Formwork 2 PDF

Formwork
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................................................3
DESIGNREQUIREMENTS...............................................................................................................................................4
FACTORSRELATINGTOFORMWORK...........................................................................................................................6
HIGHWALLFORMWORK..........................................................................................................................................6
TimberFramedFormwork........................................................................................................................................7
SHEATHING...............................................................................................................................................................8
WALLTYINGSYSTEMS..............................................................................................................................................8
CONSTRUCTIONJOINTS............................................................................................................................................9
SLIPFORM...............................................................................................................................................................10
CLIMBINGORJUMPFORMS...................................................................................................................................10
FormworkStriking......................................................................................................................................................11
Standardsrelatingtoformwork.................................................................................................................................12
ERECTIONFORCOLUMNS,BEAMS,SLABSANDSTAIRS.............................................................................................13
Columns..................................................................................................................................................................13
ColumnFormworkConstruction............................................................................................................................13
Columnformsandjoints........................................................................................................................................14
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Columnformsandjoints........................................................................................................................................15
Erectionofformworkforcolumns.........................................................................................................................17
Columnformworkconstructionstages..................................................................................................................18
BEAMANDSUSPENDEDSLABFORMWORK...........................................................................................................19
Designandconstructionofbeamformwork..........................................................................................................19
Markingoutandsettingheightsforfalseworks.....................................................................................................20
Constructanderectsidewallsandbeamsoffit.....................................................................................................20
SUSPENDEDSLABS......................................................................................................................................................21
Designandconstructionofslabformwork............................................................................................................21
DeterminingTheBearerSpacing............................................................................................................................22
ErectingBearersAndJoists....................................................................................................................................22
PROPRIETARYFORMWORK....................................................................................................................................23
FALSEWORK............................................................................................................................................................24
Settingupfalsework:..............................................................................................................................................24
STAIRFORMWORK.................................................................................................................................................25
StairFormworkconstruction..................................................................................................................................25
TREADS,NOSINGS,BALUSTRADING.......................................................................................................................26
STRIKING,MAINTENANCE,STORAGEOFFORMWORK..........................................................................................27
UNITECNewZealandAppliedTechnologyInstitute
Revised2009
Formwork
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INTRODUCTION
Anumberoffundamentalprinciplesapplytoallformwork.
Considerationmustbegivento:
Acceptabletolerancespermitted;
Useofappropriatematerials;
Standardsofworkmanship;
Constructionforeaseoferectionandstripping;
Careandmaintenanceoftheformwork,sothatthemaximumnumberofreusescanbeachieved.
Formworkisatemporaryconstruction;howevercaremustbetakentopreventdamagetopermanentwork.Threegeneral
principlesgovernformworkdesignandconstruction:
Qualityaccuracyoftheconcreteshapeandthefinalfinishedsurfacequality.
Safetystrengthoftheformworkstructure.Personalsafetyofpeople,bothcarpenters andthepublic.
EconomyThestructuralframeisusuallythemostsignificantcostcomponent,adominantandcriticalfactorinthetimeof
construction.
Revised2009
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DESIGNREQUIREMENTS
Whendesigningformwork,considerthefollowing:
1.
Strength:Formsandshuttershavetobedesignedtosupportdeadweight,liveloadandhydrostaticpressure.
Sheathingmustberigidenoughtoresistbulging.
Formworkforverticalconcreteelementsi.e.columnsandwallsaresubjecttopressuresontheformface.Thisiscausedby
thefluidactionofthefreshconcrete.Thepressureofthefluidconcreteontheverticalfacesincreasesproportionatelywith
thedepthofconcrete.Themaximumpressurebeingatthebottomoftheform.Thismaximumpressureforthefulldepth
fluidconcreteisthehydrostaticpressureforconcreteandusuallyoccurswhentheconcreteisplacedveryquickly.
Itshouldnotbepossibleforthebracingtobedislodgedbyimpact,orwind,actingfromanydirection.Refertoillustration
below.
Design Pressure
Distribution
Pressure Distribution
Hydrostatic
Pressure
P max
Vertical stud
Walers
2.
Speedyerectionanddismantling:Theformworkdesignandthemethodsofassemblymustbeassimpleaspossible
toreducetimespentinerectionanddismantling.Theformworkshouldbesimpletoremovewithoutcausingdamagetothe
concrete.
3.
Tightnessofjoints:Theliquidretainingpropertiesoftheformworkmustbeadequatetopreventleakageofcement
andfineaggregatefromtheconcrete.
Revised2009
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4.
Rigidity:Braceformworkandsupporttoensurenomovementmaytakeplaceunderwindpressure,orwhenthe
concreteisbeingplacedandvibrated.Theshuttersmustberigidenoughtokeeptheconcretememberwithintheallowable
tolerances.
5.
Reuse:Designforunitconstruction,ifpossible,sothatyoucanstrikeandreuseassoonaspossible.Useclamps,
wedges,andsimilardevicestoholdsectionsofformworkinplace.Avoidnailingasmuchaspossible,nailholesandbruising
ofthetimberwillspoilformworkforfurtheruse.Theformworkmaterialmustbedurableandcapableofproducingagood
surfacefinish.
6.
Easeofhandling:Formsandshuttersmustbeofasizeandweightthatcanbehandledbythelabourandplant
availableonsite.
Adjustment:Arrangeallprops,shores,andstrutssothattheycanbeproperlyadjusted.Theymustbearonsoleplates,so
thattheloadissafelydistributedontothestructurebelow.
Removalofdebris:Provideallformworkwithspecialcleanoutholestoallowfortheremovalofsawdust,shavings,andother
debrisfromthebottomoftheformworkbeforethepourbegins.
FormworkTolerancesandvariationsinalignment
Columns
Upto3mhigh
6mm
Piers
3mto6m
10mm
Walls
Above6m
18mm
Variationsfromlevel
6mmin6m
10mmmax.
Variationsfromplanposition
6mbay
12mm
over6mbay
25mm
Nottoencroachoverboundary.
Variationsinsizeandpositionof
openings,sleeves
6mm
Variationsincrosssectionalsize
Upto600mm
+6mmor3mm
Over600mm
6mm
Variationsinfootings
+25mmor12mm
Thickness
0.05ofdimension
Variationsinconsecutivesteps
Rise
1.5mm
Tread
3mm
Revised2009
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FACTORSRELATINGTOFORMWORK
Todesignandconstructsatisfactoryformworkanappreciationofthetypesofloadsand
combinationsofloadsthatactontheformworkisrequired.
Theheaviestloadonformsusuallyoccurswhentheconcreteisbeingplaced.Aswellastheweightoftheconcreteitself,(i.e.
deadload),allowancefortheconcretinggangandtheirgearmustbeconsidered,(i.e.liveload).Depositingwetconcretein
heapscreatesunevenpressureontheformwork.Itisimportanttoevenlyplacetheconcreteinlayers,distributingloads
equallyontheformwork.Inwalls,wetconcreteexertshorizontalburstingpressuresontheverticalsoffit.Thepressureis
reducedasthesemiliquidconcretehardensandbecomesselfsupporting.Formworkconstructionmustbeableto
withstandtheloadsimposed.
HIGHWALLFORMWORK
Therearetwotypesofwallformwork.Onetypeisforwallsrequiringonlyonefaceofformwork,e.g.forbasementwalls.
Theotherisdoublefacedformworkforfreestandingwallsinastructure.
Acknowledgement to the Australian
Government
Publishing Service for the use of
their
Wall formwork illustrations.
Revised2009
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TimberFramedFormwork.
Thewallformworkframeisconstructedusingeither:
Verticalstudsandhorizontalwalers.
Horizontalwalersandverticalsoldierswiththesheathing(sheeting)fixedatrightangles.
Thespacingandsizeofstudsandwalersisdeterminedbytheloadsimposedontheformwork.Theheightofthewall,
thicknessofthewall,andthethicknessofthesheathingusedmustbeabletowithstandtheloadsplacedontheformwork.
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SHEATHING
Therearevarioustypessheathingavailable.Theappropriatesheathingmustbeselectedto
obtainthespecifiedfinishrequired.Optionsinclude:
Sawnorplanedtimberedgesmaybesquarecutortongueandgrooved,toprevent
groutleakage.Analternativeisafoamstripinsertedbetweentheboards.
Plywoodexteriorgradeorformplyareavailableinvariousthickness.Thegrainon
theouterfacemustbeparallelwiththespanofthewallformworkframing.
Temperedhardboardproducesagoodfinish,however,islessresistanttodamageand
multipleuse.
Plasticliningsgiveagoodfinish,however,itmusthaveasolidbacking.
Rubberliningsaresometimesusedfortexturedfinish.
Glassfibreorothersimilarmouldsmaybeusedforvariousarchitecturalfeaturesonwallorwindowpanels.
WALLTYINGSYSTEMS
Thefunctionofformworktyingsystemsistoconnectthetwofacesofthedoublefacedformstogetherandeffectthe
balanceoftheforcesbetweenthem.Thespacingofthetiesandtheforcestheyhavetoresist,isdeterminedbythewallto
bebuiltandtheframingsystemadopted.Whenconsideringtiesforwallforms,selectionismadeonthebasisof:
tiecapacity,
groutlossatthetieholes,
easeofinstallation,
finalappearance
EASICLEANTHROUGHTIE
COILTIE
SHEBOLT
Revised2009
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CONSTRUCTIONJOINTS
Stopendsandconstructionjointsmustalwaysbeformedatrightanglestotheconcretepour.Ifkeyedstopendsare
required,useanangledfilletorasplitinsertforaparallelsidedslot.Constructionjointsatthetopofapourmayrequirea
battenfixedtotheformworktofinishtheconcreteinastraightline.
HorizontalConstructionJoint
Split insert for parallel sided slot
StopEnds
Attheendsofwallsandattheplannedpositionsofconstructionjoints,stopendsmustbeconstructed.Duetoreflection
andreboundoftheenergyofvibrationfromthefaceofthestopend,theconcretepressureactingonitcanexceedthat
generallyactingontheformface.
Inmostcasesthestudsoftheformworkdonotcoincidewiththestopendandasaresult,theplywooddeflectsunderthe
concretepressureandgroutandwaterescapespastthestopend.
Acommonmethodofresistingtheforcesonthestopendisbywedgingitoffthewallties.
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SLIPFORM
Thisisaformwhichiscontinuallybeingmovedupwards,orsideways,astheconcreteisbeingpoured.Therateofmovement
isregulatedsothattheformsleavetheconcreteonlyafteritisstrongenoughtoretainitsshapeandsupporttheweights
imposedonit.
Verticalstructuressuchaschimneys(HuntlyPowerStation)andcoolingtowers(OhaakiThermalPowerStation)areoften
donethisway.Kerbingandchannellingcanalsobeslipformed.Jackingoftheformscanbedonebyscrew,electric,
pneumatic,butusuallyhydraulic.
CLIMBINGORJUMPFORMS
Thistypeofformworkisdesignedforconstantfloorheightandlayoutformultistoreybuildings.Theformworkis
jumpedupfromonefloortothenextfloorabove.Thesystemisraisedverticallyforconsecutivelifts.Anchorpointsorties
usednearthetopoftheformworkarereusedforthebottomofformworkwhenitislifted.
SkytowerinAucklanduseda4mhighjumpformfortheconstructionofthe500mmthick,12mdiametermaintower
achievingapouraboutevery9days.
Revised2009
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FormworkStriking
Theprocessofremovingtheformwork.Theearliesttimethis
canbedoneiswhentheconcretehasdevelopedsufficient
strength.Reinforcedconcretestructuralelements
needtobeabletocarrythemselvesandanyother
superimposedloadsovertheirintendedspans.Strippingtransfer
partsorloadstoconcretestructureshouldbegradually
Striking piece
transferred.Considerationshouldbegivento:
Specificationrequirements,check
sitedocumentsfortheconcrete
strengthrequiredandstrippingtimes.
Theconcreteageandminimum
strengthatthetimeofstripping.
Themethodandsequenceofstripping.
Limitsontheloadstobeplacedonthestructure.
Removeformworkcomponentswithminimumdamage.
Theconditionofthecomponentswilldeterminethereuse
andcosts.
Revised2009
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Standardsrelatingtoformwork
NZS3109:1997
Concreteconstruction
providesminimumrequirementsfortheconstructionofreinforcedconcrete,unreinforcedconcrete,prestressedconcrete
oracombinationinelementsofanybuildingorcivilengineeringstructure.
Section5ofthestandardcoversrequirementsfor:
thedesignofformwork,
surfacefinish,
tolerances,
removalofformsandshores,
embeddedsleeves,conduitsandpipes
constructionjoints.
NZS3124:1987
Specificationforconcreteconstructionforminorworks
providesminimumrequirementsfortheconstructionofreinforcedandunreinforcedconcreteinminorworksincluding
buildingsoflighttimberframeconstructionwithinthescopeofNZS3604.Alsoconcretemasonryconstructionwithinthe
scopeofNZS4229:1999
Concretemasonrybuildingsnotrequiringspecificengineeringdesign
Thestandardhoweverdoesnotprovidespecificrequirementsforconcreteconstructionthataresubjectedtoaggressive
environments.
Revised2009
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ERECTIONFORCOLUMNS,BEAMS,SLABSANDSTAIRS
Columns
Thefunctionofcolumnformworkistoenabletheconstructionofcolumnsthathavethespecifiedsurfacequalityandare
acceptablyaccurateinshapeandpositionwithgoodalignmenttootheradjacentcolumns,wallsandbuildingfacades.
Columnsareoftenconstructedwiththecolumnreinforcementextendingwellabovetheform.Thisisdonesoitcanlapwith
thereinforcementofthenextcolumnorfloortobeconstructedabove.
Theaccuracyrequirementsforcolumnsvaryaccordingtotheirpositioninthebuilding.Thetolerances,whicharethe
maximumpermitteddeviations,arenormallyspecifiedintheprojectdocumentation.
ColumnFormworkConstruction
Toavoidplywoodjoints,itisnormalpracticetocutthesheetslengthwiseinwidthstomatchthecolumnfaces.
Mostcolumnformingmethodsuseplywoodtoformfaces.Thecornerjunctionsoftheplywoodmustbedetailedtoachieve
themaximumtighteningactionfromthecolumnclamps.
Thecornersoftheformareusuallyformedtohavea45degreearris.Timberanglefilletsareusedtoformthearris.Care
mustbetakentoalignthefilletinsidethecolumnform.
Revised2009
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Columnformsandjoints
SteelStrapping
Adjustablesteelclamps
Boltsthroughtimberyokes
Revised2009
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Columnformsandjoints
Adjustable steel column clamp
Acknowledgement to the Australian
Government Publishing Service for the use

of their Column illustrations.
Revised2009
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CIRCULARANDOCTAGONALCOLUMNS
Circularcolumnformwork
Fabricatedsteel,usuallytwopiece,andoftenwithahinge.
Fibrecementpipeswhichareleftinplaceaspermanentformwork.
Cardboardtube.Oneoffformwork,availableinarangeofdiameters,usedwithtimberstrongbacks.Cuttowasteafter
concreteispoured.
Plastictube.Usedinasimilarwaytocardboard.
Octagonalcolumnformwork
Timbersheathingtiedwithstandardcolumnclamps.Cornersneedtohaveinfillpieces.Alternatively,metalstrapcanbe
usedwithouttheneedforcornerinfills.
Timbersheathingwithalternatingcolumnclamps,forlargercolumns.
Fabricatedsteelwithboltedjoints.
Vertical Timber sheathing column
Vertical steel two piece form column
Revised2009
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Vertical Cardboard column braced
Erectionofformworkforcolumns
Beforeerectingcolumnformwork,applyareleaseagenttoallinternalsurfaces.Ifspecified,fixanyrequirededging,metal
corners,arrispiecesorcastedinserts.
Priortotheerectionofformworkforstructuralmembers,itisimportanttochecktheexactlocationofgridsrelatingtothe
structuralmemberbeingformed.Thelocation,sizeofcolumn,height,andspecifiedfinishshouldbeclarifiedfromsite
documentation.Oftenhurdlesrestrictthepositioningofgridlocations,thereforeoffsetsmayberequired.Itisthe
contractorsresponsibilitypriortotheerectiontochecksitedocumentationfortheexactpositionofthestructuralmember
youareworkingon.
Erectionsequenceforacolumn
Priortopositioningcolumnformworkcheckthatsteelforthecolumnhasbeeninspectedandclearedforcasting.
Positionformworkforthecolumnfrompredeterminedgrids.
Plumbformworkbothwaysandsecurelysupportusingadjustablesteelprops.
Theproppingangleshouldbe45tothefloor.
Ensurethesteelpropsaresafelysecuredtothecolumnformworkandthefloor,and
thatadjustmentforpushingandpullingisoperational.
Setoutthepositionsofcolumnclampsfromastoreyrod.
Transferthecolumnclamppositionsfromthestoreyrodontocolumnformwork.
Usenailstosupportthearmsofcolumnclampswhilewedging.
Positionandwedgethebottom,middleandtopclampssets.
Checktheformworkatthetopforsquare.
Positionandwedgetheremainderofthecolumnclamps.
Usingaplumbbobsuspendedfromagaugeblockplumbthecolumn.
Whenallthecolumnformworkissecurelyproppedafinalcheckmustbemadefor
plumbandcolumnalignmentbeforeandimmediatelyaftertheconcretehasbeen
pouredandvibrated.
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Columnformworkconstructionstages
Columnformworkbracing
Columnformworkbracingperformstwofunctions:
Itmustmaintaintheaccuracyofthecolumnformpositionandplumbsothatitiswithintolerance.
Withstandresultsofforcesactingoneitherthecolumnformworkorthebracing.The forcesmaybewindor
impact.Theseimpactforcescanoccurfromthecollisionof concretebucketsorcraneshoistingmaterials.
Braced column
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BEAMANDSUSPENDEDSLABFORMWORK
Inatypicalreinforcedconcretebuildingframe,theslabsaretheprimaryloadcarryingelement.Theytransfertheirloadto
secondaryelementssuchaswallsorbeams.
Beamscanbegroupedintwocategories.WhenlocatedintheinteriorofthestructuretheyareusuallyTEEBeamsandwhen
ontheperimeterareLBeams.
TEEBEAMS
LBEAMS
Designandconstructionofbeamformwork
Beamsoffitmustbethickenedtimberorstrengthenedplywood.
Beamsides18mmplywoodor25mmboards,withstuds(cleats)at
500to600mmcentres.
Deepbeams(over600mm)shouldhave
walersandties.
Propsorfalseworkmustbeplaced
undertheheadtree,orunderthebearers,
andmustbespacedtosuittheweight
ofconcrete.
Useanglefilletsinthebeamsideto
soffitjointwherepossible.
Allowancemustbemadeforheight
adjustmentofthepropsorfalsework.
Erectionsequenceforconstructingbeamformworkincludes:
Positionofsoleplates;
Markingoutandsettingheightsforfalseworks;
Assembleandpositionprops,adjustableheadjacks,
falseworks,bearersandSpreaders;
Constructanderectsidewallsandbeamsoffit.
Positionofsoleplates
Thepurposeofasoleplateistotransferverticalloadfromoneverticalsupportmembertothefoundation.Thevertical
supportrequiresabaseplatefittedtohelpdistributetheloadtothesoleplate,whichisusuallyasleeper.Ifthesoleplateis
positionedonnaturalground,itisimportantthegroundisgradedandconsolidatedtoalevelsurface.
Theobjectiveistoachievemaximumbearingbeneaththesoleplate.
Oncesoleplatesarepositionedandfirmlybeddedtheyshouldbecheckedforlevel.
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Markingoutandsettingheightsforfalseworks
Markoutthepositionofpropsandotherfalseworksupportsonthetopofthesoleplates.
Measuretheheightfromthesoleplatetothetopofthecolumnandmarktheheightontoastoreyrod.
Deductthethicknessofbeamsoffitdepthofjoistandthedepthofbearerfromtheoverallheight.Thisprovidesthe
heighttosetsteelpropsandotherfalseworksupportsystems.
Adjustthefalseworksystemstolengthsdeterminedfromthestoryrod.
Assembleandpositionprops,adjustableheadjacks,falseworks,bearersandspreaders
Thistasknormallyinvolvesworkinginpairs.Itisimportanttobearinmindthesafetyrequiredtoassembleprops
andtemporarysupportsystems.Oftencontinuousormobilescaffoldingareusedtohelperectthefalsework
system.
Layoutlengthsofbearersoneachsideofthecolumns.Jointsshouldbestaggered.
Positionthescaffoldateachendofthebearer.
CarefullypositionbearersintothecentreofproporfalseworkUhead.UsecentralisingpackersnailedtoUhead.
Repeatthisprocedureontheotherside.
Plumbsupportsbothwaysandnailspreadersateachendhardagainstthecolumnface.Thisistoprevent
movement.
SecurepropsandfalseworkatUheadandsoleplate.
Placespreadersinpositionatrequiredspacing.
Position,plumbandfixintermediateprops.
Constructanderectsidewallsandbeamsoffit
Fromworkingdrawingsthejoistlengthcanbedeterminedbydevelopingafullsizeorscaledsetoutdrawingofa
crosssectionofthebeambeingconstructed.Allowforformworkandbracingrequiredinthedevelopment.
Markoutapatternjoistfromyoursetoutdrawing.
Markouttherequirednumberofjoistsfromthepattern.Beamjoistsshouldthenbefixedinpositionacrossthe
bearers.
Fixthesoffit.Thewidthofthesoffitcanbedeterminedfromyourfullsizesetout.
Useastringlinetoaccuratelypositionthepanelsusedtoformthesoffitbetweencolumns.Supporttheedgeofthe
soffitpanelsbyplacinganextrajoistundertheendedgeofpanels.
Obtainstudheightsforwallsfromfullsizesetout.
Constructthetimberframewallpanelsinsections.
Erectthewallframestoeachedgeofthesoffitliningadjusteachpanelforplumbandlineusingbraces.
Fixwalers,kickerscleatsandbracingplate.
Fixtieboltsasspecified.
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SUSPENDEDSLABS
Suspendedfloorslabscanbeconstructedusingcastinsitu,precastunitsoracombinationofboth.Whichevermethodis
used,itisimportanttosupporttheproposedmethodofconstructionusingacombinationoftimberorsteelbearersand
adjustableshoring.Thespacingandtypeofsupportsystemrequiredisdeterminedbytheloadimposedduringthe
constructionprocess.Manufacturersprovidetablestoassistintheselectionandspacingofadjustableshoringsystems.
Theerectionsequenceforconstructingasuspendedfloorslabincludes:
Determiningthebearerspacing;
Erectingbearersandjoists;
Fixingthesheeting;
Preparationforconcrete.
Designandconstructionofslabformwork
Asanumberofcollapseshaveoccurredwhenpouringsuspendedslabs,
carefulattentionmustbegiventotheoverallsupport
system.Unlessusingaproprietaryorwellprovensystem,
engineerdesignisrequired.Deckingwillprobablybeplywood
sheetsorshutters,butboardsandjoistscouldbeused.
Thicksheetsoffibrecementarealsosuitable.Propsandother
falseworkmustbeperfectlyplumbatthetimeofpouringthe
concrete.
Allpropsandfalseworkmustbetiedtogetherandbraced.
Proprietarybearersintimberorsteelareoftenusedas
theirbearingcapacityiseasilydetermined.Considerationmust
begiventotheorderofstriking,andtheinstallationof
permanentorbackpropping.
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DeterminingTheBearerSpacing
Tocalculatethebearerspacingmeasurethespanbetweenthesupportingwalls.Dividethespanbytherecommended
bearerspacing.Thiswilldeterminethenumberofspacesbetweenbearers.Dividethespanbythenumberofcalculated
spaces.Thiswillestablishthecentretocentrespacingofbearers.
ErectingBearersAndJoists
Bearers
Positioningbearersforasuspendedslabarethesameasforabeamhowever:itisimportantthatsoleplatesarefirmly
beddedoneithercompactedgroundorlevelconcrete.Bearersupportsmustbeadequatelybraced.Extrabearersmaybe
requiredtosupportjoistsandsheetingeithersideofmajorpenetrations.
Checkthefollowing:
bearersarepositionedandsetinlineandadjustedtothecorrectlevel.
soleplatesarebeddedfirmlyandpositionedcentraltothebearer.
allbearersupportsareplumb.
bearerjoinsaresupported.
bearersareseatedcentrallyinUheads.
supportsspacedasspecifiedandarefirmlyfixedattheheadandbearingplate.
allsupportsarehorizontallyanddiagonallybraced.
Joists
Thepositionofjoistsisdeterminedbythesheetlengthandthecentretocentrespacingoftheintermediatejoists.Check
withthespecificationsofthesheetingmaterialbeingused.Determinetheperimetersupportrequired,layingpatternand
whetherthefacegrainistorunparallelorat90degreestothejoists.Thiswilleffectthejoistarrangement.
Markoutthejoistspacingonthesidewallsclearlyidentifyingthejoistsattheendofeachsheet.
Sheetingedgesmustfallonthecentreofajoist.
Cutrequirednumberofjoiststolength.
Positionthejoistscentrallyoverthesetoutlines.
FixingTheSheeting
Ifusingformplyforsheeting,itisimportanttoavoiddamagingtheedgesofsheets.
Bysealingtheedgesofsheetsyouwillpreventswelling.
Positionthefirstrowofsheetingstraightandsquare,thiswillmakefittingtheremaindersimpler.
Fixintermediatesheeting.
Nailoffsheets,sealandinstallanybevelledtrimrequiredtoexternalandinternalcorners.
Somespecificationsrequiresurfacetapetobeappliedoverbuttjoints.
Checkthatjointsaresealed,levelandtight.
Intersectionsatedgebeamformworkareplanedflat.
Sheetingisfixedasspecified.
Revised2009
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Jointsarewatertight.
Anypanelscuttoaccommodatepenetrationsoropeningsarethecorrectshapeanddimensionandintherequired
position.
Alljointsofsheetsarefullysupported.
PreparationForConcrete
Taskstobecompletedbeforetheconcreteiscastinclude:
Clearingthedeckingofalldebris;
Markingoutforreinforcing;
Applyareleaseagenttosheeting;
Checksitedocumentationandwithsubcontractorstoaccommodatesleeves,penetrationsandconduitforservices;
Fixreinforcingsteelinaccordancewithstructuraldetails;
Finalcleanandinspectionrequired.
PROPRIETARYFORMWORK
ProprietaryformworkSystemsaresuppliedbycompaniessuchasBoralAcrow,andRapidMetalDevelopmentsinNZ,andfor
specificprojectsareoftensuppliedbyoverseascompanies.
BoralAcrowsupplies:
UForm(Universal):forwalls,columns,beams,andslabswithvariousaccessoriesforscaffoldingsupport.Shuttersare
joinedwithsnapties.
"Flexibleform":forcurvedstructures,andcanbecombinedwith"Uform".
Forsomeprojects,specialformworkisdesignedandconstructed,oftenworkinginconjunctionwithanoverseascompany.
TEMPORARYPROPPING(SHORING)
Asearlystrikingofbeamandslabsoffitformworkisdesirableforearlyreuse,someformoftemporarysupportisgenerally
needed.
Althoughofatemporarynature,itisoftencalledpermanentpropping,withtemporaryproppingbeingusedwhileconcreteis
poured.
Typicalpermanentshoringorpropping
Undisturbed:Formsarestruckwithoutdisturbingthepropsthataretobeleftinplace.Proprietarysystemsallowthis.
Secondary:Propsareplacedindesignedlocationsbeforedisturbinganyoftheexistingprops.
Partial:Thesoffitformworkisstruckshutterbyshutterandnewpropsareplacedprogressively.
Total:Thecompletesoffitisstruckandreproppedbeforeanyconstructionworkcommencesabove.
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FALSEWORK
Falseworkistemporarystructureorframeworkusedinconstructiontosupportmaterials,equipment,orformwork.(SeeOSH
SafetyinConstructionGuideNo7)
Mostfalseworkisvertical,supportingbeamsandslabs.Falseworkmustbeengineerdesigned.
Aswellassupportingtheweight,allowancemustbemadeforsidewaypressuressuchaswind,stacksofmaterialscausing
eccentricloading,propsoutofplumb,formworkbeing
struckbymachineryorcraneloads.
Falseworkcanbe:
timber;
scaffoldtubewithadjustablescrewjacks,toporbottom,orboth;
proprietarypropsuchasAcrowprop;
proprietarybracedframesuchasAcrowshore;
proprietaryfloorcentre(atelescopicbeam);
proprietarybeamclampssuchasAcrowbeamclampwhichcombinesformworkandfalsework.
Settingupfalsework:
Basemustbelevelandfirm.Asoleplateispreferable;
Propsandframesmustbeplacedasperdesign;
Placepropscentrallyundermembers;
Bracefalseworkintwodirections;
Floorcentresmusthavefullbearingfortheendtongues;
Beamsmustbecentredoverpropstopreventeccentric(outofline)loading.
Revised2009
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STAIRFORMWORK
Pointstoconsiderwhendesigningstairformwork
Stairformworkmustsupporttheweightofconcrete.Theweightofthethroatofthestairandthestepswillhaveto
besupported.
Becauseoftheslopeofthestair,someoftheforceistransmittedsideways.Allformworkmustbewelltiedtogether
topreventsidewaymovement.
Considerthefinishofthestairtreadsandtypeofnosing.Spacemayhavetobeleftforpurposemadenosing.
Step nosing
Riser, vertical or
raked
Rebate for purpose

made nosing
Throat
Thedesignofthestairmustconformtothestairdesignregulationse.g.residentialorcommercial.RefertotheBuildingCode
D1forstairdesignandregulations.
StairFormworkconstruction
Sheathingcanbedressedboardslaidacrossorlongitudinallyorusesheetmaterialsuchasplywoodorparticle
board.
Dressedboardsmayhavesheetmaterialfixedontoptopreventlossofgrout.
Joistsandbearersmustbespacedtoavoidunduesaggingofanypartofthestructure.Selecttimbercarefullyto
avoidweaknessescausedbyknotsorcrossgrain.
Verticalstrutsmusthaveameansofheightadjustmentandbeverysecurelyfixedtothebearerstoprevent
sidewaysmovement.
Placeandfixriserboardsaccurately.Forsafetyallstepsmustbethesamesize.
Ensurethatallreinforcingsteelisplacedexactlyasshownonthedrawings.Misplacingthesteel,particularlyin
depth,canalterthestrengthofthefinishedstair.Ensureadequatecoveronexteriorstairs.
Placeinsertsforbalustersandnosingpiecesasrequired.
Revised2009
Formwork
Page26
CROSSSECTIONOFSTAIRFORMWORK
TREADS,NOSINGS,BALUSTRADING.
Treads
Itisverydifficulttoputahighqualityfinishonthesurfaceofinsitupouredstepsbecauseofthedifficultyingettingunder
andaroundtheriserboardsandstrongbacks.Itisgenerallybettertoallowforlaterplasteringorcoveringofthestepswith
tilesetc.
Raiser form
Beveled at 450 for trowel

access
Revised2009
Formwork
Page27
Nosings
Concretenosingsareverypronetochipping.Itiscommonpracticetoreinforcethecornerwithapurposemadenosingsuch
as:
Vinyl,aluminium,ceramic,etc.Nosingsalsohelptomakethestepsnonslip.
Balustrading
Provisionmustbemadeforfixingbalustradingunlessitistobefixedatthesurfaceusingmasonrybolts.Balustradingcanbe
madefromgalvanisedwroughtiron,galvanisedpipe,aluminium,stainlesssteel,etc.,mostofwhichissitemeasuredafter
stepshavebeenpoured.
Balustradingactsasaguardrailing.Itmustbestrongenoughtoresistapersonfallingagainstitandbeleast900mmto1m
high.
Precaststairways
Inmanybuildingsandinparticularinmultistoreybuildings,thereareoftenagreaternumberofidenticalstairflights.In
thesecasestheadvantagesofprecastingthestairsmeritconsideration.
STRIKING,MAINTENANCE,STORAGEOFFORMWORK
Striking
Ascolumnandbeamsideformworkwillberemovedbeforebeamandslabsoffitformwork,provisionmustbemadeforeasy
removalandinthecorrectorder.
Ifbeamandslabsoffitformworkistoberemovedbeforetheconcretehasachievedworkingstrength,permanentpropping
orshoringisrequired.
Takecaretoavoiddamagetoformworkwhichistobereused.Eightormoreusesmaybeobtainedfromtimberformwork.
Maintenance
Cleanformswithstiffbrushandcleancoldwater.
Usescrapersonlyasalastresort.
Keepformswelloiledtopreventdelaminationofplywoodorrustingofsteelandalwaysoiltheedges.
Storageofforms
Anyformworkwithsteelcomponentsshouldbestoredinthedry.
Avoiddirectsunlightontimberforms.
Storeclearofthegroundwithouttwistorbend,andkeepfreeofdirt.
Revised2009

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Acknowledgement to the Australian

Split insert for parallel sided slot

Adjustable steel column clamp

Acknowledgement to the Australian

Government Publishing Service for the use

Vertical Timber sheathing column

Vertical steel two piece form column

Vertical Cardboard column braced

Rebate for purpose

Beveled at 450 for trowel

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