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LEC/Chp5 DC Motors PDF
LEC/Chp5 DC Motors PDF
Lecturer: R. Alba-Flores
Alfred State College
Spring 2008
Eo = Z n / 60
Example 1: DC generator
The armature of a 1200 rpm generator has 12 slots. Each coil has
15 turns and the flux per pole is 0.04 Wb. Calculate the induced
voltage in the generator.
Eo = Z n / 60
Z total number of conductors on the armature
= 288 volts
ES is
Eo is
Eo = Z n / 60
In the case of a motor, the induced voltage Eo is called counterelectromotive force (cemf) because its polarity always acts against the
source of voltage Es
Eo = 0, so that the
I = Es / R
Note that the starting current may be 20 to 30 times greater than the
nominal full-load current in the motor. This will produce a powerful
starting torque and a rapid acceleration of the armature. However,
protection circuit should be added to avoid damaging the motor.
Example 2: DC motor
The armature of a permanent-magnet DC generator has a resistance of 3
ohms and generates a voltage of 100 volts when the speed is 1000 rpm. If
the armature is connected to a source of 150 volts, calculate
a) The starting current
b) The counter EMF when the motor runs at 1200 rpm and at 1400 rpm.
c) The armature current at 1200 rpm
d) The armature current at 1400 rpm
I = (Es Eo)/Ra = 30 / 3 = 10 A
d) When the motor speed reaches 1400 rpm, the
cemf will be 140 V, almost equal to the source
voltage.
a)
---- 1
I = (Es Eo)/Ra
Torque
The mechanical power Pm is given by
3 ---
Pm = n T / 9.55
2 ---
P = Eo I
T = Z I / 2
Speed of Rotation
If the flux per pole is kept constant, then the speed of the motor
depends only on the armature voltage Es
Eo = Z n / 60
In general Eo Es, therefore Es = Z n / 60, and
n = 60 Es / Z
n = 60 Es / Z
Here a rheostat
with the field.
Rf is connected in series
n = 60 Es / Z
n = 60 Es / Z
This method is only recommended for small motors
because a lot of power and heat is wasted in the rheostat,
and the overall efficiency is low.
a)
b)
c)
d)
a)
The field current is
Ix = 120 / 100 = 1.2 A
The armature current is
Ia = 50 1.2 = 48.8 A
b)
The voltage drop due to armature resistance is
I = 50 A
Es = 120 V
C)
Series Motor
The total power supplied to the motor is
In this type of motors the field is connected in series with the armature
and therefore it must carry the full armature current.
E = 120 V
Eo = Z n / 60
n = 60 Eo / Z
Example
A 15 hp, 240 V, 1780 rpm DC series motor has a full-load rated current
of 54 amperes. Assume that its operating characteristics are given by
the previous per-unit curve. Compute
a) The current and speed when the load torque is 24 N-m
b) The efficiency under this conditions
For a full load we have:
base power: P = 15hp = (15)*(746) =11.190 kW
base current: I = 54 A
base speed: n = 1780 rpm
base torque: T = 9.55 P / n = 9.55*(11.190kW)/1780 rpm = 60 N-m
b)
Compound Motor
Efficiency:
= 80.5 %
Original connections
of a compound motor
The voltage Es immediately causes full field current Ix to flow, but the
armature current I is limited by the four resistors in the starter box.
The motor begins to turn and, as the cemf
armature current decrements.
When the motor speed reaches a constant value, the contact arm is
pulled to the next contact, removing resistor R1 from the armature
circuit. Therefore the current jumps to a higher value and the motor
starts accelerating again to the next highest speed.
Stopping a Motor
When the contact arm touches the last contact, the arm is
magnetically held in this position by a small electromagnet which
is in series with the shunt field.
If the supply voltage is suddenly interrupted, or if the field
excitation is cut, the electromagnet releases the contact arm,
allowing it to return to its initial position.
Dynamic Braking
Dynamic Braking
Plugging
Dynamic Braking
Plugging
A DC motor can be stopped more rapidly by using the method called
Plugging.
It consists of suddenly reversing the armature currents by reversing
the terminals of the source:
In practice R is chosen so that the initial braking current is about
twice the rated motor current. Then the initial braking torque is twice
the normal torque of the motor.
The speed drops quickly at first and then more slowly, as the armature
comes to a halt.
The net voltage acting on the armature circuit becomes (Eo + Es)
This net voltage would produce an enormous reverse current,
around 50 times greater than the full-load armature current.
This current will destroy the machine.
To prevent this, a resistor R in series with the reversing circuit is
added.