds Dic kien cue tei khi dA = 0 har dy ds suy ra digu Krew tor uu khi Uep tuya of mx, y) son sor cua it gsc diem cheo Yh yatta) Ua Ura = flea) K 2 fe . Coits9) | “¥F —— \ i “. eae A B x A 3 © Hinh7, Hinh 8. Ve qua he Ur. = Hix didn tich NBCD =. BERT tren thith 8 LooYor dién tich s¢ nho mhat, hay t, + 1. = t dat ger ere abo nbat, khi 1 chon chem ¥,, sao cho Wép tuyén voi duong cong 4 = fix). song song voi dudng chéo cua CDIN Con phan dién tich bao bor BECF ehinh fa dign tich thor guan cain thigt dé phan ing dar drdu suat chuyén doi tie x, sang s,, trong thet bi ding chay ly twang Dé so sanh mot cach dink luun gidta har loat tét bi: dong chay ty tony va ton ly udng. Ta xt mot phan ting bac mot. nghia La phutong teh dong hoe co dang ry = k..C\ va tien hinh trong diéu kign dang ich dang nhict Chuyén vé dang ham cha biu suat chuyén hoa FALL The ich thict bi dong chay Iy tong Khe hicu sual x, = 0 va den x, ee ier | tage q Vu 1 eo) een on) mee Thé tich thiet bs tron ly tuéng don: eae Néu whép alicu thst hi. thai gian phiin mg trong thiet by thus 1 x Co hoo hay 1, = (| ce I hay Van thé tich the by bang nhaw 170Theo dint nghia Taco, Tong thé lich wang dé X\y = Ky Nhu vay thé lich gida thret bi tron Ly wong va dong ly tong sé bang vs one 225) oe xa" “In —— u- a Tinh todn vor gia trim tir dén 10 tim quan hé ty Ie nia dua trén dé thi ta duce hinh 8a, veil xy) Tis diy rit ra nban xét: 1.0 hidu sat chuy én hoa thap. vee chia mbieu thiet bi tron ly veg ghép noi tép khong mang leu higu qua 2. Nawoe lai é higu suit chuyén bod cao, chia nhieu thiét by mung la hiew qua 16 et, 3. Tuy nluén ting 56 thimg len khoung tren 6 thing, higu qua khong lan ‘Tat nbicn két Juan tren qut ra tir ga thict phan ting bac 1. song ahi Phan dong hoc di cho biet, hau het phan dng di pha. Khi/raa - long. thé lich thé ran thay déi, déu bac 1, Va lai cde ket qua tinh tain b digu kin phi lap hom cfiny cho ket qua tucmy tur 71Cothe cor das Erquy laat phd bien 30 ia Bac j met bas hoe ie mei as = mel 1 0.01 08 1 1 Hienh Ba. y 4, That bi dong chay thue Fron cong nshicp thiimg gap done chay thc, phan bo te do cia uct dion diet by khong dé phot thas dor theo abiet dé hey Coa gor La thé tong Niutone co ue lye cue Jeng Chat fone uel char fang co ma sit. de beads nen huen tune khuech Gin ngwoe lang Nghia fa dong ches duoc hink dung nky qua do gar dong 1y teeny chon ty nian Bien phap don gan. dar vor ohung phaa ting 66 phuwny inal déng ine dea yum. co the gia tir phueng tinh ve plan can bang vat hen tong (wat tphan FH. cong thite (2) Viel cr phan img bacon dang abies 1k ©, Dons hay merehiéu © be qua khueeh tin theo chéu sea zon dink ae a oe ean ad (2-20) aby dy Otay phuong th to thank ce a i . dD eG Q2n uy Wy Ga Groce thay dé thee ter den cua dows ohiy. quy nat ind cheVi du ding chay phan bé thee quy wat Tien cde 14 Leu khoa hoc k¥ thuat, dac bret i tr Higu ¥é Hod cong tink c6 rcC ninéu ket qua giai phuong trinh tén trong aheng inrdng hap bac cu the Vidu bi varn = tok Giis phuong tant voi diéu kign bien . LE Ther gian dimg theo te do binh quan, uehia la t= = u Nghicm ¢ a phuomg tinh sé 1a Cy ca r i 4k Py ueng don + Akt V ul Tol end un Cy. theo yeu cau, xae dinh duos chigu dar eae thiet Lung vee_mot tidt dien xae dinh Nyuint ta tint Vy cho dang Ty wane the tich ding ch nhu tinh 9 var die kien tyong tw. Lap ty Te y thu vi dong fy tone Lap do thy gidp cho tink xin Vi du 2: Phin ing bac mot, truding hop te dd Tea, co thé bs qua anb hues na Ktuéch tin phan ws. ddng chay van o nnen chay dang Phuong tinh vi phan ve dang LG 00.01 0.01 1 l-xae= CatCaro Hinh 9. utes In : ee Qu t i | “+ (2-29) Mot phuors plap mang tint thue nghrem Ia sde dani ham phan be Ho gaan ding ens coe hat cong thet bi Diag mot chat danh dau dua vau deo img whoa bat, cor hank 10 ae dinh thay sein dimg con Ew i Biés men | \ T dag do \ c& | / i | Hinb 10 Ete ant +z. hiv - phan tues C6 thé nh bai dmg Bory Nhu vay what c6 thin gian dime trong men thoi 24 su vor ting hat, tw diese ham phan ko thor gran 4frirlir = 1 (2-30) h quer ton bo dign tich bao how E¢2) Blt) - f(t) vactrue hoanh. \ Neu gol thin gian dimg binh quan Wat r= fre(ldr (2-31) ¢ Z . nia Hinh 11, ad : Ty te E cang hep thiet bi cing + WL. si du vor thiet br dong ty tudng ham phan b6 nhu hinh 1. Caing 6 thé dua vie ham phan bo may Adc dinh inde do thin Iech done chay thye vai dong ly Tint bi dang chay thuc, do o6 hien urgng vurt ting cue bo nen che div khong co cic ving chét trong dong cliiy. thoi gian diy ede hat rat Khac ohau. Minh 2 cho thay muc do sai khie dy, Do lech cing [dn - cing xa trang thai dong ly wong i s@ cang lin tren hinh ve. Thue ra dn nhiéu dang ham so khde dé c dint ther gian i nhu tam phan bo F oe dinh nghia: F = C/C, wrong dé C,. © - néng do chat dank daw hong nguyen liga va trong ding ra thdi diém 1, hoae dudi dang khong thu nguyen T/t = 0 (t: then gian ding binh quan = Vu/V,) Song KY thuat nay thudng ding rong Zi Wong digy kien: dong chay én dnh khéng co phan ting hod hoc, khong c6 su thay doi vé Khoi ugng rene clia he. huae dong chay don... Tot nhl vin 1 grat phuong tint (2-27) trong tung trudng hop cv the,Chuang HI PHUONG TRINH CAN BANG NHIET Hau het cic phan ting hod hoc déu hem higu ung niet: phan ting thu hode tod net; cong véi sy trao dér vin ben ngoai dé duy uri diéu kien nhiét do tat nhat cho phan img tién hanh Phung trinh can bing nhigt cing why phitong tinh can bang chat: Tng s6 dai <6 nhiat Cod ca hoa thu vio do phan Gag hod hue, mhist trao dés vii ngodi va ninét tieh ty hoae gidin di cia he bang khong Lay thi dy thiét bi phan ding dong ben tue. phan ang tou nhigt, mbigt truyén qua moi trang én ngosi qua thict bi lam lah Truong hap thi T+ dong tron ly tiny tinh 1) , Vi du phan dng mot chigu, phuong trinh dong hoc c6 dang ry. = kC\) r 1c do phan tag tinh thee don vi thé tach: wei dong tran ty ursng. nhiet do déag nhat T: dé don gién hod, gid sir nhiet dé nguyén ligu vag dim bao bang ahist do thing pha ng Hinn 1 T6i trang thai Fam vise 6n dinh nbict do phan dng tod ra bang nhiet hayén cho mor ining. hay Nhvét do phan ung toa ra Q Vy, AG) AD hong dé -AH: hiew ting nhiet ca phan ing Nbcét truyen qua mar tudng Q, + KF(1 -T,} trong dé: Ko hg 96 truyen ohigt tir vung phan ting déa moi invong. T - ahiet do binh quan cua min tyting, o day fe chat Git phigt anh. Thay cong thite tinh 1 176Phuong tinh can bang niuct Q.=0; # (-AHAIC,) = KFT -T,) Vi k, Vi du phan dng bac LC) = C, Theo: Q (3-3) Niue vay Q, = 41), Qy = fT), dura Hinh 2. len dé thi ta dude cum bai duiiag (high 2 HE dam ban thict bi cd thé Lam viée u trang thd) 6n dinh, co thé thay co the xét hai diém M, vi M, o dé Q, = Qy Xe M, ting vin nig do T.. Trong cong nghiep, rat kh got Chink ade whit do T,, nhiet do thudng chan dong quanh micn T Vi du mhiet do én cao mor cinit T > Ty do Q, > Qs két qua ninet do cut hé phan ung sé tang lén khong o img. Vii'du mhigt dé ha thap mot chit T <<’ cite he phin tng sé gam lien tue do Q, 0, Phan dmg chay.nd [a phan ung do phan tng toa nhuet, née nbict Lily di khang kip, nice sé tich ty Lam tang nhigt dé cua he phan ung. hau qua ké tigp li te dé phan ung Lang vi phat unén ti mve Io thanh phan ing ne nhict Voi mot so ina khi thuung gap. ki H., CO. CH, NII... Ae nhiet do (ang (Gi mot gid tri nhat dinh, trong hé oxy voi sie chat khi tren sé bat daw hoe hay fa por La nhiét dé ww chay - bay digm chay Vi du phan ung hic n trong he khi dong nbat, Yoo do phan img ry = hk link theo don vt thé beh (2-8), Phuong wink (et aN AH) = Vpkoe ®T(- 4H, JCS G-3) ~ SH, nhigt do phan ung ao ea hoae dé don grin ki bigue QQ, Nhiét trayén qua thigt hi phaong trink am lanh véi dién tich truyen nhiet B, Q; = KET - Th) (3-6) vi thé tich khi Cy ty i¢ thuan vch dp sudt rigng phiin hor vay Q = CUP) Néu phan ting thay dov ip suat. ta ca thé ve mot chim didng quan he Q.= 4), vor tac nhan tanh .6 dink T ap suat he thay dé. Vi du o ap suat p,. diem T, LA diém thao tée ou dinh; o ap suat py. alnét dd T. Li nhiet dé boe chay. fp suat po i dp suat nd ti thicu, & Suit p;, phan ting Cng c6 thé cor T, day la whet do thanh thing phan ing. Neéu phan tng tién hinh & ap suat khong thay déi, song ubiet do cos thinh thet bi (te phan tanh) thay dér chink 3,4) cho ta thay quan he: 78Q. std) Qe = HT dmg wor Fy Khe miau Q=f(TMP; | iste; Qu=f(T)p =P, ft ToT Te te Mint 3 Hinh 4 Vi du nluét do ¢ tanh BT). quad trim phan img, niet do thanh tang len T, duong thang Qs = tT) wo think uep tuyén dueng Q, = CT) oT Day La nbigt do ty chity hap ahat, eso mat chit sé no ay chay Nhu vay diéu krgn no nbiet (Qh, =Qahy vil cl Q7y te Pacis eG ke (3-8) foe va VO b ceeeG KE 3-9) RI; trong dé F - dien Gch Guyen nhac Nir day gran luge come sie dinh nbict do trendy thap mbat Le : 1 tT T,) bay nghiem 1, - 43-104 RI; 79Trong thye t cae loa: phin dng nay T,, Nhoang 1000°K, nang lung R 2» 1000 pene F = dohepecl nay ee etn FE 40000 - RT, « Hau hét cdc phan Ung loai nay gid try oe. < 0.05 cho nen dei chiéu thue (2 thudng dng cong thc . Bu va cing da ral nhd nén co thé giat gan ding aya theo: 0 -4 (I+ of" 244 ay . lm 2, _ Cus cing sé duge: oo E Hay diéu hen tre! Mir Qe ka € 7 (3-42) RT. KE say IA mot cong thie thud ‘Trong thue 1 con nhieu phyong phap khac nhau v6 nhiing mé hinh khac nhau dé di dén vic dink diew kagn chay 06 abiet Trudmg hyp thu hai: h¢ dong chay |¥ tong (coi hiah 5) 180Vedu toe do law lvong nguyen leu N,. Tée do Jun lygng sin phim Nj. Toe do hu Luong binh quan N. Ninét dung ri¢ng hinh quan C,. Higu Ging nhigt phan tng -SH,. Tren doan dl, dien neh truyén abet F tinh theo dun vi chiéu din, feu sual chuyén hod theo A. dx,, bién thin nhiet do dT, he s6 truyen nhigt K. niet dd binh quan moi trudng T,, Nong do unh theophan tram phan ti nguyén lieu y,,, ndng do san phan y, Phuong trinh can hang nhiet, vi du cho trudng hop phin tng toa nhiet. ruyen nbiet cho ben ngodi, tng vor doan dl Rava, dx ( AH.) - K (T - Ty Jul = pT (3-13) hay Novy, (ean, = KET ~ Ty) = NC oT yayay : dl a Day {i phong trinh can bing nhiét cho biét bién then nhict do theo chia dir thing phan dng, theo tec do phan dng tinh bang de de, dl ul trang dé u - td¢ 46 binh quan cba dang chay. Néu phan dng tién hant doan nhiet, khong tran déi nhiet vdi ben mgoat KT- Ty 20 Phuong trinh tré thanh: SEM (AH), dx, = dT G15) NC, Hay tén thin nhiét dO tie noi vie thict bi v4i nhiet db bun dau T,.. hicu sual chuyén hod xy, den higu suat chuyén hoa ban cuds fa x, khi ds nhiet do twang ting 1A T. 4 1 ~(- ats). fax, = [aT (16) ve i ing nhiet T= Pte) Qa7) 1Day [i quan hé T = {04.9 trong diéu kien doan niet, tir day rut ra p(s.) (trong phan HH, chung U1, cong thite (2-4). Tat ahién vai phan tng thu whiet, qui trink tinh todn uung ur Ver dong chdy thue. new lay gid tri binh quan cia cic thong sé, ket qua cing nhu vay, Vai ohimg tinh todn, thict ké thong thuéng trong cone aghi¢p hod hoe, tinh todn nhw vay cho ket qué chinh sic chap nhtn duce. Chua cin dén phyong phap lap cic phuong irinh vi phan & mite dd cau ky hon nite Trong cong nehiep thing xac dink diew kiga t61 uv cho phan U1 Duong nluén khi nds tor uu can AGE TO ham muc teu. Thug chii yeu de cap dén digu kién dé 16 do phae img Ldn nhat, dan dén hieu qua [a the tich thidl bs hode cu thé hon: cudmg dy thiet bi fon nhat - yo day néi luemg vin pham tha duce tir don vi thé tich thiél br phan dng [a 1én nhat. Di nhien nbu vay higu qua ksal té sé Tein nbat Tren da xac dinh toe dy phan ng 1a ham cus nha bién x6: nhigt do. ap Sat. ndng dO cde cau fe tham gia phan ng hoae the hien gus ty le ndn: do ede chu iy tham gia phan dng ~ tudng hop phin dng nam tong mea khong ché cua tec do phan dng hod hoc (dor ¥6r phan tng he khong de nbat), Vé nguyen tae sae dink duve bam cia toc do vei Cie bién 56 ni dheu hign Wien quyét dé tim cye tr cua ham may. Do La 1h su O day trong Khuda khdé cua can hing nhiét ban th mot yCu to quan trong nhat: digu kiva nhiét dé ti wu ddi vor phin tng. Phan img mot chicu Khong cd nhiét d6 161 uv, nhiét do ting Ie do phan dng cing. thé hnéa o phuong triuh Arhenius, Nbu vay ting ahist do 1A tol. vidi han cua nbict do phy thude vin dé bén cho phép ciia Inet bi phan dmg va phy git tham gia phan ting nhur Kha nang chiu abrét dé} ca chat vic tac, chat hap phy... hoa: ahiét do gay chayen ddi co che cua phan img Sang mot quy lat khac Trong cong aghiép hod hoe hat i cang nghiép hod hoe vo cet gap mol log! phan Ung qusn trong: phan dng he khéng dong ahat, hai chicw. wa nhigt uen anh tren cue tie ran gitta cée Cau tir tham gia phan ing déu o trang thai Khg nha: Phin ung ory hod SOs: SO, + [O. == SO, + Q wen vue tae gsc at Vanadi Phan ting chuyén hod CO: CO + 31LOS CO, + H, wea \ue tie Fe.0, tk?Phan ung tong hop NEL. N+ 3H) = INH, tren xe tic ga Fe O, Phan img tong hop metanon CO + 2S= CH OH tren aie Ke ost kaw cram Zn0.Cr_0 O day ban ani hudng va nhing cuit mbigt do 16) toe do ca phan th bien phip duy (i niet do tr nhat cho phan ding Hen hanh Phan ding hod hoe dun dan sing quail VyAg bv pB, oHtoyy Ly = ty My +Q Theo (1-20) phuving ninh dong hoe dang tong quat Kotte b= kfc.) 3-18) Trong do ky. ks hing so ae dé phan ung then v3 aghich. Nluct do (oi cu khis an =0 dad iT dh fe Se ei dy dT dl oo on ec) IC) -0 9 a _ Diou kign tot au. hay h EAC, (-2ly ie ic) bet K 5 tT C.e6 the chuyeén thank tes oy Khe ndng de ban daw cua cde cau ie Cy Cue Coe Cyn Thay vie quan he Wen doc quan hé Vy = ff) din bao we do phan ding Jeue dai. nhist do nay La niet dg tot awe Nhe vay dor vd mot phan eng hoa hye. vit dieu kigm nong do ban sau cua cae cau or dd due ae dinh, voi mote che phan dag shat dink (vi du awe bic. chat de che, joe mat neu swat chuy Ea hoa nat dinh sé co mot niet do Vac diab, dun bao phan amg Gen tanh vt toe de lon abst, do lie nbuct do te un. tkaNiet do tor uu duoc vac dinh bang phucng tinh (3-20) va ket hep vor phyung tinh unk hang 90 can bang K = @(T). Hinh 6 cho thay moi qua he dé vdi phan ung oxy how: GE ©, = $0, -Q 2 len xde bic goo Vanadi hin try 8 +:25mm Nong d6 ban dau cia hon hup khi 18 SO, = RO: O. = (20: N. dp suat 800 mmHe © mién hicu sua chuyen hoa thap. phan ting «can bang toc dé phan tag thuan La chind, nhiet do tang, te do phaa ung ding Khi can bang. nguue hu te d6 phan ing nghich ting theo nhiet do. eG kbuynh hudng chidm uu thé, Ket qua toc do phan ding sé gia. Hint 6 sac nhan két loan ay 400450500 $50 600 Nee 9, °C Hinn 6. Xet them ve anh huang nhuet do (i can bing ciha phan ting. eo Hang so cin bang: Ke Cw (3-24) cnet ‘Tir phvong trinh tinh hang so can bang tren es Me ehuyen ve quan he hicu suat chuyén hoa can bang y .- neu suat chuyén hod cue dat co the dat t61 6 mdt mhigt do nhat dinh vor 1 qua K = O(T). = 41) Dua quan he Ra se (3-205. (3-21) fen mot dé thi ta due hinh 7 « Qua hin, Lo thay new thie hign phin tg tren tir higu suat chayen hoa han dau v\, =O tang dan dén hicu suat cu y,, Didu Kien dan baw tac at phan ung Tu6n fon ohat La khong che bier do gam dan theo quan he Seu Ts tor unt isdTrone cong ngtnep thuc hién theo hat phiong an sau Phuong an thi nhat: Thue hin truyen nhiét nr by, thict br phan ting cs he gdm 2 bun: bude MOL phan dng down aligl Grai doan nay te dO phan img tang theo sirtang cua mist dd. ti mor gid tri nhat dinh. ticn hanh phan Gng song song voi hé chong Lam lanh. ha dan mbiét do cua hé theo duawe «it Viv, = WT) tor wu. C6 the dam. ban phan dng moe thict KE Sao ches Klan bunic, son. lam giam Hinn 7 alnet d6 6 giar down di phan ting. Hinh 8 Ja mot vi du ve thiet br nay Buting ‘cim tmiet b San phan ra 1 nmerta ku nguyen els "Khe nguyen 5 -ahiehela he gua ggg hos rng 264 vao 7 ay Saar? nw MOF Hinh 4 1 eng rung i dn hh 25121 4. alt irony} 4.3 éng ruven nikiet ngoal d,. 4 xue tae 8SHigu qua cudr eiing [a bien thign xy = (T) they dudng biren dé thi Tiong cong nehiep cé nhiéu dang cau true thét bi oham dam bic diéu kign nay. Thing gap uhat (xtc tic dat trong hod ngoai chim dng truyén nhiét. Phan khe ho ty do. chat tii abet kanh. thugng 1 khi nguyen lieu. nhan nbiét phan dng. nang nluct do dén alici dé bat dau phin ng Ty, eK) Phuang an thé har Thye hign thee be trayén bit trung gian, dat Unet iy truyen ahiet grin tiep gidy har deat phin img. nham ha uhiet do xuons Co the dung Ahi nguyen lew Kum chat tac uhiet co nhigt do thap: qua thigt bs. hi nguyen héw whi ahiet cus Mii dd phan dng, nang nbigt do ca ban than dén niet do bat dau phan ung T,,chinh 9); hoae mos chit tii Mbit hhac. vi du nut. qua triven nbiet ter thank hoi nude Chink 9b): digo bisn x, = fT) ten de thi think Dy Hoi nude to 1 c TaTsTy Tr T (a) © Hinh 9. Vor logi thiet bi may. c6 v0 so phuong dn chon digu kgm cha yeu freu suat chuyen had, Anet do nei vto va ra khei moi doan vic tac, nhdag chou kien cae dinh thir gian phar éng eda mérdoan t, vA qua d6 vic dinh usp aed tony tho IieSido i. | Cie gid Gi Ty. T khong phar by ben dog dap sae dink qua dudng quan he [= te.) cia phan ting dean niet aw nh ger cae gui try cua 1 un b, dd sae dink, Wet el) TW Ne hd ee ce) Fong then gaan Hep Ste nho wat kh des dt eee eee a rf. To he phuong tanh co the nit et dieu kyen dé tong the dich thé bi hho ohat. dag vor tung ther gran bep ses oho mbit Ki Dicu kuin | Ny fev ve gia Or (Wy et dor, uehich das cua log dao Cust doan trite bane nghick dao cus toe do a dau doan sat ke win ne Puen ben 2 New coulong chay fi dong chay Ty tong hay. ‘ eT, fae ie enh ae Va brew saat chuyen hod doan + tar giae digm giita dain: nhnet do theh hop ahat vor duding phan dng doan obit Taw, Tha drew Kaen that beat fa pete j 5 j =| ayn (3-28: Tes Hay ve 1én dé thi eta brah 10 Hos den ich Wen bang nhau. Ta quan he =] — ay) fy) sac dink qua diéu Kicn 1. sau da qua dieu Kign 2 vac dhoh vy, Hoac cing thee hien thiet bi uuyén nlngt (rung gian. gue bat grat foan phan ting doan nhiel tat mot set hr truyén phist true ep Hoag bo in7Sung ngasen heu lank cas deg ko meng thinb 1b hoae bo sung dong Kit 6 var dong Ahi ndng han ha ohiet de \ueng drink tbs Kat we o day 6 thé Hamil cau te Khong thamy, fhe phan une fede eau tr hy sung wae Ahonen Hinh 10 the dav to emir nat dean kan koh tue tep. Vide bo song Khon hdl sao hen hep kis SO dai qua gnu doan f bane Khone: klni t i ta seatoh } dans) Fe a | ! ff al T | Khi nguyen lien (0) Kh tr) Hinb 11. IssFroag tong hop NH, thudng bé sung nguyen lity N, + 3H, vao gitra ay doan phin ing dogn nhigt trong toan thép tng hop (hinh Hap irong oy hua SO, dé tao axit sunfuric, chuyén % hod CO trong day chuyén téng hop NH, hoac metanol. thucng bé sung khong khf vao sau giai doan 1: bé sung heli nude vio sau doan | hang Luong khi nguyén li¢u vdo doan | 1a Vo. Luang khi tro bs sung vio doan truyén alngt li V, ; : Trong uuimg bop nay dieu ken ti uu = : due xdc dinh dua vao phuong trinh Hah 11) dV, - avy, 1 dv, = (4.26) ny dv, = d¥,1, 2 V, 4 Vk = 0 G27) trong dé ty. Ty. T, My ham cua hicw sual chuyén hod net vag, net ra va nhiét dé noi vio nbu tren 2) Can bing nhiet VC eG le oy (3-289 trong dé: Cy.Cy, - nbiét dung nieng binb quan 6 nhict do teung ung cus Ahi nguyen figu va khr bo sung: sung. nhiet do khi nguyén lieu va khi bd 3) Phan ting dean nbiet fo tt ee Ket hop hé phueng trinh ten gai duve ty Je V/V, va x, dr eae diem vao va ra khor lép phan img Diéu kien na dam bao t6ng thé tich thiet br nhd nhat do t ngiin ahat Vi du} Vhwe hien phan ung he khi dong hat dong ly wong o 215"C. dang nhict: A aR Phyeng tinh dong hoc tinh theo ry =10 °C!" emoi/t Bict ndng do A trong nguyen lid Ag = 0.0625 gmol/lit. ngu tinh theo phan tram ta cé 50% theo A va 50% khi tro. Hay xdc dinh thoi gian phan ung can dé phan ting dat higu suat chuyén hod theo A bang x, = 80% Néu ding thiét bi gn ding cor nhy dong I wang. 189Gidi: He s6 thay déi the ich w= xO,5 = 1 1 Nhu vay phuong Uinh dong hoc dang tong guidt sé trét chanh fics)” hay thai gian can thiét dé phan tng toi x, = 80% avis. “ - a. " Ree i" wcie| La | Tw bang phan tich tra: ae Ww ‘a . i = |aresinny ~ Jl = (a +X, ye . : Thay cé¢ gad ter bang so ta duge gid tri céa tich phan = 1,3 0,0625 7 pe 10625 398 = 43.2 sec eee Vi du 2: Cung c4p mot dung dich vai fu long | Lit/phut bao gdm 2 thanh phan A va B, véi ndng do ban div C,, = 0.1 gmol/lit it, Cy, = 0.01 mol/l vio mot thiét bi phin ung tron ly tung, cd Vy = I he Sau mot théi giao phan dng. trong san phdm néng do ede cau tt hu sau: C,, = 0,02 gmol/lit. Cy = 0.03 gmol/lit, G = 0,03 pmal/it Tinh We di) phan tag theo ting cau tir Giai: Voi dong tron Ly uring, thé tich khong thay 46i trong phan ung Ti Vy = Malye = Cri) 5, _ 0,10 - 0,02 = 008 gmol/lit if 7 OO E0 0s 0 gmol/lit t/t 190,co Cer _ O- 0,04 ao ww Forty ete = 0.08" 0,02: 0,04 0.04 gmol/it Phin ung co dang 4A + B+ 2C Vi du 3: Thue ida phin ung Ar B= R+S trong mot hé Jong dong hat, thiét br tron ¥ twing vi thé tich 120 lit, Dan bar ding khi nguyén lidu, dang A ven néng dd A bang 2.8 gmol/lit (khong e6 BY vi dong Bvt nong do B bing 1.6 gmol/lit; tie dé luu lugng bai dong bang nhav. Muon dat neu suat chuyen héa theo B bang 78% can khéng ché toe d6 lua yong moi dong 1a bav nhieu? bret k, = 7 lite gmol “x phic’, ky = 3 litxgmol ‘x phir! : Nhu vay trong dong nguyen lieu va thiét bi, néng do A va B lan luot bing C,, = 1.4 gmoi/it, Cy, = 0.8 gmol/Iit, Cy = 0; C, = 0. © higu suat chuyén hod dat 75% theo B, néng do trong ddng san phiim sé bang: Cy = 14 - 0.80.75 = 0.8 gmol/lit Cy = 0.8 - 0.8% 0,75 = 0.2 gmol/lit Cy = Cy= 0,8 0,75 Toe do phan ting theo A: fy = RCL Cy = by Cy Cy .6 gmol/lit = 7x0.8x0.2-3x0.6' =0.04 gmol/lit - = 120x004 8s livphin A 06 Vi du 4: Thue hign phan ung he khi A — 3B trong digu kién 10 atm. 429°K, dang nhvét. Quan sat va tinh toan duce quan hé gtita toc 46 phan ung vat higu sual chuyén hod theo A, dure kél qua ghi trong bing. 19ee 0 10 20 0 40 i mol/lit sec 0.0053 | 0.0052 | O.n050 | 6.0045 [0.0030 xy. % 50 60 70 80 85 Fy. BMOM/IE See 6.0033 | aonas | aoots | 0.00125 | 0.00100 Te do uu \uong dng aguyén hu V,, hing 2070 lit/gio, gdm SO%A va 50% khi tro, dua van chiét bi cung nies do va dp suat trén. Dé dat higu suat chuyén hoa 80% edn tinh Vy cia thiec bi dong ly Wang, tron ly trang ghép. Néu ghép 2 thiet bi tron ly tudag vii eu suat chuyén hod sau thict bi thet mbat bing 40%, tinh Vy) va Ves ear 1. : Giai: VE quan he — = fx.) len se do duoc hinh 12 nN Nong do nguyén lieu Sane Gv Rh kn = 10x05 yy ggs Bmel 0,082 423 lit Ny, = Vy.C y= 2070%0,1445 = 299 gmol/gity 4) Néu ding mot thict bi dang 02 on asa ly tudng taco : an ce Hinh 12. lit xsec bang 265 mol + aaa ee eta 3600 800 = 200% 0R~ 192c) Neu ghép hai thiét bi tron ly wrong. hiéu suat chuyén how trung an bang 0.4 Vay chinh bang dign tich ABCD nhan voi V,C,, va Vyo. va bang dién lich BB'CD™’ nhan véi VC 1 3600 Vay = 299% « 250% 0,4 = 8.304it kD «800« 0,4 = 26.6 lit 3600 Téng thétich: Vy, + Vs = 34.9 lit d) Néu trude hét thye hign trong mot phan ving ddng ly tudng dén higu suat chuyén hod x, = 0.7 sau dé tigp tue phan tng trong tig bi tron ly tudng tdi hieu suat chuyén hoa x, = 0,8. Ta od so dé hinh 13. L800) 2 wo t Ta 600 600 400 400! 200 200 02 04 06 08 02 04 06 08 ” BA X= 0,7 —-co—; () ) Hinh 13. 299 x4. x 200 = 16,6 lit 3600 . 9 (0.8 = 0,7) 800 = 6,65 lit 3600, 193= 16.6 + 6.65 = 22.25 If cf) Néu nguae Lai theo so dé hin 136 20 aS 3600 om a 3600) Vi du 5: Tr mot thiet hi Lim vi © gidn doan. Quan he giifa higu suat chuyén hod cia apaty x, theo thai gian xac dinh theo thy nghiém ghi trong bang dudi day, [Thoi gion, phic [1s | 30 60 | 90 | 150 | 210 | 270 | L % 25.22 | 42.41 | 61.26 | 77.23 | 90.07 | 94,62 | 99,50 Bua sé ligu tren vao thue 1 san xual Xe ly mot lwong quang 10 tdn/gi. Ty 1¢ 1dng van trong thing phan ung 2.5/1, xéc dinh khéi long riéng cia hép hop 1400 kg/m’. Muon dat hiew Suat 98%. ghép 5 thing phan ting tron ly tong, lam viée hen tye. cb thé tich bang nhau. Hay unh thé tich cua thing phan tng. - Trine hét lap dirong cong x4 = f¢T), - Lay tigp ruyén tar ede gia irr cia x, khie nhau, duge gid tri wot '* tng dx/dt dua lén dé thi i d: SX. 10? = tex (hinh ve 15), 08 ad vé § dung gap khuc 66 canh huyén 06 song song tit x, = 0 dén x, = 0.98 ta 04 duge do dae Mt = 0.0154! 1 = 64.9 phat. 02 Luu lucng dong nguyén lieu: 0 1000.25 +1) : Vy = = 0.417 mip PRET 1 6 120 180 240 +, pinit Vig = 0.417% 64.9 = 27 nm? Hinh 14, 194Ky 0.99 | 0.95 | 0,90 | 0,80 | 0.71 | 0.60 | 0.50 | O49 (ds.fdtv.10? | 0.05 | 0.079] 0.15 | 0,29 | O47 | 6.62 | 0.77 | 0.97 Tong thé tich V, = 5027 = 135 mé 8a. 19? . uy yh 10 BAI TAP of 1. Tién hanh phan huy thé khi 0.64 SO,Cl; theo phan ine. oa] S0,Cly, > $0,, + 6 tat va 320°C 6, Phyong trinh dong hoc bic 1 UV theo SO,Cl,: 0 07 04 06 08 1 XA Ty = kyo. Hinh 15. a 4 320"C, k = 0,00132 phir Brat tHe dd dong nguyén liéu la 10 ke SU.Cl, nguyen chat/gid. OF dam bio higu suat chuycn hod theo SO,CI, bang 90'¢ a- Voi mot thiét by b - Tinh thé tich th - Thiet bi ddng chay ly twong, dong trdn ly tuong - Thiét bi dong tron ly tudng ghep 2 thung co thé tich bang nhau, ghép noi tip, ghép song song. - Thnet bi tron Ly wing ghép 2 cheét bi diny bio lng thé tich chet by la aho nhat. : n viéc g in doan, hiiy tinh thi gian phan ing i phan ung trong cdc diéu Kien sau: Hay so sénh vi bidn Tuan két qui - Néu ghép 5 thigt bj phan dng ¢6 thé tich bing nhau, tron ly wring Bang phuany phip do thy hoe giai tich, tinh téng thé tich thiet bi. 2. Thuc hin phan ting trong pha léng, he déng nhit, thiet bi tron ty rong c6 thé tich Vy = LO lit, A, + B, +R Biét ndng d4 ban dau cia A: Cy, = 1.25 grnoiflit.Phuwng trinh dong hoc 6 dang 1 — OISC, Jy gmol/lit. phi a. 6 hicu suat chuyén hod sao nhicu, We do phan eng [16m nhac? b. Cin Khong ché te do leu lugng dong nguyén lieu 1a bao nhigu dé dam bao giit dugc higu suat chuyén héa ay? c. Néu tigp tue thue hién phan img tir bi 9944 trong thiet bi dong chi 66 thé lich la bao nhieu? suat chuyén hod dy dén ly tuong cin ghép mat thiet bi ding ly tong 3. Phan buy COCI,, CO, + Cho Fat v2 650°C Phurong trinh dong hoc bac | theo COCI,. pict & nhict do d6 hing sé toe dé phan dng: k = 834.107 giay | Musin xi ly mot Ivgng COCI, bang 16,68.107 kmol trong mét phtit, son bigu sudt phan huy 80% can mot thigt bi dong ly twang cé thé tich [a bao nhiéu? Ap suat riéng phan ctia ede civ tt san pham sé bang bao nhieu 4. Mot phan Ging hai chiéu. ti¢n hanh trong he long déng nha. trong thiet by tron ly iuong, tiém hanh 6 50°C. c6 thé tich 2m‘. 2A==C+D © nhiet 46 a6 hang sé can bang K = _ = 16, hang 96 te dd phan rar img thuan k, = 0,625 m‘sec'gmol'!. biet néng do ban déu cha A = 24 emol/lit. néng do han dau cua C va D = 0. Mudn dat higu sudt chuyén hod theo A bang 60% hiéu suat chu hoa can bang. can khong ché te dé luu lugng 18 bao nhieu? 5. Tich hanh phao Ung trong mot thist bi tron Ty tuang co thé tich 50 lit trong mot he thing dong nhat 2A > R + S. tée dd lwu lang ngu lieu V, = 5 liyphut Phuong trinh bac 2 theo A Voi néng do dong nguyen ligu Cy, 5 gmol/lit. Cy. - Cy +0. Sau mot phil. lugng R thu duge tinh theo mor dom vi thé tich thing phan ting bang 0,017 mol. Hay xc dinh hang 56 tc do phan Ene. 196trong hé khi déng nhat 2 chiéu & | at va }00"C A4+BE RES biét phuong winh nay phan anh ding co ché ca phan Jng uv nhiet do nay. nang $6 1c do phan tng thudn k, =!1.76.1G' livgmolphir +a hang scan bang K = (RES AqB Neu dong yen héu cd nd mown Hay nh thé tich el br on Ly tucng dé dam bao phan ting trea tiéh banh (31 hig sual chuyen hoa ban cuor bang v= 0.5 7. Phan img 2A + B= Roben hanh Wong chet i tron Ly twong, dang lich 6 30°C. Kh» do phuung trinh dong hos 66 dang, roe GaG hiét nong do ban dav cua A iw. = 2 amol/luy cua BLA =} gmol/lit foc dé lun lung dong nguyen Lieu, 24 LUgid. a, Muon dat bicu suat chuyen hod X thé tich la bao niieu? = 60%, can thiing phan ing 66 b. Neu thay bang not thier br duuy Ly trong, can mot tie tich thiet bE © Gide thich Ly do su thay dou the tich thidt bi phin eng git hai loai nay 8. Phan ong chuyén hoa CO CO+H.0=H.4 CO, fic .700"K a. Hay sae dinh hicu img nhiét d 700° K va 673"K, higu ting mhict binh quan trong mién nhict dé ody. dia tren céc 80 Tidw tra ti sé aly hod Ly sa day: tién hanh trén xe V caw j__ AH. keal/emol Cy eal/gmolh | co, ] 26.4157 079+ 0.98 10°T- 0.011 10 10, “57.7979 TAT + 2.56 10 'T + 6.008 10VT? Hy, 0 1y ‘T- 9,012 10 aco O40518 6 eT 0.204 LOT 197trong d6 AH" - nhigt sinh thanh of dieu hicn T,, 1iéu chuadn 125"C 98.2°K), vai thanh phan ban dau tinh theo phan tram thé dch bang: CU, = 4.59, O; = 0,09: CO = 13.89 Hp = 16,14; khi hhde = 65.1% (chu yéu LA nto), higu suat chuyén hod 80% (tinh theo CO). b. Hay xde nhiét dd khi sin phdm. biét nhiét do vao la 350°C, x4e dinh phuong trinh doan nhiét, véi gid thiét phan dng doan nhiét 9. Nung void} at CaCO, = C40, + CO., dé phin dng dat wang thar eye dai can khong ché nhict do 103 thigu La bao nhieu? Tinh toan tren eae $6 igu tea cttu tir sd tay hod ly sau Cau ur AH". keal/emol Entropi §", cal/gmol."K CaCO, -28R.S45 22.2 Cad, “181.79 9 CO, -94.05 51.05 oe " 2303.RT 10. Phuong trink dong hoe cua phan ting 16 can bang cé thé tinh theo: 2 hop NH, 6 trang thai xa Tin = EPs. Pans long 66 p,: dp suat riéng phan cia cdc cau tit Néu irony dong khi bao gm i% khi tea, a% khi NH, (tinh theo phin tram thé tich) con li han hop H, va N, Hay tinh ty 1é H,/N, dim bao toe dQ phan ding Ja lon what 11. Phan Ung 2SO, + O, = 2SO, trén suc tac Oxit Vanadium C6 thé nh te do theo phuong trinh dong hoc cla Temkin: is Fos = tte! 2] -k (Pes 1984. Hay viet phuong tinh xdc diah dicu kign nhict do tn ru bigt nang d6 ban dau cua SO. O,, SO. lan lat biog a, b. ¢ (tinh theo phan Gam thé tich) - Quan he hang s6 can bing va nhiét do o mién 390" + 700"C nhu sau: 4905 : logK, = > 4.6455 b. Viet phuong trinh tinh quan hé higu suat chuyén hod eve dar va nbiét do phan tng (can cit vao Cink binh trong cong nghiép, duge phep gid chiét qué trinh la dang tfch) 199Chuong 1V THIET BI PHAN UNG TRONG CONG NGHIEP HOA HOC Cong nghiép hod hoc phat trién gan lién vii su phat trién ve mar thiét 1 ligu Lim tht by, cau trie ela thigt br. Thiet bi phan tng da dang, tis thict bi dom gidm nhw thiét by phaa ung trong thing gidu dean, cho hé dong nhat, khong déag nhdt co trang bi cu ché ddo tron nhy canh khuay, nén, thict bi truyen nhiét gin voi thiet by phan dng: chostdr thidt by dong chay Irong chuong nay chu yév gir thigu mot sé thigl bi phan ting he Khong déng nfat, nguyen ly va hoat dong cug ching 5. THIET BI PHAN UNG HE KHi RAN C6 hai boai duet bi he kh ran - Thue hign phan dng he khi ran ma ban than the ran Li mot chit tham sia trus nép vao qui trinh binh thank san phdm. Khor hong thay déi trong qua tink phan tng. Thudng Ja Cac foai fo thigu kél. nung dat quang nhw kim loai ina suafoa. qua théu ket dé tao oxst kim Toai dé ché bien wep thanh kim loai, chuyén suntua thank anhidrnt sunfurc: dot chay cde Joai pyrit teang cong nghé avn sunfunc: khi how than ché tao nbién Hidu khis khf than ust, Khe meian, kai than sim diing cho tong hgp khi amoniac - metanol: phan buy khoding cabouat nhut mung vor, dolomit; cde loai 16 nung xi mang... Thudng gor chung 3 cae loai ld. use ~ Loa thir hai: khoi lugng khong thay déi rong qué Minh phin dng ma din hinh 1A cae thist br phan Eng he khi tren whe tic thé rn, chat hap phu, chai rao d61 ion vv Goi ctrung 1A cde thict bi phan ung. A. X61 cae loai lo phan ting ~ lam vee tong dong chiy Lign tue, thé Ahi va thé rin hinh thinh dong Hn tue: hoa ¢6 tinh chu ki thé ran cung cap many tinh chu ky 200Vor Loar thiét by nay, can cd theo tinh trang xdo tron lép cua 1he ran, foac tinh hinh di déng cua cic hat co thé phan loai nhu bing von MOE S6 low dac biel. Agoda va Vi du vai phan ting khi hea than: ding chdt Khi hod hoae 1 khong khi dé tus thanh khi than kho voi thanh phan chit yeu La CO; hoge chat khi hod (a how nude (ao Khi than w6t, thanh phan chi yéu La CO va Hy: bode hop khdng khi tay CO, Hy va N, cho cae phan ting ting hop; hoae chit khi hod 1 Ny cho CH, va ede hydrocachon khac. Bang 1 Trang thal ing hi : ang that Xép oar | Dame hinh Tang nhién lidv | Hat hat Lo Largs, Leura : = Lo dang & Te 7=8 mm Markichka, UGL dat Neh dinh howe hon nia | Winkler ting sér oe i co die] ho eding 96 . ae Co din . i ting sin a | Koppers Toveck Lurgt Ruhrgas Khong ed tang | Muyén | oa ao ops : Texaco US Bureau ts ring pia | eee |e of Mines Khéne ep ting 1 Rohesas AG ri rang, Huyen | La ding chiy 1a dime hiv Yat mon y Chuyén ding | pho | kiéucyelon vong Trong cong nghé axit sunfucs. thigu quang sanfua, luyén kim maw \é ca ban cing ding cde loai 10 tuong iu: lo co kbf ting di dong trén sin. Id cao... vé eo ban [a 10 Ling o6 dinh vi 1d dong chay. C6 thé hinh dung phan Joai nhc hinh 1. ‘Trong moc Ong Ninh ary Ghan 1d) dato day LA mot ban duc 16. phan phon kh. Phia trén dat mot lop thé ran: tang thé ran. Khi toc dé dong khi di qua tang thé ran con nho. dong khi di len chia dv iam thay déi vi uf twong dot gutta cdc har (dudng icy tréa hinh v8) Chiéu cao ting thé ran khong doi - 19 hoat déng g trang thai tang c6 dinh Khi do tra Ive tang dém tang gn ohw tu chay. én tinh vin tie dO dong Név tc do dong khi tep tuc tng, khe hd gaira cdc hat tang, thé tich ng thé ran ting len: We do tang them. ese hat trén dioh tang thé ran bi 201cudn di, piia dudi t6e do van dong (wong dor giita cde hat tang lén 6p sat ca ede hat déu sAi én ~ hinb thant fap soi. van dong etia cac hat ted thinh khong theo qui tac bat dinh, ca tang thé tin hinh than wuét bi ton Ly twong tay via grit mot chigu cao xde dink ap Mic 49 wayéa ahiet Newyen tigu Ting c6 dinh La ddag chiy Ting di dong Cyclon ao oy Ld tang «oi Toc dé chéi qua ting AP: Tra lige 16n tht qua ting thé ran Hinh 1. Téic dé dang khi tang. dio tron manh hun song thé rn vin nam trong lap soi aghia la we do thuc cia van dong theo chiéu thing diing vin bing khong. Néu goi a t6c do bat diu soi thi pham vi on dinh nay kéo dai tdi nw, Tay ue ting dém gan ah khéng thay ddi theo tée dé thdi Toi mot gidi han mo, mot hé buen phir bi cu nhat voi dong el at khong thé rip tue dimg trong thiét by, thanh in kha. chiét bi, hin thanh mot hé khong déng. diy én tuc. Ld phan ung kiéu dang chay. Ca 3 loai o’y tuy déu la hé phan sng khi ran, song qua tinh truyén niuet tir dong khi tr thanh 1 rat khac nhau GO 1d od dinh he s6 ceuyén nhiét tang theo toc do dong chay, khi 1 sip soi quan sat thay su tang dor bién, cdn 6 giar doan ding chay hé s6 cruyén nhiét quan sat thay gidm dan. Cing vc 3 loai lo nay sy phan bd nhiét do (vi du 1d khi hod than) abi hinh 2-.a, b,¢ Nhu wiy mau chot o day (a xc dinh gid tri ciza t8c do toi han: bar dia sOi o, va wWe dé chuyén thanh dong buyén phi lien tuc @, cdn goi 1a we do gidi han sé mor va so hai. Xde dinh (,: 10c dd bat dau soi: Kani lam vige lve tae dung lén ting thé ran bao gdm 2 phan doa khang: luc thé tivh cua lép ran (Wong Wong thé ran) va ap suat tén that cia dong chay qua lp ran. vane204 593 982 Nhiet d6, °C Kh{ than 204 $93 982 1371 Nhié: 46, °C pong chav "394 593 982 1371 Nhiet 46, °C () Hinh 2. Khi tong ap suat con that bang tong Iwgng cua 1ép thé ran, lép rin bat div soi. Néu gor toc do dang khi qua khe hat: toe do thuc bang w (m/sec) 203toe do diag tink theo Gct didn tong cua thigi bi ©, Em/seed he sé Khe hee dutmg kink maag duong 42 [ee ah as eg : nein S duong kinh bit dy he $6 int tue do ma sat tinh thes o: va ce, kis luor bang J Chieu cao lap son H,, (my fe (kg/m Tiong long niéng thé 4 Frong hrong rigng thé khi: Khoi lueng rieng thé ki: p, Tro luc Ling der tink thea toc de khi qua knee Hay 6, be de xP (43) te Oe : t trong dé US su va gg © "oe Biéu kien d& Gis -y,jll-«) ia (45h 204Thue ra day 1a mat phurmg dn ade dinh ow, Qué tent 961 1A mot qual trinh phiic tap, rat nhigu thong sO inh hudng Nhiéu cong trinh giai quyét theo chusin 56 déng dang. thea cong thie kinh nghiem . Nhat 1a hg so us ire Vi dy trong d6t quing pyri cua cong nghé axit sunfuric thudng tinh toc do soi thuc qua: Hy, - y, {l= 2) (4-6) dé kd, chiéu dai va duing kink ede kénh hé trén lip sor. ¢ - he x6 ina sit li him cua Re dé tinh theo tee do thie, hay hang & = hing so. Kh soi Re’ = 0,00919' Ar Re < 45 (4-7) Re = 0.36749’Ar)"" 70 « Re’ < 7000 (4-8) Trony dé, oo | oe) Chudn so Reynaldy Re’ Chuan so Archimet Ar= Kel qua tin todn vdi trong lvong riéng thuc cua hat 7, = 3600 ke/m’, trong huang ricng i y = 1150 kg/m’, nhngt do 890"C. hé so binh dang cong thtte (2-2) rat ding © = S/S. (nghich dio so véi 69) bing 24 dé vor hat 0.1 2 2 mm va doi vdi hat 1,43 kg/n’ cha hit ns fomm [04 05 1 to (mec) | 0.003 | 0,076 | 0.308 [ Bang2 LS. 2] 5 7 0.678 | 1.21 | 4.06 | Ket qua cho biét dai thé mién toc do sor thee ven diéu kién lam viéc con hé 56 Khe hé cua L6p soi c tinh theo he so khe bd ciia Ling c6 dinh 6, bang: aeH. oe (4-9) trong dé Hy, H chiéu cao 1ép Liu tinh va 1ép sdi Tu d6 c6 thé rit ra te dO S6i theo tiét dién thdp trong ©, . Véi phan ting khi hod than. trong 1 lop $09 v6 thé tinh theo cong thie kinh aghiem. 3 ee hee (4-10) le trong d6- §- hé sé ma yt (= 266); py - do nhét dong hoc binh quan khi than, kg.sec/m’, @ - he so hinh dang (tuong ty nhy phdn axit sunfuric tsh4y db duong kinh binh quan hat, ¢ =1— Z- hé s6 chiéu cao 1-7 lop soi thugng 0.6 = 0.7. Ket qua tinh todn cuomg day phar hop véi thuc té sén xuat, Vice dinh ©, - 1c do hat thir hai cing c6 nghia xc dinh gidi han cao nar cha lng sor, va toe dé thap mhat ca kiéu 16 dang chay. Tinh todn dua tren nguyen tac: Khy toc do cia dong khi di qua cing ran Idn bon tée 49 roi a do cua hat trong ddng chay. hat khang thé Ling xuéng hoac ding yen, bi dang even di. Abr cin bang Py = Vip - vl - ©) (FIL 2B 7 nd?! ra* ee ie (412) ar 3 . Thudng thudng lay 16¢ d cusn theo hinh thanh dong chay co gid tre Bap 50 dé 80 ln 16c dé tdi han oo, may. Ciing vay hé s6 ma sdt & = (Re) xdc dinh bang thyc nghiém, sé Hew thuc nghiém thuimg khong nhiéu vi day 1a loai thiét bi mdi duce dua su dung rong rai trong cong nghigp. Phd bién nhat la cong nghi¢p khi hos tao than u6t (thanh phan chinh 1a CO + H,) tir than va chat khi hoa 1a oxy bé sung hoi nude. Than duge chat khi hod phun vio 1d, phan ng & 2000°C. Toan b6 qua trinh sdy, cok hod, khi hod déu dién ra trong 206dong chéy lian tc, Trude het 1a 16 K — T (Koppers - Totzck) véi than e& Of mm, oxy va boi nue trén lan Phun v0 18 theo hai bén sudn 1d, phin dng két thic sau 0,1 giay voi toc dQ cO trén S m/sec. Tong thor gian ding ca ( sec, Cau tao li vé nguyén tac nbu hinh 3, sau nay phat uién thém 1a TEXACO, chat khi hod 1 oxy. than dua vio duéi dang bin qua oxy phun vo 1 phan tng. Than e6 thé tham gia phin dng 1m 99% & ohist do néng chay xi khoang 1400°C = 1600°C. Cau tao va cong nghé abu hinh Tuy la dong chay song thyc té cic loai 1d nay déu tién hanh cic phan Gng déng shi trong thdi gian nin véi t6c do cao. Negoai xéc dinh gidi han (ie 46 ohu tren nhitg tinh todn trong thye 1 thudng mang tinh thuc nghiém. Vai lo ting cé dink, theo chiew di cua nguyéa liéu ran phan ung chia than niuéu ving, ving dién ra phan ting hod hoc (co thé tinh theo nhing phuung phap o chong II, phan II) chiém mor ty le nhd; con lai ta qué trinb gia nhiét, truyén chat... Hinh 4. Vi du: Ld nung vor. Cau tao nby hinh $, day 2 loai 18 66 ting c6 dinh dung cong ci & nude ts duéi moi hinh thuc, va dan da, 16 cat kht thdo Licu, ngoai ra cdn cic 1a quay va cde nude cin ding ca 16 Ling S64 Lo theo hink bén dude sit dung rong rai trong quy mo cong nghiép. Thong thudng 1d chia 1am cée zon 207~ Zon gia nist - nhivt do khodng tir SOC = 900"C chiém Khoang 25% chéu caw ser nhiém vu say kho 10 nguyen hev va gia nhict - Zon nung: nhiét do khoang tir 950 ten 1200°C. chigm khoang 50% chiéu cao lo, 6 ving nay dién ra phan Gng hea hoc, - Zon lam tanh. chiéu ca thong 25% cdn hai. nhiét do tir 800" - 790" 400°C ché yeu nha Lam fanh vor vita hinh thanh trudge khi ra khé 1 v0 Kho, va nang mhiet do khong Khé tir qinct do thudny tdi nbiét do phan tng. Ngoai ra con mot kboang tény tir mat [eu ti dinh 13 khoang 2+ 4m nai (40 thuan Iyi cho digu chinh chiéu cas ba son Voi cée loai 1d kl héa than ting cA dink hoac cung ep than theo chu ky (hinb 5), ting di dong vir We do cat nhé ching vay. Thong thudng tir trén xudng C6 vac 26n. Zon trong Khowing nira met Nguyta tiga B 2 Coma Sr 540760 980 1200°C Phia b& abier do Hinh 5. Than Zon sy va von gia mbiet than chiém khodng 37.5% chigu cao lap than trong ld. i Zon phan dng. bao gdm cade phan TIT FF Karina te ting khi hod, phan ung We cap chiem = khoang 50%. ay Zon lam lanh i, khong dién ra EASE, phan ung hod hoc chem hosing 12.5%. Tout uni nos Vige phan ving phan dng thank song (76n) ver ntigm vu chu yeu Lat Hinh 6. 208Uuyen ninet, ving phn dng. G to xdy ra phan img hod hoc con thudng gap o loar lo co khi mhigu Ging. to co ting di dong Lay vi du 1d nung voi: 1.6 zon gia nnigt: Chie nang chinh {a nang nhidt 49 hat ran. vi du hat cfu dudng kinh R tir nhiét do thudng t dé nhiét do phan ung 1. Khi do ntuét truyén te khindng dén hat ran bang nhiét dang dé nang cao ban than hat rin dé, hay: Q2GG t-1, Aart Gilet) KyamR2sTiay 1a) 2 trong dé: y. G - wong luong rigng va trong luang hat, GC, - nbiét dung rigng thé ran, tinh gia tri binh quan Won mién ¢ va ty: K, - hé s6 druyér nhigt tie dong khi dén ran; AT, - hicu nhict do gitta done khi va ran, dong luc truyen nhigt; t, - thé gian dimg cua bat trong 76m nay Ry - 1) hay 1 = fo (EISi 3K,.AT, trong dor he 66K, 1. by ~ he 6 caip nbist tir khi den cin ce do d6i tuy va do buc xa va he so dan mbiet cua thé ran 2. 6 ron phan ung. cd thé tinh thi gian theo phuong trinh dong hoc cia phan ing. hoe cdug 6 thé tink theo truyén nhigt, Véi phan éng phan hoy CaCO, - phan tag thu abet Nhtet phan ung bang alvict truyén ti khi ti hat rin: hay Sak" vl- AHA) Fark, AT) .ty (4-16) (- AH.) - higu cing ahtigt cha phan ting: K, © hé so truyen mlugt 6 260 ¢ AT, - hidu mhict do binh quan hay dong lye truyén nhigt & zon t. = thisi gian dimg: 209(4-17) 3. Zon Jam lank. G day 1a qua Vi du: Voi 16 nung vai, dd voi sau khi nung trong lucng gidm ching 44%, dung kinh gidm 10 - 12%. Khi dé phuong trinh truyén nhiét sé (a; (vi d gidm 10%): inh truyén nhet nx (ose) wpy XE illy ty) 2K ys 42x (O9SRP AT, ty (4-18) trong d6 hiéu nbigt do dau con lam lanh va cudi Zon: ya i mbiét dung riéng binh quan, khoi twang riéng cia thé ran 6 260 nay. K,, AT,, t. > y nghia nhu cac tang trén, doi v6i 76n | | lua) a5) K\.aT, Trong cong nghép hoa hac cdn gap foas 1d ting dy dong ahw 1d nhieu tang trong dot pyrit con gor Ji lo co khi. G day thé ran dy Ang tir ting tren xvéng tang dudi nhi vao cic dita Low nay huén it dig. C6 Joai 1d xich nguyén liu ran dat tren méc bang tii chiv mhiét. di dong tir dau dén cudi ving phan Ung: mot loai 16 ding kh phé bién Ja 1d quay. Vi du: Lo nung x9 mang 1d dai ca 150 m dung kinh sii 3.7 m dat nghiéng mat g6c 2 + 8". Khr lo quay voi 16¢ do c& 0,23 141 2 vong/phiit. chat phan ung thé ran di dong tir dau dén cudi lo qua cdc 26n tua nhu 1d cd dinh. Hinh 7 cho vi du vé 1 Logi ld vi mang va phan b6 nhiet do thé ran va khi theo chigu dai cua lo. Trong cong nghiép hod hoc ding cae loai (a quay c6 thé ngan hun khodng 30 + 40 m, ty lé chiéu dai sen dudng inh co 10 = 20. Vi du trong cong nghiép che ti san phdm crom tir quang cromit, thye bién phan ung hé khong déng phat: A(FeO Cr,0,)+8Na,CO, +70, =8Na,CrO, + 2Fe,0,+8C0, Trong 16 dai 40 m, duimg kinh 2 m, dé lech 3 + 6". t6c do vong quay 6.7 =~ 1.5 vong/pht. thdi gian dimg trong 1d chimg 3 gid vai nhier do 1000" = 1200°C 210Nhiet 46 khi 7 yaaseess Nite do thé rin Nhige dg, °C ee) Hinh 7. Phan ttag nung BaSO, BaSO, + 4C + CaCl, = BaCl; + CaS + 4CO G nhier do 1200"C. thor gian dimg cd 4 = 5 gid. Phan ding tring hyp: :H,P,0,+H,O & khoang 200°C 2NaH.,PO, = Na; hay 2Na,HPO, = NuP,0,+H,0 6 khodng 240°C va cde san pham tring hop khée tir photphat. déu tign hanh trong 1d quay, hat rn duge dao trdn rat tt, dai thé theo guy dao mbu binh 8. vat itu trong 1d chiém khodng 15 + 20% tiét dign 1d (cin gos li hé sé Ip day). Co thé tinh thai gian ding trén nguyen ly, vat Jigu do ld quay co ly ly tam bam trén thanh 1d, duge dua len cao cing thanb 1, dén mot dd cav ahat dinh dudi tac dung cia trong luc, khi 16m hon hrc ma sat do ly tam. hat sé roi xudng theo trang thai rot ty do. khy d6 dudng di dong nhurhinh 9. AA, = ACAga = mDuga (4-20) 6c léch a, t6c do vong quay n (vong/phut), dudng kinh ld D: © = 4n.Dtgo.n (mn/phiity (4-21) Voi chiéu dai 1 L, thai gian dimg trong ld: rete —t_ (4:22) @ nD.ngeHin 8. Hinh 9. Thiv gian nay bing tng thai gian dimg cin dim bio wen cac 200 truyén nig, phan éng, Lam lan. Cong thie nay chi 1 gin dung vi con qui nhséu thong sé Kade inh hedng ti théfi gran dimg ni tinh chat vat Iy va hinh hoc eda hat, ins Tye gilts Cic hat khi roi hinh thanh tp hop hat. dé ma sit vdi thaoh 16, ding khi Vi vay nbicu trusag bop phar van dung cong thite kinh nghiem, vi du: O.208.L(0 + 24) nda trong dé: L - chiéu dai loz 1 - 46 lech cBa 10 tinh theo %; 8 - gée lech vita mal ligu so ves true thing ding (hinh 9). a2 Trong trudng hop tren thanb 1 co gin céc vim kim loai dé huang chigu di dang cua ligu (thuung goi la i huong): oe oe = (4-24) n.D.r.tge. trong 46; m. k - he so thye nghiem (uy tude 1d hurdng. 1: Q = 60x @ (m/phit) 6 on Nang x y(uil trong d6 PB: he so lap diy. hoac 1 dét quang trong luyén kim thudng ding cng thie duge cor 1 66 dé tin cay cao voi lo khong e6 13 hong. @ = 578Dnu (m/giod (4-26)B. Cac loai thiét bi phan ting xitc tde thé ran G day thé réa khong thay déi khdt luong trong qué trinh phan ung: ciing c6 hai loa thiét bi dire str dung rong rai, thiét bj ¢6 Ling xc tac ed dinh va thigt bi c6 ting xc tac 6 trang thai soi Phan IIT, chuong HT vé ca bi bj phan dng loai nay. . da gici thigu mhing nét chink cia thiét 1. C6 abimg phan ung thu mhiét nhw phan wag refoming cic hydrocacbon trén xiic tic thé rin. Vi du xe tic géc NiO pha cdc phy gia, cha yéu la Al,O, (NiO trong mién wr 17 = 92%; ALO, tis $5 = 75%, ngoai ra con c6 cde thanh phan khac). Vi du voi khy thién nhién, hoac dau naphta: C,H... + aH,O = nCO + (tn 4+ IH, CH, + H,O = CO + 3H, ~ 206,41 kT (49.2 kcal/mol) CH, + CO, = 2CO + 2H,- 248,28 ks CO +H,0 = CO, + Hy + 41,03 kl © day can cung ciip nbiét. Ngudn ahiét co thé {8 khi néng, c6 thé la Khoi lo trac tiep gia nhigt nhé bo phan dot & bén duc, Xtc tac thudng dat trong nhing Ong truyén nhiét, timg chim Sng xép trong budng gia ahiét, gia nhiée (6) 900°C, lam vice & Ap svat c& 30 at, 6ng lam bang thép chin ahiét thuisny Ja thép crom - niken co dung kinh trong khoang 1,5 dén 20 em, day 000.6 dén 2.5 cm. chiéu dai tir 3. m dén 14m. G day viin dé lon nhit ta dam bao truyén nbict 16t ahat tw khi 16 ndng téi ving Xie tie va trial qué nbiet Day 1A mor cong nghé chuyén hod kh thién phien, khi déng hanh hoae dau naphta Phin ng tong quit nhu sau: C,H, + 0H,O Do phan dng 1a thy nhiét nén thuting chia tim hai grai dean: Giai doan 1. phan dng trong thiét bi c6 gia uhigt gidn Nsp - xtic tic (ving phan ing) dat tong Sng, phia agai dot néng bing kht nhién lig, vi dy vai methan, thc hién phan ting trén xUc tac gée micken & nhiét do trong mién 750°C ~ 850°C: 213CH, + 2H,0 = 4H, + CO, San phém sav chuyén hod dot 1 c6 ham tugng CH, theo gdc kho khodng 5 + 15%. tién hanh chuyén hod giai doan 2 Giai doan 2. tiép tuc chuyén hod c6 bo sung khéng khi hode khong khi gidu oxy, vita nham bé sung N, cho ting hop NH, vita cao ngudn nbiét phan img tod ra dé cung cap cho phan ing chuyén hod hoi nude, khong cin trayén nhuét tir ngoai vio. Hinh 10 gigi thicu thiét bi phin ung loai nay. Wilde n3e how D, chyyer hod oxy Hinh 10. 1. hén hop khi nguyén Néu cacbuahydro va hoi nuéc; 2. hdn hdp khi nguyén ligu cacbuahydro va hol nude 66 bd sung khéng khi giau oxy, 3-4. ndi hoi ahiat thya, thy hi nhiat sdn xual hoy nude, § nude Ndi har: 6 khi Ahién liéu 7. boc phal sinh has nuéc; 8. éng phan Ung (trong chita xc tac). 9-10 éng gom khr; 14, ld dat, thiét bi phan ing grai doan 2 214Thue chat day [a phan Gng mot chiéu thu nhigt, mhiet dO cang cao cng 6 Ioi cho phan ung. can tren cla nhiet do duge xée dinh dua tren digu kien lam viee han ché cita xtic tdc va thet bi phan ung. as NS: 2. Phan lén gap nhimg phan ting toa nhiét hai chiéu (chuong HL), Dudi day gigi thiéu mot s6 thiét bi thuong gip trong cong nghiep hod vo co cer ban dua trén nguyén tac truyén nhiet trung gian va truyén nhict noi bd (hinh 11, 12). | ae SSESSSS SSS Sg S 7 10 Hinh 44. Thiét bi truyén nhist trung gian téng hap NH, kiéu Topson 1, 7. xue tac 2; 2. ving phan phéi 3,6, xe tae 1; 4 khi vag; 5. truyén nhiét: 8 truyén nhiét; 9, khi ra, 10. khi bd sung Hinh 42, Thiét bi truyén nhiét trung gian ‘oxy hoa SO, thanh SO, 1 truyén nhiét 2; 2. truyén nhiét 1 3 xde tac 1:4. xlic tac 2: 5. xtc tac 3. 6. khi vao; 7. khi ra Hién nay it ding thiét bi phan tng loai truyén nhiét ngi bd, vi Luong xtic téc dé vao dan vi thé tich thiét bi qua it, phan tiét dign thidt bi bi thiét bi truyén nhiét chiém ché kha Ion, 3, Cé nhimg phan ting khi wén xtic tic ran nam G mién khuéch tin ngoai nhu phan ung oxy héa NH, wén xie téc Pt, phan img ding xc tic loai ludi, & hé thong lam viée 6 dp suat thudng, ding khoang 7 Inoi dudng kinh 3 = 4m; ohé thong lam viée 6 ap suat cao co 8 = 10 at dude kinh nho hon, cO 1.2 = 1.8 m, ding tir 12 dén-45 tim ludi (nang suat cd 350 tan a ch thude Iudi thudng det véi miic sang 1024 16/em?Hinh 43, Thiét bi oxy hod NH, trén xc tac 161 Pt 1. khéng khi 2. NHs: 3 xuc tac 1udi Pt, 4 khira. MH. THIET B] PHAN UNG HE LONG 96NG NHAT HOAC KHONG DONG NHAT, LONG RAN Thue ra thiét bi phan dng loai hinh nay déu 1a nhdng thing phan dng 6 trang bi co cau dio tron, co them thiét bi gta nhuet. Diy la ahitag thiet by quen thude vi don gidn. Thuing gap co may loai nb hinh 14 a, b,c. d ——> Chit di abie Hinh 14. a} Truyén aniat trong vé boc; b) Truyan nhiét trong 6ng xoan, c) Truyén nhiét ngoai dng chum tudn hoan cudng bite, d) Truyéa nhiat ngoai Sng chum chi’ U tudn hoan tu nhiénHW. THIET B] PHAN CING HE LONG — KHi, HAP THU HOA HOG Vé thet bi phan img hé nay khong c6 gi khdc mhdng 1hict bi hip thu 4a trinh bay trong gido trinh nguyen Ly qué inh wi thigt bj trong cong aghiép hoa hoc - qua trinh hiip thu vat ly thutmg gap: Thap dém; thdp chop va cde béa dang ohu dia 1a, lué1...: thap hap thu kicu lop soi.TAI LIEU THAM KHAO CHINH 1. Stanley M Walas. Reaction Kinctes for Chemical Engineers. New York 1959, 2. Octave Levenspiel. Chemical Reaction engineering. New York 1972, 3. Danckwerls PV. Gas Liquit Reactions. New York 1970 4, M.Smith. Kinetics & dynamics of elementary gaz Reaction, London 1980, 5. M. Boudart & G. Djega Marnadusia. Kinetics of heterogencaus catalysis Reactions. Princeton University Pres 1990. 6. G. D. Billing, W. Mikkifen. Molecular dynamics & Chemical Kinetics. New York 1996. 7. Treybal R. E. Mass Transfer Operations.3" ed: Mc Graw Hill New York 1981. 8. Pamplin R. Crystal Growth 1980. 9. Jolin H. Seinfeld, Mmosphenc Chemusty & Physics of Atmosphere: Pollution. New York 1986. 10 J Villermauy. Geme de la Reaction Chimique. Paris 1993. (17. . Marycan4. Kpucrannuzayma v3 pacteopor B xuMuyeckon ApombiwinenHocra. Mockea 1968. 1) Monropaxo. Xummueckan TepMoAMHaMHKa H KUHETHKa B KypCe o6uel # HeopranMucKod xAMuit. Mockea 1973. 12 SK fogan. Fundametals of Chemical Kinetics Longman Harlow 1496 219220 14 16. 18. Encyclopedss of Applied physics (3-345) 1992. 1996. Cofdswin RJ. & Karmi J. The effect of a wall boundary layes on local mass-transfer trom a cylinder in cross Mow. J. Heat Transfer 106. 260-267, 1984 Ferulizer Manual. UNIDO 1998 Netherlands. P. W. Atkins, Physical chemistry. Sixth edition Mot s6 vi du duce wich ti mot 56 cai Tigu Khoa hoc khac204025 935048 IN Gia: 21 .000d