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Pradeep Kshetrapal
Electrostatics
2011
STATIC CLING
An electrical phenomenon that accompanies
dry weather, causes these pieces of papers to
stick to one another and to the plastic comb.
Due to this reason our clothes stick to our
body.
(i) Glass (ii) Flannel (iii) Wool (iv) Silk (v) Hard Metal (vi)
Hard rubber (vii) Sealing wax (viii) Resin (ix) Sulphur
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dielectric strength.
Charging
by
Induction
Electrostatics
Additivity of Charges...
Charges can be added by simple rules of
algebra. Addition of positive and negative
charge makes Zero charge
Quantization of Electric charge
Principle: Electric charge is not a continuous
quantity, but is an integral multiple of
minimum charge ( e).
Reason of quantization:
Minimum charge e exist on an electron.
The material which is transferred during
electrification is an electron, in integral
numbers.
Hence charge transferred has to be integral
multiple of e.
Charge on an electron (-e) and charge on a
proton (+e) are equal and opposite, and are
the minimum.
This minimum charge is 1.6 x 10-19 coulomb.
one electron has charge - 1.6 x 10-19 C
One proton has charge + 1.6 x 10-19 C
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2011
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Electrostatics
2011
Conservation of Charges
Like conservation of energy, and Momentum,
the electric charges also follow the rules of
conservation.
1. Isolated (Individual) Electric charge can neither
be created nor destroyed, it can only be
transferred.
2. Charges in pair can be created or destroyed.
Example for 1.
At Nuclear level : Decay of U-238
238
234
Th + 4 He
where c is a constant .
Example for 2 (b):Pair production:
is converse of annihila tion, charge is also conserved
when a gamma ray transforms into an electron and a
positron
y e- + e+ (pair production)
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Electrostatics
2011
12
and
21 =
12
q1
21 will
12
12
21
R
Similarily
Since
21
12 =
= -
.. 2
21
12
21
= -
12
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position vectors be
(OA) and
(OB). Then
AB=
. According to triangle law of vectors :
+
=
=
and
=
-
Electrostatics
2011
12
q1
q2
21
X
(ii) According to Coulumbs law, the Force
by q2 is given by :
12 =
21
12
exerted on q1
where
21
21
is a unit
=
and
12 =
= 9x10
Newton
-11
=6.67x10
Newton
Fe / Fg = 2.26 x 1039
Principle of Superposition of Charges :
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4.-Three equal charges each of 2.0 x 10-6 are fixed at three corners
of an equilateral triangle of side 5 cm. Find the coulomb force
experienced by one of the charges due to other two.
5.
Electrostatics
2011
X
Bearing
h
2q
h
Q
-2q
)1/3
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+2q
X=(
-q
9.
In the basic CsCl (Cesium
chloride) crystal, Cs+ ions form the corners of a cube and a Cl- ion is
at the centre of cube. Edge length is 0.40 nm.
Notes only
Electrostatics
2011
ELECTRIC FIELD
ELECTRIC FIELD-is the environment created by an
electric charge (source charge) in the space around it,
such that if any other electric charges(test charges)is
present in this space, it will come to know of its
presence and exert a force on it.
+
Q
(Force on q)
q
+
+
+
+
DISTRIBUTION OF CHARGE
Electric charge on a body may be concentrated at a
point, then it is called a point charge. If it is
distributed all over, then it is called distribution of
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Electrostatics
2011
E DUE TO +q
ALONG
4- E due to volumetric distribution of charge
E DUE TO q
OPPOSITE TO
NET ELECTRIC FIELD
DIPOLE
1-Dipole is a system of two equal and opposite charges
at finite & fixed distance.
example: molecule of electrolytic compounds.
Example - HCl, H2O.
2-CO2 & CH4 are non-polar because centers of ve &
+ve charges co-incide and there is no distance between
them.
>
SINCE
IS IN THE DIRECTION OF
IF R>>L THE,
E=
moment . it is calculated as = q x 2
P=q x 2L(magnitude) or = q x 2 (vector)
E due to +q ,
E+q
E due to -q
E-q
|E+q| = |E-q| = Eq
each Eq is resolved in two direction. One along
equatorial line and other in axial directions which are
the Esin and normal direction E cos .
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Electrostatics
2011
E=
3/2
IF R>>L Then,
E=
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Electrostatics
2011
2L
F
Field Lines due to some charge configurations.
1.Single positive or negative charge
-q B
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or
=P x E
Electrostatics
2011
Or, W = PE
NOTE :
1.Direction of torque is normal to the plane containing
dipole moment P and electric field E and is governed
by right hand screw rule.
2. If Dipole is parallel to E the torque is Zero.
3. Torque is maximum when Dipole is perpendicular to
E and that torque is PE
= pE
= pE
= 2 pE
= PE
Electric Potential
(1)
Page 11
(2)
VA
Potential at A --------------------------VA
Energy with Q at B
2011
done
in
moving
distance
dr
is
qV
Energy with q at A is
Electrostatics
W =
q VA
is
= -
q VB
W/q
If VB = 0 { At
Earth VE = 0}
&
UA UB = W.
W/q =
OR
V=
Potential V = 0 , Inside
Where Q is source charge, r is distance & V r is
Then VA = W / q
This equation gives definition of potential V at
point A as under :Potential of a point in electric field is the work
done in bringing a unit charge from infinity (Zero
potential) to that point, without any acceleration.
Expression of potential at a point due to source
charge Q :-
**********
Relation between E & V
r
dr
for
Or, dw / q = - E dr
Or,
dv = - E.dr
Or,
E = - dv / dr
small
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VA
Electrostatics
+q
VB
VA
>
-q
2L
vB
At P
Or
2011
Q
4 0 ( r l )
V-q =
Q
4 0 ( r l )
1
1
r l r l
2Ql
P
=
2
2
4 0 ( r l )
4 0 (r 2 l 2 )
If r > > L
V+q =
2)
Then V =
P
4 0 r 2
E & dr.
Principle of super position:1)
Potential at a point due to different charges
is Algebric sum of potentials due to all individual
charges.
V = V1 + V2 + V3
2)
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Electrostatics
2011
PA
Q
Q
=
4 0 PB
4 0 (r L cos )
V-q =
Q
Q
=
4 0 (r L cos )
4 0 PA
V+q +
Q
1
1
4 0 r LCos r LCos
=
Q r L cos r LCos
4 0
r 2 L2Cos 2
Q X 2 LCos
4 0 (r 2 L2Cos )
Or
V+q =
Total
V=
PCos
4 0 ( r 2 L2Cos )
V-q
=
Relation of V & r for spherical shell
Or,
V =
PCos
4 0 r 2
0,0
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Q
4 0 R
If r > > L
Then,
Q
4 0 r
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Electrostatics
ii)
V2
2011
V1
= dv
= - E
Cos
E
V2
V+v
. dr
V
V1
iii)
No work is done in carrying an electric charge
from one point of E.P. Surface to other point
(Whatever is the path)
.Equipotential Surface
A real or imaginary surface in an electric field which
has same potential at very point is an equipotential
surface or simply, an equipotential.
Gauss's Law
Electric Flux
Proof:Suppose E is
not at right angle to equipotential surface, and makes
angle with it. Then it has two components, E Cos
along surface and E Sin normal to surface due to
component E Cos , force q E Cos should be
created on surface and it should move the charge. But
we find that charges are in equilibrium. i.e.
=EA
E Cos = 0 ;
since E = 0, therefore Cos = 0 or = 900
Hence E is always at right angle to equip. surface.
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Electrostatics
2011
For a curved surface, that will not be the case. For that
case, we can apply this definition of the electric flux
over a small area A or A or An.
= E A cos
You can also think of the electric flux as the
number of electric field lines that cross the
surface.
A cos
=E
and
or
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Electrostatics
2011
+
+
plain
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
, Cos0=1)
ds (E=
=
is 4r2.
For a sphere
=
x 4r2.
Or, = q /
Now
curved
for 2
plane surfaces.
=
+
=E
for curved surface ( E is uniform)
= E2rl (
2rl, for cylindrical curved surface)
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= q /
E=
Electric field due to a plain surface : There is a very large plain surface having sueface
density . There is a point P at normal distance r .
Lets consider a Gaussian surface, in shape of a cylinder
which has axis normal to the sheet of charge and
containing point P at its plain surface (radius a ).
Electric field E is normal to the surface containing
charge hence it is normal to the plain surface of
cylinder and parallel to curved surface.
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+++++++
plain
plain
+
+
++++++
-E
++++++
+++++++
Or
Now
2011
Now
=
for complete area of Gaussian surface
=
= E
(E is uniform)
2
= E x 4r . (for spherical shell
= 4r2 )
++++
curved
Electrostatics
E=
=
+
+
= for plain surfaces 2E
( E is uniform)
= 2Ea2
The charge enclosed inside Gaussian surface q = .A
Or, q = a2
Applying Gausss Law :
= q /
2Ea2 =
Putting values
Or
E=
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
r
P
+
+
+
+ Gaussian Surface
+
+
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E=
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Electrostatics
2011
On the surface E =
( = q / r3)
Gaussian Surface
Charged Sphere
+++++++++
++++++++
++ + + + + + + +
r
+++++++++ R
+ + + + + + + +P +
+ + + + + +++ + +
+++++++++
+++++++++
++ + + + + + + +
+++++++++
+++++++++
+++++++++
+ +++ + + + + + +
+++++++++
+++++++++
+++++++++
+ + +side
+ + sphere.
+
Case I. When+P+is+ Out
Same as in the case
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
of charged shell E =
+++++++++
+ +point
+ + +P+ is+ +on+ the surface of shell: Same
Case 2. When
+++++++++
as in case of shell . E =
+++++++++
Case 3 If point
++P
+ +is+inside
+ + + +the charged sphere.
Consider Gaussian surface, a concentric spherical shell
++++++++
of radius r, such that point P lies on the surface.
Electric field is normal to the surface.
Now
=
for complete area of Gaussian surface
=
= E
(E is uniform)
2
= E x 4r . (for spherical shell
= 4r2 )
Charge within Gaussian surface = charge density x
volume.
= r3 (where is the charge per unit volume.)
Applying Gausss Law
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+ E1 = +
+ E1 = +
+
+
+
+
E2 = E2 = +
+ E2 = +
+
+
+
+
E=E1+E2= E=0
E=E1+E2= +
+
+
+
+
+ opposite nature
+ :a. Charges of
+1
2+
+
+ E =+
++ E1 = +
E1 = 1
-+
++
-+
+
E2 = +
E2 = + E2 = +
+
+
E= -E1 + E2= 0
E=+E1+E2
E= +E1 - E2= 0
+
=+
+
+
+
+ :
Equipotential Surface
+
Energyof a charged
- of potential:+ particle in terms
E1 = -
= q /
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Electrostatics
2011
the
(i)
A
B
q1 -------- r ----------------q2
Potential due to q1 at B is potential at distance r :
V =
Potential Energy of system U =
(ii)
(iii)
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Electrostatics
2011
E - Electric
force lines
CAPACITOR
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Electrostatics
2011
PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR : Since single conductor capacitor do not have large
capacitance , parallel plate capacitors are
constructed.
Principle : Principle of a parallel plate capacitor is
that an uncharged plate brought bear a charged
plate decrease the potential of charged plate and
hence its capacitance (C = ) increase. Now it can
CAPACITANCE OF A CONDUCTOR
Or for a sphere
= q/
C=
is
+
is kept at a distance d.
E
A
+
After induction an
Electric field E is set-up
+
Between the plates. Here
d
+
q = A
and E=
+
- by
The Potential difference between plates is given
V = Ed =
d
+
Now C = =
=
+
Of area A. Another plate
C=
C =
+
If a dielectric of dielectric constant K is inserted
between the plates, then capacitance
increase by
+
factor K and become
+
C =
+
Note : The capacitance depends only on its
configuration i.e. plate area and distance, and on the
medium between them.
The other examples of parallel plate capacitors is
Cylindrical capacitor C =
and Spherical capacitor. C =
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Electrostatics
2011
Combination of capacitors
Capacitors can be combined in two ways. 1. Series
and 2. Parallel.
Series Combination :
If capacitors are connected in such a way that we can
proceed from one point to other by only one path
passing through all capacitors then all these capacitors
are said to be in series.
Parallel combination :
, and v1 =
.v
q1=c1v,
c . Larger capacitance
q2=c2v,
q3=c3v.
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W=
Electrostatics
2011
Energy in combination :
c2v22 } {
)}
) (v v)
=
=
This work done convert into electrical Potential
Energy stored in the capacitor U =
= cv2
loss of energy =
) (v v)
A
P
C5
C2 R
Q
C4
C2
C5
C4
S
In the above arrangement,
if ratio c1/c2 = c3/c4
then the bridge is said to be balanced. In such case
the potential at point Q and S are equal.
The potential across c5 is zero hence it does not
carry any charge. In this way it is not participating
in storage of charges. Then it can be omitted for
further calculations. Calculations are done for c1
c2, c3 and c4 only.
Combined capacitance
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Electrostatics
2011
The ratio
E=
= E - Ep =
=
or (
=
or
The quantity
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