Chapter 34 Solutions

Since the light from this star travels at 3.00 108 m/s, the last bit of light will hit the Earth i n
6.44 1018 m
= 2.15 1010 s = 680 years. Therefore, it will disappear from the sky in the year
3.00 108 m / s

34.1

1999 + 680 = 2.68 10 3 A.D.

1
1
=
c = 0.750c = 2.25 108 m/s
1.78
k 0 e0

34.2

v=

34.3

E
B =c

34.4

Emax
Bmax = v is the generalized version of Equation 34.13.
Bmax =

34.5

220
8
B = 3.00 10 ;

or

B = 7.33 107 T = 733 nT

so

Emax
7.60 10 3 V / m N m T C m
= 3.80 1011 T = 38.0 pT
=
v
(2 / 3)(3.00 108 m / s) V C N s

(a)

f = c

or

f (50.0 m) = 3.00 108 m/s

so

(b)

E
B =c

or

22.0
8
Bmax = 3.00 10

so

(c)

2
2
= 50.0 = 0.126 m1

rad/s

and

k=

f = 6.00 106 Hz = 6.00 MHz

Bmax = (73.3 nT)(k)

= 2 f = 2 (6.00 106 s1) = 3.77 107

B = Bmax cos(kx t) = (73.3 nT) cos (0.126x 3.77 107 t)(k)

34.6

= 2 f = 6.00 109 s1 = 1.88 1010 s-1

k=

6.00 109 s1
=c =
= 20.0 = 62.8 m1

3.00 108 m/s

cos 62.8x 1.88 1010 t

E = 300

E
300 V/m
Bmax = c =
= 1.00 T
3.00 108 m/s
B = (1.00 T) cos (62.8x 1.88 1010 t)

2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 34 Solutions 299

34.7

34.8

100 V/m
E
=
= 3.33 107 T = 0.333 T
c
3.00 10 8 m/s

(a)

B=

(b)

2
2
= k =
= 0.628 m
1.00 10 7 m 1

(c)

f=

3.00 108 m/s

= 4.77 1014 Hz
6.28 107 m

E = Emax cos(kx t)

E
= Emax sin(kx t)(k)
x

E
= Emax sin(kx t)()
t

2E
= Emax cos(kx t)(k 2)
x2

2E
= Emax cos(kx t)()2
t2

We must show:

E
2E
= 0e0 2
2
x
t

That is,

k 2 Emax cos( kx t ) = 0e0 ( ) Emax cos( kx t )

( )

But this is true, because

1
k2 1
= = 2 = 0 e0
2
f

The proof for the wave of magnetic field is precisely similar.

*34.9

In the fundamental mode, there is a single loop in the standing wave between the plates.
Therefore, the distance between the plates is equal to half a wavelength.

= 2L = 2(2.00 m) = 4.00 m
Thus, f =

*34.10

c
3.00 108 m/s
=
= 7.50 10 7 Hz = 75.0 MHz
4.00 m

dA to A = 6 cm 5% =

= 12 cm 5%

2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

300 Chapter 34 Solutions

v = f = (0.12 m 5%) 2.45 10 9 s 1 =

34.11

S=I=

2.9 108 m s 5%

U
Uc
A t = V = uc

I
1000 W/m2
Energy
=u= =
= 3.33 J/m3
c
Unit Volume
3.00 108 m/s

34.12

Sav =

4.00 10 3 W
P
=
= 7.68 W/m 2
4 (4.00 1609 m)2
4 r 2

Emax = 2 0 cSav = 0.0761 V / m

Vmax = Emax L = (76.1 mV/m)(0.650 m) = 49.5 mV (amplitude)

34.13

r = ( 5.00 mi )(1609 m / mi ) = 8.04 10 3 m

S=

250 10 3 W
P
=
= 307 W/m 2
4 (8.04 10 3 m) 2
4 r 2

or

35.0 mV (rms)

Chapter 34 Solutions 301

Goal Solution
What is the average magnitude of the Poynting vector 5.00 miles from a radio transmitter broadcasting
isotropically with an average power of 250 kW?
G: As the distance from the source is increased, the power per unit area will decrease, so at a distance of
5 miles from the source, the power per unit area will be a small fraction of the Poynting vector near
the source.
O: The Poynting vector is the power per unit area, where A is the surface area of a sphere with a 5-mile
radius.
A : The Poynting vector is
r = ( 5.00 mi )(1609 m / mi ) = 8045 m

In meters,

and the magnitude is S =

250 10 3 W
= 3.07 10 4 W / m 2
(4 )(8045)2
2

L : The magnitude of the Poynting vector ten meters from the source is 199 W/m , on the order of a
million times larger than it is 5 miles away! It is surprising to realize how little power is actually
received by a radio (at the 5-mile distance, the signal would only be about 30 nW, assuming a
2
receiving area of about 1 cm ).
I=

34.14

100 W
= 7.96 W/m2
4 (1.00 m)2

I
u = c = 2.65 10 8 J/m3 = 26.5 n J/m3

34.15

(a)

uE = 2 u = 13.3 n J/m3

(b)

uB = 2 u = 13.3 n J/m3

(c)

I = 7.96 W/m2

Power output = (power input)(efficiency)

Thus,

and

Power input =

A=

power out
1.00 106 W
=
= 3.33 106 W
eff
0.300

3.33 10 6 W
P
=
= 3.33 10 3 m 2
1.00 10 3 W/m 2
I

2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

302 Chapter 34 Solutions

I=

*34.16

2
P
Bmax
c
=
4

r2
2 0

Bmax =

P 2 0
4 r 2 c =

(10.0 10 )(2)(4 10 ) =
4 ( 5.00 10 ) ( 3.00 10 )
7

3 2

5.16 1010 T

Since the magnetic field of the Earth is approximately 5 10 5 T, the Earth's field is some
100,000 times stronger.

34.17

(a)

P = I 2R = 150 W; A = 2 rL = 2 (0.900 103 m)(0.0800 m) = 4.52 10 4 m2

S=

(b)

P
= 332 kW/m2 (points radially inward)
A

I
0(1.00)
B = 0 2 r =
= 222 T
2 (0.900 10 3)
E=

IR
150 V
V
= L = 0.0800 m = 1.88 kV/m
x

EB
Note: S = = 332 kW/m2
0

Chapter 34 Solutions 303

34.18

(a)

E B = (80.0 i + 32.0 j 64.0 k)(N/C) (0.200 i + 0.0800 j + 0.290 k)T

E B= (16.0 + 2.56 18.56)N 2 s/C 2 m = 0

(b)

S=

1
(80.0 i + 32.0 j 64.0 k)(N/C) (0.200 i + 0.0800 j + 0.290 k)T
0 E B=
4 10 7 T m/A

S=

(6.40 k 23.2 j 6.40 k + 9.28 i 12.8 j + 5.12 i)10 6 W/m 2

4 107

S = (11.5 i 28.6 j) W/m 2

= 30.9 W/m2 at 68.2 from the +x axis

We call the current I rms and the intensity I . The power radiated at this frequency is

34.19

P = (0.0100)(Vrms)Irms =

0.0100(Vrms)2
= 1.31 W
R

If it is isotropic, the intensity one meter away is

I=

1.31 W
c
P
2
=
= 0.104 W/m2 = Sav = 2 Bmax
0
4 (1.00 m)2
A

Bmax =

*34.20 (a)

(b)

2 0 I
=
c

efficiency =

Sav =

)(

2 4 10 7 T m / A 0.104 W / m 2
3.00 10 m / s
8

)=

29.5 n

useful power output

700 W
100% = 50.0%
100% =
1400 W
total power input

P
700 W
=
= 2.69 10 5 W m 2
A (0.0683 m )(0.0381 m )

Sav = 269 kW m 2 toward the oven chamber

(c)

Sav =

2
Emax
2 0 c

T m
m
W
V

3.00 108
2.69 10 5
Emax = 2 4 10 7
= 1.42 10 4
= 14.2 kV m
2

A
s
m
m

2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

304 Chapter 34 Solutions

34.21

Emax
7.00 105 N/C
=
= 2.33 mT
c
3.00 108 m/s

(a)

Bmax =

(b)

(7.00 10 5)2
Emax
= 650 MW/m 2
I = 2 c =
0
2(4 10 7 )(3.00 108)

(c)

I=

34.24

2
Emax
(4 r 2 ); solving for r ,
2 0 c

Power = SA =

34.22

34.23

P
: P = I A = (6.50 108 W/m2) 4 (1.00 10 3 m) 2 = 510 W
A

r=

P 0 c
=
2
Emax
2

(100 W) 0 c
= 5.16 m
2 (15.0 V / m)2

(10.0 10 3 )W
= 4.97 kW/m2
(0.800 10 3 m)2

(a)

I=

(b)

uav =

(a)

E = cB = ( 3.00 10 8 m/s)(1.80 10 6 T) = 540 V/m

(b)

uav =

(c)

Sav = cuav = (3.00 108 )(2.58 10 6 ) = 773 W/m2

I 4.97 10 3 J / m 2 s
=
= 16.6 J/m3
c
3.00 108 m / s

B2 (1.80 10 6 )2
=
= 2.58 J/m3
0
4 10 7

(d) This is 77.3% of the flux in Example 34.5 . It may be cloudy, or the Sun may be setting.

34.25

S
25.0
For complete absorption, P = c =
= 83.3 nPa
3.00 108

*34.26 (a)

P = (Sav )( A) = 6.00 W / m 2 40.0 10 4 m 2 = 2.40 10 2 J / s

)(

In one second, the total energy U impinging on the mirror is 2.40 102 J. The momentum p
transferred each second for total reflection is
2(2.40 102 J)
kg m
2U
= 1.60 10 10
(each second)
p= c =
8
s
3.00 10 m/s
(b)

dp
1.60 1010 kg m/s
F = dt =
= 1.60 1010 N
1s

Chapter 34 Solutions 305

34.27

The radiation pressure is

(2)(1340 W / m 2 )
= 8.93 10 6 N / m 2
3.00 108 m / s 2

Multiplying by the total area,

A = 6.00 105 m2 gives: F = 5.36 N

(b)

The acceleration is:

5.36 N
F
a = m = 6000 kg = 8.93 10 4 m/s2

(c)

It will take a time t where:

d = 2 at 2

(a)

t=

or

34.28

(a)

(b)

(c)

2d
=
a

2 3.84 108 m

(8.93 10

m/s

= 9.27 10 5 s = 10.7 days

2Sav
c

The pressure P upon the mirror is

P=

where A is the cross-sectional area of the beam and

Sav =

The force on the mirror is then

F = PA =

Therefore,

F=

I=

34.29

P ( 2 0 c )

r2

15 103 J/s
3.00 108 m/s

2P
2P
A =
c A
c

2(100 10 3 )
= 6.67 1010 N
(3 108 )

2
Emax
P
=
r 2 2 0 c

Emax =

P
A

= 1.90 kN/C

(1.00 m) = 50.0 pJ

U
5 1011
p= c =
= 1.67 1019 kg m/s
3.00 108

2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

306 Chapter 34 Solutions

34.30

(a)

If P S is the total power radiated by the Sun, and rE and r M are the radii of the orbits of the
planets Earth and Mars, then the intensities of the solar radiation at these planets are:
IE =

PS
4 rE2
2

Mars intercepts the power falling on its circular face:

) (

)(

2
P M = I M RM
= 577 W m 2 3.37 106 m

(c)

PS
2
4 rM

1.496 1011 m
r
2
I M = IE E = 1340 W m 2
= 577 W/m
rM
2.28 1011 m

Thus,
(b)

IM =

and

= 2.06 1016 W

If Mars behaves as a perfect absorber, it feels pressure P =

and force F = PA =

SM I M
=
c
c

IM
P
2.06 1016 W
2
RM
= M =
= 6.87 107 N
c
c
3.00 108 m s

(d) The attractive gravitational force exerted on Mars by the Sun is

)(

)(

6.67 10 11 N m 2 kg 2 1.991 10 30 kg 6.42 10 23 kg

GMS M M
Fg =
=
= 1.64 10 21 N
2
2
11
rM
2.28 10 m

which is ~1013 times stronger

34.31

(a)

than the repulsive force of (c).

The total energy absorbed by the surface is

( )

W

U = 21 I At = 21 750 2 0.500 1.00 m 2 (60.0 s) = 11.3 kJ
m

(b)

The total energy incident on the surface in this time is 2U = 22.5 kJ, with U = 11.3 kJ being
absorbed and U = 11.3 kJ being reflected. The total momentum transferred to the surface is
p = (momentum from absorption ) + (momentum from reflection )
p=

34.32

3
U 2U 3U 3 11.3 10 J
+
=
=
= 1.13 10 4 kg m s
c c
c
3.00 108 m s

Sav =

2
0 Jmax
c
8

or

570 =

2
(4 10 7 )Jmax
(3.00 108 )
8

so

Jmax = 3.48 A/m2

Chapter 34 Solutions 307

34.33

(a)

J 2 c
P = Sav A = 0 max A
8

4 10 7 (10.0)2 (3.00 108 )

P=
(1.20 0.400) = 2.26 kW
8

(b)

Sav =

P=

*34.34

2
0 Jmax
c (4 10 7 (10.0)2 (3.00 108 )
=
= 4.71 kW/m2
8
8

( V )2
R

or P ( V )

2
y

V = ( )Ey y = Ey l cos
V cos

34.35

so

P cos 2

(a)

= 15.0:

P = P max cos 2 (15.0) = 0.933P max = 93.3%

(b)

= 45.0:

P = P max cos 2 ( 45.0) = 0.500P max = 50.0%

(c)

= 90.0:

P = P max cos 2 (90.0) = 0

(a)

Constructive interference occurs when d cos = n for

some integer n.
cos = n

= n
= 2n n = 0, 1, 2, . . .
/ 2
d

strong signal @ = cos1 0 = 90, 270

(b)

Destructive interference occurs when

d cos =

2n + 1
:
2

cos = 2n + 1

weak signal @ = cos1 (1) = 0, 180

2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

eceiving
ntenna

308 Chapter 34 Solutions

Goal Solution
Two radio-transmitting antennas are separated by half the broadcast wavelength and are driven in phase
with each other. In which directions are (a) the strongest and (b) the weakest signals radiated?
G: The strength of the radiated signal will be a function of the location around the two antennas and
will depend on the interference of the waves.
O: A diagram helps to visualize this situation. The two antennas are driven in phase, which means
that they both create maximum electric field strength at the same time, as shown in the diagram. The
radio EM waves travel radially outwards from the antennas, and the received signal will be the vector
sum of the two waves.
A : (a) Along the perpendicular bisector of the line joining the antennas, the distance is the same to
both transmitting antennas. The transmitters oscillate in phase, so along this line the two signals will
be received in phase, constructively interfering to produce a maximum signal strength that is twice
the amplitude of one transmitter.
(b) Along the extended line joining the sources, the wave from the more distant antenna must
travel one-half wavelength farther, so the waves are received 180 out of phase. They interfere
destructively to produce the weakest signal with zero amplitude.
L : Radio stations may use an antenna array to direct the radiated signal toward a highly-populated
region and reduce the signal strength delivered to a sparsely-populated area.
34.36

34.37

c
= 536 m
f

so

h=

= 134 m
4

c
= 188 m
f

so

h=

= 46.9 m
4

F = ma qvB sin 90.0 = mv 2 R

For the proton:

The period and frequency of the protons circular motion are therefore:
T=

2 1.67 10 27 kg
2 R 2 m
=
=
= 1.87 10 7 s
v
qB
1.60 10 19 C (0.350 T )

The charge will radiate at this same frequency, with

34.38

f = 5.34 106 Hz .

3.00 108 m s
c
=
= 56.2 m
f
5.34 106 Hz

For the proton, F = ma yields

qvB sin 90.0 =

The period of the protons circular motion is therefore:

T=

The frequency of the proton's motion is

f = 1/ T

The charge will radiate electromagnetic waves at this frequency, with

mv 2
R

2 R 2 m
=
v
qB

2 mc
c
= cT =
f
qB

Chapter 34 Solutions 309

From the electromagnetic spectrum chart and accompanying text discussion, the following
identifications are made:

*34.39

Frequency
f

Wavelength,
=c f

Classification

2 Hz = 2 100 Hz
2 kHz = 2 10 3 Hz
2 MHz = 2 106 Hz
2 GHz = 2 10 9 Hz
2 THz = 2 1012 Hz
2 PHz = 2 1015 Hz
2 EHz = 2 1018 Hz
2 ZHz = 2 10 21 Hz
2 YHz = 2 10 24 Hz

150 Mm
150 km
150 m
15 cm
150 m
150 nm
150 pm
150 fm
150 am

Radio
Radio
Radio
Microwave
Infrared
Ultraviolet
x-ray
Gamma ray
Gamma Ray

Frequency
f =c

Classification

1.5 10 5 Hz
1.5 108 Hz
1.5 1011 Hz
1.5 1014 Hz
1.5 1017 Hz
1.5 10 20 Hz
1.5 10 23 Hz
1.5 10 26 Hz

Radio
Radio
Microwave
Infrared
Ultraviolet/x-ray
x-ray/Gamma ray
Gamma ray
Gamma ray

Wavelength,

2 km = 2 10 3 m
2 m = 2 100 m
2 mm = 2 10 3 m
2 m = 2 10 6 m
2 nm = 2 10 9 m
2 pm = 2 10 12 m
2 fm = 2 10 15 m
2 am = 2 10 18 m

*34.40 (a)
(b)

f=

34.42

3 108 m/s
~ 108 Hz radio wave
1.7 m

1000 pages, 500 sheets, is about 3 cm thick so one sheet is about 6 10 5 m thick
f=

f=

*34.41

3 108 m/s
6 105 m

~ 1013 Hz infrared

3.00 108 m/s

c
=
= 5.45 1014 Hz

5.50 107 m

(a)

c
3.00 108 m/s
= f =
= 261 m
1150 103/s

so

180 m
261 m = 0.690 wavelengths

(b)

c
3.00 108 m/s
= f =
= 3.06 m
98.1 106/s

so

180 m
3.06 m = 58.9 wavelengths

2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

310 Chapter 34 Solutions

34.43

(a)

f = c

gives

(5.00 1019 Hz) = 3.00 108 m/s:

(b)

f = c

gives

(4.00 109 Hz) = 3.00 108 m/s: = 0.075 m = 7.50 cm

= 6.00 10 12 m = 6.00 pm

Time to reach object = 2 (total time of flight) = 2 (4.00 10 4 s) = 2.00 10 4 s

*34.44

Thus, d = vt = (3.00 10 8 m/s)(2.00 10 4 s) = 6.00 10 4 m = 60.0 km

34.45

The time for the radio signal to travel 100 km is:

tr =

100 10 3 m
= 3.33 10 4 s
3.00 108 m / s

The sound wave to travel 3.00 m across the room in:

ts =

3.00 m
3
s
343 m/s = 8.75 10

Therefore, listeners 100 km away will receive the news before the people in the newsroom
by a total time difference of
t = 8.75 10 3 s 3.33 10 4 s = 8.41 10 3 s

*34.46

c 3.00 108 m s
=
= 4.00 106 m
f
75.0 Hz

The wavelength of an ELF wave of frequency 75.0 Hz is

The length of a quarter-wavelength antenna would be

L = 1.00 106 m = 1.00 10 3 km

0.621 mi
= 621 mi
L = (1000 km )
1.00 km

or

Thus, while the project may be theoretically possible, it is not very practical.

34.47

(a)

For the AM band, max =

min =
(b)

For the FM band,

max =
min =

c
f min
c
f max
c
f min
c
f max

3.00 108 m / s
= 556 m
540 10 3 Hz

3.00 108 m / s
= 187 m
1600 10 3 Hz

3.00 108 m / s
= 3.41 m
88.0 106 Hz

3.00 108 m / s
= 2.78 m
108 106 Hz

Chapter 34 Solutions 311

CH 4 : fmin = 66 MHz

34.48

max = 4.55 m
min = 4.17 m

fmax = 72 MHz
CH 6 : fmin = 82 MHz

max = 3.66 m
min = 3.41 m

fmax = 88 MHz
CH 8 : fmin = 180 MHz

max = 1.67 m
min = 1.61 m

fmax = 186 MHz

34.49

(a)

P = SA = (1340 W/m2)4 (1.496 1011 m)2 = 3.77 1026 W

(b)

S=

2
cBmax
2 0

so

Bmax =

S=

2
Emax
2 0 c

so

Emax = 2 0 cS = 2 4 10 7 3.00 108 (1340) = 1.01 kV/m

2 0S
=
c

2(4 10 7 N / A 2 )(1340 W / m 2 )
= 3.35 T
3.00 108 m / s

)(

Suppose you cover a 1.7 m-by-0.3 m section of beach blanket. Suppose the elevation angle of
the Sun is 60. Then the target area you fill in the Sun's field of view is

*34.50

(1.7 m )( 0.3 m )( cos 30 ) = 0.4 m2

Now I =

34.51

(a)

P
E
=
:
A At

E = IAt = 1340

= dB = d (BA cos ) = A
dt

dt

W
(0.6)(0.5)(0.4 m2) 3600 s ~ 106 J
m2

d
(Bmax cos t cos ) = ABmax (sin t cos )
dt

(t) = 2 f Bmax A sin 2 f t cos = 2 2r 2 f Bmax cos sin 2 f t

Thus,

max = 2 2r 2 f Bmax cos

, where is the angle between the magnetic field and the

normal to the loop.

(b)

If E is vertical, then B is horizontal, so the plane of the loop should be vertical and the
plane should contain the line of sight to the transmitter .

2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

312 Chapter 34 Solutions

34.52

(a)

F grav =

GMs m GMs
=
( 4 / 3) r 3
R2
R2

where M s = mass of Sun, r = radius of particle and R = distance from Sun to particle.
Since Frad =

(b)

Frad 1 3SR 2 1

=
F grav r 4cGMs r

From the result found in part (a), when Fgrav = Frad, we have

r=

34.53

S r 2
,
c

)(

4cGM s

)(

= 3.78 107 m

Emax
16
c = 6.67 10 T

Bmax =

(b)

Sav =

(c)

P = Sav A = 1.67 1014 W

(d)

F = PA =

2
Emax
= 5.31 1017 W/m 2
2 0 c

Sav
A = 5.56 1023 N ( weight of 3000 H atoms!)
c

The electric field between the plates is E = V l, directed

downward in the figure. The magnetic field between the plate's
edges is B = 0 i 2 r counterclockwise.
The Poynting vector is:

(b)

)(

3SR 2

4 6.67 10 11 N m 2 kg 2 1.991 10 30 kg 1500 kg m 3 3.00 108 m s

(a)

*34.54 (a)

)(

3 214 W / m 2 3.75 1011 m

r=

1
S=
EB=
0

( V ) i
2 rl

i
B
S

(radially outward)

+ +
+ ++ +
+
E
- - -- - --

+ +
+ ++
+ +
- - - - i

The lateral surface area surrounding the electric field volume is

( V ) i
A = 2 rl, so the power output is P = SA =
( 2 rl) = (V)i
2 rl

(c)

As the capacitor charges, the polarity of the plates and hence the direction of the electric field
is unchanged.
Reversing the current reverses the direction of the magnetic field, and
therefore the Poynting vector.
The Poynting vector is now directed radially inward.

Chapter 34 Solutions 313

*34.55 (a)

The magnetic field in the enclosed volume is directed upward,

di
dB
= 0n .
with magnitude B = 0 ni and increasing at the rate
dt
dt
The changing magnetic field induces an electric field around any
circle of radius r , according to Faradays Law:

( )

di
E( 2 r ) = 0n
r2
dt

nr di
E= 0
2 dt

or

E=

Then,

S=

E
S

0nr di
(clockwise)
2 dt

1
1 0nr di
EB=
( 0ni) inward,
0
0 2 dt

or the Poynting vector is

S=

0n2 r i di
(radially inward)
2 dt

(b)

The power flowing into the volume is P = SAlat where Alat is the lateral area perpendicular to
S . Therefore,
n2 r i di
2 2 di
P= 0
( 2 rl) = 0 n r li

dt
dt
2

(c)

Taking Across to be the cross-sectional area perpendicular to B, the induced voltage between
the ends of the inductor, which has N = nl turns, is
V =

=N

( )

di
dB

di
A
= nl 0n
r 2 = 0 n2 r 2l
dt cross

dt
dt

P = ( V ) i

and it is observed that

*34.56 (a)

The power incident on the mirror is:

W
2

P I = IA = 1340 2 (100 m ) = 4.21 107 W

The power reflected through the atmosphere is P R = 0.746 4.21 107 W = 3.14 107 W
PR
3.14 107 W
=
A
4.00 10 3 m

(b)

S=

(c)

Noon sunshine in Saint Petersburg produces this power-per-area on a horizontal surface:

= 0.625 W/m2

P N = 0.746 1340 W / m 2 sin 7.00 = 122 W / m 2

The radiation intensity received from the mirror is
0.625 W m 2
122 W m 2 100% = 0.513%

of that from the noon Sun in January.

2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

314 Chapter 34 Solutions

1

2
u = 2 e0Emax

34.57

Emax =

(Equation 34.21)

2u
= 95.1 mV/m
e0

The area over which we model the antenna as radiating is the lateral surface of a cylinder,

*34.58

A = 2 r l = 2 4.00 10 2 m (0.100 m ) = 2.51 10 2 m 2

P
0.600 W
=
= 23.9 W m 2
A 2.51 10 2 m 2

(a)

The intensity is then:

S=

(b)

The standard is:

0.570

3
4
2
W
mW
mW 1.00 10 W 1.00 10 cm
=
0.570
= 5.70 2
cm 2 1.00 mW
m
cm 2
1.00 m 2

While it is on, the telephone is over the standard by

34.59

(a)

Bmax =

k=

23.9 W m 2
= 4.19 times
5.70 W m 2

Emax
175 V/m
7
c = 3.00 108 m/s = 5.83 10 T

2
2
= (0.0150 m) = 419 rad/m

= kc = 1.26 1011 rad/s

Since S is along x, and E is along y, B must be in the z direction .
EmaxBmax
= 40.6 W/m2
2 0

(b)

Sav =

(c)

2S
Pr = c = 2.71 107 N/m2

(d)

a=

)(

2.71 10 7 N / m 2 0.750 m 2
F PA
=
=
= 4.06 10 7 m / s 2
m
m
0.500 kg

(That is S E B.)

Chapter 34 Solutions 315

*34.60 (a)

(b)

At steady-state, P in = P out and the power radiated out is P out = eAT 4 .

Thus,

W
W

AT 4
0.900 1000 2 A = (0.700) 5.67 10 8
2

m
m K4

or

900 W m 2
T=
0.700 5.67 10 8 W m 2 K 4

14

= 388 K = 115C

The box of horizontal area A , presents projected area A sin 50.0 perpendicular to the
sunlight. Then by the same reasoning,
W
W

AT 4
0.900 1000 2 A sin 50.0 = (0.700) 5.67 10 8
2

m
m K4

or

34.61

(a)

14

= 363 K = 90.0 C

I
F
P= A = c
F=

IA P
100 J / s
= =
= 3.33 10 7 N = (110 kg )a
c
c 3.00 108 m / s

a = 3.03 109 m/s2

t=

(b)

900 W m 2 sin 50.0

T=
0.700 5.67 10 8 W m 2 K 4

and

x = 2 at 2

2x
= 8.12 10 4 s = 22.6 h
a

0 = (107 kg)v (3.00 kg)(12.0 m/s v) = (107 kg)v 36.0 kg m/s + (3.00 kg)v
36.0
v = 110 = 0.327 m/s
t = 30.6 s

2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

316 Chapter 34 Solutions

Goal Solution
An astronaut, stranded in space 10.0 m from his spacecraft and at rest relative to it, has a mass (including
equipment) of 110 kg. Since he has a 100-W light source that forms a directed beam, he decides to use the
beam as a photon rocket to propel himself continuously toward the spacecraft. (a) Calculate how long it
takes him to reach the spacecraft by this method. (b) Suppose, instead, he decides to throw the light
source away in a direction opposite the spacecraft. If the mass of the light source has a mass of 3.00 kg and,
after being thrown, moves at 12.0 m/s relative to the recoiling astronaut , how long does it take for the
astronaut to reach the spacecraft?
G: Based on our everyday experience, the force exerted by photons is too small to feel, so it may take a
very long time (maybe days!) for the astronaut to travel 10 m with his photon rocket. Using the
momentum of the thrown light seems like a better solution, but it will still take a while (maybe a few
minutes) for the astronaut to reach the spacecraft because his mass is so much larger than the mass of
the light source.
O: In part (a), the radiation pressure can be used to find the force that accelerates the astronaut toward
the spacecraft. In part (b), the principle of conservation of momentum can be applied to find the time
required to travel the 10 m.
A : (a) Light exerts on the astronaut a pressure

By Newtons 2nd law,

P = F A = S c , and a force of
F=

SA
=
c

a=

F 3.33 10 7 N
=
= 3.03 10 9 m / s 2
m
110 kg

100 J / s
= 3.33 10 7 N
3.00 108 m / s

This acceleration is constant, so the distance traveled is x = 21 at 2 , and the amount of time it travels is
t=

2x
=
a

2(10.0 m )
= 8.12 10 4 s = 22.6 h
3.03 10 9 m / s 2

(b) Because there are no external forces, the momentum of the astronaut before throwing the light
is the same as afterwards when the now 107-kg astronaut is moving at speed v towards the spacecraft
and the light is moving away from the spacecraft at (12.0 m / s v ) . Thus, pi = p f gives
0 = (107 kg )v ( 3.00 kg )(12.0 m / s v )
0 = (107 kg )v ( 36.0 kg m / s) + ( 3.00 kg )v
v=

36.0
= 0.327 m / s
110

t=

x
10.0 m
=
= 30.6 s
v 0.327 m / s

L : Throwing the light away is certainly a more expedient way to reach the spacecraft, but there is not
much chance of retrieving the lamp unless it has a very long cord. How long would the cord need to
be, and does its length depend on how hard the astronaut throws the lamp? (You should verify that
the minimum cord length is 367 m, independent of the speed that the lamp is thrown.)

Chapter 34 Solutions 317

The 38.0% of the intensity S = 1340

34.62

2(0.380)S
W
2S
that is reflected exerts a pressure P1 = r =
c
c
m2
P2 =

The absorbed light exerts pressure

Sa (0.620)S
=
c
c

Altogether the pressure at the subsolar point on Earth is

1.38S
1.38(1340 W/m2)
=
= 6.16 10 6 Pa
c
3.00 108 m/s

(a)

Ptot = P1 + P2 =

(b)

1.01 10 5 N / m 2
Pa
=
= 1.64 1010 times smaller than atmospheric pressure
Ptot 6.16 10 6 N / m 2

Think of light going up and being absorbed by the bead which presents a face area r b .

34.63

S
I
The light pressure is P = c = .
c
2

(a)

I r b
4
3
Fl = c
= mg = 3 r b g

(b)

P = IA = (8.32 10 7 W/m2) (2.00 103 m)2 = 1.05 kW

I=

and

4 gc 3m

3 4

1/3

= 8.32 10 7 W/m 2

Think of light going up and being absorbed by the bead which presents face area r b .

34.64

If we take the bead to be perfectly absorbing, the light pressure is P =

(a)

Fl = F g

so

I=

Flc F g c m gc
=
=
A
A
rb 2

From the definition of density, =

Substituting for rb , I =

(b)

P = IA =

Sav I Fl
= =
c A
c

m
=
V

m
4
rb 3
3

so

1
=
rb

2/3
1/3
m gc 4 2/3
4 gc 3m
4 m
= gc
=

3 4

3m
3

r 24gc 3m 1/3

3
4

2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

1/3

1/3

318 Chapter 34 Solutions

The mirror intercepts power

34.65

P = I1A1 = (1.00 10 3 W/m2) (0.500 m)2 = 785 W

In the image,
P
785 W
=
= 625 kW/m2
A2 (0.0200 m )2

(a)

I2 =

(b)

E max
I 2 = 2 c
0

Bmax =
(c)

so

Emax = (20c I 2 )1/2 = [2(4 107)(3.00 108)(6.25 105)]1/2= 21.7 kN/C

Emax
c = 72.4 T

0.400 P t = mc T
J
0.400(785 W)t = (1.00 kg) 4186 kg C (100C 20.0C)

t=

34.66

3.35 105 J
= 1.07 103 s = 17.8 min
314 W

c 3.00 108 m s
=
= 1.50 cm
f
20.0 10 9 s 1

(a)

(b)

1.00 10 9 s = 25.0 10 6 J = 25.0 J

U = P ( t ) = 25.0 10 3

(c)

uav =

U
U
U
25.0 10 6 J
=
=
=
V
r 2 l r 2 c( t ) (0.0600 m )2 3.00 108 m s 1.00 10 9 s

( ) ( )

)(

uav = 7.37 10 3 J m 3 = 7.37 mJ m 3

(d)

Emax =

Bmax =

(e)

2uav
=
e0

2 7.37 10 3 J m 3
8.85 10

12

C N m2
2

= 4.08 10 4 V m = 40.8 kV/m

Emax 4.08 10 4 V m
=
= 1.36 10 4 T = 136 T
c
3.00 108 m s

F = PA =

J
c uav

S
A=
(0.0600 m )2 = 8.33 10 5 N = 83.3 N
A = uav A = 7.37 10 3
c

c
m3

Chapter 34 Solutions 319

34.67

(a)

On the right side of the equation,

(b)

F = ma = qE

C2 m s2

N m 2 C2 m 2 s3 N m J
=
= =W
s
s
C2 s 4 m 3

(C N m )(m s)
C)(100 N C)
qE (1.60 10
a=
=
=
2

19

or

The radiated power is then:

(c)

v
F = mar = m = qvB
r

so

)(
)(

)
)

19 2

13 2

1.60 10
1.76 10
q2 a2
P=
=
3
6 e0 c
6 8.85 10 12 3.00 108
v=

= 1.75 10 27 W

qBr
m
2

1.60 10 19 (0.350) (0.500)

v 2 q 2B2 r
a=
=
=
= 5.62 1014 m s 2
27 2
r
m2
1.67 10

The proton accelerates at

)(
)(

19 2

)
)

14 2

1.60 10
5.62 10
q2 a2
P=
=
6 e0 c 3 6 8.85 10 12 3.00 108

The proton then radiates

24
W
= 1.80 10

S Power
P
60.0 W
=
=
=
= 6.37 107 Pa
c
Ac
2 rlc 2 (0.0500 m)(1.00 m)(3.00 108 m \ s)

34.68

P=

34.69

F = PA =

SA ( P / A)A P
=
= ,
c
c
c

Therefore,

*34.70

1.76 1013 m s 2

9.11 10 31 kg

Pl
l
= F =
,
2 2c

and

3.00 10 3 (0.0600)
Pl
=
= 3.00 10 2 deg
2c 2 3.00 108 1.00 10 11

)(

We take R to be the planets distance from its star.

projected area r

perpendicular to the starlight.

( )

The planet, of radius r , presents a

It radiates over area 4 r 2 .

At steady-state, P in = P out : e I in r 2 = e 4 r 2 T 4
6.00 10 23 W
2
2
4
e
r = e 4 r T
4 R2

( )

R=

6.00 10 23 W = 16 R 2 T 4

so that

6.00 10 23 W
6.00 10 23 W
=
= 4.77 10 9 m = 4.77 Gm
4
4
16 T
16 5.67 10 8 W m 2 K 4 ( 310 K )

2000 by Harcourt, Inc. All rights reserved.

320 Chapter 34 Solutions

34.71

The light intensity is

I = Sav =

The light pressure is

P=

For the asteroid,

PA = m a

f = 90.0 MHz,

34.72
(a)

S
E2
=
= 1 e0 E 2
c 2 0c 2 2
and

a=

e0E 2 A
2m

Emax = 2.00 10 3 V / m = 200 mV/m

c
= 3.33 m
f

T=

1
= 1.11 10 8 s = 11.1 ns
f

Bmax =

E2
2 0c

Emax
= 6.67 10 12 T = 6.67 pT
c

(b)

x
t
E = (2.00 mV / m) cos 2

j
11.1
ns
3.33
m

(c)

I=

(d)

I = cuav

(e)

P=

B = (6.67 pT )k cos 2

2
Emax
(2.00 10 3 )2
=
= 5.31 10 9 W / m 2
2 0 c 2(4 10 7 )(3.00 108 )

so

uav = 1.77 10 17 J / m 3

2I (2)(5.31 10 9 )
=
= 3.54 10 17 Pa
c
3.00 108

t
x

3.33 m 11.1 ns