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480 Sensors PDF
480 Sensors PDF
a.k.a.
Interfacing to the Real World:
Sensors p.1
Transducers
Transducer
a device that converts a primary form of energy into a
corresponding signal with a different energy form
Primary Energy Forms: mechanical, thermal, electromagnetic,
optical, chemical, etc.
sensor
actuator
ECE 480, Prof. A. Mason
intelligent
feedback
system
Sensors p.2
Sensor Systems
Typically interested in electronic sensor
convert desired parameter into electrically measurable signal
primary
analog
transducer signal
secondary
transducer
usable
values
sensor
sensor
sensor data
analog/digital
microcontroller
signal processing
communication
network
display
Sensors p.3
sensor
sensor
signal timing
memory
sensor
display
handheld instrument
keypad
e.g., RS232
A/D, communication
signal processing
PC
comm. card
sensor
processor
comm.
sensor bus
PC
sensor bus
comm. card
sensor
processor
comm.
Sensors p.4
Primary Transducers
Conventional Transducers
Microelectronic Sensors
Sensors p.5
photodiode
light I
Sensors p.6
Displacement Measurements
Measurements of size, shape, and position utilize
displacement sensors
Examples
Secondary Transducers
Wheatstone Bridge
Amplifiers
Sensors p.7
Thus
piezoresistive effect
Sensors p.8
Thermocouples
based on the Seebeck effect: dissimilar metals at diff. temps. signal
Sensors p.9
Sensors p.10
Microaccelerometer
cantilever beam
suspended mass
Rotation
gyroscope
Electrodes
Ring
structure
Pressure
Diaphragm (Upper electrode)
Lower electrode
ECE 480, Prof. A. Mason
5-10mm
Sensors p.11
Thermistor Half-Bridge
voltage divider
one element varies
Wheatstone Bridge
R3 = resistive sensor
R4 is matched to nominal value of R3
If R1 = R2, Vout-nominal = 0
Vout varies as R3 changes
VCC
R1+R4
Sensors p.12
Operational Amplifiers
Properties
Sensors p.13
Voltage Follower
buffer
Non-Inverting Amp
Inverting Amp
Sensors p.14
Differential Amp
Integrating Amp
Differentiating Amp
Sensors p.15
Converting Configuration
Current-to-Voltage
Voltage-to-Current
Sensors p.16
Instrumentation Amplifier
Robust differential
gain amplifier
gain stage
Input stage
input stage
Gain stage
Overall amplifier
2 R2 + R1 R4
Gd =
R1 R3
Sensors p.17
instrumentation amplifier
HPF
non-inverting amp
With 776 op amps, the circuit was found to have a CMRR of 86 dB at 100 Hz and a noise level of 40 mV peak to
peak at the output. The frequency response was 0.04 to 150 Hz for 3 dB and was flat over 4 to 40 Hz. The total
gain is 25 (instrument amp) x 32 (non-inverting amp) = 800.
Sensors p.18
sensor
sensor
signal timing
memory
keypad
display
instrument
Digital
serial I/O
must match baud rate and bit width, transmission protocol, etc.
frequency encoded
Sensors p.19
RS232 Serial Port on PCs uses UART format (but at +/- 12V)
can buy a chip to convert from UART to RS232
Sensors p.20
Sensor Calibration
Sensors can exhibit non-ideal effects
linea
T = a + bV +cV2,
Compensation
T1
ar
non-line
offset
T2
T3
-30
-20
-10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Sensors p.21