OOOZ VNH8V

:WVA.VIV :mi:WV}!3

~H~Vd<I>Vl3W ~Hl

HSV dll IV )I VIda38

~HladlN3JI ~OJdaiJ

Copyright 1996 EKaOl:Eil: alA YAOl:

BaAtEtoLou 10 & ImtoXQatou~. A6T\va 106 80
TT]A. (01) 3631169 & (01) 3617473 FAX: (01) 3617473
email: diavlos@otenet.gr

http://Www.otenet.gr/diavlos

ISBN 960-531-015-5

EEQ<I>Y AAO: MLQEAAa 0Qq?avioou

HAEKTPONJKH l:EAidOllOJHIH: PE~txxa l:ouyAEQlJ
di0P9Ql:Eil:: [ui>QYO~ KEVtQWtT\~
EKTYllQl:H: MltQLilXOU-MaQa~EALa~
BIBAJO,<.EIIA: a . I. BouQOOIJ.tl~

H avrutaQ(tywyt\ rutOOltUO!!<ltOJV tO\J ltaQ6vtoc; fli.(3ALO\J I!E OltOLOiit\ltOtE I!Eoo (QJ<OtOtllltLU,I!LXQO<jlLAI! 1\ aUT) I!TIXUVLXt\ 1\ T)AEXtQOVLXt\ 1!E6olio), EltLtQEltEtaL XWQlc; tT)V EYYQ<l<l'TI <lliELa tO\J txli6tT) 1\ tO\! OlJYYQilqlEa I!E tT)V ltQO'tllt6 6EOT) 6tL 6a UVU<jlEQEtaL T) <<ltT)Yt\ XOL 6tL liEV 6a EVtaoottOL OtO ltAULOLO
twv OLata~twv tou N.2121/93 yLa XAOltt\ rrvtwanxt\c; LliLoxtT)otac;.

uwom uo1;rort voaonvr u svoocpr;.. su1 o13 ;.. 9ua ow

unp ltUl Dlttpu 13Cf3f?.~OOOX Sv u~n aort mrt H

MpaoiJ!h MIJltt93f? tt{!Jl rottpX/..al tp!..px

up 'ttrolpriuiJX ttroMpup ltOlDl97VX/..Dttp 'ttOri1'{1dJCf> ttro/..p'{ '?1f? TDl

-ttOttJ!.. mopu9 SnpiJX rbJfl {!Jltt~ ST?l Svopup SqiJu vrtyiJX ?DX f?lQ-D f?l
?OD ?f? vriylX 'Syrt~ Sy1 S!J,Xa!/t ?DX 5DJ3f?TDU vrilttttt1/.. ?DX tt?ri vriltJOU

piaa af: pta :rrvxvij OUJ):Jt~, OXE~ov A.anvm~, apmJ.cpgaarq

navvfJ~ Pb:ao~ I

La scienzia

eif capitano e Ia pratica sono i so/dati

Leonardo da Vinci2

Ihgl-rwv :JlVEVpanxwv, a~EA.cpo4 ov OiA.w vpa~ ayvoEiV.

o~au on, ou l!Ovq i]u, :rrgo~ -ra d~wA.a -ra acpwva w~
av fjywOE a:rrayopEVOL ~w yvwg{~w VfilV OiL ovod~ iv
llvEvpan 8wv A.aA.wv A.iyEL ava0Epa 'lqaovv, xai
ov~Ei~ ~vva-rat dJrEtV K VQWV 'lqaovv El fi~ iv llvEvpan
'AyiQ>. L1LaLQEOEL~ M xagwpa-rwv Ela4 t"O M av-ro
llvEvpa xai ~wteiaEL~ ~wxovwv Elm, xai 6 av-ro~ Kvgw~ xai Otai{!EOEL~ EVEQY1Jf1Ut"WV Elaiv, 6 M av-ro~ iart
8Eo~, 6 EVEQYWV -ra :rravm iv :rramv. ixaat"{U ~f: o{~Ot"aL
f] cpavigwm~ wv llvEvpaw~ :rrgo~ -ro avJ-Lcpigov. (fj pf:v
yag &a wv llvEvpaw~ Oi~omt A.oyo~ aocpia~, liMQ> M
A.oyo~ yvwaEW~ xa-ra t"O av-ro llvEvpa, hig{U M :rrian~
iv t"QJ av-rrp llvEvpan, aM{U M xaeiaJ-Lam lapa-rwv iv
t"QJ av-rrp llvEvpan, aAA{U M EVEQy'ljpam ~vvapEWV,
aA.A.Q> M :rrgocpquia, aA.A.Q> M ~wxgiaEL~ :rrwvJ-La-rwv,
i-riQQ> M yivq yA.waawv, aA.A.Q> M igpqvda yA.waawv
:rravm M mvm EVEQYEl t"O ev xai t"O av-ro llvEvpa, ~LaL
QOVV lo{q. exaar{U xaOw~ {3oVAEWL
'A:n:oatoA.o~ IIauA.o~3

fLUVVT]~ PIT:EO:E, Tfra(JTT/ t.uiaraa71, OEA. 39.

Leonardo da VINCI, Scritti letterari, OEA. 63.

3 Altoot6f..ou nAY i\OY , ll(]o~ Ko(]tv8iov~ A; IB' l-11 .

LZI oooo ooooooooooooooooooo oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo .. oo .. oo .. oo .. 5llonocb1)13W 5ll1

llrl~l011(3:

AUlD 5JJOO<yl'(A. 5llA?ri(T)A.Orl3rl5ll1 ~X1lJJrlll'(\:JOOli H

Z I
!lJlU19AlJX1 ~X1lOJJOcblJ13rllt1lJA13 1.1 !3rlCl0~1)0cbJJ13rlU
OZT oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo .. uO!lliJSUlllJ., mx .. uonocb1)13W,
L II ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo :uonocb1)13rlmA131.1 :1'(1)1! m)l
00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

l 'Z'Z -

fi- "
I'Z

-z- '

r.

Ocl3l.A3V ~Oci3W

06 oooooooo oooo oo oooooo oooooooooooooooooooooooooo A)(SWOl{) 'Jl04J\\ 'J!dliS 'lp(OQWOH UOA

'l;:Jpl;:JH

8L

00000000000000000000000000000000

:llonocb1)13rlll1 5001! 130?XO i\3 UO<y>A.A. 1lJX lJOO<yl'(J

lJ1A.O'(OOO(T)'(J llmx 5llooocb1)13IAJ: 5ll1llrl~lD1li3 H

9L oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 51301)i'lcbJJ13rl ..5?1013"(1<, 1lJX .. 5~1X10A\f,

IL

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

5llonocb1)13rl 5ll1 c:tolioxo n.o1103ll

!;9 ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooll!(ll!l!U! JJrl1<y>Oli :..5JJ1rilJMQ001, 103ll

!; oooooooooooo ..5n1rllJMQ001, 5lt1lJ1A.OCl.OAJJli llmx 10rl0100 101JJXC1.110X103IAJ:
!;P oooooooooooooo:5~wnocbm3rl o 1lJA13113191 ' .. Su.\J,rl, mApllonocb1)13rlll A\f
6Z oooooooo oooo oooooooooooooooooooooooo :5uonocb1)13rl5ll1ll~1)oli umx JJ10(T)3fl llmA131.1

'1
Z'1
I'TI
'I'I
ZTI
ITI
1'1

""'
I

Ol.Oclll ~Oci3W
!;Z ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo OOC)-0103\:Jn.o

Z ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo A.(T)30~rl1MO llollA.~~3

!;l ooooooooooooooooooooooo oooo oooooooooooooo:,.oo.oooooooooooooooooooooooo .. oo .. oooooooooooooooooooo 5oA.o'(90U

2.2.1 .2.1.2

2.2.2

H AELtoUQyia twv XEL!J.Evwv otT] !J.EtUQJQUOTJ, ta bLUQJOQa

E~wyA.wooLxa otOLXELa xm TJ EVDEXO!J.EVTJ ouyxQOUOTJ
OT]!J.ELOU XaL EVVOLU xata tT] !J.EtU(jJQUOT] ..........................................
EVVEVOT]!J.EVa, W!J.LAT]!J.EVa, EXltE(jJQUO!J.EVU XaL EltLOti)!J.T]
tT] MEtU(jJQUOT]
H yA.wooa we; ltQawanx6tT]ta xm TJ Emotit!J.TJ tT] MEtUQJQUOTJ .... ..
MEtUQJQUOTJ xm !J.EtayA.wooLxi) A.mouQyia tT] yA.wooac; ....................
TIQonA.ao!J.OL XEL!J.Evou it XEL!J.EVa EV ltQOltAUO!J.atL .... ...........................
fLa nm6 Myo !J.EtaqJQU~oU!J.E;- TIQwtotayEL xm bEutEQotaydc;
!J.EtU(jJQUOEL.. .... .... .... ..... ... .... .... ..... .... ... .... ... ... .... .. .. ...... .... .. ...... ... ..... ...
H !J.EtU(jJQUOT] OtT]V tU~T] tOU oxoA.dou ..................................................
TIEQL EA.tyxou twv !J.EtaQJQUoEwv xm twv bLoQ6wowv nou
EltL(jJEQOVtO.L OE O.UtE .. .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ...... .. .... .............. ............ .... ..
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 0 00 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 00 0 00 00 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 00 00 0 0 00 . . . 0 0 00 0 0

(:-"'

2.2.2.1
<-2.2.2.1.1
2.2.3
2.3
2.3.1

.)

..l:i-

156
160
163
167
175
178
184
186

MEPOkTPITO

3
3.1
3.1 .1
3.1.2
3.1.2.1
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.1.6
3.1.7
3.1.8
3.1.8.1
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2.
3.2.2.1
3.2.2.2

EyyutEQE nQooEyyLoELc; tTJc; !J.Et<lQJQaonc; .............................................

MEtU(jJQUOT] XUL VOT]!J.U ...
Ta JtEQL tov (JtQoobL)OQLO!J.6 tou voi)!J.atoc; rt:Qo~A.it!J.ata ....................
OL naA.mtc; TIEQL Noi)!J.O.tO 0EWQLE .....................................................
H AvaqJOQLxi) xm TJ lbf'(xi) 0EWQLE tou Noi)!J.atoc; .............................
OL ltEQL VOi)!J.atO XaL yA.wooortmyviwv 8WQL tOU
Aoubo~Lxou Wittgenstein ...................................................................
ErtaA.T]6UOL!J.OtTJta xm VOTJ!J.O. ................................................................
MT] (jJUOLX6 VOT]!J.U XaL ltQ06EOEL ...........................................................
N6n!J.a xm 6QOL aA.n6dac; twv rt:Qotaowv ............................................
kTJ!J.O.OLOA.oyLa xm bLEltLOtTJ!J.OVLx6tT]ta ................................................
H !J.EtUQJQO.OTJ we; bLabLxaoLa MOVO!J.it voi)!J.atoc; ...............................
H MQoobLOQWtLa tTJ !J.EtUQJQUOTJ: TJ JtEQLlttwon
tou W.V.O. Quine ................................................................................
MEtUQJQUOTJ xm wobuva!J.La: avaA.unxa 6\jJL!J.a ...................................
Avaxwbixwon 1unoxataotaon .............................................................
TL ELVaL T] ltEQLWVU!J.T] LOODUVU!J.LU; .... ...... .... ...... ........ .... .. .... ......... ..........
"Ioobuva!J.La" XaL AVtLltU~ALXi) nwoooA.oyia ...............................
"loobuva!J.[U" XaL Eltwti)!J.T] tT] MEtU(jJQUOT] .....................................
0 . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 00 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 . . . . 00 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 00 0 0

191
192
199
202
204
210
234
237
239
241
243

248
260
262
264
267
279

H A.ELtoUQyLxiJ buva!!EL wobuva!!LU ev bwcpoga ...................................

fLatL bev UltOQXEL Loobuva!!LU outE !!Eoa OtTJV LbLa
tT]V LOOc'iUVU!-LLU! ..................................................................................
~UOXOALE<; OtT] !!EtOqJQUOT] ......................................................................
H yA.woooA.oyLxiJ ltQOOEYYLOTJ twv ex tT]<; !!Eta<pQaoew<;
ltQOXUlttOUOWV c'iUOXOALWV.................................................................
H !!EtOqJQaOT] tT]<; !!EtaqJOQO<; .... .... .... .. .. .. .... ... ..... ........ ... ... ... ... ...... .... .... .
llEQL !!EtUqJOQO<; YEVLXW<; ........................................................................
Ta dbTJ tTJ<; !!Etacpoga<;............................................................................
H vExQiJ !!Etacpoga...................................................................................

282

332
337
352
354
360
365
367

3.3.4.2.1
3.3.4.2.2
3.3.4.2.3
3.3.4.2.4

H OtEQEOtUltT] iJ XOLVOtOltT] !!EtUqJOQO

H E1; anoOE!!ato<; iJ ano6T]OUUQL0!1EVTJ !!Eta<poga .................................
H vwnij iJ agnyEWT]tTJ !!Etacpoga xm OL vwA.oyLO!lOL ..........................
H au6EVtLXij iJ yvijoLa !!EtaqJOQO ............................................................
H !!EtO<pQUOTJ tT]<; argot xm tT]<; slang .....................................................
MEtacpgaoTJ !!Eow tTJ<; xgiJoEw<; ouvwvu!lwv .........................................
fEVLXO ltEQL OUVWVU!!LU<; .. .... .... .. .... .. ... ...... .. ... ...... ....... ... ... ... ....... .. ... .... ...
Ta dc'\T] tT]c; OUVWVU!!LU<;- LUVWVU!!LU XUL 6EWQLU
tWV OT]!!UOLOAOYLXWV al;LW!!OtWV- LUVWVU!!LU XUL
bLa<pamxa unoouotiJ!lata- AEl;LA.oyLxij aAA.T]A.EyyUT]
XUL !!EtOqJQUOT] .....................................................................................
0 g6A.o<; twv ouvwVU!!WV xm tT]<; OXEOTJ<; ouvwvwLa<;
OtT] !!EtaqJQUOtLXij c'\LabLXUOLU .... .. ..... .... ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ... ... ...... .... .. ..... ..
H !!EtOqJQUOT] t(I}V YQU!l!!UtLXWV OUVWVU!!WV .......................................
H !!EtOqJQUOT] t(I}V AEl;LXWV OUVWVU!!WV .... ... .... .... .... .... ... ... .... .. .... .. .. .. ...
H !!Eta<pQUOTJ !!EOW tTJ<; XQiJOTJ<; ava<pOQLXWV ouvwvU!!WV .. ....... ... .... .. .
H !!EtacpgaoT] bLa twv owcpgaonxwv ouvwvu!lwv ..............................

<l>LVOAE .... ... ... ... .... .... .... ... .... .... ... .... .... ..... ..... .. .... ........ .... .... .. .... ... ... ... .... ... . 395

3.2.3
3.2.4
3.3
3.3.1.
3.3.2
3.3.2.1
3.3.2.2
3.3.2.2.1
3.3.2.2.2
3.3.2.2.3
3.3.2.2.4
3.3.2.2.5
3.3.3
3.3.4
3.3.4.1
3.3.4.1.1

3.3.4.2

288
291
296
310
320
324
326

372
381
383
386
389
392

BL~ALOYQUqJLU ............................................. ............................................. 397

EUQEtijQLO XUQLWV OVO!!OtWV ................................................................. 455
EUQEtiJQLO ltQUY!!Ot(I}V ............................................................................ 463

ITQ6Aoyo~
Trying to learn to use words, and every attempt
Is a wholly new start, and a different kind of failure
Because one has only learnt to get the better of words
For the thing one no longer has to say, or the way in which
One is no longer disposed to say it. And so each venture
Is a new Beginning, a raid on the inarticulate
With shubby equipment always deteriorating
In the general mess of imprecision of feeling,
Undesciplined squads of emotion.

T.S. ELIOT 1

TAN META<I>PAZOYME, llPOLTIAElOYME NA ilHMIOYPrHLOYME EVa XEl!lEVO

nou va !!Eta6L6EL to L6Lo VOTJ!la !l aut6 nou !!Eta6L6nm an6 to JtQWt6tuno xEL!!EVO XUL JtOU va EXJtAT]QOl <JWOta w; (6LEt; AELtOUQYlEt; !!E autEt; JtOU EXJtAT]QOl to JtQWt6tUJtO. XQT]OL!lOJtOLOU!l AE~ELt; XUL JtQOtUOELt; !!E OXOJt6 va JtaQayayOU!!E otO !!UaAO
LOU avayVWOtT] LOU !lEtaqJQCLO!latot; w; (6LEt; a~(Et; !lE aUtEt; JtOU JtaQUYOVtaL Oto
!lUaM wu avayvwotT] wu JtQWt6tunou EQyou. XQTJOL!lOJtOLOU!!E, 6T]A.a6i], yA.wooa i],
xaA.utEQa, t TJ y A. woo a XQTJOL!lOJtOLOU!!E - yLa va !lEtaXELQLOtoU!!E tT]V avaA.uoT] tou
Walter Benjamin - TTJV wroreivovaa aoxri nov &met x6.8e eic5ovc; f1eT6.c5oaTJ .nvevf1anxov .ne()teXOf1ivov. Onwt; xm aA.A.ou, owut;, taL xm otT] "!!EtaqJQaoT]" TJ yA.wooa 6Ev
ElVUL !!6vo TJ TJXTJLLXi] rnv6uoT] twv ax'\jJEWV, twv L6Ewv xm twv E!!JtELQLWV, aA.M xuQ(wt; TJ flOQcpr) - navanE(: o rv.noc;, ro xaA.ovm - navt6t; unaQx-tou JtQCLY!latot;2

T.S. ELIOT, Four Quartets, East Coker, V.

BA.. BENJAMIN, Vber Sprache liberhaupt und liberdie Sprache des Menschen, aEA.. 140 EJt.: Esgibt kein
Geschehen oder Ding weder in der belebten noch in der unbelebten Natur, das nicht in gewisser Weise
an der Sprache teilhiitte, den es ist jedem wesentlich, seinen geistigen Inhalt mitzuteilen.

15

LI

u pun v Jlf! ':Jun;uqu;JJJO pun JJUnUJ;Jf\ J;Jp J;JJJnW

;Jfp ';J lj:>rJJdS =LVI ''(30 'U;Jlj:>SU;JW S;Jp ;JljJrJJdS ;Jfp J;Jqn pun Jdn!?ljJ;Jqn ;Jlj:>!UdS nqn 'NIWVfN38

'311(lOMli\101<113 Di\ 1D"X DfJ3li(lOOM3i\C1.0 Di\ 311(l0001!11 Di\ mJ...

' .. 591<110111'(01, n01?fJ1U3 Soli\~f)ll.\oDlD"X i\10D11J...l)Oll5101 i\3 n.o1 o11M<)li\C1.0 Soo .. 59"X1'(DOC1.01'(C1.0"X, 01
-3f)]ll3 013TIC1.0~1)11ib Di\ 311DO\lri1100ll '\1 "X1All '('(3 ll~H 'DOl) 'mx 5DOO<)l'(J... 5\l"X1i\U'('(303i\ Sll1 0]3X1010

91<1 ~3'( mllOCl]li\Di\D J3'(310llD '9X110D1'(13Xo '9X1l001~DllD D11(l3All 311 (l'(Oll 01Jll3 Soo - iDl01"XJ?"X
'S<)l"XD"X - lli\311(l010ll0111olloX 1191\0'(011

'VO(lOlynox ll~?'( ll \IQ13ll31D"X '(l0110111'(0ll1D"X 5D]3Q1Dll (l~Dl

- 3rlllmoxl)1\l \l1llrlf1B1U3 All1 n00?13 C1.3AJ? mx Sooo?riD ni..J;>ODll A3\l 'DOJ? 'mx nou<y.lOfJAD nm i,t/..(T)/..D 13A?J...
i\3 i\U1 3\1 nsU;}S Ollll ' lloC1.3Q]Dll"X3 Alll A3ri nSU;}S OlJ!llS 530<y.lOodJD 531Ul910ll1D"X 531U191\11 30 1D130?i1JDAD
.. 59X1ln3\11Dll, Ol3fl1U3 01 3\1 \l\11313 u1ll1JDODllD Soooxl) 1D13AJOX (l0110111'(0ll n.mmx SDO(lOl'(nox 1So
- )3Q1Dll5ll1 i\001\110101 A(T)11D"X i\001\1101\11 i\001 91<1110"XD1\I 0139)13 DA? 30 l,tl..n.illDlD"X ll 'DX10lO]li\D .. 531
-ll1910UlODOQ5?X110111'(0ll, Sumx .. J)f)DAD J)"X110111'(0ll, Dl ' .. J;>1110AoOU'("X \l"X110111'(0ll, i\Ul S<)l'(llD
J)ODll i\(lOOi\i\3 i\3\1 i\D19 1D"X DTI9"XD ' .. A001\ll010UlODO\I A<)l"X1TI0111'(0ll, 1D"X .. A<:Jf)DI..D A<)l"X1TI0111'(0ll,
',,51)1110AOOU'("X Sl,tx1ri0111'(0ll, ]031 X'( i\(l0'(1TIO Di\ op11llo 010 i\C1.0AJ;>f)ib Di\ 10ll000f)i\J) 10A?rin3Q1Dll3ll
mx DTI9"XD 310<)l 'i\0101?1911f)ng 30 5DA? 131\]A AO?'(ll DlU3019llDAD i\ROX? 1009 O(l\110 119 51.lO]U3 C1.0A?ri
- OQ3\11D"X ' .. J;>X110111'(0ll, ?10ll1Di\)3 Al.lri Di\ 3lO<)l 'i\0101?1 D101'(J)ri i\01901 J)lD"X ' .. J;>X1110111'(0ll, 1Di\)3
D\11)'('(3 i\UlO Dli\J)ll D1 D)13Dli\3llD)Dln3'(31 i\Ul J)lD"X 119 C1.0A?TIOQ3V 'llA?11ll'(3f)U DO?ll S<)l DO?ll1Di\)3
1191D13~)i\10M31Q 5<y.l"X1lllU'(OOll 500119 i\U'(ll 'C1.0l?fl1ll3 S(lOi\DibOA1D"X (llA9'( i\3 (t01UO\IOX ll 5000]13~]1\33

'09 ''(30 '!

Ulld 'S;J8rm:i'Ufl1 UrlfPUJ UrJ:>fJ;JW\f JO )(OoqpUrlH ;JljJ OJ UO!JJnpOJJU[ 'S\108 J)"X1l"X13Qi\3 5<y.l'(31i\3 ''(HOU

'l,tri0901.Crt ~X1A(l)A10X mx ~X1riOAOX10 Al1.10 OA3TI9~10Ul0 119AO"'{U9 OA3TI9A mill '5~ri

-09031Crt 51!1 OA3ri9Amrb mAp ' 8 5/.uftn ypxouv Sl.u wx flOA9V no~ vaJ~/1. ri Sro
'XJDD(JJ'(A 11. 119 ?101C 39 TOl~OOODlC A3V uou tmb ;)U!S O!l!pUO::J mAp UO())AA ~X1AOri
-U1011C3 I! 91rtn 0931C11C3 ow .5DOO())"'{A. 5nri 5~X101llri 51!1 A0"'{"'(~11031C 9X11UO(l)38010
. -(l)AA mx L9X1"'{D0rt01"'{rtOX 010 01Crt191(l)01C 01 130~"'{1CDAD mx 130())11 Dl())OlC 5"01AOX?
3TirtO~~OrbD13ri .5(l)3~1rbD 5DOO())"'{A 51!1BS'BllllnQlll AU11l0-"'{0ri 013ri 5())9(l)1ADri 13l~xo
DA 10?X 5nri 1~39 01 3ri mx 5D10lll3rbD 5DOO()}"'{A 51!1 OA3ripx 010 (l)A~lC AOA?riA.I!lCrtO~
DlU801DMOD ll1Xp9 9031010"0 A01 3ri 'A91D(l)A,\ 5m '3rirto~~orbnl3ri A39 :non.xO?)J
AUlD 5nri ~Xon llmA13 ~1rtD 11919 '3ri0-01C 01 ne ~"'{"'{D '3ri0-01C 01 DA 5m01130-311103ll
. 'gA0-0M3A 5rt01 rtOlC A())1A(l)A10X A(l)1mX A())TI0111"'{01C A(!)A11C(l)08AD
AmA?riOxD10rt3 no~0911C3"'{U"'{"'{D pxom9 A3 mx AmA?riOAri3lO"'{ll"'{"'{D Am1 5n1A.on.o1
-13"'{ 51!1mx 5~ri09 51!1 5lloll9ADmx 5~x1A.O"'{ 51!1 53X19())X 5rt011CDOA.~on1Cn mx 5139
-())1"'{3TI38 5m 130m3e 53101CO 511 'A())rillwm3 rt01C())08AV 103umx A())X1AmA10)J A(l)A
-?TIOA3"'{ A(l)1 Dp1CD038 1!10 D10Drillo non.o~~191 01C901 A01 A91rtD ,mx 1391Q01CD 5nri
Dri~riJ, OJ, 5uri~1011C3 AD1A(l)A10X 1!9~ 131?8"019 rtOlC 50A9"'{ 59X11DDOrbD13ri 59cftriox
- 5rtOA1'{ 1X9 5rt01C9X mx 'nne~ '{D llmA p '5rtOA91C A(l)1?801C(1,001C- 0 m13A())080D DA
mx U0111()}"'{AD13ri UOrtDA~g llm13A0-3rb01CD DA 310()) 101? '50 1 Ao "'{ "'{ ~ g 10 31C 0-0 X
-1A3ri13x 0-0X11llOm3eo1omAA. n.o1 lloll9ADlnx npeng llp"'(3101CD- n.o18
0.01 0-0X11XD919 mx 0-0X1AOTIU1011C3 rt01U1? 1!9~ DX39())9 "OlD D13"'{?TI11C3 DOX~ 3ri 3XU8
-0-3"'{1rio n.olC ~Xon- 5npAllri031V mx 5llonorb~13W 'A())oomu AmA?:! 5omri~riJ. n.o1
~Xon ll1rt31~riA.D01CD19D 119 P801A01 DA mA. oprillo O"'{U"'{"'{~lDX 01 CfJ(]3 mAp 5mot
5n1A.O"'{OOO 5~X111"'{01C mx 5~x1AX31 '5~x1riOAOX10 '5~x1riOA '5~X1Aorill1o
-1m llo~ax AmlA913801C(1,001C AmA?rinx A())x1913 llonorb~l3ri 1!10 mx 'AmA?rinx A())X1AX
-noA.o"'{ 5m1on.x 'A())X1A3A.llonorb~l3ri uw mx :5ll~~ou 51!1 01931r ow ~mmox 1"0130-1\.X
WJOVOd ll

xm j..ltal;'\J toU "yqQaj..tj..tevou" xm toU "Wj..tLAT]j..tevou" tWV XHj..tevwv va nc; VtoJtLOOUj..l xm va Xj..ltaAAu8o'\J~-t xuQLOA.Exnxwc; otuyva tT]V uA.TJ touc;. OL 6LanwtwOL!-lc; amec; vtaouc;, nou XWQLc; va ~-ttaBaA.Aouv to tL xm to nwc; tTJc; aQxl)Ov ucpLot<i~-tVT]c; 8~-tA.Lw6ouc; oxeoYJc; ~-tnal;u "nvuj.wnxl)c; ouoLac;" xm "uA.Lxl)c; MsTJc;",
OtOLXHWVOUV (EV 6w6QUOL UQWX0j..lVc;) eva aJtOtEP.. Wj..la OUOLW6ouc; OT]j..laOLac;:
QUOtoJtOLOUV, 'l)tOL, tT] 6LUOtaOT] tT]c; j..taylac; tT]c; yA.6Jooac; xm aVLXVUOUV tO j..tOVOJtan wu "EcpaOOa", nou, 6nmoc; w 6LavoLl;u xm w axoA.ouOl)on, ea BQ8L avn~-te
twnoc; 1-L tT]V JtQmetua wu A6you xm tT]c; kvaEw~ rwv &a11wv TrJ~ yA.waaa~ 9 1-L
tT]V JtQLJtetLa toU Av8QWJtOU navw OtT]c; fT]c; tT] cp/...ou6a 10
To naQ6v BLBA.Lo aoxoA.dtm, 6nwc; ~-taQtUQL xm o tLtA.oc; wu, j..l tT]V 8WQLa xm
tTJv ITQ<isTJ tTJc; MtacpQaoTJc;. l1LUXQLVL~nm s aQxl)c; on one; oA.L6c; wu 6v 6Latunwvnm xanma xmvo'\JQyLa 8WQLa y'\JQw an6 tTJ MtacpQaOT]' 6v l)tav xa86A.ou aut'!) TJ JtQ68wl) !-LOU. 2:tmxla xm ouA.Al]'\j!uc; an6 '1)6TJ 6Latunw~-tevc; 8WQLc;, ax6~-ta
xm 8j..tALW66Jc; "avtL0tc;" j..ltal;'\J touc;, JtLOtQatUOvtm 6W, JtQOXHj..leVOU va 6T]j..lLOUQYT]8d eva (aJtaQaL tT]to) yVLXO 8WQT]nX6 JtAaLOLO JtOU Oa SUJtT]Qtl)OL tT]V
JtQUsTJ tT]c; j..lEtacpQaoT]c; xm, L6LXOtQa, tOV JtQaXtLxwc; aoxoA.OUj..tVO j..t tT]j..ltUcpQaOT]. I1Q6xmm yw ecw(}ia XCxQLV TTJ~ II gal;T}~ TTJ~ McracpgaaT}~. l16oj..leVOU
6 tOU OXOJtOU tT]c; T] JtaQOUOa QyaoLa 0V Oa 1-LJtOQOUO va LVm l;avt/...T]nXl). Ka/...'\JJttH, 6oo mo 6Ll;o6Lxa yLvnm, t6oo yvLxa 8WQT]nxa Oe~-tata tou ~-tnacpQa~u v,
6nwc; A..x. tT]v "wobuva~-tLa" xm w "v6TJ~-ta", 6oo xm n6Lxa JtQaxnxa ~TJtil~-tata tT]c;
j..ltacpQaonxl)c; 6La6LxaoLac;, 6nwc; n.x. tT]j..ltacpQaoT] tTJc; "~-tnacpoQac;" xm twv "ouvwvuj..twv". OMxA.TJQOL xuxA.m Oqwnxwv avacpQO~-tevwv otT] oxeoT] tT]c; MnacpQaoT]c; 1-l tT] rAwoooA.oyLa, xm L6LaLtQa 1-l tT]V KmvwvLoyA.woooA.oyLa xm tT]V KH~-t
voyA.woooA.oyLa, 1) otT] MnacpQaOYJ we; "nQ<isTJ avayvwoT]c;" ej..tuvav xt6c; ouoLaonxl)c; JtQayj..latuowc;, 6L6n 6v vtaooovtav owv ~-t6A.Lc; Xt8evta oxon6 tT]c; JtQOoeyyLol)c; j..lOU' JtQ68wl) j..lOU, JtUVtWc;, LVm va aJtOtAEOOUV avnXElj..tVO j..lf.AAOVtLXl)c;
6LatQLBl)c; j..lOU, acpou JtQWta "sEI-lJtEQOE'\j!w" j..l tT]V an6 0XatLac; aQXLVWj..leVT] QyaOLa j..lOU navw one; j..lEtacpQaonc; AATJVLXWV OT]j.tanxwv tQayou6Lwv an6 tov Goethe.

9 BA.. Kara Maoxov, z 34m.

10 nQ{3A.. SIMMEL, Philosophische Ku/tur, OEA. IS: Gerade wei/ das Kunstwerk und das Abenteuerdem Leben

gegenliberstehen (wenn auch in sehr verschiedener Bedeutung des Gegenliber), ist das eine und das andere
analog der Ganzheit eines Lebens selbst, wie es sich in dem kurzen AbriB und der Zusammengedriingtheit
des Traumerlebnisses darstellt. Darum ist der Abenteuer auch das stiirkste Beispiel des unhistorischen
Menschen. des Gegemvartswesens.

18

6I
-913rl 5lu nrl?e .. 539<!mX, OA3rl9it3mrlA.nou <!>93 01 91!P (t)O~A. 5nrl 5nD~lu~rrD 511 mA.
OD9l (t)D~lD10X>Xrt3 1\Ul PA P'(U'('(9lPX P1A9'( (t)XDJ09 A39 'X>99'('(3 AUlD 5UDX>OtD913W
5ul 5P)O(t)38 5ul (..1DUA~8V, rtOl 5PJA0'(0'(1<l> 5~X1;\Prl03J 5ul nrl~ri.L OlD mol~A.uenx
oortOXJ1!3 '!J1YXJD1XJ1tW Ui-!,]03!;130<!> OtD'(399MD mx U'(JtD ~lUl!PAP 5UDJ1!3 AUl 3rlJ~nrl)
P?AX>l!PXD oo91!0l(t)01! mx 5npAurlo3W mx 5uDnoffi913W 'A<!>DD(t)'(J A(t)A?3 nrl~rl.L
OlD A(t)l9riU8Pri A<!>X1AO'(ODD(t)'(A 1\(l)l P1'(PXDP919 Ul m,\. UM8~31!rt '01rl~lD11!3AX>il 011\
-91 OlD P10l~A.uenx OOrtOXJ1!3 'fl~pw-pyy3g ltA;JYE[ 00'(3Q9MD mx U'(JtD ~lUl!PAP AU.l
n,orl 59Art30? 5ul mnriD?'(3lOlln m (t)D91Drtoonu nA mx Ul?'(3rl
Ul (t)D<!>13'(3l Pi\ 13A~OOP8A3 3ri Pi\ mx "13~?11!, 3ri Pi\ PO?ri X>Jrl 31~0 3ch,P1!? A3Q 'ArtOri9~
-n,\.03 OD9 mx 5omrl?e rton919 rtol (t)'(lJl A3 no1 uDrt319riA.nou AUl 3rl <!>lDnmnmx nA
9'(mri OlD P?Q1 AUl3'(P9? ~ori Oll!Oll~P '3rl?'( 5(t)1!9 'OA90X 3D .5omri~A01! 50lA90Pll
rtol ..Jfl;}lllJOAOJd lU;}~ll,- 3rl~o1! 5n- o Am~ 'rtol590Q390U50A?riA3'(X3 501<!>01! mx
5npAurlo3w mx 5uDnoffi913W 'A<!>DD(t)'(J A(t)AE 5omrl~rl.L rtol5~l(t)1'(3rl3e '01rl~lD11!
-3APU o1A91 ow 5~luA.uenx su~pw e 511Mp1J 5offi'(399ArtD mx 5o'(Jffi 59x1ffi'(39n o
5~,\.(t)A.nmx .. 5~X1'(rtoe, 9X1APQ1 9A1ox 3D 5nrl ~D(t)JDoron ..5uAI).Doorononu, 5nmo~
-I).X> PA?O'(O 5I).Ori8rt0 3ri mx A(t)X~AO A<!>'(Pl!P ~3 U(0'('(9 3101!~9110 91!P ~'(01! 011! PlD
-1'(9ri mx) 3DUOl?ri nA 5(t)ri9 5(t)DJ '5nrl nn1ro mo?lD u 3DUOl?rl3 nA- (t)l?80llrt- 5(t)DJ
'13~1ou1xnonX 5rtol n,ou 'url'-(91 ~x11nrluo13X1u3 u 3DUOl?ri A39 An 'norl 9A3rl9ffinoA.
m mx rtorl 9ll(t)D90ll 01 5oou 5rtol 5uA~DOlD11!ri3 5~X1lrt3XP'(OX 5(t)OX9 mx 5ulX
-nollri? 5Ul U~1399lPX AUlD A. OVA. VIV rtOl 59013D 5~X1AOriUlD11!3 5ul nrlrlnoA.901!
OlD i\rt0~91A3 01 PA APXU8X?Q 'rtOAO? rtOl UDnlX? AUl mx PtDPOA9'(rtlXP9 m Art09
Pi\ APX 5)0(t)X 'rtOll flxpMm/..lly3V UY9ADW AOl mx llqJOVJ Ul(fJ1AXJAXJ[J AOl 'rtorl rto
-1'(919 itOl 531991<3 5rtOl 59190PX 91!P (t)D~lD10X>Xrt3 Pi\ (t)'(J3tDO 5rtOl<!>01!-5rtOl<!>Oil
'rtOl ~D(t)JlOP AUlD PJPA
-A3A - j 5rtOl PJOAAP 1\3 1XJX 9'('(X> '13D<!>AA 1\3 - APDU9~09 5(t)3D~ffi 5UD91! ~OX1'(rt 90
-OtDDOOll AUl3rl3lJ3 53JOOtDOOU'(ll mx 513~J39Qllrt 3rl31J3 rtOll 'A(t)'()tD A<!>lUl!PAP mx
A<!>'('(Oll ~rloo9MD uw 9'('(01! 13'-(pffio rton919 rtol ~o1rtn UD09X? mx ~ronOA.A.nD H

*
5uDX>OtD913W 5ul5uri~lD11!3 5ul ~X1lnriU'(90oll AUlD ..1o?X Ol<!>Oll 9llP,
MOD~rortolA3 nA MOD?oourl nA 3lD<!> 'A<!>A.orlonro3 A<!>X11Dnorom3rl mx 5nJA.O'(OQ
-093ri 5~X1lDX>OtDX>l3ri ' .. ~orlDnXOlD ~OX1lDX>OtDnl3rl, 5(t)3D~'(lAP ~A.ul! 13D?'(3101!P
ne 119 (t)~)1!'(3 01'(919 A90Pll 01 5rtOJ01!0 5rtOl mA. 'rtOJrlUlD11!3APU rtOJAOI rtOl 5npA
-urlo3W mx 5uDnoffi913W 'A<!>DD(t)'(J A(t)A?3 5omrl~ri.L rtol 5?1Ul1offi 5rtow mnrlD
-18303 P'(U'('(9lPX P10l?l A~083XDPOP1! Pi\ m,\. 90Pll 'OA9'( 0'('(9 APA?APX P1A 1nl3A .
-1,\. A3Q '5rtol ~Dnoffi913rl u mx 5(t)'(~'('(POX>ll 1nl3919 PA 5?ooro 5?'('(01! 011! 511 5JO(t)X
'5UDX>OtD9l3ri 5Ul mx 5nDD<!>'(A 5Ul A(t)tD9D0'(1tD mx A<!>X11UO(t)38 A(t)'(9A3ri nA.o? 91!P
A(t)l9riDX>l!D01!P ~ A(t))O(t)X UD3890Pll (t)1!~10l(t)01! 1\3 '~AXrtD J3X3 39 U .5UDX>OtD9l
-3ri 5Ul U~901! AUlD (t)A91! ~orlmmrlu'(9001! U'(~ Ul<!>Oll A~0'(3101!P 5(t)lA9X3001! 'rtOA
-?ri13X rtOl 53JA0rt0113'( 5?X1DP9 (t)A9'( 1\3 511 '1\~0'(3111!3 ~01!0 9ri9n9 OlD '5nlA<!>'(3l
-11!3 '9X11UAU~3 '5(t)A?riOX3QA3 ~ 9X11X13901!P 5<!>'(1!P no~lxnonX ArtOX? 1\39 'OA3rlJ3X
01 5(t)Jq1'(3D01!rt i\rt0~390MD rtOll '513D<!>13riUDOllrt 5?AXrtll 10 119 1nl3~JA10Xrt31V
10JOVOdll

f!OOL1J[l<itwv an6 OLa<poga mwtT]f!OVLxa nQLOOLxa) an6 tT]V ayoga xm n~ navnwtT]f!Lax~ ~L~A.w8i!x~ tT]~ fQ[lav(a~.

Tov XOQUqJULO EAAT]Va nsOYQclqJO eavaan Ba.Anv6 XaL LOV, JtLOT]~. XOQUqJULO EAAT]Va A.ugLx6 Tiro Ilar:oixw, [la"fowg~ a[-L<p6tgou~ LOu Myou xm ooxLf!UOf!vou~
[lt'tUqJQUO'tE~, nov [l 'tL[lOUV m( hT] [l 'tT] qJLALa tou~, OqJLAW va 1JXUQLO'tll0W EX ~a8wv yLa n~ ouxvt~ ousnti]ou~ flU~ yugw an6 t~ 8[-La (i! ng6~ATJf!U) tTJ~ flta<pgaon~
XaL yLa - 0 XQOVO avunom:o - ouyxXQL[lEV~ unoOELsH~ a<pOQWO~ 'tO r:i, 'tO :rrw~
xm LO :rroo~ r:i tTJ~ anooLOA.i!~ tou f!Eta<pgaotil w~ ouyyga<pta. Aw8avof!m, flclALma, OW 'tT]V avayxT] va sO[lOAOYTJ8W 6n T] nQO HXOOUf.'tLa~ nQLn01J avayVWOT] 'tWV
nagaxatw ot(xwv, nov LX flta<pQaou o Hto~ Timg(xLo~ xm nov f!Ov dxav noosvi]ou vtunwon ~a8La xm w~ m(tuy[la AATJVLxou Myou, iltav - ouv~TJ ... - V noA.A.o(~ TJ a<pOQflll va anoou8EL xm TJ fl1QL01TJ1<i f!Ou o autnv tTJV nQLntua LOu Myou
nov Atynm wr:acpoaan. ELvm 01LXOL an6 tva noLT]f!a LOu MnoQL~ TiaotQvax 11 :
Ti] f.-tEQa 'xdvrt, a' elxa OAOXAYJQYJ, a.n' r:i]v XOQcpi] w~ r:a vvxw,
o.nw~ eva~ EJraQXWXO~ T:Qaywoo~ eva aat~Jr~QEW OQaf.-ta,

a' saEQVa a.navw fAOV xai a' elxa fAaeu a.n' s~w,
yvQvwvr:a~ fA,f~ ar:i]v .n6A.rt xt oA.rt r:i]v WQa Aiyovr:a~ xai ~avaAiyovr:a~ ae.
Tov~

OXL anA.w~ qJLAOU~, aA.A.a UXQL~W~ HnLV OUV'tQOqJOU~ - : LOV OHVO [lALT]'tll
KaA.~ou XaL avaotUAW'tll LOU 'Egyou LOU lwavvou BT]AUQcl TWQYO
AvOQEWJflEVO, Atxwga otnv TimoaywyLxil ~xoA.il wu navmwtT]!J.LOu TimQwv wv
aJt000HY!J.EVa (0 6noLO n6oto XL av ~QE8T]X) mot6v vnT]QE'tT] LOU [lt'tUqJQUO!J,EVOU
O'tT]V AAT]VLOa qJWVll Myou XaL nQ08U[lO'tato XQL'tLXO UXQOU'tll 1JQU'tatWV JttQLXOnwv 'tT]~ naQOUOT]~ Qyao(a~ Llr]fl~TQr] AQflcXO" wv nOLT]'tll XQ~ar:o Baen, "<pavanx6" homme de lettres, m( uxooatLa xm nAtov nQwtov xmvwv6 6A.wv [lOU twv EQywv xm Ev noVOL xat XLVOUVOL ( xat OXL f!OVOV f!ELU<pQaotLXOt) mot6v <p(A.o yvwo8vta, fl LOv onoLo dxa nQo oA.Lywv nwv 'tTJV tUXTJ tT]V aya8n va ouvunoyQa'\jJw tT]
!J.t'tcl<pQaon wu L:vvvecpov flE Ilavr:e.A6vw toll BA.aO(!J.TJQOU MayLax6<poxn xm, 1A.o~. wv A.K. Xowr:ooov.Aov, nvu[la avi]ouxo xm otQatUf1vo otnv un68wn tT]~
f!t'tclqJQUOT]~, OW ono(o OqJELAOU[l 'tT]V OLa nuQ6~ XaL OLOllQOU 'tAHW8doa XaL an6
xa8 ano'\jJTJ a'\jJoyT] ~J,na<poQa 01a EAATJVLxa wv ouyxA.ovwnxou Mobby Dick wv

wv AVOQEU

II

BA. Bl.a6l!!11QOU MAfiA!<O<I>LKY, nwr; yr;ui.cpovrat ol arixot , 1!EtU(jJQ001'] Tlwu Tim:QlXLOU, O't1']V
'E:rct8t:W([YJO'l Tixvqr;, XQ. A' , 't. B', lX. 8 (Aiiyouaw; 1955), OEA. 103.

20

IZ

9661 n.oJ.nw !; 'nom<.OiJ)I

5oA.oCfJ1J

5!J,~ro01A3)J

.Al,llCl"D 30 Cl.Orl ClOT'{f)1g Cl.Ol UO(l)OiJ1dm U (l)lDiJ n.orl J;>103rl Ul <;n.m 00(l)911AX> OlD
-1XJ;>"'{3 ';}J~M'Bp l4::llU Jll'a S;} ;}lS ;)U40 1}.91313 .01n"'{J;>cb3X-01n"'{J;>d:>3X 'UDX>1901-UDX>1901
'U~?"'{-U~?"'{ (SI}.'{of)031Cl SoAX1 S10(l)X) 1}.1n.n n.orl J;>13'(Cl09 Ul 3DU0()-0'(0'XX>OX>l UlDQ)AA.
-nAn ()-OX1110X Cl.O'(OXD()-9 AOOiJcbn19A3 Ol(l)prln 3rl11n1A. J;>'('(X> 'n.oopl!H SJ;>mOUJ
Su1 OOXJ;> 9'X1"'{0l"DAX>0110A 010 'A1rlU ,onu mx AOiJ"'{li m13~J10UMo 11m/.. S(l)1X>fl3g
1X9 'U'(iM.UZ Ull.?~rtyou n.orl 9/..Cl~Cl.D Ul (l)01}.1D10X>XC1.3 AUrl X>A Url\.13'(J;>OX>l Ami}. ne
"X>iJcbnoMn.o S(l) X>AiJrl3 J;>'X11D13'('X01X> 13A(),Ong UA()-0rt3 U OT'{f)1g SnopX J;>AX> 01 3rl J;>'X11
-3XO mx OT'{f)1g SnopX J;>AX> OlD 911rl3rll}. oXOlDJ;> 'S?fl10'XX>AX> 31011}.9110 X>1j "X>19103rl
no1 SQ)X1AX>(,?1 30 m1pom1g S13rl\.p'(nonumx S13oi}.OAX>OX>l 'U0J;>'( S(l)3D(),cb SUDJ;>li m,\.
UA()-0rt3 u119 13A1nrluo 1A3grto ,13 A(l)'(1cb AQ)1U1n/..n A(l)1AiJ003cbnAn (l)OiJl(l)AX> A(l)l
A(l)'{9i}./..(l)O"D Url11(),'(01 U :A(l)301}./..U~30X>l UDOJ;> I}.X111U"'{001 SOOl SlQJ;}A SlSS;)JdX;} (1)0
-Q)lClln19 01 X>A MO"'{'(J;>f)113 (),Orl10/..9"'{ S(l)3~J;>l SI}.X10U 'mlpOA A300'X10 119AO'(OW
.. oX1N 'J;>'(X>'X nlAJ;>l mo, J;>N, :9rl011301nX 9"'{1X> AX>AiJ 30 <:))(,?3 Q)0D3'XOX> ne 'n1cb
-000"'{1<1> I}.X11rt'(X>AV AUl mx X>1A.0'(000(l)'(j Ul 'UonocbJ;>13W Ul J;>OOcbn 11'9 30 (l)'(pcbo
Cl.Ol S(l)lA9 11 13~10(l)A,\. S0191 0 OA9rl 1}.(,?1313 mx 'SUl l}.cbno/..1031 AUlD S3D(),OX01DX>
ne 119 omg?g 91n (l)AJ;>linonu 111;>x mAp .. oo31Q)An, SQ)X11010l 'nrloA9 O'("'{J;> nA?
S130f) SUl X>A S30()-00X>l0001 AX> 'Cl.Ol 1n'X 'S30()-0'X1(,?X> AUl S(l)01 ' .. X>T'{1cb, S3/..3'(? AUl .
An 'rtol UOiJXD mrl SlJ;)U!I 3XU01}.1n'(UOrtcbo Snrl Sn1rl10(l)A,\. SUAOOX()-"'{01 SUl X>13XOJ;>19
Ul J;>ln'X 1}.<,?1313: oyrt01t99D1tDll "ll O'KJN 1}.1U101 AOl A01nlrt3'(31 S3(,?U1113 noUcbV,
aorl Sn1on/..03 Su1 rtOAiJrl13X11An rtOl SnM30iJ Su1 UDM0()-31X>X AUl Soou J;>AX>'X1
nwrlD10303 AX>D(l)(,?iJ ()-Orl A(l)3D9<,?nonu A(l)l X>13XOJ;>19 Lt1 J;>WX Srtol S13DI}.ouwonu S3X
-OlD()-3 Su 3rl n.ou 'rto1rlU1D113AX>U n.o1AOI ao1 Sn13AUrl031V mx SuonocbJ;>13W 'AQ)D
-D(l)'(J A(l)A?::: Sowrll}.rl.L n.o15?~ll~ 1ocb Srtol mx 5310~/J,~ web Su mx .Sowrli}.Aol S01
-A90X>l rtol UO(l)}3'(31 AUlD nwmAJ;>cbn 31\rt'(9'Xrt319 3rl rtol J;>1301}.og U1Url11X3An AUl
3rl aou u~1vorow 5DJcbo:r mx aoA.oCfJ1J So/..()-3~ 01 .130<:))13'(31 3Xp ne A39 n.orl ong1g
01 A(l)1010 A(l)l u~onl()- AUl S10(l)X 'SiJXoonu SiJX1'(rt S3AiJrl10X3XA.n.o mt.. UflOHHdu.Lu.L
KflW mx DFfJV 110/J,~ro:r 'llu9g3og11. v DOCfJA03Ytf '9~~vyv UM91J Srt0"'{1cb S()-01Ulnt..n
Srtol .n1Xn.11m uwt..3rl 3rl MOA()-0rt319 o1ouo 01 :n:rvdcP aopcbnot.. ()-OX1wnocbm3rl
rtOl S13DJ;>1Dmnx/..3 Suo SiJoocb S3/..1'( mx 1X9 AX>DUliJOU1rt~3 3rl mx AnDUAiJ~0"'{1cb 3rl
SOl? X>A? A9<,?3XO 113 rtOl 'U'K9911t0)/ Uri310V: rt019A.rt~(),D Ul mx Sc::>enx 'l}.wnocbn13rl
n11nrl'(3Mnu3 oon.xA.iJ mx rto1rllL1D113AX>U Cl01AOI ao1 SnpAUrl031V mx Suonocb
-J;>13W 'AQ)DD(l)'(j A(l)AiJ::: Sowrll}.rl.L rtOl 0110cb91X> OX(),01D10X> 91n'("Dl 'U'K9910Dg
UM91J AOl :l}.lrtn UD?0 Ul 91X> mx J;>1D10(l)X3~ (l)01}.1010X>Xrt3 X>A AOiJ"'{li 113 (l)'(pcbQ
s~,tg1o1mg SUo()-oonu Su1 n1omxn.3 ,m ()-Orl3 A10J;>X AnxueX?AX> 1}. X>A?rl mA. An~nol?
no9 X>"'{9 mt.. S1303DDiJ1 Srto1 mx (l)01}.1D10nXn.3 Srtol nA (1)'(?0 - ;)II!AI;)W UU'BWJ;}H
3:0JOVOdll

....

E~~y~a~ Luvt~~aEwv

AL
Am A
AnL
BJA
CI
DDU
DU
DZP
FL
FU
GRM
IF
IJAL
IRAL

lAcS

Acta Linguistica (Hafniensia). International Journal of General Linguistics.

Kopenhagen.
American Anthropologist. Menasha I Wise.
Anthropological Linguistics. Bloomingthon I Ind.
British Journal of Aesthetics. London.
Critical Inquiry. London.
Der Deutschunterricht. Berlin.
Deutschunterricht. Beitrage zu seiner Praxis und wissenschaftlichen Grundlegung. Stuttgart.
Deutsche Zeitschrift tur Philosophie. Berlin.
Foundations of Language. International Journal of Language and Philosophy.
Dordrecht.
Fremdsprachenunterricht. Gottingen.
Germanisch-Romanische Monatsschrift. Heidelberg.
Indogermanische Forschungen. Zeitschrift flir Indogermanistik und allgemeine
Sprachwissenschaft. Berlin.
International Journal of American Linguistics. Chicago.
International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching. Internationale Zeitschrift tur angewandte Linguistik in der Spracherziehung.
Heidelberg.
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

23

PBB
PQ
PR
PPR
PS
RIP
TL
TLP
TLS
TPS

ww
ZdPh
ZfG
ZfGL
ZfS
ZPSK

24

Beitrage zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur, begrlindet

von H. Paul und W. Braune. Halle ITUbingen.
The Philosophical Quarterly. St. Andrews.
The Philosophical Review. Ithaca I N.Y.
Philosophic and Phenomenological Research. London.
Philosophical Studies. New York.
Revue Internationale de Philosophie. Paris.
Target Language.
Travaux linguistiques de Prague. Praha.
Times Literary Supplement. London
Transactions of the Philological Society. Oxford.
Wirkendes Wort. Deutsches Sprachschaffen in Lehre und Leben. DUsseldorf.
Zeitschrift ftir deutsche Philologie. Berlin.
Zeitschrift ftir Germanistik. Berlin.
Zeitschrift ftir Germanistische Linguistik. Berlin.
Zeitschrift ftir Sprachwissenschaft. Gottingen.
Zeitschrift ftir Phonetik und allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft I Zeitschrift ftir
Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung. Berlin.

Ou~E~toU~a

NAI ATIO TOYL TIAEON JtaQaOfOfWEVOU<;- x.a86n aman66HX.to<; - yA.wooo-

A.oyLX.OU<; OQW[LOU<; dvm 6n yA.womx.~ x.mv6nrw dvm ouvoA.o av8gwnwv

nou fmx.mvwvouv XQlJOL[LOJtmwvta<; ([!La) "x.mv~" yA.wooa 1 H yA.wooa, 6vta<; x.m
f~fAWOO[lfVl] [Ltta~u tWV atO[LWV x.m tl]<; x.ouA.toUQa<; tl]<; yA.WOOLX.~<; X.OLVOtl]ta<;,
otnv onoLa av~x.ouv ta ato[la- ~. owota, to xa8f ato[Lo xwgwta 2 -,[La<; nA.noocpoQfL yLa n<; nm6tl]tf<; twv at6[LWV xm tl]<; x.ouA.tougaA.Lx.~<; tou<; xmv6tl]ta<;. ELvm yvwot6 6n m yA.woof<; 6Lacpgouv [ltta~u tou<;, 6L6n 6LacpQH o tQ6no<;, x.ata
tov onoLo avtavaxA.ouv ou~-t~oA.Lx.a tov x6o[Lo ~ - 6mg x.m to aut6 - x.ata tov
onoLo x.atlJYOQLonowuv ~ xw6Lx.fuouv tl]V fllJtHQLa twv at6[LWV noun<; O[LLA.ouv.
Tn A.f~Lx~ x.w6Lxfuon tl]<; ato[LLX.~<; f[!JtHQLa<; Of xanma, ... onow6~notf, ... yA.wooa
avaA.a[L~avH va tl]V ano-ouv8oH xm va tl]V ava-ouv8oH Of [!LaV aA.A.n, ... onma6~JtOtf, ... yA.wooa va O[LLA.ouv I ygacpov unoxfL[lfVO: o [lftacpgaot~<; n Of fQyaoLa,
nou cnmA.fL to fV Myw o~tLA.ouv I ygacpov unoxfL[lfVo, x.aA.dtm f.u:raq;oaarP.

81.. CORDER, Introducing Applied Linguistics, a1.. 51.

CORDER, Introducing Applied Linguistics, a1.. 70, it is largely through language that he (Evv. to
crro~o) acquires the cultural patterns of thought and behaviour of his community.
YJtEQi)aLVEL nc; 1\wa~ELc; ~ac;, 1\t6 XaL UJtOXUJttOU~ <JTOV JtELQUO~OTT]c; avnyQUcprjc; XaL, EV OWEXELU, TT]c;
~nacpQaanc; 1wv JtEQixo~\jJwv acpoQLa~wv 1ou Kl.auliiou HAGEGE, L 'homme de paroles, a1.. 47: Les

flQ~A.

25

8.
9.
I0.
11.

12.

A translation should read as a contemporary of the translator.

A translation may add to or to omit from the original.
A translation may never add to or to omit from the original.
A translation of verse should be in prose.
A translation of verse should be in verse.
!!!

langues sont des objets assez familiers pour qu 'on puisse se contenter, al'etappe presence, de I' experience
quotidienne qu 'en a chacun, et s' affrancir du passage par les chicanes des universaux definitionels. La
caracterisation premiere est immediatement disponible. Elle se trouve impliquee par une activite aussi
vieille que les cultures les plus anciennes, attestee jour apres jour, indefiniment reconduite dans sa permanence necessite au mepris des ecueils supposes: Ia traduction, :n:ou :n:ava:n:el 6n: ot yA.cilaaG" ivm aQxovvtWG" otxia avctxipva yw va f1J1:0QEOLG" v' aQxa6iG"- T1/ anyprj aurrj 'nov J.I.LACtfl - OTTJV TTQLtt{livr/
xafh)~tQLY1) fiJ1:LQia, nov EXt o xa8iG" ~taG" a:n:6 &nirG", xm va f.lT/V nA.ayoOQOf.lr)OLG" OTLG" OTQ1/IODLXiG"
TWV OQLOf.l08TOUf1EVWV TOU AOYOU xa8oALXWV. H JrQWTT/ xara OLQGV a:n:OVOf.lr) yYWQLOf.lCtTWV JCQOOcpEQTat ev JCQOXLf1EVW a:n:A.6XEQa xm ae JrQWT1/ Cr)T7JOTJ. l:u{IJI:aQOf.laQri r)rot f.l pta DQaOTT/Qt6T1Jra r6ao naA.ma 6ao XaL OL aQXaLOTEQOL TWV JrOALTLOf.lWV, Dta:n:tOTOV{IfVT/ De a:n:6 ttEQa OE f.lEQa XaL aTEQ{IOVWG" XaL
aDTJQirw; mavacpEQO{IfVT/ OT1JV al/JTicpTJOTJ nov EVEDQEvOvtWV OXOJCEAWV TT/G" f.lETCt({!QaOT/G'
4 8/... SAVORY, The Art of Translation, aet... SO n~ oxa :n:gwtE~ :n:go'ti:n:o!laEL~ n~ avmpEQEt xm o
JUMPELT, Die Vbersetzung naturwissenschaftlicher und technischer Literatur, ael... 19.

26

6Z
m 1z: "'(3D ;unssnvs ~311/D "'(gou z:
'69

"'(3D 'J:J;}(QO

puv pJOM '3NinO

-UOOlC ('"1Dl)30M.3) ().Od:ro 'DOO(!)'(A U'('('9 AUlD miU9A 01<~1 01 MOX? O.SJlC (A(l)30(!)'(U9Dl
-'OX A(l)l mx 'l,t9D'(U9 'A(!)10M.3 A(l)l) A(l)l'91iU~3'( A(l)l UD30().3 AUlD 5cp'(lCD 1Dl)3'(1AD~3
U'('('9 AD11i 30 'OOO(!)'(A '011i 91!'0 O.OA?TI13X 59A3 UODOcb'9131i u 'A0031().39 '119 mx '13'9'(11i
DA 13A)DXrtl rtOlC DOO(!)'(A Ul 91CD 1DlA(!)lOD~3 A39- A(l)3~?Y Aro~ '9'('('0 '(..5n1io9cb, 1'01A
-().00310 rtOlC 531Ul9A3 5?10.'0 53A?1iuoucbn 511 )30AAD 11919) Aro~prlU~3Y Aro~ 13?'( A39
'nmg?g '5910.'0- A(l)l'9TIU~3'( A(l)l Dl'OTII},OA '01 'AOl(!)OlC ' 119 13l?EJ01Crt 'OA .. 91iOD013lC,
AOlD '9AXO.D 13A)Dl.C1i 119 omg?g 91'0 (l)A'9lCDODlC 11'9X 1DA)3 5'000(!)'(/.. 3101CI},9DD101CO
5m1i 51},1U'(11io 5oooro'(A9A01i -

J.l.lm 0.01 moM? .. l,tx11uenl.C1io.o, AUl 31i -

'"1Dl3X091Crt AUl 5n1i Anx 31().0 A0'('('91i

51},'(3dm

'9'<.'<.'0 '13A19 u1 5n1i

A39 OA91i 1X9 5n1i 5D)DDA03 5Ul DO().Ol03grto u 0.01 UDUlA'91CD AD11i- .. :uoDOtD'9131i
(u) mAp)l, n1iu1cpo3 9x1Xomroo1C 010 uou1A'91CD (,tcbno mx uoo.xl..? o.oo?l3 rt3A'9 131
-?EJOlCflOOlC '5uono<h'913rl 5ul u~'90lC u (11) mx D)Oro3EJ u 1DA)3)1 nm1il},1roo3 DlA

-?EJ31. rtO)D'(Dcb3x 50lA90DlC 0.01 (l)'(_l)l A3 'OlD H:S:HlNVUV :S:H<I>V:S: IV)( HdA.)(J3

'dj!f JO IJJ!J;}JQ ;}IJJ ;}J!J S;}E!JSS;}W [!JU!Jq 'AJO;}IJJ UO!J!J[SU!JJJ JO:f

~slwna~~l3W

su1 u~~all

U1D% DJ0003e U1DAJH1l

tl]1a 10u EJUXOLYWYELY ow tl]r; aYtaA,ayi]r; "Ml;EwY" /"Ol]f-lELWY". To desideratum, OL

yQa[-l[-latLxr; 1WY OLacp6QwY yA,waawY Ya f-lll A,af-tBUYouY anA,wr; un6'ljJl] tour; tLr; m(
f-lEQour; Of-lOL01l]tr; i] owcpoQr;, nov tux6Y ucpfataY"Cm atl]Y EmxQatua 1WY JlOQcpocpwyoA,oyLxwY xaY6YwY, ana xm Ya Ex810uv EXEL YEr; axQL~wr; nr; 8[-lEALWOELr;
wm(aELr;, nov aY/;aQti]twr; 1l]r; L010QLxi]r; i] yEwyQacpLxi]r; an6ataanr; xa8Lato1JY
[-tE1acpQa01a 6/..,a 1a XEL[-lfYa, anotfAEL XQLOL[-ll] 01JY8i]Xl] EQyaafar; yLa 10Y acpEAi]
[-tE1acpQa01i] 4 . fLa1Jt6, AOLJtOY, XaL- EX 1l]r; JtQaxnxi]r; i] tolJ aJt01fAEO[-ta10r; XQLYO[-lfYOr;- f-l 6/..,o 10u to o(xLo y(Y1aL o acpEA,i]r; [-tnacpQaati]r; yQaJ.lJ.lanxoxEYtQLx6r;,
OL6n, 6nwr; [-tar; Em~E~mwYOUY aocpo( yA,waaoA6yOL 5 , 10 un6~a8Qo 10u xa8 yA,wamxou auati][-ta10r; -n yQaf-tf-taLLXi] onA,aoi] - OEY ano1AEL anA,wr; 6Qyayo aYanaQaywyi]r;, nov to XQlJOLf-lOJtOLOU[-lf yLa Ya O(YOU[-lf cpwYi] anr; LOEEr; noM JtfQLOOOtfQO
anotEAEL n yQa[-tJ.lanxi] 10Y OWf-lOQcpwti], 10Y OLanA,aa1i] tWY LOEWY, to JtQ6yQa[-t[-ta
xm 10Y oony6 cl]r; Yonnxi]r; OQa01lJQL01l]1ar; 10u aY8Qwnou, tnr; ayaA,uanr; twY
fY11JJtWOfWY xm tl]r; OUY8wnr; 101) OLaYOl]tLXOU tolJ ano8E[-ta10r; 0 OXl][-tatLO[-l6r;
tWY LOEWY xm n JlOQcponofnai] 10ur; OEY ELYUL ano"CEAW[-la [-lLar; aY/;aQtl]tl]r; xm
auatl]Qa oQ8oA,oyLxi]r; (un6 tl]Y naA.ma cpLAoaocpLxi] vvOLa 10u 6Qou) OLaOLxaafar;,
ana anotEAd f-lEQor; [-twr; LOLa( tEQllr; yQa[-l[-lanxi]r; xm, cpumxa, owcpEQEL - an6
EAaXLOta wr; axEMY anoMtwr;- an6 yQa[-t[-lanxi] aE yQaJ.lJ.laLLxi] 6
To (nQor; [-lEtacpQaan) XELJ.lEYO, wa16ao, OEY anotEAEL EY6tl]1a yQa[-l[-lanxi] dYm
fYOtl]ta Ol][-laOLOAOYLXi]. 0L Ol][-laO(Er; (meanings), JtfQaL1EQW, xataYOOUYtaL
ow tou auvouaaJ.lOU xm tnr; mLA,oyi]r; twY xawA,A,i]A,wy Ml;EwY (wordings) 7 xa8 MTigBA.. NIDA, The Theory and Practice of Translation, aet... 34m.: Grammar does carry some meaning.
Avtl not..Awv B"- Andre MARTINET, L 'opposition verbo-nominale, aeJ... 104: Comme tousles hommes
habitent Ia m~me planete et ant en commun d '~tre avec ce que cela compone d'analogies physiologiques
et psychologiques, on peut s 'ettendre adecouvrir un cenain parallelisme dans /'evolution de tousles
idiomes d'opposition verbo-nominale, xm Eugene A. NIDA, Toward a Science of Translating, ot:J... 66: It
has been found that a// languages seem to have something equivalent to subject-predicate constructions.
These may in some instances be more aptly termed topic-comment, but essentially they are very similar
fiom one language to another. (... ) All languages appear to distinguish in some formal ways (but not of
course with total consistency) between nouns and verbs, and in the most basic structures objects tend to
be expressed primarily by nouns and events by verbs.
5 WHORF, Science and Linguistics, aeA.. 2 31.
6 TigBA.. WITTGENSTEIN, Philosophische Grammatik, 133, aet... 184: Die Grammatik ist keiner Wirklichkeit
Rechenschaf't schuldig. Die grammatischen Regeln bestimmen erst die Bedeutung (konstituieren sie) und
sind darum keiner Bedeutung verantwonlich und insof'em wil/klirlich.
7 BJ... HALLIDAY, An Introduction to Functional Grammar, aet... xvii.

3
4

30

TI EiNAI H8EQPIA KAI H IIPA3H THL META<I>PALHL;

sll 0 XWQlOta, ... xa8 AslXrJ VOtl]ta (lexical unit), ... Ola8tH xan vtA0) OlXO tl],
xanmo otmxLo atol!Lx6 nou tnv Ola<pogonmd an6 6A.t; nt; aA.A.Et; A.1;nt;: to A.1;Lx6
v6nl!a tl], onA.ov6n, nou aJtotEA.d tl]V HOlxr) at;La tl] ota XQlll!atwti]Qla twv EJtL
l!EQOU yA.WOOlXWV OUOtl]l!atWV, aA.A.a xm tl]V "JtQOOWJtlXOtl]ta", JWU OW tl]t; XQrJOEW tl] anoxta, vt6t; twv nA.awLwv wu Exaotot ouyxXQll!vou yA.womxou ouoti]l!atot;8. To XELl!EVO, 6nwt; l!at; OlMoxn o oo<p6t; tl] KwvotavtLat; Wolfgang Iser,
0V UJtaQXH xa8aut6, ana JtQaYl!atOJtOldtm OW tl]t; JtQOOArJ'\j!EW tou aJt6 toV
anooxtl] tou 9, xm EV JtQOXHl!EVW, xata JtQWto Myo, an6 tov l!Eta<pgaotr) tou xm,
xata OUtQO Myo, an6 tout; avayvwot tou l!Eta<pgaol!atot;. H agxr) tl] ow~an
x6tl]ta (principle of conventionality), nou wxun yVlXW otn yA.wooa xm tl] nwoooA.oyLa xm, lOlaLtQa, Otl] Ll]l!aOlOA.oyLa xm ~aOH tl]t; OJtOLat; Jtavta UJtaQXH yla
OUYXEXQll!EVa VOrJl!ata l!La l!OQ<pr) - l!La XVtQLXrJ yQal!l!anxr) l!OQ(jJrJ - JtOU OL Ol!lAl]tE xm m axgoatt; l!lat; yA.wooat; ngooooxouv va tl] oouv va XQlJOll!OJtmdtm
umg~aA.Mvtwt; 10 , wxun xm O 6A.out; tout; tol!EL nou a<pogouv tl] l!Eta<pgaon 11 ,
XUQLW l!aAlOta, 6tav tO l!Eta<pQasov UJtOXELl!EVO dvm 0 ou~a8r)t; a<pAi]t; tr)t; 000
ava<pOQat; l!at; 12 TL ELVUl EXELVO JtOU xaVH l!la l!OQ<pr) ow~anxr) l!at; tO EslJYEL 0
<l>EQOlvavoot; de Saussure: tout moyen d'expression re9u dans une societe repose en

principe sur une habitude collective ou, ce qui revient au meme, sur Ia convention 13
ME ana Myla XLVO JtOU xavH toUt; AEslXOU 6gouc; ow~anxouc;- Otl] yA.wooa
YEVlXW xm Otl] l!Eta<pQaOl] H0lXOtQa -, dvm t0 6n one; Ola<pOQ<; yA.woOlXE<; xmv6tl]t<; UqJLOtatm l!la (atUJtl]) OWqJWVLa tOU xa8v6t; l! 6A.a ta aA.A.a l!EAl] tl]<; XOlVOtl]tat; oxnlxa l! to nmt; M!;nt; xm 1r) Ex<pgaont; xataonA.wvouv to xa8tL 14 H
yA.wooa, Ol!W, 6nwt; l!ac; OlMoxn xm naA.l o <I>EQOlvavoot; de Saussure one; avaxw-

8 flQBA.. ZGUSTA, Manual of' Lexicography, OEA.. 67 BAKER, In Other Words, OEA.. 12 EJt.

9 ISER, Der Akt des Lesens, oEA.. 37.

10 Q<; yEVWLOUQY6 alno tTJS owj3anx6tT]<a<; o FIRTH, The Tongues of Men and Speech, oEA.. 113, 8ao-

QEl eva network of binds and obligations.

II flQj3A.. oxEnxa HAGEGE, L 'homme de paroles, oEA.. 50: Meme imparfaitement. meme de f'acon tres
approximative. on puisse toujours traduire. 11 f'aut bien que /es /angues aient de serieuses homologies pour
que Jes messages qu'elles permettent de produire puissent ainsi voyager. Ceux-lii memes qui minimisent
ces homologies admettent pourtant qu 'el/es ouvrent un champ au desir de sa voir. puis qu 'ils se donnent
pour objet /e minimum de traits qui fait qu 'une langue est langue. 11 n 'est done pas vrai que, com me Ie
soutenaient if y a trente ans certains structura/istes, on doive s 'en tenir Ia "tradition americaine (Boas)
se/on Iaquel/e /es langues pouvaient dif'ferer /es unes des autres sans limites et de maniere imprevisible"
(M. laos, Readings in Linguistics, p. 96). Mais dans /'univers des /angues, c'est justement parce que Ies
differences sont de tvoes previsibles. et contenues dans certaines limites, qu 'une enterprise universaliste
est concevab/e. OL unoyQaJ.L[!lOELS avr]xow OE EJ.LU<;.
12 flQj3A.. QV ALE, Better Translate than Never, oEA.. 214: The translator seems tacitly to accept the notion
of an underlying code, of a common principle which covers all languages. Or he is, tacitly, content with
the old Platonic notion of ideas or some other idealistic epistemology.
13 DE SAUSSURE, Cours de linguistique genera/e, oEA.. I00 m.
14 flEQ lnou vav mwva JtQLV tov <l>EQOcvavoo de Saussure o rouA.cEA.[.to<; von Humboldt, Vber die Verschiedenheit des mensch lichen Sprachbaues und ihren EinfluB auf die geistige Entwicklung des Menschengesch/echts, oEA.. 28, E~TJYOUOE 6n xavEls OEV !!JtOQEl va [!LA.UEL OE xavvav !!E tQ6Jto OLacpoQEnx6
UJtO EXE[VOV, xata tOY OJtO[O 0 UXQOatlj<; 8a tOU E[XE- UJtO LOUVLXE, EWOEltm, OWfhjxE<;- [!LA.i]OEL.

31

1JJrUQXEl EJrL'XOLVWVLa- EL'tE EVOoy).wamxrj (intralingual) EL'tE owy).wamxrj (interlingual) EL'tE &aam.lnwnxrj (intersemiotic), yLa va XQlJOl[!OJrOL~001J!..lE 'tlJ yvwo1~ 6LaXQWlJ wu Roman Jakobson 16 - :rrou va Em'tuyxavnm XWQL va a:rr6A.A.mm EVa 6XL
a[!EAlJ'tEO :rroooo16 JrATJQOqJOQLWv 6L6n ax6[la xm [!ELa~u H0l][!6vwv, 61av outlJwuv,;m ElE[law av~xovw ow XWQO 'tl] HOLXEUO~ 101!, o ~aEl[!6c; xmavo~oEwc; 'tlJ
ouo(a wu OlJtlJ'tOU[!Evou avnxH~LEvou, xm O'tl]V xaA.ll'tEQlJ ax6[!a rrEQLrr'tWOl], OEV
umg~aLVEL :rro'tE w 80%, [!We; xm ll a:rrwA.Ha :rrA.l]QOqJOQLWV Etvm OU[!qJU'tlJ [!E 'tlJV
EmxmvwvLax~ 6La6Lxaota. Km6mv wu,;wv, [!6vo x:rrA.l]~lJ 6Ev Ela rrQErrEL va [!a
:rrgoxaA.Et ,;ux6v a:rrwA.Ha :rrA.l]QOqJOQlWv xma 'tlJV E~A.L~lJ 'tl]c; !LEWqJQaonx~ 6w6Lxaotac; - xm, (j)UOlXa, l] a:rrwA.Ha JrAl]QO(j)OQlWV m' OUOEVL !!JrOQEL va a:rro'tEAEL 'tO
EAa't~QlO 'tT] OXE'\jll] [!a yw 'tO xma :rr6oo VO[ll[!OJrOLEL'taL xa:rrOLO (= 0 [!E'taqJQa01~) va [!E'ta(j)EQH O'tT] y A.wooa LOU ~EVa XEL[!EVa 17
fLa va (j)W'tL001J[!E 'ta JrQOl]yT]ElEV'ta, Ela EmxaA.EOElOU[!E a[!EOW EV OUVEXELa [!EQLxa a:rrM :rragaOELY[la'ta: Ol O[!LAl]'tE 'tl] AyyA.lX~, :rr.x., EXOUV OlJ!..l(j)WV~OEl 6n
ouyxgovlXW lJ AE~TJ horse :rrgoo6wgttH yEvlxa 6,n av~xH O'tlJV HOlX~ xml]yogta
"horse I t:rr:rro" xm 6n OUYXQOVlXW, mtol]c;, lJ A.E~l] oak :rrgoo6wgLtH yEvLxa 6,n
av~xH O'tl]V HOlX~ Xa'tlJYOQLa "oak I OQU". Ta :rrgay[lma, 6[lwc;, Ela !!JrOQOuoav va
dvm xm OW(j)OQEnxa. H [!E'ta~u 'tlJ AE~l] oak xm wu lOlaL'tEQOU d6ou wu 6V'tQOU, :rrou :rrgooOLOQLtH lJ Ev :rraga6dy[!ml AE~lJ, U(j)W'tU[!EVlJ oxol] ELvm- av OXl
EV'tEAW<; - umgayav auElaLQE'tl]. fLa 101! O[llAT]'tE 'tl] faAAlX~, 'tl]<; fEQ[laVlX~c;,
'tl]c; I,;aA.lx~c; xm 'tl]c; OA.A.avOlX~ o [lEV "t:rr:rroc;" :rrgoo6lOQLtnm 6La ,;wv A.E~Ewv
cheval, Pferd, cavallo xm paard av,;tmmxa, lJ DE "6guc;" Ola ,;wv AE~Ewv chene, Eich,
quercia xm eik aV'tLO'tOLXa. 'O:rrOLO ElEAnOH va [!UElH QWOl'XU, 't01JQXL'XU ~ w:rraVLxa, Ela [!UElH 6n 0 [lEV 01J[l~anx6 JrQ000lOQW[l6c; 't01J "t:rr:rrou" ELVaL JIOLII8~b [~
6n T] yf.<ilooa aJto1EAEl tva ~o~6vo (ac; Elvm xm ~o~oval'nx6) 6Qyavo nov AEL101!QYEL~otEoa
010V OAO !ATJXUVW!A01T]<; EJtLXOLVWVlac; ytm[, 6nwc; EJtWT]~o!ULVEL 0 George STEINER, A fter Babel, OEA.
415, there is a vocabulary, a grammar, possibly a semantic of colours, sounds, odours, textures, and
gestures as multiple as that of language, 01TJ ~wl] 1wv m6~o~wv xm 1wv w5<ilv, 1JJt<lQXEL tva <pao~AU ~o~wc;
(ev ~otEQEL anof.wBEloT]c;) ow~o~anxl]c;-oT]~otLwnx1]<; yv<iloT]c;. 0 Steiner BEWQEL yEvtx<ilc; 6n T] QT]~otanxl]
yf.<ilooa (verbal language) OV10AOytx<ilc; UJt01EAEL xan V1EA<ilc; 6ta<pOQEtLXO an6 10 OT]!AELOOU01T]!AU
wv ~w txou xoo~o~ov- OXL ma61] 6ta8E1L txav61T]Ta naQaywyl]c; xm ~ot1a6ooT]c; JtAT]QO<pOQL<ilv, af.M UXQLB<ilc; mn61] owBE1L JtAfL01c; 6oec; anec; JtOL01T]1<; ~o~toa 010 l\lX11JO 101! avBQWJtLV01J EX<j)QO~otV01J A6yov (human discourse), 6nwc; f..x., w vf.axwwv, 01TJV nolT]OTJ.
16 JAKOBSON, On Linguistic Aspects of Translation, oef.. 232 en.
17 llQBA. DELISLE, L 'analyse du discours com me methode de traduction, OEA. 123.
15

Tovl~Etm

32

Tl EINAI H8EQPIA KAI H IIPA:::H TH}; METMPALH};;

at [i) beygir] xm caballo av-r(otmxa, o 6 ow~anx6c; :n:goo6LOQLO[.t6c; tT]c;
"6gu6c;" ELvm ,ay6, m~e agaci xm roble avtLotmxa. 'OA.m, 6om ~-ta8a(vouv [.tLa ~EVTJ
yA.wooa, :rtQLQxovtm otT]V xmcwtaOTJ tou a<:pEA.ouc; nov ~-ta8a(vn va vo ouvoA.o
ow~anxwv M~Ewv xm I i) xcpgaowv 19 0 [.ttacpgaoti)c; ocpLA.n va ~-t<i8n va ouvoA.a ow~anxwv M~Ewv xm I i) xcpgaowv OXL ~-t6vo OtTJV ~EVTJ yA.wooa, nov xmxn, aA.M xm otT] OLxi) wu, XLVOU[.tvoc; avayxaotLxa a:n:6 6wA.xwu nc; OLaA.Extov
xm '\jlaxvovtac; 1-1. Em~-tovi) ~-toa ow a6.1w rwv u.;cwv (bag of words) xma tT]V xcpgaoT] wu Charles Morris i) ava6Lcpwvtac; to avvan.w rwv AE.;1J!-i6.rwv (piling up of
Jexations) xata TllV xcpgaoT] tou Benjamin Lee Whorf, :n:goxn~-tvou va ~QEL touc;
xataAA.T]A.ouc; t6:n:ouc; yw va ota8L xm va xLvao n tav :rtOLT]nxav yav 20.
Ama, AOL:rt6v, 0 acpEA.i)c; ... , 0 O:rtOLO, [.tOAOVOLL avmyvwotwc;, 8EWQEL owota 6n
u:n:<iQXEL xa:n:ou owv x6o[.to twv Evvmwv xm twv LOwv va E:TtL[.tEA.wc; taxto:rtOLT][.tEvo xm A.mta[.tEQWc; a:n:oyEyQa[.t[.tEVO stock collectif, va ouAA.oyLx6 a:n:68~-ta 21 , xm,
we; Ex wvwv, "yvwg(~n" 6n T] ~-tn<icpgaoT] dvm une activite humaine universe/Je 22 ,
i)tm aveowmvTJ c5oaar1]Qt6rT]ra xaeoAowv xaoaxrr)oa.
KOHb] 18 ,

IS LtL liuo mn<; f..l;EL<; liEv unaQXEL liL<lxQLOTl avtl01mxn JtQo:; wu:; EAATJVLxou:; t"Unou:; "af..oyo" (lin~onxlj) xm "lnno<;" (xa8aQE"Uouoa) H f..l;n KOHb, yvou:; aQoEvLxou, XQTJOL~onmEltm yta tou:; "xAT]tE<;", yw ta aQoEvLxa af..oya, xm Elvm aQxaLx6tEQTl xm ouva~a f..aLx6tEQTJ, EVW n f..El;n no111a)J,b,
yvou<; 8T]AUXOU, W Ql~a Elvm JtaQaywyLXOtEQT] 11] JtQOT]you~EVT] .
19 0 ayyA6<pwvo:;, f...x . nou ~a8alvEL wnavLxa Sa avayxaotEl va JtEQOOEL <llt6 TO ~E"Uyo:; "oak" I " roble"
am ~EUYTJ " core oak" 1"alcomoque", "evergreen oak " I "encina", "oak-apple" 1"agalla", "oak-bark" 1
"corteza de roble" , "oak gall" I "bugalla", " oak grove" I "robledo" xm "scarlet oak" I "coscoja".
20 Bf..., W01000, xm n<; avtlSETE <lltO\j!EL tou CORDER, Introducing Applied Linguistics, OEA. 77: If languages
reflected differences in kind between cultures, that is, encoded radically different ways on seeing the world,
then translation between languages would be impossible. If the differences are only ones of degree, then
translation in cercain areas of experience may be more or less difficult. The evidence from language learning
experience and from bilinguals is that the latter is the case; certain conceptual fields, particulari/y those which
are generally encoded in the grammatical categories oflanguages will present such difficulties. The degree to
which cultures resemble each other, cultural overlap, as it is called, are reflected in language as similarities of
semantic and syntactic structure. The learning of a second language does clearly involve some degree or
recategorization; how great this will be depends on the two languages involved. Or, we can put it another
way round, learning a second language does involve learning to see the world as the speakers of that Janguage habitually see it, does involve learning their culture. But this is not an impossible task only more or
Jess difficult. Learning a new language is emphatically not a question of acquiring a new set of names for the
same things; it is not just the learning of an automatic translation device, the internalising of a bilingual
dictionary. On the other hand, learning a language does not involve learning a new " world view". The
linguistic approach to language(... ) provides the means ofshowing how and in what degree languages possess
the same semantic (lexical) structure, the degree to which words in the two languages which usually "translate" each ocher, or translation equivalents, have the "same" meaning.
21 DQBf... ORTEGA Y GASSET, Miseria y esplendor de Ia traducci6n, aEf... 452: Es cosa clara que el publico
de un pais no agradece una traducci6n hecha en e/ esri/o de su propia lengua. Para esto tiene de sabra con
Ia producci6n de los aurores indfgenas. Lo que agradece es loin verso : que llevando a/ extrema de Jo
inreligible las possibilidades de su lengua transparezcan en ella los modos de hablar propios a/ autor
rraducido. - DQBf... mlon:; CLARK, The Lexicon in AcquisiTion, OEA. 2: The lexicon of a language is the
srock ofesrab/ished words speakers can draw on when rhey speak and have recourse ro in understanding
what they hear. TT]QOU~vwv twv avaf..oyLcilv to aut6 wxun xm yLa tov ~EtacpQaotlj.
22 Bf... LADMIRAL, Traduire, OEA. II.

33

cm6-wvo~LA'r]ti] 26 H yaA.A.Lxi] JtQ6taOT], A..x., "je vais prendre rna serviette" ota ayyA.Lxa !!Etacpgatnm w~ "I'll go and get my brief-case" i] w~ "I'll go and get my towel" (i]
w~ "I'll go and get my napkin", i] xm !! 6La<pogou~ a/...Aou~ tQ6Jtou~) 6uva!!H tl]~
O!!WV'U!-1-La~ nov ucp(otatm !!Eta~u twv /...~1]!-latwv serviette 1 xm serviettel 7. En(
nA.ov, no A.A.~ cpog~ xm !!OA.ov6tL n !!Etacpgaon w~ xEL!!Evo acpoga ngwtLotw~ w

23 Mw; TO Emf:\Ef:\ULWVEL 0 E dward SAPIR, Language, OEA.. 234, yw TOV cpOLTTJTll TTJ~ fA.woooA.oyla~, ana
wxuu xm yw wv [LEtacpgaorlj: The linguistic student should never make the mistake or identifying a
language with its dictionary.
24 ng[:\A.. LYONS, Semantics, r. I, oEA.. 22: As the term is commonly defined, homonyms are said to be
words (i.e. lexemes) which have the same f"orm, but differ in meaning. (... )homonyms are lexemes all of
whose forms have the same f"orm r. II, oEA.. 550 m.- ngBA. mloTJ~ MTIAMTIINIQTH, ecwQ17nx1) n.waao).oyia, OEA.. 147 EJt: XAPAAAMTIAKH, NWEAA17VLX6c; J\6yoc;, OEA.. 19 Elt.
25 A~l~EL, VO[LL~OU[LE, TOV XOJTO va OLaf:\aOOU[LE OE aUtE~ n~ lTQWtE yQa[L[LE~ TTJ~ EQyaola~ [La TTJV ELOaywyLxlj, ana xalgLa JTaQatllQTJOTJ toU BENVENISTE, Prob/emes de linguistique generate, t. I, OEA.. 28
m.: Le langage offre le modele d'une structure relationelle, au sens le plus Iitteral et le plus comprehensif
en m~me temps. II met en relation dans /e discours des mots et des concepts, et il produit ainsi, en
representation d'objets et de situations, des signes, distincts de leurs referents materiels. II institue ces
transferts analogiques de denominations que nous appelons meraphores, f"acteur si puissant de
I 'enrichissement conceptuel. II enchaine les propositions dans /e raisonnement et devient J'outil de Ia
pensee discursive, Jjrm: 17 y).d.Jaaa Ir()oaq;iQEL cvwm6v 11ac; ro JrQ6rvno !ltac; axwwx()anxl)c; DD!ll)c; !1E
T17V JrLO Xara y(>a/1/10 Xat OVV6/1a !1f T17V JrLO JrEQLeXTLXI) EXDOXI) TOV O()OU. LVOXETi/;cL I)TOL, OTOV EXqJE [!0!-lfVO ).6yo, Aif;ctc; XaL EWOLEc; Xat JrOQ6yEL ETOL, 0t' avaJra(>aaraacwc; OVTLXEL/1EVWV Xat Jrc()LOT60EWV, 01711Eia OAOOXEQWc; DWXQLVO!lfVO an6 ra VALX6 E/1JrQ6y11ara avrLXQV0/10T6 roue;. 'EQXETaL 17 y).d.Jaaa xm Eyxa8tDQUEL nc; ava).oytxic; cxcivec; !1ETa{3t{J6aeu; ovo1taatwv, nc; onoiec; anoxa).ovw wraq;oQiic; Xat OL OJrOicc; EiVat JraViOXV[!Oc; Jra()ayovrac; EWOLOJrAOOTLXOV E/1JrAOVTW/10V.LVVEiQEL 15 nc; Jr(>Oraaetc; 11iaa arovc; avUoywllouc; xm yiverm rat ro EQya).Eio rou xara ).oytxl) na()aywyl) aroxaa1wv.
- BA.. JTEQULTEQW MORRIS, Writings on the General Theory of Signs, OEA.. 23 EJt: WAUGH, Roman Jakobson 's Science or Language, oEA.. 17: With respect to a semiotic entity, one can understand neither the
entity itself" nor any given part of it nor any changes which might take place within the entity without
asking the fundamental question: why does it exist? What end does it serve? What is its function?
26 rwur6 noA.u owora anoxaA.El o FOLENA, Volgarizzare e tradurre, oEA.. v11, tTJ [LEtacpgaoTJ operazione
universale (anzi costitutionale a/linguaggio umano perche inscritta nella statuto dell'arbitrarieta del
segno).
27 LTTJV ngawanx6tTJta, BEBma, liEv Elvm VtA.<il anooacpTJVLOfLEVO, av EV JTQOXELfLEVW EXOUfLE JTEQlmwOTJ "O[LWVU[Lla" "noA.UOTJ[Lla", OEOO[LEVOU 6n w XQLTllQW OWXQLOEW [LEW~U "O[LWVU[Lla" XUL "noA.UOTJ[Lla", JTQOTOU 1iwrum.o8El to ng6f:\A.TJ[LO 8WQTJnxa, liEv Jjoav 1Elvm aocpaA.Jj xm ar-taxTJw.
TTJ
OXHLXll litaXQLOTJ f:\A. EVOELxnxa LYONS, Semantics, t. II, OEA.. 550 Elt.- ngBA.. EltLOTJ MTIAMTIINIQTH,
eewQ17TLX1) D.waao).oyia, OEA.. 14 7 Elt: XAPAAAMTIAKH, NWEAA17VLX6c; J\6yoc;, OEA.. 19 Elt.

34

rw

Tl EINAI H 0EQPIA KAI H IlPA~H

TH~ METAct>PA~H~;

arwmVO!.UoV028 ' owv yVTlX6 XWDlXU Wll OJtOLOll EXOVV YYQa<pL 6/...a ta xaQaXtT]Qlonxa YVWQLO!!ata tT]~ '\Dtof...oy(a~" Wll JtQW'WtUJtOll XH!-1-EVOll, aDllVaWU!-1- JtavtAW~ va !!ELa<pQUOOll!! axQal0 to OTJ!!alVO!!EVO V6~ OTJ!!Lov- avt6, 6!-tw~. 8/...a va
mL 6n, VW DV !!JIOQOU!! va !-1-ELa<pQUOOlJ!! allt6 JtOll OT]!!aLVH (signigication) tOOT]!!ELO, !!JIOQOU!! va !!Ha<pQUOOlJ!! allt6 JtOll JtQOODlOQLsttm (designation) an6 W OT]!!ELO xm Dla Wll OTJ!!LOll29 . fwvt6 xm otT] !!Et<l<pQaOT] tT]V an6f...vtT] JtQOtQm6tT]ta
tTJ DlXDlxL xat' aQxr)v TJ OlatrlQTJOTJ Wll OTJ!!aOlof...oyLxou JtQlXO!!EVOll 30.
KLtm JtEQav Jt~OTJ~ a!!<pW~T]ti]ow~ ~o yyov6~ 6n !!la onmaDi]Jtot yf...wooa (dvm
8oT] va) f...1;lXUH (to Iexicalize) voiJ!!ata JtOll Dv f...1;lxuovtm O !-1-WV af...AT]v
OJtOWDtlJtOtE yf...wooa 31 T] JtAEOV owi]8T]~ JtQLJttWOT], JtOll aJtOtAEL, OT]!!HWtEOV, xm
w nMov tEtQl!!!!EVo naQ<lDHY!!a oE 6/...E~ oxEMv tl~ "Ewaywy~ otT] nwooof...oy(a",
ELvm allti] tT]~ yf...waaa~ EXELVTJ~ JtOll DEv Dla8ta Mi;TJ!!a yla tT]V an6DooT] Ev6~ lDlaLtEQOll VOtl!!aW~, rnaDr) O!!lAELtm OE !!EQO~ tOll XOO!!Oll, OJtOll W lDlaltQO aVtlXEL!-1-VO- r) ta!;a~ avtlXH!!Evwv - anf...w~ DEv ll<pLotatav DEv llJtUQXH DE xf...amx6tEQTJ ava<poQa aJt6 avtr)v Wll AEi;t'l!!a'W~ "XlOVl" OE yf...WOOE~ O!!lAOU!-1-EVE~ OE XWQE~ tT]~ tQOJtlxr)~ A<pQlXtl~ 32 . Aly6tEQO tEtQl!!!!EVO, af...f...a tT]~ allttl~ <pUOEW~ !!E to a!!EOW~ JtQOTJYT]8v, EVQUtata DE yvwot6, E(vm to JtaQ<lDHY!!a tT]~ yf...waaa~ EXELVTJ~. JtOll JtaQEXH f...El;lxi] avayvwQWTJ a HDlxa JtQo"L6vta tEXVTJ~ I tXVOllQYiJ!!ata, OE a<pT]QTJ!!EVE~ wmEc;
tl OE XOlVWVlXOUc; 8EO!!OU~, yla toll~ OJtOLOll~ DEV ll<pLOtaVtal - XUtl JtOll Q!!T]VUEtal
!-1-E 6QOll~ xollf...WuQa~ xm nof...mo!-1-0U- avt(otmxa, "woMva!!a" f...Ei;iJ!-1-ata OE af...f...~

28 nQ~A. MESCHONNIC, Pour Ia poetique II, OA. 365: La traduction com me texte est un travail dans les
chaines du signifiant. Elle produit un texte si ce qu 'el/e produit ne se construit et ne se maintient que
dans /'ambivalence du signif1ant avec une logique de l'identite du signe, conflit entre texte-depart et
texte-arrivee. On pose que l'ideologie du texte s'inscrit dans les figures du signifiant. On pose que les
figures du signit1ant s 'ordonnent selon quaere necessites: I. dans et par Je texte com me systeme; 2.
el/es font systeme; 3. le texte se constitue com me con17it entre ses deux Jogiques, qu 'if y ait renforcement du Meme ou degagement d'un Autre; 4. /es figures du signit1ant sont organisatrices du texte, de
Ia petite a Ia grande unite. C'est le rapport entre le texte-depart et l'intertextualite du traducteur, son
historicite, qu 'on appel/e ecriture d'une lecture-ecriture.
29 fw tT] ~HUXQWT] !-(1:Cl~U "signit1cation"xm "designation"BI.. BENVENISTE, Problemes de linguistique
genera /e. t. I, o1.. 289m.- ngBA.. VINAY 1 DARBELNET, Stylistique comparee de franfais et de
I'anglais, oEA.. 37: Le traducteur ( .... )part du sens et effectue toutes ses operations de transfert /'interieur du domaine semantique.
-30 ngBI.. DARBELNET, Niveaux de Ia traduction, oEA.. 14: Les acrobaties verbales aux depens du sens sont
proscrire en vertu du principe (... ) selon /equelle premier devoir du traducteurest de respecter /e con-

tenu semantique.
31 EvtEAW~ VIlnxnx6. Bt.. CLARK, The Lexicon in Acquisition, 0A. I.- ngBA.. TOV JtQOBATJ!-(atL0!-(6 TOU
CULLER, Saussure, OEA. 21 m.: If language were simply a nomenclature for a set of universal concepts, it
would be easy to translate from one language to another. One would simply replace the French name for a
concept with the English name. lf'language were like this task of learning a new language would also be much
easier than it is. But anyone who has attempted either of these tasks has acquired, alas, a vast amount of
'&irect proof that languages are not nomenclatures, that the concepts(... ) of one language may differ radically
from those to antother. (...) Each language articulates or organises the world differently. Languages do not
32

simol y name existing categories. they articulate their own. OL rnLOT]!-(avow; Elvm llLXE~ !!Cl~ngBA.. SAPIR, Language, OA. 234.

35

0!!0Uc;, VO!!LXEc; avnAi]'\jJELc;, 8QY)OX1J'tLXc; 6ol;aOLc; X.'t.6. 34 , dt, nc; JtQLOOO'tQc; cpoQfc;, 6avnl;,6!!EVYJ A.l;nc; (:n:Q~A. tLc; "EAAY)VLxc;" Ml;nc; QWTWQav, ).~~tyvx, ifAOvr~~v.
xaQaXiQt, {36[v]rxa x.A.:n:.) d 't, o:n:avL6tQa, a:n:ov1-Lovrac; vo v6n11a a i]OY)llcpLOt<i!!vo Msn!!a (:n:g~A.. nc; yaAA.Lxi]c; :n:goA.Euowc; Ml;nc; ifOvarxm cpovQQdJ).
To yyov6~, xata JtQWtoV, 6n- OU!!CflWVa !!E 'tl]V AEYO!!EVYJ "Standard Theory", i]toL
'tl]V "Ka8LEQW!-LEVY) 0WQLa" toll Noam Chomsky, 6:n:wc; 0Latll:rtW8Y)X to 1965 Oto
~L~ALO toll Aspects of the Theory of Syntax- yLa xa8 cpllOLXi] yA.waaa llJtUQXEL "A.El;Lx6" a:n:agnl;,6!!Vo a:n:6 to ouvoA.o twv A.El;Lxwv !!OQCflll!!<itwv nc; yA.waaac;, xa8va a:n:6 1a o:n:oLa :n:agwtavnm we; ouvoA.o 6wcpogo:n:mnnxwv AEl;LA.oyLxwv xagaX1Y)QLOnxwv amLxovLl;,6!!Vo ll:n:6 !!OQcpi] onf..oa6ouc; 6ta!!L6ac;, to ycyov6c;, xma
6u1QOV, 6n !!La yA.wooa !!JtOQd va A.El;LxuL voiJ!!ata, ta o:n:oLa 6v !!JtOQouv va
A.El;Lxll8ouv a xa:n:ow aA.A.n yA.wooa 35 , xm to yyov6c;, xma 'tQLtov, 6n n O!!wvu!!La xm n :n:oA.llOY)!!La 36 a:n:otEA.ouv yA.woooA.oyLxa cpmv6!!Va a:n:av"CW!!EVa a 6A.Ec;
nc; cplloLxc; yA.waac; !-LEV, :n:A.nv 6!-LW~ OllOXEQW~ i], !!<iHov, 6L6A.oll !!ELacpEQO!!EVa
a:n:6 !!La yA.wooa 0 xa:n:mav aA.A.n 37 , a:n:O'tEAOUV 'tOllc; Mo XUQLOllc; Myollc;, yLa toll~
33 nQ~A.. INGO (1993), Meaning- A Challenge forthe Translator, oA.. 132.
34 nQ~A. . QUADRI , Aufgaben und Methoden derOnomasiologischen Forschung, aA.. 153.
35 LWOt6. EJtLOTl[1ULVL V nQOXEL~EVW T] CLARK, The Lexicon in Acquisition, OA. I , 6n the lexicon, as a
result, offers a unique window on the process of acquisition for language as a whole.

36 H no A.UOTJ!lla, il>taltQa, 81\tEL n6.vtotE 1\va ~q6.A.o xm xalQw ~1\Tn~a: m.i>t; ~oQEl va Elvm o !lEtaqJQaotrjt; ~E~aLOt; OTL tO VOT]~a, nou EXEL0 lliwt; OTO YOU TOU XaL Xata8EtEL OTO !1EtCtqJQao~6. TOU, (8a) ELVaL
to lliw ~E am6 nou (8a) xouv xm 6om axouoouv I 6La~6.oouv tTJV noA.uon1111 A.E~n; At; n6.QOWE tTJV
ayyA.Lxri AE~TJ line: TJ AE~TJ amrj, wt; yvwot6v, Elvm xm Qrilla xm ouoLaonx6, liLa8EtEL liE t6oo wt; Qri!la,
6oo xm wt; ouowonx6 nA.rj8ot; von~atwv, 6nwt; ~OQOU~E avEta va l'namonilooullE !1 !lLav anA.ri Ilana ota liL6.qJOQa AE~LX6. tT]t; ayyA.Lxrjt; yA.<ilooat;. AVU!lEOa ota VOri!lat6. tl'\t; Wt; OUOLaOtLXOU un6.QXOUV .
xm ta " line of trees", "line of sight", " line of battle", "line of duty", "line of rope", "line of argument",
"line of type", xm " line of poetry". Av !lEV OL XQriOELt; tOU line ouvoliEUOVtaL an6 tOUt; OXETLXOUt; J(QOOIiLOQLO!lOUt; xm ta OU~AT]QW!latU lOUt;, T] liLUXQLOT] tOU OXEtLXOU vorj~atot; qJaLVEtaL EUXOAT]'IiEV Elvm
xa86A.ou EuxoA.n, 6~wt;, n oxEnxrj lit6.XQLOTJ ont; nQOt6.oELt; "They were behind the (sc. enemy) line",
'Two lines are missing" xm "She follows the (sc. party) line": n<ilt; 8a EvvorjoowE a!lEOWt; xm aoqJaA.<ilt;
6n nQ6XELtm yLa "line of battle", "line of type" xm "line of argument" avtlototxa;
37 To 1823 o August von Schlegel , wt; nQ<iltot; xa8nyntrit;. nou xm!\A.a~E tTJV 1\liQa tTJt; LavoxQmxrit; <PtA.oA.oylat; oto navmwtrillW tl'\t; B6vVT]t;, llEtEqJQaoE, wt; yvwot6v, o-::a AmLvLx6. (xm 6XL ota fQ!lavtx6.) tO LVIiLXO J(OLT]!la Mnayxa{3aryx{ra EJtEAE~E liE ta AatLVLX6. (TJ liEUtEQT] EmA.oyrj lOU !Ja rjtav ta
AQxala EAA.nvLx6.), yw va- 6rcwt; yQa\IJE- ~OQEOEL va anoli<iloEL to rcA.rj8ot; nov A.oyonmyvlwv xm
twv unmVLY!l<ilv tou oavoxQLnxou xEqt!\vou. LTJ~lELWtov 6n tl'\ AE~TJ "yt6yxa" tl'\ llEtE(jJQUO xat6.

36

L
";J;>npOJd;JJ 01 JiU!JdW;J1111 Sf ;Jl{ ;)JA1S pu11 1U;J1UO:J ;JSOI{AI1X;J1 ;Jl{1 01 S1J JI;)M S11 ';Ji11nJlU11J
UAIO Sf!{ 01 Jn]l{1f!J]Un ;JQ A11W 10111JSU!JJ1 ;Jl{.L "(""") UOf111JSU!J11Jll.fl{1f11J .JO U0f1S;Jnb ;JfOI{AI ;}1{1 01 ;JUO U111{1
sA!JM ;JJOW Uf JU11A;Jf;JJ Sf 'l(SfJffUtJ OJUf A/fJ01J!J}SfJ!JS P;J111JSU11JJ ;Jq AJP1111{ U!JJ .JJJSJf l{Jfl{AI '(..JJA!JJ1;JQ
11 Sf JOJ11JSU11J1 ;Jl[.L,) .. ;JJOJfP1111 'JJ01Jnp111.L, 'u11JlOJS U11fJ111/ Jl{J :suOf111JSU11J1 su AJ01J11JSfJrJsun
AJsno.uoJOu JJ11 suofJrJJSU11J1 'JnJl/1fl?l 10 'J11JJJfi PJJ111J-os :ll3 u;;z '{3D 'I 1 'sJfJU11W;JS 'sNOA"i "'{\Jou 6
"SJWJJ}XJ OM} JS;Jlj} U;JJM1Jq S}SfXJ UOf}IJJnpOW JJQ!JAfJJUOJ AJJA:J
"JJUrJJsqns J!JfnJf1111d AU11 p;JpOJJ mq 1111 suq JffU11lfJXJ JUrJJSUOJ l{Jfl/M WOJJ JJ1111l[J AJ!11P .10 pu11quoqs
f!Jtnboum Jlf1 'WO!Pf f!JU!Jq JO AJUJJJnJ Jl/1 JJ1Uno:JuJ ;JM ';JW;JJ1X;J JJl[JO ;Jl{J1V spJOM JO Jffvsn J11nJ!Q11l/
'frJJ{XJ{ Jl[1JJ;JAUf Af;JJIJJJQ!{Jp l{Jfl[M JO spunos U{111JJJ 01 SiUfU11;JW J{J;JWJ;Jlj l[JIJ111J l{J{l[M S;JfJ/;JJ
-11J1S J{JS{Jn!J '.. J;JQ11f/ JO AJlOJOl[JrJd, 11 PU!J ;}AI ;J{Od JUO 1V: 1L 1 "'{3D 'J;JQ!Jfl J;JJjV ~E!NI3.LS (1,01 ~'{0\J

-Tifl.D ~X11UOOH(l Ill 5llD)ll3 "'{11 ".. S;JJ~Pf.IU! SJJIJQ, SJ{1J 10W-f!-10W Jf JJJUJ '.. Jnb{W!JUAp JJUJ{IJA{nb;J.{,
JJ .. JJI;JWJO) ;JJUJfiJA{nbfi,J, JJJUJ J;J{JU!Jf11Q ;Jp JU;JWJAnOW un UOJ;JS UOf}Jnp1111 11J Jp ;JJf01S{l{,/
1UJpU11JS tnb 'Sf!S{Jd!JQJJ }U;JW{U!Jf!PU! 'JA{11JUJJ1{1J JW~W Jun,p SJJ()d XnJp S;JJ 1UOS J:J "1{JdS;J,J no
;JJ11J{11J 'JJU11Jlf!Jfi, I no fi1!/f!P!J IJf1fP JU;JW;JJ}nrJ '.. JJQ{/, ;JJfP ;JJ{111fi11!1 UOfJJnp1111 no ;Jf111fi11!1 U0!1Jnp1111
: Jnbtwfip11JrJ 111Qf!P un,p sJnbtWOUfJUrJ S;JWJJ1 SJJ su11p f!SOd JUJAnos JS;J uofpnp1111 111 JP
- Old ;J]

:p1 "'{30

;JW~JQ

';JJfnp111.L '1\I~IWG\11 0.01 9TID11Dr1ll'{\JOOll A01 "'{\JOllUDAfl(l(l31DX i\U1 ~1fl.D SOOIJ

uon0d:n;>13r1ll11DX DOD(!J'{A ll13r1 J;>X113XD no1 513cf\91lD Suo

J;>OOdmi\D U031(l0fl3 1D13i\)A fl.Oll9 '"1 "TI(l10D ,llfl dnx (l)1J;)XDODll "'{\J lPIOQWnH UOi\ i\01 D1J - "1101(11
- Ol(l)Ol 1101 5oopg 513 '5IIOA(}~ 1101 (IOX1q 1101 px11D10l11xvovX va31Jmq1 mo 5oApiLJ.yyoxooou 13AJ3rl
XJ(}

it '110151101\l}~ IIOl5XJDDf!JY/.. 511.1. 1XJ1C 5XJJDU(}D1XJYXJ1C 511.1. 5oopg 513 '0111191(1)01 OlD 50A~rillyyOXD001
it 5itlDXJOibXJ13rl 0 '1PJOQWilH AOl 3rl XJA(l)dJri(ID :13X(Il01D DA UA~riDD1C1\)XJlD1C 'A01D1Xpy
'it IJ.iXJA(I\)XJ 1VAJ3 XJ13l}l;JlfD001 itX11.DXJOibXJ13rl3l}l;JK 119 1VAJ3 [JpJOqWnH 1101]51J.r/tOlfl;J 511.1. Ol}IIOY

13AJ3rl XJ(}
-1101

-9KD1f:J : !>Z "'{3D '51J.ovaibp13W 511.1 itX111CXJ\)1V 11.1 mx DJO(l)3e IJ.w 11.01/../..~ooaII itX1/..oyoDD(l)YJ 'HZVW

-VVV33: I VIVV:l:.LVUW "'{\J J;>X113X3: - .. SO.Oi\(l} (lOX1\IA1 (101 513D}()D1\I SgX11UOi\ S}X1AO'{'{fl.D 5119llD
1DX (lOTI0111'{0ll (lOX1\Ii\1 n01U()J?\J D19llD 1D13AJ?1DX fl.Oll '(lOlfl.D 0.009 fl01UD1i\J;>cbr13 3()J?X 3D 13~J?101lll
ne o.oll o.oo9 nmllonocbJ;>nr1 ~X1\IDAor1 mx DJTIDDO<!J'{ J.. 310ll~qmollo 3D 31)30\J DA OlDA(l\ID ADl~ Sn:s:
ne 'mJx!.. 51!~?'{ Sll1DJDDr1llo 1!1 mJ.. ~x11o1ooenx 1DAJ3 vx/..91/.. llonocbx? ~x1cbooo'{1cb ll S~r1J..uo Sll ,cbv

c) S(l)3D<!J1ll103ll Sll1 5(l)J..9'{DAn Sll1 A<!JXoqx3 A(l)09cbmq i\(1)1 llo~ox ll'{ll'{'{l?lDX All1 3r1mx ll~?'! nJrl
3r1 5D)ODr1llo 3()J?X Sll1llollX]01D1li\D Alll 9llD ~A0'{1ll3U'{'{l? 13XOJ;>lln i\3\1 'll~?'{ D]TI OA9r1 mx D)TI 3r1 Sllo
- DOcbJ;>l3r1 SlllDDD(!J'{A lllD i\(l0()03cbD13TIDi\ i\OlDA(l\ID 1Di\)3 'fl.Ol(lOl X3 s(l) 'mx 53]DDr1llD S3'{JX10ll1DX
S?'{'{Oll Afl.01?9D1\I s~xmoxoAn:s: Sll1 5130J?ocbx3 5?x1cbooo'{1cb S?'{'{Oll 3r113AJn\Jr1o.o 31D(l)'{'{l? 5(l)ll9
'513~?'{ 10 i\1)3 (""") ollfll9l(l)Oll OlD 51!1 ~X101D]li\D 1Di\)3 fl.Olllli\)3X3 ll~?'{ 1!1 Somr1DJ;>OcbD13TI 0.01

J?lD10(l)X ll~?'{ 3()J?X 9llD DD?TI13~]0(l)i\ADi\D Di\ llD?(l 3D 1Di\)3 Di\ 13ll?Oll 'DDD{!J'{A UlJ;l'{DX 13~]0(1)1\A So
-10ll9 '5llonocbJ;>13r1 S~'{DX Smr1 5llA?TI0\13V (""") "fl.Oll(llOl(l)Oll 0.01 SD]Oi\i\3 Sill Slll(lDl S~1nn mx J;>'{'{D
'Sfl.O'{'{J;>X fl.Ol OA9rl1X9 llD1AA?DOOll 9llD (l)AJ;lllDODll11J?X 1Di\)3 Di\ fl.OllllDDOcbJ;>l3r113XOJ;>llfl i\3V "I!D
- ?()Ill ~lfl.D )3()D1i\031Di\3 13X? 1DX 13D~Oi\DlDX 13X? i\010ll9 9llD 0A9TI3Tifl.OA?TIDi\D Di\ 3TI(l0001l1i llDDOcb
- J;>13TI ~'{D)! "531lll9lfl.Dl Afl.O(l0\11Di\ 31D<!J '101? )3(lllr1oq i\fl.OX} fl.Oll 'i\(fl3\11 53]Tifli\(l)i\fl.O Afl.O~)llD3() i\3\1
53DD(!J'{J.. 53A3r1(l0'{1r1o 53oocbJ?1\110 S~r1J..uo 51! ,cbn 'SDO?ll 513 peXn DA O'{OXD(l\1 mAp o.oll o.oM? llcf\
-ll'{l?AD DTI(l)]~D ,lDX )3'{310llD llonocbJ;>13r1 H .. :13cbJ;>OA 0.01 i\(l)'{'{l? (l~D13TI fl.Oll9 '- [jrJUJnO[ UJI{JSf11JfSV
JJS{J11d W{ Jq!Jisnv UJljJS{JJ/;Jfl[J5 J;Jp JlUilffJljJJn;Jfi ;Jfp }nrJ JlnZdfi lfW "!JJfQ-J!JArJirJl[f/ JfP JJQ[J

:] "ll3 L91 "'{30 'A "1 'UJJ}fll/JS ;JJ{;JWWIJSJD '.LG108Wf1H NOA W[;Jlj[!A\ "'{\J- ~'{0101ll3 So.ox~r1 fl.O]lDDO
-31D)r1 ' [;Jjj;J[ljJS UOi\ W[;Jlj[!A\ OTifli\l)'J103ll i\01 '~lDDOcbD13r1 (l019cb'{3\ID i\OlD 31\fl(l(lllllD lp[OQWnH UOA
W[;llJI!A\ o !>Z81 fl.OJAfl.OI L 1 Su:s: s111SJfrJW mx !JJ!JSAW S!JJfnJrJ.f 'wnp;ns,{w 'O!JOAJP '11Af1J11 !JU!fdpstp
'otJrJUf1SJp 'otJrJJ!fdd!J 'Of1111fJJ;JXJ s(l) 101~ :o.oA?r113xJ..o.o o.o1 S(l)A9'{DAn So.oll9o1 S(loxu3oocbmq 01xo

6r"Ol(l)1:mic;wn "01U19X11D'IiA.ncllr AUlD mAp DA '53DD<)T'(A. 53ood:H)1Q Suo 53'1iDAc;tQOD1

S(!)x1A.0'(01DD'Iiuo ;:)PBJ nwpd 1D1AOAJDd:> A(l)3~?'( A(I)D9 mn'li~oA D'(JX10lt mo .DD3'1i
-"I)JAD peXnonX Ao.oX? o.o1t 'mo9 m11919 'sr138D3'(3111t3 DA AOlDAc;tQD S(!)'(31A3 mu19x
-11D'IiA.DOlt AUlD 1DA13 'DlD'Ii~11D 1)JX11U801D 31'),0 53XA.1)JAD 5?X1A3TI13X11AD 5?1XO"Olt0.
31c;to p1o1toAnx1 A3Q 119 o.o1 ADO?lt "uonod:>1)>13'1i u~?"X "I)JlDX, UA3'1i9A.3'( u So.oJOlto
::m&Vd<I>Vl3W :rHl H~VdU H IV)! Vld538 H IVNI3 Il

6n TJ yaAA.Lx~ yA.wooa yQa!l!lanxonoLEt unoxgEwnxa tTJ OL<iXQWTJ !!ELa~u "being

seated" xm "taking up a sitting position", tTJ i'lL<iXQWTJ, ~LOL, !!ELa~u "xa8o!lm" xm
"xa8t1;w", ngoxgtvovw~ LOu~ tunou~ "etre assis" xm "s'asseoir" avttowLxa, xm
a<p' ngou ow ng6SATJ!la tT]~ ow<poga~ w~ ngo~ tT]V EmA.oy~ tT]~ xatT]yogta~ wu
XQ6vou tou Q~!laTo~ [: "s'assit", "s'est assis(e)", ~ "s'asseyait"]. A!low~ !lOAL~ (tuxov) ~EnEgaowuv ta Mo ava<pEQ8vta ngoSA.~!lata, avaxuma vo ng6SA.TJ!la: nw~
!!Eta<pga1;nm ota yaAA.Lxa TJ x<pQaOTJ "the cat"; Q~ "le chat" - 6mg OTJ!latva 6n
YVWQLS01J!lE 6n JTQOXELtaL JTEQL yarov ~ 6n EL VaL aOLU(j)OQO LO (j)UAO LOU 1;wou- ~ W~
"Ia chatte" - ng<iy!la nou <pavEgwva 6n Myo~ ytvEwL yw 817Awaa yara: To yqov6~ OtL OL faAAOL XQTJOL!lOJlOLOUV tT]V EX(jJQa<JT] "Ia chatte", 6tav 8A.ouv va !lLMoouv
yLa 8TJA.uxLa yata, Evw m AyyM<pwvm OTTJV tow nEQtntwoTJ OEv XQTJOL!lonoLouv
anagmt~tw~ !lLav EX(jJQa<JT] wu tunou "tabby cat" 40 , OTJ!latva 6n ta A.E~~!lata "cat"
xm "chat" dvm xataOT]A.wnxw~ !lTJ woMva11a (denotationally non-equivalent).
MoA.ov6n w oo8v nagaoay!la Etvm E~mgmxa tELQL!l!!EVO, naQa!lEVH aog6tma
xagaxtTJQLonx6 twv OLa<pogwv xma6T]A.woEw~ nou naQatTJQOUvtm !lEta~u tJLa<p6gwv oxEnxw~ "woouv<i!lwv" A.~Ewv 6XL 116vo ow ayyA.Lxa xm w yaA.A.Lxa, aA.M xm,
mutatis mutandis, oE aAA.E~ yA.wooE~. Ava!l<ptSoA.a TJ !lEt<iqJQa<JT] tT]~ x<pgaoT]~ "the
mat" ELVaL JTEQWOOtEQO EVOLa(jJEQOU<Ja XaL-,-- a~ !la~ ooed T] aoaa va JTOU!lE- JTEQW(JOtEQO "nQwt6tUJTTJ". Am6 to "the mat" - EQWtatm - tt Etvm; Etvm "door-mat",
on6tE TJ yaAA.Lx~ ava<poga wu dvm "paillasson", ~ !l~nw~ ng6xatm yLa "bedside
mat", OJTOtE EXOU!lE va XUVOU!!E !lE "descente de lit"; Na dvm taxa "carpet", XaL, aga,
to avttXQUO!l<i wu ota yaAA.t,xa va Etvm "carpette", ~ !l~nw~ dvm anA.w~ "small rug"
XaL, aga, Ota yaAALXa aVLLOTOLXEL JTQO~ 'tO "tapis" - yLa va JTEQLOQLOLOU!!E OE aut~
!!OVO LL~ EXClOXE~; Km !lOVO 0 tQOJTO~ ClLatUJTWOEW~ TWV EQWtT]!lUtWV agxd va !la~
ayayEL OLO OU!lJlEQaO!la OLL yLa TO OUVOAO tWV Oo8VtWV ayyALXWV AE~T]!lUtWV
{"door-mat"' "bedside mat"' "carpet"' "small rug" l VaL !lEV OT]!!LOUQYELtaL eva OUVOAO
yaA.A.Lxwv AE~TJ!l<itwv { "paillasson", "descente de lit", "carpette", "tapis"}, 6rrou O!!W~
40

I1a ayyf..cx6. /,E~cx6., 6:n:wc; :n:.x. ow GOVE (E:n:LIJ-.), Websters Third New International Dictionary of' the
English Language Unabridged,< . 2, oEf... 2324, 6ca!)6.~owE, 6~J-wc;, 6n, IJ-E'ta~u 6./..f..wv, tabby cat Elvm
(. ..) 2. a: domestic cat having a gray or tawny coat striped and mottled with black and with the individual
hairs variously banded and barred. b: a domestic cat; esp.: a female cat <tabbies and toms>. Av gl~01JIJ-E,
nilga, IJ-W IJ-UU6. OE EVa ayy/..oyaf..Acx6 AE~LXO, :n:.x. O'tO MANSION (EJUIJ-.), Harraps Standard French
and English Dictionary,<. 2, oEf... 1273, ea 60UIJ-E 6n tabby cat Elvm ! . chat mouchete, tachete, tigre,
raye; 2. chatte.

38

Tl EINAI H 8EQPIA KAI H IIPA3H TH2: METMPALH2:;

xa[L[LLa arr6 n<; yaA.ALx<; A.E~a<; 6fv xa 111v (6La xma6i]A.won !Lf orroLo6i]Jt01f arr6
1a ayyA.Lxa Af~i][Law. To xa8f ouvoA.o Af~ll!La1wv 6LaLQfL i], xaM1fQa, xmnyoQLOJtOLfL va OUYXfXQL[LEVO [LEQO<; LOU OU[LJtaV10<; 10U OLXLaxo'IJ E~OJtALO[LOU [Lf 1QOJtOU<;
6La<pOQfLLXOU<;' a[Lcp01fQa 6f W OU01i][Lma XaLl]YOQLOJtOLi]OECD<; ELVaL, xa8' 6 aOU[L[Lf1Qa, avmagxi] LOUAUXLOLOV yLa 1l]V "OQ8i]" [Lf1acpgaon 111<; JtQOWOl]<;.
Am6, ~~ma, 6fV Ol][LaLVfL 6n 6fV !LJtOQOU[Lf va [LfWcpQaOOlJ!Lf 01a yaAALXa (i] XaL
Of OJtOLa6i]JtOLf af..An YAWOOa) 1l]V EXcpQaOl] "the mat"41 xa8f aAA.o! L\L01L, 01aV [Lfl"acpQasOlJ!Lf - XaL, fV JtaOl] JtfQLJtLWOfL, f6W 1fAOU[Lf fV YVWOfL OLL 1l]OLLY!LiJ ami] XO[LLSO[LfV yA.avxa de; 'Ae~vac; - , au16 rrou xavowf, fLVm va xa8oQ(s01J!Lf, 6oo LO 6uva16v xaA.U1fQa ~fXLVWV1a<; rravL01f arr6 LO context42 , arr6 w ouvucpmv6[LEVa43) LOV
1QOJtO, [Lf 10V OJtOLOV w avacpfQO[LEVa 010 JtQO<; [LELacpgaon XEL[LfVO aVLLXfL[LfVa44 ea
[LJtOQOUOav va 6LaLQf80UV Of XaLTJYOQLE<;45 , va XaLllYOQLOJtOLl]80UV 6nA.a6i] fJtL 111 ~a
OfL 1CDV OQCDV fVO<; xma LO [LaAAOV i] i]HOV O[LOLOU, ana JtOAAE<; cpOQE<; "aLOJtOU" "aLOrrou" urr6 111 [La8n!LmLxi] I A.oyLxi] vvma LOU 6gou- oumi][LaLO<; 6LaXQLOfwv 6fv
A.no!LOVOV[Lf, wo16oo, 6n xm n rrgaxnxi] au1i] ouxv61ma EmcpEQfL aJtOLEAEO[La1a
OXE66V a[LfAl]1Ea<; 1a~ECD<;, L6LaL1EQa 6f Of EXELVE<; 1L<; JtEQLJtLWOEL<;, OJtOU fAAEL'\jJEL 60[Lll<; JtAl]QOcpOQLWV JtQOEQXO[LEVCDV EX HDV OUVUcpaLVO[LEVCDv46 , a61JVaLOU[LE va OWOOU[LE AE~Lxi] arrav1non ma avacpu6[LEVa sl11i][Lma xm avayxat6[La01E va arrocpao(oou[LE fV1EAW<; [La fV1fAW<; au8a(gna Of rroLa arr6 nc; 6LacpoQf<; fvaA.A.axnx<; [Lfl"acpgaonx<; fx6oxc; - avay6[LfVf<; 6A.E<; oE va yA.womx6 !Ll11QWO (register) 47 - 8a 6w-

rw

w; Ol]f!UOL tou A~1][latos; autou BA.. GOVE (Em[!.), Websters Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged, t. 2, OA. 753 y~a TL otOOXE tou ota yaAA.~x6. BA.. ATKINS
1 DUVAL 1 MILNE, Collins-Robert French -English, English-French Dictionary, OA. 367.
42 ITgBA.. VION, Langues et systemes de signes, OA. 62: II est banal de rappeler que I 'influence du contexte j oue
a I 'interieur de I 'enonce sur le sens de /'unite. Le mot tete qui peut vouloir dire visage, cerveau, tout ce qui
est au-dessus du cou, chef, etc., verra son sens precise par /e contexte : il fait une ch:ole de tete, il a mal Ia
tete, il a coupe Ia tete de son ennemi, il a pris Ia tete des arrnees.- ITQBA.. rniol]t; SELESKOVITCHI LEDERER,
Interpreter pour traduire, oEA.. 44 m. LAROSE, Theories contemporaines de Ia traduction, OEA. 86 m .

41

rw tl]Y an6oool] tou 6gou "context" I "contexte" I "Kontext" I "contesto" ngon[lciJ toY 6go "ouvucpmYOflEYa" - f!EQ~XE OE cpoQE tOY 6go "ouyxEi[!EYO"- aYtL tou EUQEW OLUOEOO~~EYOU "ou[!cpQa~6[1EYa", O~OTL xm XUQLOAEXTEL xm ELYUL XO[l\j!OtEQO.
44 LU[!cpWYa [!E tOY MARTINET, Langue et fonction, OEA. 36, un element linguistique n 'a reelement de sens

43

que dans un contexte et une situation donnes: en soi, un moneme ou un signe plus complexe ne comporte
que des virtualites semantiques dont certaines seulement se realisent dans un acte de parole determine.
45 ITgBA.. CATFORD, A Linguistic Theory of Translation, OEA. 83: The concept of a "whole language" is so
vast and heterogenous that it is not operationa!fy useful for many linguistic purposes, descriptive, comparative, and pedagogical. It is therefore desirable to have a fiamework of categories for the
classification of"sub-languages" or varieties within a total language. 0~ EJILOl]f!CtYOEL E(ym o~xe<; flU.
46 ITgBA.. VION, Langues et systemes de signes; OA. 62: II a ete c/airement etabli que /es langues
parviennent a une economie considerable du nombre d'unites significatives en laissant au contexte eta
Ia situation /e soin de preciser I 'inflnite des nuances semantiques.
47 ITQBA. OXET~x6. HALLIDAY I MciNTOSH I STREVENS, The Linguistic Sciences and Language Teaching, OEA.
87: The category of register is postulated to account for what people do with their language. When we
observe language activity in the various contexts in which it takes place, we find differences in the type of
language selected as appropriate to different types of situation. Llif!cpwya OE ~~ tl] o~atunwol] tWY
GREGORY 1 CAROLL, Language and Situation, OEA. 68, the more typical or stereotyped the situation, the
more restricted will be the range of options from which chaises in the field, mode and tenor can be made.

39

~QH tO- we; nQoc; ta XQOvo/..oylxa OEOO!J.Eva tou nQwtotunou XH!J.EVOU - axQl~Ec; wo-
Mva~-to tl]c; /..EslJc;, ta avtlXELIJ.EVa i] ta ycyov6ta, nou 8a avacpEQOVtm OE ami]v, 6Ev
8a acpiotavtm oxEMv xa86A.ou an6 tO nwc; ta nQooA.a~-t~avn o i6l0c; tl] otlYIJ.iJ nou
!J.EtacpQci~n, on6tE ELtE 8a A.ntoUQyow we; "avtixEc;", ELtE 8a Exouv EsaA.A.OLw8L 49 .
H 8EWQlJtlXi] ou/..AlJ')JlJ tou Qf11JVvmwv xvxA-ov i], xa/..'0tEQa, tl]c; Qf11JVvnx1]~
EA tXa~, 6nwc; tl]V nEQlYQcXCjlEl 0 Hans-Georg Gadamer, EOtlcX~tal Oto 6tl o av8QWn;oc; xata/..a~aLVH ta Jl:QcXY!J.ata !J.OVO EVt6c; tO'U Jl:AalOLO'U tWV EXcXOtOtE O'UV'UCjlalVO!J.EVWV touc;, Ev6c; n/..moiou - Ewodtm -, lJ unaQsll tou onoiou 6Ev tL8Etm un6
a!J.cpLO~i]tl]OlJso. LtoV !J.EV al;ova twv tEtay!J.Evwv tau EV Myw context, we; ouoti]~J.a
wc;, Ol]!J.ElcDVOVtal Ol LOtOQlXO-XO'UAtOUQaAlXEc; tl!J.Ec;, OtoV OE al;ova tWV tEt!J.l]!J.Evwv Ol ')JUXO-XOLVWVlXEc; tl!J.Ec;. 0 av8Qwnoc;, 6tav YVWQL~El XcXtl, tO an08l]XEUEl
oto yvwmx6 to'U 6uva!J.lX6, navta EV OXEOH nQoc; 6,tl EXH i]Ol] xataAci~H, 6nEQ Ol]!J.aLVH 6tl 6,n vEo yvwQL~OU!J.E, Enl]QQEcX~El nc; i]Ol] XEXtl]!J.EVEc; yvci.Jonc; ~-tac;, Ol6tl
to EQ!J.l]VEU01J1-tE51 . EnO!J.EVWc;, l] xa8 (ava)yVWQLOtlXi] Jl:QcXsl] !J.cXc; ayEl OE tQOJl:On;OLi]OElc; tl]c; yvci.Jol]c; ~ac; aEvawc; xm ~-tac; ~ya~El va ntQnata!J.E otouc; 6Q6~-touc; tl]c;
ElQl]!J.EV~~ atEQ!J.OVl]c; EQ!J.l]VE'UtlXrJc; OJl:ELQac;52.
EnH6i], we; yvwot6v, lJ xata6i]/..wol] Ev6c; A.EsiJ~-tatoc; nEQlOQL~Etm an6 nc; OXEOElc;
nou avamuooH to A.EslJ~-ta !J.E nc; EWOLEc; tou xm !J.E a/..A.a A.EsiJ~-tata tl]c; i6lac; y/..ci.Jooac;53, lJ xata6i]/..wol] tou "the mat"- yla va cnavE/..8ou!J.E oto naQci6ElY!J.cX ~-tac;48

49
50
51

52
53

ng~A.. TABER, Traduire Je sens, traduire Je style, oeA.. 59: C'est justement Je contexte qui permet dans Ia
grande majorite des cas de sa voir a que! sens de chaque mot nous avans affaire, au point oil Jes autres
sens ne nous viennent mt!me pas a I'esprit.
flg~A.. STEINER, After Babel, OEA. 45 En.
flQ~A. OTOV to~u~a tT]~ fA.woooA.oy[a~ MARTINET, Elements de linguistique generale, OEA. 34
MOUNIN, Les problemes theoriques de Ia traduction, aeA.. 35.
ng~A. . PIAGET, La prise de conscience, aeA.. 35 : Toute perception s'accompagne toujours d'une
interpretation.(. .. ) c'est cette interpretation (c'est-a-dire Ia conceptualisation d'une forme quelconque,
verbale au imagee) qui permet d'integrer Ia perception et qui, dans notre perspective, constitue sa prise
de conscience: sans elle, en effet, Ia perception quoique consciente a un degre "elementaire" demeure
evanescence, liT]A.alir]: xa()e :n:Q6aA.TJ1/JTJ avvo&verat :n:avm car61.uav EQJJ.TJVeia (... ), TJ be EQJJ.TJVeia avr~ (TJ
ewowavamaia ljrot rvxovro~ p.oQr:pwp.aro~. QTJp.anxov ~ caretxaanxov), exeivo~ axQt{3w~ o :n:aQ6yovw~ nov p.a~ mtrQi:n:et va oA.oxA.TJQwvovp.e w exaarore :n:QoaA.ap.{3av6J1.eva xm o o:n:oio~, p.iaa arT]&xl) J.W~ JT:QOOJT:TLXI), a:n:ore).fi TTJ OVVELDT]WJT:OLTJO~ TT]~: XWQi~ avrljv TJ JT:QOOAT/1/JTJ, J!OAOV6rt JJ.EXQL TL VO'
v:n:orv:n:wc5ov~ {3a()11ov evavvfic5TJTTJ, e!;axoA.ovBei va eivat r:pevyaA.ia xat aty6-aty6 a{31jvet.
flg~A.. ATLAS I LEVINSON, It-clefts, Informativeness, and Logical Form, OEA. 66: The "best"
interpretation of an utterance is the most informative one consistent with what is non-controversial.
flg~A.. LYONS, Semantics, t. I, OEA. 224 En.

40

TI EINAI H 6EQPIA KA I H IIPA:::H TH}; META<PPALH};;

JtQLOQl~Tm aJt6 T11Y VVOLax~ aYT(8w~ LOlJ 1-L 1a A~~~-tma "rug" xm "carpet" an6

111Y UAA11!-LEQL<i 11 xmao~A.wo11 LOlJ "paillasson" JtQLOQ(~nm an6 111Y VVOLax~ aYTlew~ 101) i-L Ta A~~1-LaLa "carpette" xm "tapis". LltY tlYal OlJYaLOY Ya 1JJt00111Ql~01J!-L
1-LE A.oyLxa JtLXLQ~i-LaTa o1m 6n 10 ayyA.Lx6 A.~111-ta "mat" EXH LQ(a YO~~-tma
(meanings), JtL0~ OTa faAALXU 1-LJtOQEL Ya ~-tLacpQaOTl 1-t TQla 1-111 OlJVWYlJI-La A~~
~-taTa: "paillasson", "carpette" xm "tapis", o1m, cpumxa, 6n LO yaAA.Lx6 A.~111-ta
"tapis" EXEL TQla YO~i-LaLa, JtLO~ OW AyyA.LXU i-LJtOQl Ya i-LLacpQaOTl 1-L 1Qla 1-111 OlJYcDYlJ!-La A~~1-LaLa: "mat", "carpet" xm "rug" xm wvw i'>L6n w YO~~-tma TCDY AE~ECDY
~UYOY1al aJt6 TOY 0CD1QLXO HQ!-LO xm aJt6 111 011!-LaOLOAOYLX~ i'>Oi-t~ 111c; yA.ci>ooac; 54 ,
OT11Y ono(a aY~xouY55 , xa8' 6ooY, 6nwc; ~-tac; OLO<ioxn xm o Jost Trier, xa8 yA.wooa
aQ8QcDYL 111Y JtQaY~-taLLX0111Ta xm 111Y ouo(a ("gliedert das Sein") 1-t 10 OLx6 t11c; TQ6Jto, 011!-LLOlJQYWYTac; 111 OLX~ 111c;, 111Y LOLa(TEQ~ 111c; 01)111 T~c; JtQay~-taLLX0111Tac; xm 111c;
ouo(ac; ("ihr besonderes Seinbild") xm LOQUOVLac; Ta OLxa 111c;, anoxA.Ewnxa xm 1-tOYaOLxa YO~~-taLa ("ihre, dieser einen Sprache eigentlimlichen, Inhalte") 56 . AJt6 111Y aA.A11!-LEQLU, JtUAL, am6 JtOlJ xaA.dLaL "JtQaY!-LaLLX6c; x6o~-toc;" EXEL XTL08( - xaAVTQa:
EXH 00~-t118l - OLOY 1-LEYLOLO ~a8~-t6 a01JYL0~TCDc; JtUYCD OTa 8~-tEALa TCDY YACDOOLXWY
01JY118HWY TCDY Jtl i-LEQ01Jc; XOLYCDYLXWY 0!-LUOCDY. TIOTE xm Jt01J8YU 0Y 8a ~QOUi-L
Mo yA.wooc; 16oo noA.u 6~-tOLEc;, WOT Ya d~-taOT o 8011 Ya uno8ww 6n XcpQa~OlJY aYLLJtQOOCDrC1JLLXU 111Y am~ XOLYCDYLX~ JtQaY!-LaLLX01111a. 0L XOO!-LOL, YT6c; TCDY
oJtOLCDY ~ow OL OLa<:pOQc; XOLYCDYlc;, lym x6o~-toL OLaXQLLOL an' aA.A.~f..wy OEY lym
o yac; xm !-LOYaOLx6c; x6o~-toc;, o1a OLacpoQa i-LEQ11 LOlJ ono(ou xow JtLXOAA118( OLacpOQTLxc; LLXEHc; yLa Ya LOY ayayYCDQL~OlJ!-L 57
Timot811o~ ~-tac;, JtUYTwc;, lym 6n 11 JtLO~~-taY011 OLacpOQWY 0111 A~Lx~ xwo(x1J011
TCDY JtL i-LEQ01Jc; aLO!-LLXWY ~ OlJAAOYLXWY Ei-LJtELQLWY YVQCD aJt6 LOY XOO!-LO xm 0 YLO JtLOi-LOc; OLa<:pOQWY 0111 AE~LX~ XaLUQ1L011 TCDY i-LEAWY TCDY EJtl i-LEQ01Jc; YACDOOLXWY XOLYOT~TCDY, XCDQlc;, ~~ma, Ya ~-tac; OlYOlJY LOY OQLO!-LO 111c; !-L1U<:pQa011c;, ~-tac; EJtLTQEJtOlJY
Ya xaYOlJ!-LE LO JtQWLO - (owe; OE 10 JtAEOY anocpaownx6 - ~~!-La JtQOOJtA<iowc; LOlJ
~111~!-LaLOc;. MLa yA.ci>ooa A i-LJtOQl Ya 0La8TL ya xm i-LOYO ya OYO~-ta, 010 OJtOLO
Ya xouY xw6Lxu8d JtAlOYa wu Y6c; cpmY6~-tYa, EYeD 1-LLa aA.A.11 yA.wooa B ~uwQd
EY aYaA.6yw JtEQLJtLWOH Ya 1-111 OLa8TL xayya 6Yo~-ta xm Ya JtQEJtH Ya "xa1acpuyn"
o JtQLcpQ<ioLc;, JtQOXH!-LEYOlJ Ya ag8gwoL xanoLo an6 1a cpmY6~-tYa ama58 fLa
Ya ag8gwoL A..x.11 ayyA.Lx~ yA.wooa 10 YQ~-taYLX6 6Yo~-ta Gemiitlichkeit, xmacp11yL

54 ITgBA.. AAVV ., Travaux du Cerc/e Iinguistique de Prague, t. I, <JEA. 26: On ne peut determiner Ia place
d'un mot dans un systeme lexical qu 'apres a voir etudie Ia structure du dit systeine.

55 ITgBA.. HJELMSLEV , Prolegomena to a Theory of" Language, <JEA. 29 EJt.

56 TRIER, Das sprachliche Feld, OEA. 429.- BA.. JtEQaLTEQW ROSIELLO, Linguistica e marxismo, <JEA. 27:
Assunta a livel/o di stmttura Ia linguae autonoma dai condizionamenti estemi, assunta invece a /ivel/o
d'uso Ia linguae soggetta ai condizionamenti dell'ambiente socioculturale; e a questa secondo live/lo
che e corretto stabilire un rapporto tra I'organizzazione dei singoli messaggi e Je istituzioni, e le
i deo/ogie sovrastrutturali di una determinata societa.
57 SAPIR, Selected Writings of" Edward Sapir in Language, Culture, and Personality, oEA.. 209.
58 ITgBA.. GADAMER, Wahrheit und Methode, T. II, <JEA. 229 EJt.

41

yaAAlXOU donner un coup de pied, 10 OlJl-lUOlOAOYlXO "mQlEXO!lfVO" U!lqJ01EQWV ELVat LO am6. Kat yw va llELVOW oLO ayyA.lx6 Qi]!la to kick, acpav1ao1a nona JtQO~AiJ!lma Ol]!llOUQYEL OLO !l1UqJQU01i] l] lOlW!lULlXi] I aoyxonxi] EXqJQUOl] to kick the
bucket, JtOU Ol]!lULVH uval;w ra ntra).a I JT8aivw, XaL l] XUQlOAEXLlXi] EXqJQUOl] to
kick the bucket, JtOU Ol]!lULVH UXQl~W<; XAWWcXW TOV uaDo (!lf LO VEQO, !lf LO yaA.a
X.An.) 01l]V JtQOLaOl] "The old man kicked the bucket". fVlXU !lJtOQOU!lf EV JtQOXH!lEVW va JtOU!l 6nLO xa8 onllamoA.oylx6 mNo (semantic field I semantisches Feld),
w<; ouvoA.o A./;lxwv AlJilllU1WV !lf l'navE!llJ!lEva JtUQlJVlxa voiJ!lma, xaA.umn !llav
EvvowA.oylxi] xwoa, mOE JtQoxumouo<; VOlJ!laTlXE<; oxol<;, nou ouvMouv 1a JtOlxtA.a A.El;lxa 1E!lUXla EJtL LOu JtEO[ou, OE[zvouv LOV 1Q6no, !lf LOV onoi,ov avanaQl01U1at l] EXUOL01f UJt6 aVLXVEUOl] EVVOlOAOYlXi] XWQa. Ta Ol]!lUOlOAOYlXU JtEOta !lUtL !lf LOU<; OQOU<;-!lEAl] LOU<; !lJtOQOU!lf, JtOll]LlXi] aOELa, va 1a 8EWQi]OOU!lf W<; JtEJtAO
01QW!lvo navw an6 1lJV EvvmoA.oylxi] xwoa, yvwoLOu 6vLO<; 6n vm !lEV m OlacpoQE<; yA.wooE<; oxEOlatouv LO "v1wv" 1wv nnA.wv LOu<; OlacpoQEnxa, XQlJOl!lOJtmwv1a<; n xa8E!lta Olacpoomx6 aQl8!l6 6Qwv navw OLO "oxOl6" 1l]<;, nA.nv O!lW<; 6A.E<;
l;nuA.tyouv xm anA.wvouv oMxA.noou<; LOU<; nnA.ou<; LOU<; navw o1nv to l a xwoa.
flam6 xm lJ !lE1UcpQaon OEv dvm Ouvm6v va E/;aV1AfL1at OLO va xoAA.a<; v<;
1lXELTf<; Of JtQUYilaTa i]on yvwo1a xa1' avayxnv JtQEJtH va avacpQLat xm oLO va
OUVl]8LOH<; va avaA.UH<; 01l] yA.wooa oou !lf 1QOJtO OWcpOQfLlXO 6,n EXfl xmao1L
avnxfL!lfVO yA.womxi]<; fmxolvwv[a<; 01lJ yA.wooa, an6 1lJV onoi,a !lf1acpoatnc; 60 .
TifQl11fUH, LOW<;, va JtOU!lf 6n "fJtlXOlV(J)VLa" Of 1fAlXi] avaA.uon fLVaL l] OlfXOLXl]Ol] 1l]<; JtQOOOXiJ<; LOU UAAOU Xat OLl, yw va fJtl1fAE08d "fJtlXOlVWVLa", JtQEJtH LO
OW!la 1wv fmxmvwvou1-1vwv JtAl]QOqJOQLWV va fLVat "onllavnx6" 61 , un61l]V vvow LOU va xouv m JtAl]QOcpOQLf<; ouoLaonxi] OlJ!laoi,a62 . KL fVW 6A.o LO nmxvtOL 59 I1g~l.. JOOS, Readings in Linguistics, art.. 96 HAGEGE, L 'homme de paroles, a1.. 47.
60 I1g~l.. MARTINET, Elements de linguistique generale, art.. 12, rv ava<pogci ngoc; t1']V X!!ci8non ~vwv
yl.wooti:Jv.
61 o T.A. SEBEOK, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Semiotics, a1.. 753, ogii;Et avnj Tl/V aJ,.JtJ/AEJUOQaanxrj
ouiaraan (interactional dimension) t11<; rmxoLvwvlac; we; ~1\c;: Linguistic actions of other speakers
participating in a communicative situation are the context of production of one's own discourse, acting
with a similar productive power, and so forth. H ai.Anl.rmbgaonxl\ ngoonnxl\, ciga, OU!-ll!A11QWVL t1']v
xmay6!!V11 an6 wv J.L. Austin Evaia8TJOTJ rov Of..UAEiv w~:; nga/;TJ (intuition of speaking as action).
62 I1 g~l.. SPERBER 1 WILSON, Relevance, a1.. vii, 103: To communicate is to imply that the information
communicated is relevant. (. .. ) The relevance of new infOimation to an individual is to be assessed in
terms of the improvements it brings to his representation of the world.

42

TI EINAI H 8EQPIA KAI H IIPA~H THI META<IlPAIHI;

~E Tr)V vvma nou 6Lvu ow "y/c(J)ooona(yvw" o Aou6o~Lxor; Wittgenstein -1TJ ~E1acpgaoT]<; na(~nm ow ~6AL avacpEQ8v mLnE6o, 10 EQcinT]~a "1L dvm ~nacpga
OTJ" El;axoA.ou8EL ax6~a (xm 8a El;axoA.ou8EL, vo~(~OWE, yLa nav1a) va ~TJ1U anaV1TJOTJ, 6L6n, OJt(() ~ar; A.u xm o Hans-Georg Gadamer, TJ 6La6Lxao(a 1TJ ~nacpga
OTJ E~EQLXAELH xma ~a8or; 6A.o to ~uonx6 1TJ xmav6TJOTJ LOU x6o~ou an6 LOV
av8Q(J)Jt0 XaL 1T] EJtLXOLV(J)VlU 1(J)V av8QWJt(J)V ~EOa 01a JtAa(<JLa 1T] XOLV(J)VlU,
XaL bLOLL T] ~ELU(j)QUOT] aJt01EAEl a6LaOJtU01T] EV01T]1U 1T] EV6La8E1T] 1UOT] va
ngomxovo~T]8ouv vvoLE Ev 6/c(J) xm 1TJ QTJ1iJ, 1TJ ExnEcpgao~vTJr; 8omoT]r; 1(J)V
JtQOOLXOVO~T]8HOWV EVVOLWV EV XH~EV(J)63.
MoA.ov6n ~OQOlJ~E, X(J)Ql xa~~La XQOV01QL~i], va EmxaA.w8ou~E xm va xmayga'\jlou~E EXULOV1U6E<; - l<J(J)t;, ~UAL01a, XaL XLALU6Et; - OQLO~OU JtUOT] (j)UOE(()
XaL (EJtL01T]~OVLXi]<;) XU1Uy(J)yijr;, OAOU LOU 6E UJtUV1T]HXOU OLO JtQOXQL~aLLXO
am6 EQW1TJ~a, ELvm xan naganav(J) an6 ~~mo 6n- 1m, wuA.axwLOv! - 6Ev ea
xa1a<pEQOWE Jt01E va ~a80WE 1l, 1EALXU, ElVaL (TJ) ~ELU(j)QUOT]! Km LOULO, 6L6H
avan6cpEux1a, 6oo xaA.ongoaLQELOL xm av 6ux8ou~E, ea JtQEJtEL va nagou~E oacpi]
80T] OLO "JtQOaLWVLO" XaL JtUVL01E "ErtlXaLQO" ~i]1T]~a: "1( ElVaL T] ~ELU(j)QUOT]; 1EXVTJ ij ErtL01i]~T];" 64 ... AJt6 1T] ony~i], 0~((), JtOU 1l8E1aL LO EQW1T]~a au16, 1l8EV1aL
XaL aAA.a EQ(J)1ij~aLa, ... EQ(J)1ij~a1a (j)UOE(() EQ~T]VEUHXi]<;: To JtQ(J)101UJtO 8a EQ~T]
VEU8El (() EQYO 1EXVT] i] 8a aJtOXQUmoygacpT]8E( (() EJtLOLT]~OVLXO 6E60~EVO; H 6La6Lxao(a xmavoi]OE(() LOU XH~EVOU AHLOUQYEl (() aL08T]1LXi] JtQOOAT]'\jJT] i] (() EJtL01T]~OVLXi] EVVOLOJtOlT]OT]; To xa8E ~ELU(j)QU~OV UJtOXEl~EVO SEX(J)QL01U, 1EAO, JtW
mo8avnm: (() xaAALLEXVTJ i] (() EJtL01i]~ovar;; ... AOXE1(() 6E LOU av aJt01EAE( T]
~ELU(j)QUOT] 1EXVTJ ij EJtL01i]~T], 1a EQya, JtOU JtUlQVOUV ~OQ<pi] A6you OLOV OU~av
1(J)V LOEWV ~E ~8060 ~nacpgaonxi], OLOLXELWVOUV ~La YEVW1?. H aAT]8Lvi] YEVEOT],
6~((), 6Ev oU-vav1a1m, 6Jt(J)t; ~ar; 6LMoxu o Egvowr; Bloch, 01TJV aoxiJ, aAA.a ow
1EAOt;65. El1E OE T] ~ELU(j)QUOT] ElVaL 1EXVTJ, El1E ElVaL EJtL01i]~T], ~OQEl va 6LXaLOAOyi]OEL XaL va 01T]QlSEl aJt6 ~OVT] 1T] vav OAOXAT]QO x/ca/)o LOU EJtL01T]LOU JtOU (j)EQH
to 6vo~a "onouC>Er; ~nacpga<JE(J)t;" ("translation studies")66;

63 GADA MER, Wahrheit und Methode, t. II, oEA. 205: Der Vorgang des Vbersetzens schlieBt im Grunde

das ganze Geheimnis menschlicher Weltverstiindigung und gesellschaftlicher Kommunikation ein.

Vbersetzen ist eine unlosbare Einheit von implizitem Antizipieren, den Sinn im Ganzen Vorweggreifen, und explizitem Festlegen des so Vorweggenommenen.
64 'Hiil] ota 1988 XUXAO(jJOQT]GE to ~L~ALO tOU J.L. MALONE !!E tOV EVIiELXHXO tltAO The Science of
Linguistics in the Art of Translation.- 8/.. tl]V f!.LJtEQLotatW!lfVT] "EQ!ll]VEunxi]" !lEAEtl] tou NOUSS,
Translation: Art or Science?, OEA. 53 EJt., 62, o on:oloc; qJLAOTEXVEl the portrait of the translator as an
artist. Bl.. xm tl]V n:gooeyywn twv LADMIRAL, La traduction comme linguistique d'intervention, oEA.
379 EJt., xm LAROSE, Theories contemporaines de Ia traduction, oEA. 36 EJt.
65 BLOCH, Tagtriiume vom aufrechten Gang, oEA. 77: Die wirkliche Genesis steht nicht am Anfang,
sondem am Ende.
66 ng~/.. LEFEVERE, Translation Studies, oEA. 234: I would like to propose the name "translation studies"
for the discipline which concerns itself with problems raised by the production and description of
translations.- ng~/.. EJtlol]c; HERMANNS, Translation Studies and a New Paradigm, oEA. 7 EJt: TOURY,
A Rationale for Descriptive Translation Studies, oEA. 16 EJt.

43

ogw~6 JtQL ~taq:>Q<iowc;, aA.A<i vav acpogw~6 JtQL tout( ~OQEL va E(vm YJ ~na
cpgaoT)- acpogw~6, EV n<ioTJ JtQlmwon, noAA.anA.wc; xoiJm~o yw nc; axoA.ou8ouoc;
ngooyy(onc; xm JtQot<'wnc; ~ac;, 6nwc; tov owtunwo o George Steiner: inside or

between languages, human communication equals translation. A study of translation is

a study oflanguage 67 ea ngoo8oou~ 6 6tl YJ ngay~anx6tT)ta tTJc; yA.wooac; dvm o

Myoc;, tov ono(o EX(j)EQH tva aQXlXO 'UJtOXL~vo xm tov ono(ov ngooOtxnm (: avayLyvwoxn i] axgoatm) 68 tva tAlXO 'UJtOXL~VO. Ol av8QWJtOl we; 'UJtOXEL~Eva to'U
Myou 6v E(vm anA.wc; m LOavLxo( no~o( xm 6Extc; JtAYJQO(j)OQlWV i] ta L6avLxa
tQ~atlx<i nou m~gya~ovtm WTJY~vc; yvlxc; ox'\jJnc; xm an6'1jJnc; dvm, noM
JtQl000tQO, ato~a- ato~a, 'UJtO tT)V JtQWtT) EtWOAOylxi] EXOoxi] tT)c; AE~llc;: i]tOl, f.lTJ
JTEQatTEQW TEf.lVOf.lEVEc; OVTOTTJTEc; -, Otl]V amcp81] lblaltEQOtT)ta tWV OJtOLWV aQXL~H
'U(j)l<Jta~EVT) T) yVlXOtT)ta tWV OXE'IjJEWV XUl tWV aJtO'IjJWv69 to.yyov6c;, aga, Otl ~(a
ox'\jJTJ i] ~(a ano'ljJll Ola8tH avtlXH~VlXi] wxu, xa8og(~nm an6 a(na xm VQyi]~ata 'UJtOXH~EVlXi]c; tU~Ewc;. LtOV to~Ea tT)c; ~EtUq:>QaOT)c;, Jt0~vwc;, dvm EV tEAH
avayxa(o 6nwc; ~EQ.lX<i ato~a ~ogouv xm Jtl8u~ouv va xcpgouv xm va ngoooxovrm vav Olagxi] Myo, ~la ygacpi] (ecriture) EYXQOVYJ 70, nou EOQmwvn yvlxc; ox\IJHc; i] an6'l!Jnc; ~ avnxn~Evlxi] wxu ~oa oto nA.a(mo tT)c; y A.wooac; v6c; aAA.ou 71

67 STEINER, After Babel, OEA. 47.

68 ng~l... tT]V nagan\QTJOTJ wu GUTT, Translation and Relevance, OEA. 30: Human communication
crucially creates an expectation of optimal relevance, that is, an expectation on the part of the hearer
that his attempts at interpretation will yield adequate contextual effects at minimal processing cost.
69 ng~l.. . POPPER, Ausgangspunkte, OEA. 105.
70 ng~/.. LADM!RAL, Towards a Philosophy of Translation, oE/.. 41: Translation is a mode of writing
(ecriture): literary translation is a literary genre, philosophical translation is philosophical writing, etc.
According to this, everyone translates in his I her own way, the way he I she is the writer he I she is- or
would like to be.
71 ngB/.. DERRIDA, De Ia Grammatologie, oEI... 88: L 'archi-ecriture, mouvement de Ia difference, archisynthese irreductible, ouvrant Ia lois, dans une seule et m/!me possibilite, Ia temporalisation, Je
rapport I 'autre et Je langage, ne peut pas, en tant que condition de tout systeme linguistique lui-m/!me,
/!tre situee comme un objet dans son champ.- ng~/.. en lone; FOUCAULT, Les mots et Jes chases, OEA.
364: Une science humaine (. .. )qui cherchera a deflnir Ia maniere dont Jes individus ou les groupes se
represent les mots, utilisent leur forme et leur sens, composent ce qu 'ils pensent, disent, leur insu
peut-/!tre, plus ou mains qu 'ils ne veulent, Jaissent en tout cas, de ces pensees, une masse de traces
verbales qu 'il taut dechitTer et restituer autant que possible leur vivacite representative.

44

1.1
Av ~ MEtacpgaa~ dvm "M~tL~",
totE tt Etvm o MEtacpgaat~~;
Der Sinn eines Aktes ist das als eine bestimmte Situation gegebene
Ensemble der Mdglichkeiten, an diesen Akt weitere Akte anzu schlieBen; d.h. der Sinn eines Aktes ist die Mann igtaltigkeit der
AnschlieBbarkeiten, die er erdffnet. Das ist glei chbedeutend mit:
Der Sinn eines Aktes ist sein Bezug auteine oder mehrere Stellen in
dem System, in dem er sich als Funktion erllillt.

JUrgen Frese 1

lANA ATIANTHLOYME, TIANTQI, OtO 0LAT][.q.Hmx6 EQrJHl]I-W av l] !J.Etacpgaal] ElVaL

tEXV'Y] i) EJtLOtll!J.lJ, JtQEJtEL va aJWVti)OO'IJ!lE JtQO'YJYO'IJ!lfVW Of EVa CtAAO EQrJH'Y]!J.a: t( e( vm to ogwv unoxEL!J.EVo t'Y]r; !J.Etacpgaanr; - o !J.Etacpgaati)r;: "nxv(tnr;" I
"xaA.A.Ltxvnr;" i) "ematl')!J.ovar;"; KL av n !J.Etacpgaan oev e(vm o1m !J.OVo txvn ou1E !J.Ovo EJtL01ll!J.TJ, aA.A.a ou1e xm 10- ar; 10 uno8aou!J.E, OL6n e(vm aouva10v va
un<'tQXEL! - auyxga!J.a 1wv Mo !J.EA.wv 10u OLA.l')IJ.IJ.aLO, xm EL vm anA.wr; am6 nou oL
IJ.EV agxa(OL 'EA.A.nver; ov61J.a~av "IJ.fiTL", 8A.ov1ar; va !J.LA.i)aouv auvoA.Lxa yLa 1'Y]V
~xav6r71ra xanowv av8odmov nEQi ro avf1f3ovAEVHV, TIJ aocpia, TIJ avvwn TIJV wcpvta xm TIJV navovoyia 2 , OL OE AyyMcpwvm anr; !J.EQE !J.ar; anoxaA.ouv craft 3, 8A.ov1ar; va tov(aouv av8QWJtLVE JtOL01'YJ1E 6nwr; cunning, trickery xm skill in
deceiving 4 , t61E - EQW1Ct1m -1( E(vm to ogwv unoxEL!J.EVO 11] !J.EL<'tcpgaanr;; H!J.l8E-

1 FRESE, Sprechen als Metapher fUr Handeln, o1.. 5 I.

2 Bf.. LIDDELl SCOTI I KQNITANTINJ~OY, Miya AE~txov rijc; 'EUJ]vtxfjc; rAwaaJ]c;, t. 3, OEA. 159 EJt.
3 To 1989 l6E to Cf'W tl'] bl']!J,OOLOtl']tac; TO EQyO tWV BIGUENET I SCHULTE !J, tOV xagaxtl']QWtLXO
tl tAO The Craft of Translation.
4 Bt.. HORNBY, Oxford Advanced Leamer's Dictionary of Current English, Al\!J,!J,a " craft".

45

traducteur, serait sans doute d'admettre qu 'il ne peut faire que mal, et des 'efforcer
pourtant dele faire aussi bien que possible, ce qui signifie souvent faire autre chose 9,

6l]"Aa6iJ 6tt ro :ruo cpQ6VLf.lO yw wv f.lEracpoaarrj ea rjrav aav~r)rr)ri va ano&xeci 6n

ro aaxr)f.lO f.16vo f.lJrOQEi va cpxtaaEL, va JrOAEf.laEL & war6ao va ro cpxtaaEL 6ao yivEWL xakurEQa, 6JrEQ noU~ cpoo~ 01Jf.laivEL va cpxtaaEL xan aUo. fL' am6w Myo
onotw6iJnotf an6JtLQf~ OQ8wv xm6. Baal] OQWflWV 6mu~ a translator is a bilingual
meditating agent between monolingual communication participants in two different
language communities 10 , fAaXWtl] a/;La xouv VOflLtOUflf. 0 [lEtacpQaatiJ~, ott6iJnotE

XL av ELVat, OQa W~ - a~ flU~ OUYXWQl]8fL TO VfOAOytx6 QiJ[la - rntxOLVWVO~ (avayvwOtl]~ iJ axQoatiJ~, flOV6y"Awooo~ iJ OLy"Awooo~) 11 nou OEXEtat aiJ[.tata yQanwu iJ JtQOcpoQtxou Myou Xat ta fJtsEQy6.sEtat, xae 6oov 6ta8Etft tl]V fJttXOLVWVtaxiJ txav6tl]ta (communicative competence) iJ, xaMtfQa, tl]V txav6tl]ta XQiJm:w~ tl]~ yf..waaa~
(Sprachgebrauchkompetenz) 12 rnH<'>iJ Of ta oiJ[lata autO. JtEQtxouv fllJvU[laLa xw6txonotl]flEVa Of xanmo Emxmvwvtax6 ouotl][la, to onoLo 6Ev tautLsEtat xm' avayxl]v xm Es OQta~tou 1-tf to 6tx6 tou 13 , o [lftacpQaotiJ~ tl]V xaAiJ (av 6xt <iQtatl]) yvwol]
5 OMHPOY 'Oovaaeta, !'>.' 227.
6 BA. LID DEL I SCOIT I KQNLT ANTINI!'>.OY, Miya Ac~txov rfjr; 'U1]vtxfjr; rAwaa1]r;, 1. 3, OEA. 159.

7 Al.;l~EL, VO!-tl~OWE, 10V x6rro va liOU!-tE rrwc:; J1EQLYQCtqJEL 10V "!-tE1UqJQU011\" vac:; liLUXEXQL!-tfVOc:; axw101; EUyEv!\c:; xm A6ywc:;, o Tytler, A6glioc:; Woodhouselee (1747-1814): A delightful host, with whom it
was a memorable experience to spend an evening discussing the Don Quixote of Motteux and of
Smollett, or how to capture the aroma of Virgil in an English medium, in the era before the Scottish
prose Homer had changed the literary perspective north of the Tweed ~A. TYTLER, Essays on the
Principles of Translation, OEA. ix. - [W 10 "metier" 10U !-tE1UqJQU011\ ~A. LADMIRAL, Traduire, OEA. II
m., xm LADMIRAL, La traduction comme linguistique d'intervention, OEA. 392m.
8 n!vt:atr;, lA' 1-9.
9 GENETIE, Palimpsestes, OEA. 241.
I 0 HOUSE, A Model for Translation Quality Assessment, OEA. I. - I'>EiiO!-lfVOU 6n OU!-lqJ<.OVa !-tE 10V OQW!-lO
au16v o !-lE1UqJQU011\c:; Elvm "agent", rravarrEl "rrg6.xwgac:;", al.;l~EL, VO!-tl~OWE, wv x6rro va EmxaAEa8ou!-tE 11'\V rragm!\Ql'\01'\ 10U !-tEYCtAOU XOLV<.OVLOA6you Anthony GIDDENS, The Constitution of Society,
OEA. 15 , OU!-lqJ<.OVa !-tE wv orrolov: To be an agent is to be able to deploy (chronically, in the flow of daily
life) a range of causal powers, including that of influencing those deployed by others. Action depends upon
the capability of the individual to "make a difference" to a pre-existing state of affairs or course of events.
II OQ~A. NEWMARK, Approaches to Translation, OEA. 42: In theory a communicative translation is ipso
facto a subjective procedure, since it is intended primarily to achieve a certain effect on its readers '
minds, which etl'ect could only be verified by a survey of their mental and 1 or physical reactions.
12 BA. FRIER, Ansiitze einer Semiotik des Sprachgebrauchs, OEA. 313 m.
13 OQBA. STEINER, After Babel, OEA. 45: Any model of communication is at the same time a model of
trans-lation, of a vertical or horizontal transfer of significance. No two historical epochs, no two social

46

AN H META<I>PAW EINAI "MHTIL", TOTE TI EINAI 0 META<I>PALTHL:;

'Ll)~ sEVl)~ yf...wooa~ ocpdAH va 'Ll) ouvoual;,a !J,E 'Ll)V OUO'Ll)!J,anxi] !J,EAE'Ll) 'LWV WLOQLXWV xm E8VOAOYLXWV OLOLXELWV 'Ll)~ YAWOOLXi]~ XOLVO'Ll)'La~, 'Ll)V XOUALOUQa 'Ll)~
onola~ !J,ELacpEQH O'Ll) y/...wooa LOU 14 YLaLL O,'LL OLaqJOQOJtOLEL !J,La yf...wooa ano !J,LaV
af...An, OEV avayEtm xm' ouolav otnv EmA.oyi] twv !J,OQcpLxwv !J,Eowv tl)~ txcpQaon~.
aA./...a JtQW'LLO'LW~ OLOV 'LQOJLO xm OLOV 'LUJLO 'Ll)~ yf...womxi]~ ava/...uol)~ 'Ll)~ EV XQOVW
BLW!J,EVlJ~ E!-LJLHQLa~ onw~ n 'LEAEmala E!J,cpalvnm !J,EOW 'LlJ~ "E8vtxi]~" txcpgaon~ 15
0 mLxotvwvo~-!J,nacpQaoti]~ anoxwotxonmEl, onw~ dna!J,E, ta !J,EOW !J,La~ yA.wooa~ !J,EmBLBal;,O!J,EVa aE autov !-1-lJVU!J,am xm ta avaxwOLXEUH OE !J,Lav aA.A.n 16 H OLaOLxaola 'Ll)~ avaxwob~EUOl)~ avaOHXVUH LOV olyA.wooo !J,ELacpQaO'Li] xm LOV sEXWQLl;,H ano LOV !J,OvoyA.waoo Emxmvwvo: !J,OA.ovon w~ OEX'LE~ !J,lJVUW:hwv E!-LJLAEXOVLaL
xa OL Mo oE o,n Mynm anoxwotxwnolnon- XL av naQaLlJQO'Uvtm xanOLE~ OtacpoQE~, am~ Elvm anA.w~ 6tacpoQ~ Ba8!J,OU, m' ou6Evl 6tacpoQ~ ouola~ -, n avaxwotxEmLxi] OU!-LJLEQL(jlOQCl LOU~ OLaqJEQH OE OUOLWOl) Ol)!J,ELa. Evw 0 !J,OVOyAWOOO~ EJLLXO LVWVO~ unoxQwutm va xwOLXEUEL otn yA.woaa LOu no!!Jtou !-1-lJVU!J,aLa EvtEA.w~
OLacpoQEnxa ano EXElva, nou A.a!!Bava, xm va ta !J,Etaoloa oLOv aQXLXO, LOV JtQWLO
ltO!-LJLO 'LOU~, 0 !J,ELaqJQaO'Li]~ JtQEJtH va xava aXQLBW~ LO avtL8ELO: va JtQOBalVEL OE
xwo txEuou~- yta l:lJV axQlBEta OE ava-xw&xt:van~ :___ OE OtacpoQEnxi] yA.wooa ano 'LlJ
yf...wooa LOU ltO!-LJLOU, XaL Ol] OE XWOLXEUOH~ acpOQWOE~ LO LOLO !J,i]VU!J,a !J,E LO EXJLE!J,cp8v, JtOU amu81JVOV'LaL OXL OLOV aQXLXO ltO!-LJLO, af...f...a OE (aLUJtW~ OQyaVW!J,EVO) XOLvo OExtwv rrou OEv tamll;,ovtm !-1-E LO Ev ytvu JtEQtBaAA.ov LOu aQxtxou rro!-LJLOU 17. ~E-

14
15

16

17

classes, no two localities use words and syntax to signify exactly the same things, to send identical
signals of valuation and inference. Neither do two human beings, 6rrQ OT}!-lalvEL 6n 6?.a m emxotvwvwxa !lOvri?.a anorE?.ouv avr6x1F111a !lOvre?.a ~tEra-cpgaanxa, l)rot ~wvre?.a xaBETTJc:; 1) OQt/;6vuac:;
/([TclYYWTJC:: OTJ~Waiac:;. .1EV an:avTWVTat JTOTf XW Jl"OV8Eva DUO WTOI}tXfc:; moxee:;, OVO XOtVWVtxec:; Tcl!;etc:;, c5vo ~tiQTJ nov va XQTJat~wnowvv M!;Etc:; xm auvra!;TJ yw va ngoaowaovv OTJ~waia am axgt{3wc:;
ic5w nQc!Y!lara xm va EXJTE!11/Jovv ravr60TJ!la a1)11ara Excpgal;ovra a!;w?.6yTJOTJ xm OV!1JrEQaa11ara.
To avr6 wxvEt xm yw c5vo aveownovc:;.
OgBA.. MOUN IN, Les problemes theoriques de Ia traduction, oEA.. 236.
OgBA.. MARTINET, Quelques traits generaux de Ia syntaxe, OEA. 15.- OgBA.. JtQUL1EQW BENVENISTE,
Problemes de linguistique generale, t. I, OEA. 73 rn.: Soumise aux exigences des methodes scientiflques, Ia
pensee adopte partout Jes memes demarches en que/que langue qu'elle choisisse de decrire /'experience.
En ce sens, el/e devient independante, non de Ia langue, mais des structures linguistiques particulieres. La
pensee chinoise peut bien avoir in vente des categories aussi specifiques que /e tao, le yin et /e yang : e//e
n 'en est pas mains capable d'assimi/er /es concepts de Ia dialectique materialiste ou de Ia mecanique
quantique sans que Ia structure de Ia langue chinoise y fasse obstacle. Aucun type de langue ne peut par
lui-meme eta lui seul ni favoriser ni empecher /'activite de /'esprit. L 'essor de Ia pensee est lie bien plus
etroitement aux capacites des hommes, aux conditions generales de Ia culture, a / 'organisation de Ia
societe qu 'a Ia nature particuliere de Ia langue.
ngBA.. MOUNIN, Problemes theoriques de Ia traduction, OEA. 278 HATIM 1MASON, Discourse and the
Translator, OEA. 223 rn. - ~UilqxJJVU 1-lE 10V LADMIRAL, Traduire, OEA. 223, o OQL0!16c; 1T}<; !1E1UCjlQUOl']<; we;
ErrLXOLVWVLaxljc; ltQU~T}<; E!1CjlUVLsETm OtT}V ErrLXQUtHa tT}<; parole: "une operation de metacommunication
assurant l'identite de Ia parole a travers Ia difference des langues". - BA.. xm JAKOBSON, Essais de
linguistique generale, oeA.. 80: Aucun specimen linguistique ne peut etre interprete par Ia science du langage
sans une traduction des signes appartenant au meme systeme ou a un autre systeme.
OgBA.. l:T} 8E!1ALOU!1EVT}Jtavw Ol:T} 1-lEl:UCjlQUOT} A.oyOl:EXVLXWV EQYWV UltO\jJT}10'U HERMANNS, Translation Studies and a New Paradigm, OEA. II, oullcpwva 1-lE l:T}V onola from the point of view of the target

47

vax<i!-L'I.!JH<; wu (6wu rravta yt:yov6wc; 20 . 0 !!EtacpQaoti]c;, we; avayvwotT)c; 21 l;tvwv

XH!-LEVWV xm tam6xQova arroxw6Lxmi]c; aAA.otQLWV ~LW!-L<itwv22 , ocpLA.H va oxtJtttm avaA.oyLxa23 !! to 6Lx6 wu !-LUaM n~- yLa va !!EtaXHQWtOU!-L ta My La tou
Wolfgang Iser- ax'ljJH~ ev6~ aUov (thinking the thoughts of another)24 ~QLOXL 6r
yLa tTJ "6ouA.Ha" wu ami], 6rrwc; !-lac; 6LMoxH o Hans-Georg Gadamer, !!La yA.wooa,
JtO'lJ 0V LVaL !!OVO T) 6LxLa to'U, ana xm JtO'lJ avnotOLXL OtT) yA.wooa to'U JtQWtotUJtOU25. H VaOXOAT)OT) LOU !!EtaqJQaOij !! tT)V ava-~LWOT) rraA.mwv EllJtHQLWV EXH, (j)'Umxa, va xavH JtQWtLotwc; !! wv rraQayovta "!!ViJ!!TJ", !! tT) !-LViJ!-LTJ wu i]tm, 11 ono(a
6LataOOH 0WtQLXU xm AOYLXW tW tQOJtW ta yvwmxa OUVOA.a, JtO'lJ 6La8EtH we;

18
19
20

21
22

23

literature, all translation implies a degree of manipulation of the source text for a certain purpose. In
addition, translation represents a crucial instance of what happens at the interface between different
linguistic, literary and cultural codes, and since notions of interference, functional transfOJmation and
code-switching are essential aspects of the polysystem theory, translation may provide clues for the
study of other types of intra- and intersystemic transfer as well.- OQ~A. m[O'Jl<; wANDRUSZKA, Vber die
Natur natUrlicher Sprachen, OEA. 334 REISZ, Elend und Glanz der Vbersetzung, OEA. 411.
OQ~A. tT]v cmmjJT] tou MEILLET, Linguistique historique et Iinguistique genera/e. t. 2, OEA 158: Chaque
langue est un systeme rigoureusement agence, oil tout se tient.
fw 10 I!OVTEAO xm tT] OLUOLxao[a auni<; tT]<; noAuyAWOOLXti<; avta"-Aayti<; JlAT]QO(jJOQLWV ~A. BELL,
Translation and Translating, OEA. 17m.
To [1\Lo, 6."-AwotE, OUI!~ULVEL !!E tT] yvtiloT] EV YEVEL" JIQ~A. POPPER, Objective Knowledge, OEA. 71: All
acquired knowledge, all/earning consists of the modification (possibly the rejection) of some form of
knowledge, or disposition, which was there previously.
OQ~A. GADAMER, Philosophical Hermeneutics, OEA. 101 NIDA /DEWAARD, From One Language to
Another, OEA. 25,30 m: ROSENBLATT, The Reader, the Text, the Poem, OEA. 137.
OQ~A. tov WQULO U(jJOQLOI!0101J Georges POULET, La conscience critique, OEA. 77, nou LOXUEL E~ OAOxAi]QOU xm yLa tT] I!EtU(jJQUOTJ w<; avayvwoT]: Lire, c 'est done offrir /e champ de sa propre conscience
aux evolutions mentales d'une autre conscience.
OQ~A. DELISLE , L 'analyse du discours com me methode de traduction, OEA. 78: Pour arriver a decouvrir
le sens d'un enonce en situation de communication et a /e reexprimer dans une autre langue, ~
traducteur procede par raisonnement analogique. Ce travail de prospection des ressources expressives
de Ia langue d 'arrivee consiste proceder a des associations successives d'idees eta des deductions
logiques (inferences). La reflex ion a vance par etapes successives, mais sans necessairement suivre une
trajectoire rectiligne. OL EmOT]I!UVOEL<; Elvm OLXE<; ~-ta<;.
fQU(jJEL oxmxa o ISER, The Reading Process, OEA. 297m.: Thus there disappears the subject-object division
that othenvise is a prerequisite for all knowledge and all observation, and the removal of this division puts
reading in an apparently unique position as regard5 the possible absorption of new experiences.
OQ~A. GADAMER, Wahrheit und Methode, t . I, OEA. 390.

24

25

48

AN H METAi!>PALH EINAI "MHTIL", TOTE TI EINAI 0 METAi!>PALTHL;

nA.a(ma (frames) xm we; a10!J.Lxc; yvwoELc; (knowledge bits) 26 , xm n ono(a JtQEJtEL va

ELvm 6XL ~-t6vo ol;wvn, aA.M xm aoxn~-tvn27 TouMxw10v Mo yA.woowv 10 A.El;Lx6
art68E!J,a aJt08T]XEUEtaL OlT] !J.V~!J.T] 101! !J,EtacpgaOL~ xaL<llf10LOV lQOJtO !J.UALOla,
WOLE o !J.Etacpgaol~c; va dvm un6 xavovLxc; JtEQLOn'wac; OE 8on va EJtLOT]!J.aLVEL lTJV
axQL~~ 8on 1wv OXE1Lxwv A.El;Lxwv Evo1~1wv xm va nc; XQTJOLJ.!OJtOLEL16oo xma 10
o1a6LO lTJc; xmav6nonc; 10u un6 !J.Etacpgaon xL~-tvou 6oo xm xa1a 10 o1a6LO 1nc;
nagaywy~c; !J.Etacpgaonxwv aya8wv yLa va 10 EmlUXE~ am6 (8a) JtQEJtEL, cpumxa, va
EL vm mtonc; oE 8on va mu1t~EL 1a A.Es~~-tma Inc; A.l;Lc; ELlE "ou~ouA.Eu6~-tEvoc;" lTJ
!J.V~!J.TJ 10u yLa va m Inc; ~QEL (xma 10 o1a6LO lTJc; xmav6nonc; 10u un6 ~-tnacpgaon
xEL~-tvou) ELl "8T]QE'\Jov1ac;" 1a I lEe; we; xa1aA.A.T]A.Ec; ~. xaA.UlEQa, ng6ocpoQEc; !J.OQcpc;, nou 8a 10u mLLQbjJouv va ano6woL nA.~8oc; EL6Lxwv von~-talwv (xma 10 o1a6LO
lTJc; nagaywy~c; !J.Elacpgaonxwv aya8wv). To JtEQLEXO!J.EVO lTJc; !J.V~!J.TJc; 10u ~-tnacpga
Ol~, 6~-twc;, 6Ev EsaVLA.ELWL anA.wc; one; "ava~-tv~oELc;" nagEA.8ouowv E!J.JtELQLwv 10u,
aAA.a nA.oulL~nm xm an61a ox6La 6gaoEwc;, nou EXJtOVEL EA.Eu8Ega28 o (6LOc;, EJtLlTJ
~aOEL 101! ll YVWQL~EL XaL 101J lL EXEL xavEL )lfXQL EXELVT] lT] OLLY!J.~, OJtOU !J.E1acpga~EL,
~-tow lTJc; yA.wooac; 29 10vt~owE 6E LOLaLlEQa am610 "~-tow lTJc; yA.wooac;"3o, 6L6. 26 Itov :rr;agayovta "~-tvli~-tr( ~ao(~Hm T)AYO!lVT] "8ewgla toU TII.awlou" ("frame Theory"), 61tW tT)
bLatu:rr:wva o M. MINSKY, A Framework for Representing Knowledge, ael.. I: Here is the essence of the
trame theory: When one encounters a new situation (or makes a substantial change in one's view of a
problem), one selects from memory a structure called a frame. This is a remembered framework to be
adapted to fit readily by changing details as necessary. A frame is a data structure representing a
stereotyped situation like being in a certain kind of living room or going to a child's birthday party. ( ... )
We can think of a frame as a network of nodes and relations. ( ...)Collections of related frames are linked
together into frame-systems. The effects of important actions are mirrored by transformations between
the frames of a system. They are used to make certain kinds of calculations more economical, to
represent changes of emphasis and attention, and to account for the effectiveness of imagery. - Bl.. rnlOTI JONES, Pragmatic Aspects of English Text Structure, oel.. 40 m.: A frame is a group of knowledge
bits which are customarily associated with one another in the mind of a person. In other words, a frame is
a conceptual structure containing a person's knowledge of a group of things which normally go together
in his mind, such as restaurants and food, fishing and fishing poles, or driving a car and starting the
engine. A frame encodes a person's expectations about a given universe of discourse. That is, he expects
certain items, actions and relations to co-occur together in certain contexts. The associations between
the various knowledge bits of a frame are so strong that in a sense anyone of these bits implies the
presence of the other bits of knowledge in the same frame, much a~ smoke, in a sense, implies fire.
27 Bl.. BELL, Translation and Translating, oel.. 199 rn. CLARK, The Lexicon in Acquisition, o1.. 2.
28 Tig~l.. FERRARI, Literatura, traducci6n y traducibilidad, oel.. 16: La unica verdadera constance sera
ahara el mayor o menor margen de libertad del traductor para producir un texto literario en lengua
terminal que se puede considerar traducci6n (no adaptacci6n ni imitaci6n) del texto literario original :
el traductor trabaja en un campo de tensiones entre Ia coacci6n y Ia opci6n y Ia manera como resuelve
estas tensiones es Ia expresion de su libertad.
29 Bl.., 6~-tW, tT)V :rr;agatliQTIOTI tou WILSS, The Science of Translation, oel.. 218: Neither psycholinguistics nor
neurology can as yet provide reliable information on how linguistic data are stored in the brain, how linguistic
matching procedures take place and what mental structures are active in recalling linguistic information.

30 TIQO tT)V XatU8UVOT) autou LOU JtQO~AT)!laTLOI.I-OU 1.1-U ayouv ta ELOaywyLxa OtT)V LOWQLa tT) fl.wooof.oyla 1.6yw tou VENDRYES, Le langage, oel.. II: 'A Ia fois instrument et auxiliaire de Ia pensee,
c 'est le langage qui a permis

al'homme de prendre conscience de lui-meme et de communiquer avec

49

JtQWtl'] anavtl']<Jl'] Lvm: ta navta 34 ! Av 6ax8oUI.J. A.LyotQO au86Q!J.lJtOL xm, <iQa,

A.Ly6tQO an6A.utoL, 1-lJtOQOU!J. va anavti)<J01J!J.E '\jJUXQaLI.J.a xm va JtOU!J.E OtllJ yA.womx~ yvwol'] tou !J.ttacpQa<Jti) (JtQEJtH va) avacpEQtm <J Mo tOUACLXL<JtOv yA.waac;
xm mutatis mutandis <J Mo wuMxwwv xouA. tOUQc; 35 xm va xaA.uma nc; 6La8E<JLI.tc; JtlAOyc; t01J we; JtQOc; tQHc; t01JACLXL<JtoV to~.tLc; 36 : a) we; JtQOc; tl']V 1.J.tatQOJti)
ai.J.OQC()WV "LbWV" <J VOi)!J.ata bOI.J.l]!J.EVa xm OQyaVWI.J.EVa <J JtQOtaoac; (yvW<Jl'] 01']I.J.a<JLOAOYLXOU xaQaxti)Qa) ~) we; JtQOc; tl']V XJtOVl']<Jl'] xm tl']V cpaQ!J.OYiJ JtQOtCL<JWV
- JtQotaowv xa8oA.Lxi)c; wxuoc; xm 1-lll saQtw~.tvwv an6 tl']V LbLaLtQl1 6o~.tt'J xanmac; yf...waaac; - <JtO L0LaLtQO <JU<Jtl']I.J.a IJ.Lac; <J1JYXXQL!J.EVl']c; yA.waaac; (yVW<Jl'] <J1JVtaXtlXOU xaQaXti)Qa) Xal y) we; JtQOc; XataVOl']<Jl'] tWV JtQOtCL<JWV we; XC(.lWVl]I.J.UtWV

ses semblables, qui a rendu possible l'etablissement des societes. Nous avons peine nous representer
un etat primitif oil J'homme aurait ete depourvu d'un moyen d'action aussi efficasse. L 'histoire de
I 'humanite, des J'origine, suppose I 'existence d'un langage organise; ellen 'aurait pu se developper
sans le Jangage.
31 Og~f.. . DE BEAUGRANDE, Factors in a Theory of Poetic Translating, oef... 26 GOLICH I RAIBLE, Linguistische Textmodelle, oef... 36.
32 Og~f... u~ OXE1LXE~ ltaQUtT]Ql]OH~ tT]~ BEDNARSKI, Autour de Ferron, oef... 14: Ecrivain, ecrivant, le
traducteur se sentira autrement divise. ll se rapprochera encore plus de /'auteur, montant rebours et,
pour un processus d'expansion et de renouvellement hautement mimetique, fera siens taus Jes "tics",
toutes Jes joies, taus les exigences et Jes frustrations de I 'acte d'ecrire.
33 ng~f... tov n:go~f..T]f.I.U1LO!J.6 wu LADMIRAL, Towards a Philosophy of Translation, oef... 42: Translation
is not simply an Art, where only the je-ne-sais-quoi of individual talents would be an all-explaining (or
rather a nothing-explaining) principle. I am reasonably sure that this evidence will be granted by every
translation scientist. While professional translation is the quantitatively dominant part of translating
activity and the target ofthe translation training curricula we are teaching, literary translation is still the
most interesting part, especially for translation theorists; and translators are essentially writers. Ot Em-

OTJ!J.UVOEL~

Elvm 1\txEs; !J.U.

34 Og~/.. GADA MER, Wahrheit und Methode, t. II, oe/.. 92: Das Geschiift des Ubersetzens hat(...) immer eine
gewisse "Freiheit". Es setzt das valle Verstiindnis der fremden Sprache, aber mehr noch, auch das
Verstiindnis der eigentlichen Sinn-Meinung des GeiiuBerten voraus, OT]/.al\1]: 11 t"vaax6A.7101J 11 Tl'/1-lEnicpQaal'/ fxEt m:'.tvta /.lWV OQW/.lfvrl "EAWBcQia ". flQOVnoBtm {3t{3aw Tl'/V TEAEW xarav67107J Tl'/~ sEV1/~ yJ..waaa~. aHa xm xan naoanavw: noovnoetra mia11~ r11v xarav671071 rn~ twow~ nov Ql'/Tcvcrm oro pnacpoaaf1a, /.lW~ twow~ nov avl)xEL arov wracpgaarl). - ng~/.. mloT]c; ORTEGA Y GASSET, Miseria y
esplendor de Ia traducci6n, oel.. 435: El assunto de Ia traducci6n a poco que lo persigamos, nos llena hasta
los arcanos mas rec6nditos del meravilloso fen6meno aue es el habla. Ot EITLOT]!J.avouc; avl]xouv OE qta~.
35 OQ~A. GADAMER, Wahrheit und Methode, t. II , OEA. 153.
36 Ogf>/.. EV0ELX1LXU ESCHBACH /RADER , Literaturbericht zur Semiotik der Literatur, OEA. 16 VIGENER,
Die Folgen der Isolierung semiotischer Dimensionen, OEA. 123.

50

AN H META~PALH EINAI "MHTIL", TOTE TI EINAI 0 METMPALTHL;

XaL, aga, W~ XELf!EVWV EsUJtllQELOUV'tWV OUYXEXQLf!EV~ EJUXOLVWVLUXE~ Xataotaow; EV LOL~ JtQUYf!aOL (yVWOll rrgayf!atOAOYLXOU i] QllLOQLXOU xagaxti]Qa) 37 . H tQLtti] 0 ami], Es Ef!ITELQLa~ XtWf!EVll yVWOl1 38 ELVaL 6vtw~ "r-tii'w;" 39,
Km ELVaL 6vtw~ "r-tfln~", OL6n o f!EtaqJQaoti]~ JtQEJtEL va arroqJaOLOEL Eav, XQllOLf!OJtOLWVta~ og8a tl~ OUVtaXtlXE~ LOU YVWOEL~. 8a OWOEL Oto f!HUqJQaOf!U LOU LO
OtLyf!a tll~ Ollf!aOLOAOYLXi]~ i] tll~ JtQayr-taLOAOyLxi]~ EQf!llVELa~. EUV Ol)AaOi] tO XELf!EVO LOU ea EXEL JtAllQO(jJOQLax6 xagaxti]Qa i] OXL. 0 OtLXOt; A..x. tll~ EAL~a~ Doolittle
The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain - arr6 to gyo My Fair Lady - f!ITOQEL va
r-tttaqJgaotL f!E rroA.U OLaqJOQEtLxou~ tQ6rrou~. xata xav6va O XWQL~ tllV rraQar-tLxgi] OXEOll f!E LO AY0f!EVO Ollf!aOLOAOYLX6 VOllf!U LOU' Ota (jJLVAaVOLXU, aL(jJVll~. f!Ha(jJQUOtllXE w~ Kay flestaan hienon miekkamiehen tie (To the fiesta the fine swordsman
turns his steps 8a i]tav 11 avtLotQOqJll f!EtUqJQaoi] LOu ota ayyA.Lxa), xm ota ooullOLxa w~ Den spanska raven rev en annan rav (The Spanish fox killed another fox 8a
i]tav 11 avtLOtQO(jJll f!HUqJQaoi] tOU, Of!OLW~, ota ayyhxa). AvaA6yw~ 0 LOU JtW~ 8a
ag8gw8L 0 OtLXO~ tll~ llQWLOa~ Doolittle- f!E tllV xa8LEQWf!EVll (standard) i] tllV f!ll
xa8LEQWf!EVll (non standard) JtQOqJOQa, 011A.aoi] - , o "r-tl)tLOEL~" f!EtaqJQaoti]~ 8a rrQJtEL va avaxaA.U'\jJEL LO aw8lltLX6 xm xmvwvLx6 urr6~a8go tou QlltEUf!aLO~ xm va
XLV118EL Xat' avayXllV JtEQaV tllt; aUOtllQiJ~ Ollf!aOLOAOYLXi]t; JtAllQO(jJOQLa~ EVEQYOJtOLWVta~ tllV EX(jJQaOtLXi], tll qJanxi], tllV EJtlXAlltLXi] XaL tll f!EtayAWOOLXi] AELLOUQyLa tll~ yA.wooa~. rrgoxLr-tvou va ag8gwoL f!EtaqJgaotLx6 Myo yxugo.
'Eva xagaXtllQWtlXO JtaQUOELyf!a, JtOU aJtOOELXvUEL tllV "r-tfjnv" LOU 0L8vOU~ f!EtaqJQaOti] o arroxA.Ewnxa rrgayr-tatoA.oyLx6 - 011A.aoi]: xa86A.ou Ollr-tamoA.oyLx6 - mLJt00, r-tar; LO OLVEL 11 ogoA.oyLa LOu twLr;. H xqJgaon "fifteen all" xm 11 Msll "deuce",

37 'Ewt, xm OU!-LC(lWVO !-tE tOV DE BEAU GRANDE, Text, Discourse and Process, OEA. 164, T] LT]!-LOOtoAoyia
mtolEAEi Etlitxi) nQimwon an6x<non~ xm XQiJon~ tTl~ yvwon~. n Luvw!;n nlitxi) JtEQimwon yQa~-t~-tt
xi)~ EUcpu'Ca~ xm T] 0QOY!-L010AOyia Etlitxi) 1tEQi1ttWOT] 1T]~ EX1tOVT]OT]~ Xat EC(lOQ!-LOYiJ~ OXEiiiwv yta TT]V
E1ti1EU!;T] 010XWV. BA.1tQat1EQW MEY, "Saying it don't make it so", OEA. 336.
38 OQ~A. BERMAN, La traduction et Ia Jettre, OEA. 38: Telle est Ia traduction : experience. Experience des

39

reuvres et de J'~tre-reuvre, des langues et d'~tre-Jangue. Experience, en m~me temps, d'el/e-m~me. de son
essence. En d'autres termes, dans /'acte de traduction est present un certain sa voir, un sa voir sui generis.
(...) Ia traduction est sujet et objet d'un sa voir propre. Ot rntOT]~-t<lvon~ avi)xouv owv ouyyQacpa.
OQ~A . n~ JtaQOlT]Qi)OEL~ 1T]~ BEDNARSKI, Au tour de Ferron, OEA. 14 E1t. OXEHXO !-tE 10V "~-tEWC(lQU01i)
avayv<ilo1T]" xm wv "~-tnacpQaoti)-ouyyQacpa": Pour Je traducteur l'ecriture est toujours partielle, en
ce sens qu 'el/e ne realise qu 'un partie Ia transmission du sens capte (construit) par Ia lecture. La
traduction-ecriture est destinee ane pas realiser totalement, au ane realiser que rarement, ce que Ia
lecture entrevoit. Elle reste par definition virtuelle, incomplete, Ia manifestation imparfafte d'une
lecture qui se veut des plus completes. Le traducteur-Jecteur est motive par son desir de tout voir, taus
saisir. tout comprendre. II releve le defi du texte. s'eft'orce de penetrer route obscurite. tout mvstere.
tout secret. II se rapproche. autant qu 'if est possible de /e laire. de Ia vision premiere. Mais si /e
traducteur-lecteur aspire aIa parfafte coincidence de sa vision avec cel/e de /'auteur, le traducteurecrivain renoncera a cette coincidence. a cette "perfection". II accepte qu 'if y aura forcement
"deca/age", que son ecriture s'operera au prix de choix douloureux afaire et que chaque choix comportera inevitablement des gains et de penes. Ot mwn~-tavoEt~ Eivm li tx~ ~-ta~.

51

aovntmux
cpvA.av&xa
TOV(}XXCx

[fifteen alike]
[fifteen equally]
[all fifteen]

femton lika
viisitoista tasan
hepsi onbe~

lika
tasan
beraberlik

ea EmxaA.w8ouj.!E, 1A.oc;, aA.A.o tva naQaoawa- ami] 1TJ cpoQa an6 10 OT]j.!amoA.oyLx6 XWQO 1TJc; xmaoi]A.woTJc; xm 1TJc; ouvoi]A.woT]c; 1ownaQa6i]A.woT]c; -, nou
anoonxvuEl tov "j.!T]tl6Ev1a" j.!E1acpQao1i]. To "El;wyaj.!O ttxvo" ota EAAATJVlxa,
oouT]Olxa xm LOUQXlXa j.!JtOQEL va AEX8EL, j.!Hal;u noA.A.wv aA.A.wv, xmwc; El;i]c;:
t:AAr}VXCx

El;ffiyaj.!O 1f'XVO

v68o 1txvo

j.!JtU01aQOO(c;)/ j.!OUA.oc;

karleksbarn
aovn&xa utomaktenskapligt barn oakting
(El;ffiyaj.!O 1f'XVO)
(!lTJ yvi]moc;) (nmO( LOU EQW1a)
TOV(}XXCx

gayrme~ru

pi~

(El;ffiyaj.!O 1f'XVO)

(v68oc;)

evlilik di~i ili~kiden dogan ~ocuk

(nmO( an6 JtaQaVOj.!T] OXEOT])

11Ev 8/...H xav oxbjJT] 6n 01TJV "j.!i'jLLv" LOu j.!1acpQaoTr] an6xH1m w nm6v 6Qo 8a
XQTJOlj.!OJtOli)OH xa8 qJOQU yla va EXqJQUOH 010 XElj.!EVO LOU 10 VOT]j.!a LOU JtQWL01UnOU.

52

1.1.1
MEQL%0[

Tuxulm OQL<J~o[ %UL

~ ITavougyta t~~ "laoouva~ta~"

Les termes sont purement ditlerentiels, detinis non pas positivement par leur
contenu, mais negativement par leur rapports avec autres termes du systeme.
Leur plus exacte characteristique est d'etre ce que les autres ne sont pas.
Ferdinand de Saussure'

I I1POHrH0EILEL IlAPATHPHLEIL MAL ANAfKAZOYN, acpo1J JtlOTQfljJ01J[! CJto UQXLx6 Q<irtT][!a "'tt L vm [!E't<icpgaon; ", va JTQLOQLCJ't0ll[! CJ xcmotov OQLCJ!-!6
minimum vac; 'tE'tOLOc; OQLCJ[!6c;- 16oo a:n:Mc; 6oo xm w a~y6 wv KoA.6[!~01J- Lvm am6c; nov ()(()nm ow "A~tx6 rA.woooA.oytac;" wv Larousse: Traduire c 'est

enoncer dans une autre langage (au lange cible) ce qui a ete enonce dans une autre
langue source, en conservant les equivalences semantiques et stylistiques 2 , 6nA.a6~ :
/lETacpQaOTJ Eivm TJ bccpQaOTJ o 11wv aUTJ yA.wooa (rj yA.wooa-or6xoc;) avrov nov
xn rjOTJ ucpoaof.Ji O 11wv aUT] yA.wooa-nT]yr), uara &arr)QTJOTJ & rwv OTJ/laowA.oyuwv um vcpoA.oyuwv wo8vva!lwv 3
I DE SAUSSURE, Cours de linguistique generale, OE'A.. 162.
2 DUBOIS, Dictionnaire de linguistique, A.iJflflU "traduction".
3 H XQtl011 tWV OQWV "y'A.wooa-ot6xoc;" xm "y'A.wooa-nnyiJ" ylvnm EOW EUXULQLaxa xm [lOVOV xaQLV tT]c;
"motile;" [lEta<pgaonc; twv oxEnxwv ya'A.A.lxwv 6gwv "langue cible" xm "langue source". TIQOHflClflE va
flEW<pQa~OUflE we; "yJ,.dJaaa acpETT/Q{a~"wuc; 6gouc; "original" ij "source language" an6 w ayy'A.cxa,
"langue de depart" ij "langue-source" an6 ta ya'A.'A.cx6., "Ausgangssprache" an6 w YEQ[lavcx6., xm we;
"yJ,.dJaaa acpii;Ew~" touc; 6gouc; "receptor language" ij "target language" an6 ta ayy'A.cxa, "langue
d'arrivee" ij "langue-cible" an6 ta ya'A.'A.cxa, "Zielsprache" an6 ta YEQ[lavcx6.. TIEQmtEQW, JTQOHflClflE

53

OTTJ[!OVLxou OLXaLW[!CXTO~ - YLVEL EVa [.I.E TOV OQW[-1.0 Tl]~ [!ETUcpQaOl]~, TOTE &v ELVaL
xa8oA.ou rraQa~Evo va 6La~al;ou[!E on the central problem of translation-practice is
that of finding TL translation equivalents. A central task of translation theory is that of
defining the nature and conditions of translation equivalence 8, rrou rraH va rrd on ro
rti.JQW JTQ6{3A1Jfla T1J~ noaxmcrj~ T1J~ f1ETacpoaa1]~ Eivm 1J aVEVQW1J f1EracpoaanxdJV

toU 6gou autou avtl twv UQUTQa lilalielio[-ttvwv 6gwv "y/.wooa-nnyi)" xm "y/.wooa-ot6xo", lil6Tl TO ~EUyO U<jJETT]QLa I U<jll~T] dvm AflTOUQYlXO (: EVW T] acpETTfQia xm T] acpti;T/ aJtOTEAOUV UAT]8Et; ~EU
yo<;, T] JrTfy1j Xal o ar6xoc; liEV aJtOTEAOUV). llQOTfLVOU[-l, JtUVTW, OJtW T] y/.wooa U<jJETT]QLU OVO[-LU~E
Tal vlme xm eva/./.axnxa "exJtt[-tJtouoa y/.wooa" 1j "avaBI.u~ouoa y/.wooa" xm TJ y/.wooa a<jll~w<;
"Ba/.A6ftEVTJ y/.wooa" 1j "xmax/.u~6flEVTJ yl.wooa", yLa va dftaOTE 6oo mo xovta ylvnm on tvvol
"JtT]ylj" Xal "OTOXO". - llaQO[-lOlO dvm Xal 0 XAUOlXO OQlOfJ-0 Ttl xma TYTLER, Essay on the
Principles of Translation, OEA. 8 m. "xaAljt; ftETU<JlQUOTJ" ("good translation"): I would[ ... ] describe a
good Translation to be, that in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into
another language. as to be as distinctly apprehended. and as strongly felt. by a native of the country to
which that language belongs. as it is by those who speak the language of the original work. Ol EJtWT]f-lUVOEl avljxouv OTOV ouyyQa<jJEa, 0 OJtOLO 8EOJtL~El TQfL VO[-LOU ("laws"): a) T] f-lETU<jJQUOT] JtQEnEl va flVal mot6 avtlyQa<Jlo Twv Lliewv nou ag8gwvovtm oto JtQWT6Tuno t?gyo Bl TO U<JlO xm o TQ6Jto<; yga<Jltl JtQEnEl va ELVal TOU autou XUQUXTljQa ftE TO U<jJO Xal TOV TQOJtO YQU<jltl TOU JtQWTOTUJtOU' Xal y) T]
[-lETU<jJQUOT] JtQEJtEl va fLVal TOOO UVETT] Xal TOOO tlQEflT] 000 Xal T] oUv8EOT] TOU JtQWTOTUJtOU.
noB/.. tov OQWfJ-6 TOU LADMIRAL, Traduire, OEA. 11: La traduction fait passer un message d'une langue
de depart ou langue-source dans une langue d'arrivee ou Jangue-cible o ouyyga<jJEU ouvexl~ovtat;
ava<jJEQEl 6n Ia "traduction" designe Ia fois Ia pratique traduisante, I 'activite du traducteur (sens
dynamique) et Je resultat de cette activite, Je texte-cible Jui-m~me (sens statique). Le mot prend aussi
parfois le sens metaphorique excessivement eJargi d'expression, representation, interpretation. Ol EmOT]f-tUVOEl avljxouv OE E[-LU.
Ewaywylxa yw TT] lilalilxao(a TT] [-tT6.<jJQUOT] Bl.. HERVEY I HIGGINS, Thinking Translation, OEA. 13 m.
Ol m6 JtOAAOL 8EWQT]TlXOL TT] Mna<jJQUOT] JtQOOJta8tiJVTa va OQLOOUV TO <jlalVO[-lEVO "ftET6.<jJQUOT]"
ava<jJEQOVTal xa8UJtOXQEWnx6. OTT]V "woliuva[-t(a" JtQBA. EVIiElxnxa A. X. KLOEPFER, Die Theorie
der literarischen Ubersetzung, OEA. 9: Ziel der wissenschaftlichen Ubersetzung ist die inhaltlich identische Reproduktion eines Funktionsgefilges (BegriffsgefLiges) mit den Mitteln eines anderen,
aquivalenten NEUBERT, Elemente einer allgemeinen Theorie der Translation, OEA 451: Translation ist
die Umsetzung eines Textes der Ausgangssprache in einen aquivalenten Text der Zielsprache
WOTJAK , Zu einigen Fragen der Aquivalenz bei der Ubersetzung, OEA. 258: Translation ist eine
"Umkodierung" eines Textes unter Ausnutzung und Wah rung der zwischen kleineren Einheiten als den
Siitzen bestehenden Aquivalenzbeziehungen.
rw nt; lila<JlOQE "woliuvaftl<;" BA. Frederic FRAN((OIS, L 'analyse semantique et Ia mise en mots, OEA.
190 EJt.
CATFORD, A Linguistic Theory of Translation, OEA. 21.

7
8

54

MEPIKOI TYXAIOI OmMOI KAI H TIANOYPrlA THl: "IWilYNAMIAl:"

woc5vvcq..lwv OTTJ yA.wooa-or6xo~. {3amxrj & anooroA.rj TTJ~ nEQi 11Eracpocww~ (}wrwv 6owv TTJ~ Ev l..lEracpoaoH woc5vval..lia~ 9.
M agxcti] "f.tfjLLv" EQXOYtal Mo ayyA,ooal;WV yJ..woooMyOL, OL R.R.K. Hartmann xm F.C. Stork, va ogLoouv 6oo mo xa8aga yLvt.tm tl) f.ttacpgaol), xavovta
t.v to'\JtoL XQiJOlJ tou 6gou "wo6uvaf!La". 2:'\Jf.tcpwva f.t auto'0 translation is the
replacement of a representation of a text in one language by a representation of an
equivalent text in a second language 10 , 6l)A.a6i]: l..lEUicpoaoTJ Eivm TJ avnxaraoraaTJ
11w~ naoaoraOTJ~ Ev6~ 'XHI..livov o 11w &c5ol..lEVTJ yA.wooa &a l..lW~ naocwraoTJ~ Ev6~
WODVVal..lOV 'XH/1EVOV 0 /1WV 6.UTJ &DOI..lEVTJ yJ...wooa. 'OVta JtQLOOOtQO yVLXOL
xm t.x6i]A.w aogwt6tQOL tou Larousse, xatacpgvouv, t.v to'\JtOL, va t.Lvm, an6 tL
uoaywyLXE xL6A.a yQa!.tf.lE toU, mo ott.voL xm mo xa8agoL otl)V ngooyywl),
nou avaA.af,l~avouv va xavouv oto cpmv6f!EVO "f!Etacpgaol)", om'06ovta af!EOW
f.tta va t.l;l)yi]oouv tL axQL~W 8A.ouv va nouv, 6tav A.v "equivalent text": 6LL xt.Lf.tEVa 6wtunwf.tva o 6LacpoQ yA.woot.s f!JtOQd va ELvm woMvaf.ta a) W JtQO
6Lacp6QOU ~a8f,lOU (JtAi]QW i] !J.EQLXWS LOOCnJVa~-ta), ~) V OXEOH JtQOS ta ClLUqJOQa
EJtLJt6a tl)S nagouoLas toU (LOOOUVa!J.a, i]toL, V OXEOH JtQOS ta OlJ!-lcpQa~O!J.EVa,
tL Ol)!J.aOLOAOYLXE OUVLOtWOE, tl) yQa~-t~-tanxi] anOtUJtWOl), tl)V LClLaLtQl) J..l;l),
X.An.) XaL y.) xata ClLUqJOQE OHQE (AEslJ-AESlJ, qJQUOl)-qJQUOl), JtQ6taOl)-JtQ6taOl)) 11
ITQOOWJtLXi] ~-tas UJt01jJl), tl)V OJtOLa ClLXaLOAOYOVf.lE XaL UJtEQaOJtL~O!J.aOtE EXtEVW
o mxd 8oLs 12 , ELvm 6u o navo'\Jgyos 13 - av 1-llJ navt.u~-tiJxavos- 6QO ''Loo6uvaf!La" ClV f!JtOQd va UJtHOEQXEtaL YVLXW XaL aOQlOtW OtoV OQLOf.lO tl) f.tctUcpQaOl) 14 , xm ~-taA.wta va naL~H t6oo xugLagxo g6A.o, wot to "tL dvm !J.Etacpgaol);" va
yLvEtm X twv ngawatwv QWtl)!J.a nagm6~-tt.vo to'\J "tL ELvm wo6uva~-tLa;" 15 Bt.xLvwvta an6 tl)V m6 anAl], JtAl)V avt.u ngou og8i] otgouxtougaA.wnxi] anmjJl), lJ
onoLa 8J..H tl)V xa8E y'Awooa XWQLOta va aJtOtEAEL !J.OVaClLXi] ClO!J.i] i] OUOtl)!J.a XaL
oia~ i vm o oow116~ rov xaoaxrr]oa xm

9 LTT]OL<'ntQLO'T] [,IHUSU "liLalivxaolat;" xm "aJt01EAEOflaTO" 1'1'] flE1ClqJQUO'T] EltLflEVO'UV xm OL MEETHAM

10

II
12
13

1 HUDSON, Encyclopaedia in Linguistics, Information and Control, aEA.. 242, owv OQLOfl010'U 6n the aim
is to reproduce as accurately as possible all grammatical and lexical features of the "source language "
original by finding equivalents in the "target language". At the same time all factual information contained
in the original text(... ) must be retained in the translation.
HARTMANN I STORK, Dictionary of Language and Linguistics, aEf.. 713.- I1g~A.. TOURY, In Search of a
Theory of Translation, aEA.. 63: Translation in the strict sense is the replacement of one message,
encoded in one natural language, by an equi valent message, encoded in another language.
HARTMANN I STORK, Dictionary of Language and Linguistics, OEA. 713 .
BA.. nagaxam, xEcp. 1.1.2, 2.2.1.2.1.1.2 xm xuglw 3.2.2.
BA.. LID DEL I SCOTT I KQNITANTINI~OY, Miya /lt:~txov rij,; 'E),).rJvtxij,; rAwaaq,;, 1. f., OEA. 426:

navoveyo,;, 6 'tU JtClV'tU E'tOLf.lO~ va 1tQOS1J

14 AnoxA.aonxa 01'T]V "LOOO'UVU[,t[a" ~ao[~EL 1'1'] 8EWQ'T]Ol] 1'1'] 1'1'] f,LE1CtqJQUO'T] 'T] Mona BAKER, In Other
Words, 'TJ onola, acpou Esnaoa t'T]v woliuva[,Lla 010 AEsLx6 xm 10 unEgA.el;Lx6 mlJtEiio, ngay[,LatEUEWL w 1'1'] YQU[,L[,Lanxl]c;, 1'1']<; XELf-LEVLxl]c; xm 1'1']<; JtQUWatOAOyLxl]c; woliuva[,Llac;.
IS I1g~A.. GARNIER, Linguistique et traducti on, aEA.. 38 m. FERRARI, Literatura, traducci6n y traducibilidad, aEA.. 16.

55

xEtwv 1T]~ yA.wooa~ a<:pL~EW~ . Ex :rtdQa~, E~ aA.A.ou, yvwgL~OWE 6A.m a) 6n m DlaqJOQE~ yA.wooE~ xouv 6La<:pogo aQL8!-!6 M~Ewv xm A.E~lxwv mmxELwv (A.E~lxwv Ex<:pgaoEwv Ev yvH), B) 6n xa!J.f!la yA.wooa OEv :rtEQWQL~ETaL oE yxno yA.womxou aunof-Lou18, xm y) 6n m Evwm~6flEVE~ on~ Ex<:pgaoH~ "CTJ~ yA.wooa~ a<:pELTJQLa~ oxoH~ DEV d VaL xm, avayxnv LOU aULOU d6ou~ n LOU amou 1UJtOU f!E n~ OXEOH~ '"(;(!)V
Ex<:pgaoEwv nou E6gmwvovTm mn yA.wooa a<:pL~Ew~ 19.
~lEUXQlVL~E1aL EDW EX JtQOOlflLou 6n OEV anonmouf!E8a TTJV woouva[lLa noow~!
A:rtAW~ 8A.OU[A.E va xmao,;i]oOU[A.Eoa<:p~ 6n T] WOOUVaf!(a 1-!JtOQEl va ytvH EJtWTT]f!OVlXW~ OEX1i] - aXOf!a OE XaL va DlEXOlXi]OEl 80T] OTOV OQlOf!O TT]~ f!ELU<:pQaOT]~ - ,
f!OVO OlaV OQi~TaL a:rt6 1T] f!ELU<:pQaOT], OXl (xm Jt01E) 61av OQi~L TT] f!E1a<:pQaOT]20 .
Avo tyov,;a~ f!W OUVLOf!T] :rtaQEV8EUXi] EmOi]f!aVOT] 8a JtOUf!E OTO OT][lElO au16 01l
xma LOV AouooBLxo Hjelmslev XaL 1T] 'TA.WOOT]f!anxi] 8EWQLa" TOU, 6:rtw~ DlaLU:rtW8T]XE o,;a 1943 OTO f!VT]f!HWOE~ EQYO LOU Omkring Sprogteoriens Grundloeggelse, EXElvo JtOU OUVW1U 1T] yA.wooa 1000 OE EJtlJtEDO JtEQlEXOf!EVOU 000 XaL OE EJtl:rtEDO EX<:pQaOTlXO ELvm TJ flOQcpir flOQ<:pi] OE dvm o wono~, BaoH LOu onotou TJ xi:x8Ef!la yA.wooa
ogyavwvH LO (Uf!OQ<:po) uA.Lx6 nou Ola8TH ,;6oo ow mt:rtEOo wu :rtEQlEXOf!vou 6oo
XaL OTO EJtlJtEOO 1T]~ EX<:pQaOT]~ OE "f!OQqJlXa OXiJf!aTa": OTO f!EV EJtlJtEOO LOU JtEQlEXOf!EVOU OE OT]f!aOLE~, 010 OE EJtl:rtEOO TT]~ EX<:pQaOT]~ OE qJWVi]f!aTa. H xa8Ef!lU yA.wooa,
1WQa, OQyO.VWVH xm OOf!El TO UAlXO TT]~ f!E DWqJOQEUXO TQOJtO, f!E a:rt01EAOf!a 1a
"f!OQ<:plxa oxnf!ma" va nmxLA.A.ouv xm va Ola<:pOQOJtOlOUVLaL OE1ELOlO Ba8f!6, WOTE
va f!TJV u<:pto,;avwl axQLBEL~ avnmmxtE~ f!ETU~u Twv <:pumxwv yA.woowv. Etvm f!Uww, W~ EX LOULOU, VOf!l~OUf!E, va ava~T]TU 0 [lETa<:pQaOTi]~ U~ aXQlBEt~ aV1WTOlXLE~
n woouvaf!LE~ 1WV AE~E(!)V-OT]f!amwv EXEL, 6:rtou DEV (ELVUL ouvm6v va) UJtUQXOUV. 0
f!ELa<:pQaOTi]~, av 8A.EL va UJtEQBd TT]V f!OQqJlXi] Ola<:pOQOJtOLT]OT] TWV yA.woowv XaL va
<:p8aoH o,;nv xmvi] LOU~ essentia, avayov,;a~ LO gyo LOu oLO mtmoo 1TJr; axQLBou~
avnmmxtar; I woouvaf!tar;, 8a :rtQEnH xa8E <:poga va - xma LO yEAf!OAE<:plav6 ng6,;uno - JtQOBatVEl OE JtEQaL1EQW avaA.UOHr; 1WV f!OQ<:plXWV OXTJf!U1WV OE "y A.wooi]f!aW",

16 BA.. LYONS, Semantics, t. I, OfA. 231m.

17 TIQ~A. . COHEN, Structure du Iangage poetique, aEA.. 34: La traductibilite, soit dans une autre langue. soit
dans Ia meme. est bien Ia preuve que lecontenu teste distinct de /'expression.

18 TIQ~A. . ETIEMBLE, Peut-on traduire Jes autres?, aEA.. 4.

19 TIQ~A. HIETARANTA, Framing Languages, OEA. 123.
20 TI Q~A. DALITZ, Standar diiquiva/ente- Begriff' und Funktionen, OEA. 185 En.

56

MEPIKOI TYXAIOI OPILMOI KAI H fiANOYPriA THL "!WI'! YNAMIAL"

a "cl..axww auanrnxa" 6Y]A.a6i], m;a ono(a ava/..uovtm m

aY]~aas; xm ta qxovi]-

~ata xm ta onoa anot/..ouv xm' a~w~a xolva xm ata8Qa xagaxtYJQWtlxa 6/..wv

twv cpumxci:Jv yl..waaci:Jv. KI..LVH YJ naQV8nxi] mwi]~avaY].

Evm yvwat6, A.mn6v, 6n Ol yl..ci:Jaas; 6wcpgouv ~ta~u tous; ws; ngos; tY] ~ogcpi]
ava ~UYYJ 6laXQltOL an' ai..Ai]A.wv xci:Ji'llxs; xm xav6vs; xa8og~ow tY] yga~~anxi] 6o~i] twv yl..waaci:Jv xm ava6Elxvuouv ta nolx/..a voi]~ata. E~ ogw~ou 6cx6~aat 6tl:
a) Yl ~nacpoga u/..YJs; an6 ~la yl..ci:Jaaa a ~wv a/../..YJ auvwta ai..Aayi] (av 6zl xm aA./,oLwaYJ) twv i]6YJ ucpwta~vwv, 8wma~vwv, naylw~vwv ~ogcpci:Jv. Onws; EmaY]~aLva o Hans-Georg Gadamer, o ~Etacpgaati]s;, ~Etacpgovtas; atY] yl..ci:Jaaa to'U
va yA.wamx6 xL~Evo, 6w~Eunm an6 6,tl Lvm yga~~vo ato V Myw xL~
vo21 , auta 6E, nou A.Eya YJ ~EVYJ yl..waalxi] UAYJ, 6Ev 6Uvatm va ta ava-~ogcpci:Jaa
at Y] blxi] tou y/..wamxi] UAYJ, av 6Ev ~d xm o L6l0s; ato nmxv6l: va ~lA.i]aa, va
JtH, va QY]tEuaa. Aut6, 6~ws;, aY]~aLVElOtl o ~Etacpgaati]s; JtQEJtEl va xmaxti]aEl
xm va xava 6lx6 tou tov amlQO xci:Jgo tou o~li..Lv I A.Eyav 1QY]tUElV, o onoos;
(8a) avnatOlXL ata O~li..Y]8vta I A.Ex8vta I QY]tu8v1a GLY]V ~EVYJ y/..ci:Jaaa 22
(ngay~a acpav1aata 6Uaxo/..o)23.
~) Ol blacpoQEs; avt8ns; xm ~na~u wus; avnnaga~aA.A6~vEs; ~ogcps; ~E1a66ouv
voi]~ata (meanings) nou 6Ev vm 6wat6v va au~(mouv no1 anoA.u1ws; xm va

1U111L~ovtm not xa8' OAOXAY]QLav24 . TIQOXH~EVO'U va ag8gw8d xm- JtOAU JtEQW-

a61EQO- va ~na6o8E va v611~a, ngoanmtELtm 11 (l6avlxi]) avt1..1']'\(Ji] 1011 ws; o/..6-

2 I Omv [ttacpga~owr, Elvm yvwot6 6n :n:goo:n:a8olirt va avaxal.1nJ!OWE tl xguBnm :n:low Cllt6 TL 1.~n, tl rvvodmL oTO xElrtEvo am6 TO :n:EtuxalvowE rt6vo av A<XBowr u:n:6\j!l] flU 61-a ta 1\uvma vo~
rtam, rt6vo av 1-aBowE u:n:6\j!l] rtac; aut6 :n:ou o M .A.K . HALLIDAY, Language as Social Semiotic, oEA. I 09,
a:n:oxai-El ovvaJ1tx6 rwv V01JJ11'trwv (meaning potentia{) xm TO o:n:olo ogl~n we; ~11: The paradigmatic
range of' semantic choice that is present in the system, and to which the members of a culture have access in
their language.- IlgBI-. CLARK, The Lexicon Acquisition, OEA. 3: The meaning in a lexical entry can be
characterised broadly as the conceptual inf'ormation that is tagged or pointed to by the lexical item in
question. If we take the perspective or a speaker planning to talk, then the meaning may be a set of
conceptual conditions that must hold for a particular word or phrase to be selected. I n the case of a listener,
the word points to a partiCular piece of conceptual knowledge. The meaning specified in the lexical entry is
a shorthand for the pertinent conceptual information (... ). The meaning in lexical entries linked internally
to other pans orthe entry. It's closely linked to the set of semantic properties, that is, to all the aspects of
structure relevant to the possible syntactic environments.
22 GADAMER, Wahrheit und Methode, t. II, oEA. 92, 153: Was der Ubersetzer vorfindet, ist sprachlicher
Text(.. .), das er in die eigene Sprache Ubersetzen soli. Er ist gebunden an das, was da steht, under kann
doch nicht einfach das Gesagte aus dem fremden Sprachstoff in den eigenen Sprachstoff umf'ormen,
ohne daB er se/ber wieder zum Sagen den wird. Das aber heiBt, er muB in sich den unendlichen Raum des
Sagens gewinnen, der dem in der tremden Sprache Gesagten entsptricht.
23 IIQBA. DE BEAUGRANDE I DRESSLER, Introduction to Text Linguistics, OEA. 4: Text users will make a text
coherent by supplying as much of their own knowledge as is necessary to make sense out of a text as it stands.
24
TOU XlVblJVOU TT] xma Af~T] [tETUC(lQClOl] [)A. NIDA, Toward a Science of Translating, OEA. 213
m.: the toJ/y of translating word for word DARBELNET, Le tranr;ais en contacte avec I'anglais en
Amerique du Nord, OEA. 128. TO "v6nrta" OTT] [tETUC(lQClOT] Bl-. EXTEVW Xat(J)1EQW, XEC(l. 3.1 '

rw

rw

57

6nA.ov6n, 6tav anotEAEL !lEQO toU xW6Lxa toU JtQO Ai]'l)ll] !!lJvU!!Gto26 . To JtOQL<J!la am6 to ocpELAOU!l an6 to 1919 otov LLYW!!OUv6o Freud xm oto gyo tou yLa
to Unheimliche, yLa tO MVOTl/QLWc5E~. 6nou ano6HXvUH 6n xan dvm MU<Jtl]QLW6, aXQLBW JtH6i] (!lG) ELvm OLXELO. OoaXL !lEV l] EtEQOtl]ta ExA.a!!BaVEtm W
EtEQQtl]ta, dvm noM EuxoA.o va ogw8L, xm 6n 6La tou v6!lOU tl] tam6tl]ta
ooaxL, 6!-lW, to ouvttay[.livo otl] yA.wooa acpEtlJQLG XEL!!EVO xm to ouvttay!lvo <Jtl] yA.wooa acp(~EW XEl!lEVO dvm MOAUtW EtQOYVi] xm EvtEAW ~va !!Etal;u tou, to ngao11a an6 to va oto aAA.o- mnv xaA.utEQlJ JtEQ(mwon - 6v dvm
naga n avtwtgocpi] tou xw6Lxa27 Ooo, 6!-lW, XL av 6A.a ama E(vm 8WQlJTLXW owota xm rnaA.n8U<JL!la, yyov6 naQa!lvn 6n otnv ngay11anx6tnta n !lEtacpgaon
ELVm xan aA.A.o, xan 6LacpOQtLX6, xan JtOU !lOLUsH !l tl]V V6oyA.womxi] xatav6nOl] !!lJVU!lUtWV. H !!Etacpgaolj 8A.H OXL !!OVO tOV !!EtacpQaoti] W JtQO<JWJtLXOtljta,
aAA.a 8A.n xm OAOXAl]Ql] tl]V E!lJl:HQLa xm MEQLT!ll]tl] tl]V WtoQ(a toU !!EtacpQasovtO unoxH!lvou, xm touto 6XL yLa xavvav aA.A.o Myo, aA.M yLat( ta XEL!lEVa- to
avtLXEL!!EVO tl] !!EtacpQGOl] - xataVOOUvtaL !!OVO EVtO tOU WtoQLXOU OUVH6vm
tou rtnacpgaoti], rtLar; xm anotEA.ow 6wrtour; xata6nA.wowv xm ouv6nA.wowv,
toU OJtOLOU 0 [J,Etacpgaoti]r; ocpELAH va EVtoJtLOH, 0 6 VtoJtW[t6r; tour; y(vtm
[J,OVO EV <JXEOH JtQOr; tl]V EV YEVH JtQOOWmXi] tOU Xataota<Jl] 28
y) xata to rttgo, xa8'6 nou8va 6v unagxouv "l)luxLxa QEsEQBouag", an6 6nou tQocpo6ot(tm xm xwdtm n ouv(6non, aA.M ucp(otatm MAW lJ 6uva!lLXi] tl] ygacpi]r;, nou mxnonmdtm i], xaA.utEQa, 6av(snm nmx(A.our; tQOJtW!!OU (modalities) avaMywr; twv 6Lacp6gwv rnLn6wv XcpQaowr;, xata to (6w !lEtQO xm to

25 BA.. GADAMER, Philosophical Hermeneutics, oeA.. 101: It may be ditncult to understand what is said in a
foreign or ancient language, but it is still more difficult to Jet something be said to us even if we understand what is said right away. Both of these things are the task of hermeneutics. We cannot understand
without wanting to understand, that is, without wanting to Jet something be said.
26 DoBA.. NEUGER, Translation as a Conquest of Strangeness, oeA.. 220 Elt.
27 An6 ll]V ano1j!l] aun] Elvm xalgLa l] bwnlonuol] wu CATFORD, A Linguistic Theory of Translation,
oeA.. 93: Indeed, translatability (... )appears, intuitively, to be a cline rather than a clear-cut dichotomy.
SL texts and items are more or Jess translatable rather than absolutely translatable or untranslatable.
28 DgBA.. GADA MER, Philosophical Hermeneutics, OEA. 101: It would be an inadmissible abstraction to
contend that we must first have achieved a contemporaneousness with the author or the original reader by
means of a reconstruction of the historical horizon before we could begin to grasp the meaning of what is
said. A kind of anticipation of meaning guides the effon to understanding from the very beginning.

58

MEPIKOI TYXAIOI OPILMOI KA I H IlANOYPriA THL "IWaYNAMIAL"

ouvtnawvo otT] yA.wooa acptl;Ew~ XELIJ.EVO OEv anotEAEL avanagaywyi] i] xax6~TJ

ATJ IJ.LIJ.TJOTJ (reproduction) tou ouvtEtaYIJ.EVOU otT] yf..wooa a<pEtT]QLa~ XHIJ.EVOU, xm
to'lJto OL6n aiJ.<pOtEQa ta XELIJ.EVa ~a(vouv nagaA.Ai]A.w~: i]tOL, IJ.E tQ6Jto OLa<pOQELLx6 AEVE xm ta ouo ta LOLa axQL~w~ ng<iyj..Lata, 6nw~ axQL~W~ y(vEtm IJ.E toV EV <JUvnoi]oEL Myo (conscious speech) xm tOV xa8' UJtOOUVELOT]to Myo (subconscious
speech). To EVa XELVEVO, EV tOUtOL~, ffiT]QEU~H to aA.A.o, j..LE toV LOLOV aXQL~W~ tQ6JtO, xata tov onoto to unoouvdOTJto rnTJQQEa~n to ouvn6T]t6, TJ OE ~-tnal;u tou~
E6gmou1J.EVTJ oxoTJ oEv Etvm ygaiJ.~-tLxou tunou, ana ~-taf..A.ov noLxou xgovLxou xagaxti]Qa, 6nou 6,n mtm, unootaoLOJtOLEL 6oa JtQOT]yi]8T]xav XQOVLXW~. 0 6E
UJtUQXWV ClE<Jj..LO~ aVaj..LE<Ja OtL~ OUO yga<pE~ El;avtAELtal OTT]V UJtOXHj..LEVLXOTT]ta
tou I-LTJtL6Evto~ IJ.Eta<pgam:i], o ono(o~ IJ.E tT]V ngoownLx6tT]ta tou (xm OXL ~-t6vo IJ.E
tT]V JtaQOU<JLa toU) aJtOtEAEL tOV EJtLVOT]ti] xm tOV EXtEAEOti] toU j..LEta<pgaoj..Lato~
w~ ouyyga<pLxou gyou29 . "Le texte n 'est pas pensable dans Ia fonne, miginaire ou
modifiee, de Ia presence. Le texte inconscient est deja tisse de traces pures, de
differences oil s'unissent le sens et Ia force, texte nulle part present, constitue
d'archives qui sont toujours deja des transcriptions. Des estampes originaires. Tout
commence par Ia reproduction. Toujours deja, c'est-a-dire dep6ts d'un sens qui n'a
jamais ete present, dont le present signifie est toujours reconstitue a retardement,
nachtriiglich, apres coup, supplementairement : nachtriiglich veut dire aussi
supplementaire", i]toL "to XELIJ.EVO 6Ev y(vEtm va to OLavoT]80uiJ.E un6 tT]V xataywyLxi] i] IJ.ELT]AAayj..LEVTJ IJ.OQ<pi] tou vuv xovto~. To aouvn6o XELIJ.EVO EXH i]OT] ucpav8EL an6 JtatT]j..taOLE~ xa8aQE~, an6 OLa<pOQE~, 6Jto'U OIJ.LYOUV VOi]j..tata xm EVEQyi]j..tata xm 6nou ouvmgouvtm QOJtE~ xm ouvaiJ.H~, XELIJ.EVO, onou OEV dvm ouba~-to'IJ
EVE<Jt6~, OUYXQOtoUj..LEVO aJt6 UJt08T]XO<pUAaXELa, ta OJtOLa aELJtOtE i]OY) OUVL<JtoUV
IJ.ELaygacp~ au8oQEL rtaj..LJtE~ IJ.EV, JtAT]V JtQWt6tUJtE~. To nav OLa tY)~ avanagaywyi]~ agxnm. AdnotE au8oQEL: navand ano8~-tata Ev6~ voi]j..tato~, nov ouonotE
UJtYJQsEV EVE<Jt6~ Xal JtOU T] OT]j..LaLVOj..LEVT] JtaQOU<JLa tOU avaouyXQOtdtm ClLaQXW~
xat6mv EOQti]~ (nachtraglich), Ex twv U<JtEQWV, OUI-LJtAY)QWIJ.atLxa. Nachtriiglich navand EJtLOT]~ OV{.mA7JQW{.laTtx6~' UJtOOtY)QL~H 0 Derrida30 xm 8EAH va JtH 6tL, anoOOj..LOUj..LEVOU toU j..LEta<pUOLXOU xagaxti]Qa tT]~ JtaQOUOLa~ (presence I Anwesen) 31 , T]
EX tY)~ yga<pi]~ JtQOXUJttoU<Ja Xal OQL~Oj..LEVT] OXEOT], JtOU U<pLOtatm j..LE'tal;u UJtOOU-

29

nQBA. DERRIDA, L 'ecriture et Ia difference, OEA. 312 En.: On parle li tort nous dit Freud, de traduction ou

de transcription pour decrire Je passage des pen sees inconscientes par Je preconscient vers Ia conscience.
lei encore, Je concept metaphorique de traduction (Ubersetzen) ou de transcription (Umschrift) n 'est pas
dangereux en ce qu 'if fait reference li l'ecriture mais en ce qu 'if suppose un texte deja hi, immobile,
presence impassible d'une statue, d'une pierre ecrite ou d'une archive dont on transporterait sans
dommage Ie contenu signifie dans I 'element d'une autre langage, celui du preconscient ou du conscient.
30 DERRIDA, L 'ecriture et Ia difference, oEA. 314.
31 BA. xm LARUELLE, Le dec/in de I'ecriture, OEA. 25: L'Etre comme Corps ou quasi-totalite de Ia Difference
se trouve entln dans Jes conditions pour ne plus ~tre une tota/ite dominance (Ia presence comme Anwesen),
surtouts 'il est, comme on va Je voir, subordonne li Ia Difference, et si cel/e-ci ne contient plus de son cote
aucun element subsistant (telle que Ia negativite et Ia contradiction) et lui assure ainsi sa minorite.

59

xagaooouv j..LE rraoa EUXQLvaa ta OQLa LOU 8Ej..tEALWOOU~ xaoj..tato~ rrou U<pLOTatm
ava~-twa otl] yA.ci:>ooa a<pttl]Q(a~ xm otl] yA.ci:>ooa a<p(sEw~ o 6go~ "rragouo(a" otl]
j..tETU<pQaOl], 8EWQOUj..tEVO~ arr6 Tl] oxoma TOU XWQOXQOVOU, dvm OQO~ j..LEOTO~ JrQOOj..ttlSEWV xm L~l]j..LUTWV. Kaj..tj..t(a j..tETU<pQaOl]OEV j..LJ[OQEL va UJrUQXEl Oto rrag6v, a<p'
EVO~ OLOTL l1 j..tETU<pQaOl] ava<pEQETaL rravta 0 xan JrQOl]yOUj..tEVO, m( TOU orro(ou
xm xa 8Ej..tEALW8E(, xm a<p' ngou OL6tL avaj..ttoa on~ ygaj..tj..t~ tou XHj..tvou tl]~
axoUyEtat JrUVta 0 aVTLAaAO~ TOU JrQWTOTUJrOU' X(iL
0) l1 arr6A.UTl] OUVWVUj..tLa, JrOU Ol]j..LHWTEOV arrotEAEL XLj..tj..taLQa xm j..LEOa OTO OcDj..ta
j..tLa~ Xat j..tOVl]~ yf..ci:>ooa~, dvm avm(TEUXTl], OtaV Tl]V ava~l]toUj..tE OTl]OLa<pOQETLX~ j..LOQ<p~ j..tLa~ aAA.11~ yA.ci:>ooa~ 34 -xug(w~ 6, av i'>Ev A<:i~OWE urr6t!Jl1 j..ta~ Tl]V wtog(a tou xLj..tvou xm Tl]V wtog(a Tou j..tEta<pgaoT~. To TA.o~ Twv ouo LOtoQLci:>v d vm 11 arroxaA.oUj..tEVl] arr6 tov Hans-Georg Gadamer "ouyxci:>vEUOl] OQL~6vTwv"
("Horizontenverschmelzung") 35 . 0 og(~ovta~ tou x6oj..tou tou rrgo~ j..ttta<pgaol]
Xlj..LEVOU OUYXWVEUTat j..LE TOV OQL~OVta LOU XOOj..LOU TOU j..ttta<pQaotr), TO 0 rrgoL6v Tl]~ OUYXWVEUOl]~ TWV HQl]j..tEVWV OQL~OVTWV rraQLYQU<pH Tl]V rrgayj..tatLX~ EQj..tl]VEUTLXrl Tl]~ j..LHU<pQaOl]~. To EV A6yw LOTOQLXO JrEOLO JrEQLYQU<pETat W~ ES~~ arr6
tov Gadamer: "Horizons change for a person who is moving. Thus the horizon of the
past, out of which all human life lives and which exists in the form of tradition, is
always in motion. ( ... ) together they constitute the one great horizon that moves
from within and, beyond the frontiers of the present, embraces the historical depths
of our self-consciousness", ~TOL: "OL og(~ovt~ j..tHa~aA.A.ovTm yLa 6A.ou~ 6om XLvouvtaL. 08Ev o og(~ovta~ tou rragEA.86vto~, sw arr6 Tov orro(ov ~ouv 6A.m oL
av8gwrrm xm o orro(o~ u<p(otatm w~ rragaoool], E(vm OE ava11 XLVl]Ol]. (... ) 6A.m
j..ta~( OL Err( j..tfQOU~ OQL~OVTE~ MOTEAOUV TOV eva j..LEYUAOV OQL~Ovta JrOU XLVELTat
arr6 ta j..tEOa rrgo~ Ta sw xm, 6vta~ rrgav TWV og(wv tou rrag6vw~, xmaA.a~-t~a
va oA6xAl]QO wv LOTOQLx6 ~u86 tl]~ auwouvEL6l]o(a~ ~-ta~" 36 . ME aA.A.a A6yLa, o

32 H y'Awooa, El; a'A'Aou, ~lO'Aov6n aJtou'AEl Jto'Auouv!lno ouotl']~a xav6vwv xm o1']~mv6vtwv I ol']~m
vo~Evwv oxEnx6 ~tE tl'] yvwo11 tou av8Q<i:JJtou yuQw aJt6 wv x6o~o. Elvm xma ~ao11 ouo111~a avay6JAEVO oto aouvEl61']tO. TIQ~A. QV ALE, Better Translate than Never, oE'A. 213.
33 TIQ~'A. KONIG I KUSZMAUL, Strategie der Ubersetzung, OEA. 58 EJt.
34 fta 11'] "o1JVWV1J!Ala" <J11']JAEtCt(jJQ001] ~A. EXtEVW XatWtEQW, XECjJ. 3.3.3 Elt.
35 B'A. GADAMER, Wahrheit und Methode, 1. I, <JEA. 311 m. , 380m., 401.
36 B'A. GADA MER, Philosophical Hermeneutics, oe'A. 271.

60

MEPlKOl TYXA lOl OP liMO l KAl H flANOYPrlA THI

"ILO~YNAMlAI"

[.IEta(j)QUO'ti]t; OEV ElVaL JLQ0011AW!lEVOt; JLOLE OE vav XaL !!OVUOlXO OQl~OV'ta, OJLEQ
011!-lUlVEl O'tl OEV El VaL EQUO'ti]t; !!OVO LOU O'UV'tE'tUY!lEVOU 0111 yAWOOa U(j)E't11QLar;
XEl!lEVOU i] EQU<J'ti]t; !!OVO LOU O'UV'tLay!lvou 0111 yA.wooa acpL(;EWt; XEl!lEVOU' UXQlSwr; mnoi] o !!Ewcpgao,;i]r; ELvm !!Ewcpgao,;i]r;, i) ano'tEAEL acp' Ev6r; w ngay!lanx6 unoxEL!lEVO au,;ou wu !!OVaOlxou ogL~ov,;a xm acp' ELEQOU - yla va Emo,;ga'tEUOO'lJ!lE EVa xacpXlXO EQE8lO!!U - 0 EJLl8EWQ11'ti]t; UU'tOU 'tOU !lOVUOlXOU OQl~OV'ta,
xm ii) EQya~6!lEvor; !lE Mo wuMxw,;ov yA.wooEr; EQ!l11VEUl au8Evnxa nr; Olao,;aonr; wu: w EQYO wu Em8EWQ11'tiJ 111r; ImogLar; oLvn owv !!EWcpQao,;i] ,;a xA.nOla
nou LOU avo(youv 111 !!EYCtA11 JLUA11 LOU nugyou 111r; xmav611011r;. 'H, xm naA.l, !!E ,;a
A.6yla wu Hans-Georg Gadamer: "the discovery of the true meaning of a text or a
work of art is never finished; it. is in fact an infinite process. Not only are fresh
sources of error constantly excluded, so that the true meaning has filtered out of it all
kinds of things that obscure it, but there emerge continually new sources of
understanding, which reveal unsuspected elements of meaning" 37 , i],;m: "11 avEUQ011
'tOU UA118o'\Jr; VOi]!!ULOt; EVOt; XEl!lEVOU i] EVO~ XUAAlLEXViJ!laLOr; ElVaL EQyao(a JLOU
OEv JLEQULOU'taL JLO'tE' 0111v ngay!lanx6't11W JLQOXEl'taL yla OWOlxaoLa ,;Lvouoa
ow anngo. Oxl !l6vo anoxA.ELov,;m o,;a8EQa vEEr; n11yEr; ocpaA.!la,;wv, EWl wo'tE w
aA.118Er; v611!la va ano!laxguvn an6 !lEOa wu Ola OluA.LoEwr; onoi]nOLE wu a!lauQWVEl 111v nx6va, aA.M avaSA.u~ow aEvawr; VEEr; JL11YEt; xmavoi]oEwr;, Ol onoLEr;
anoxaA.umow OLOlXELa voi]!lmor; nou xavELr; OEv w cpav,;a~6,;av an6 JLQlV".
H ngooEyyw11 au,;i] Es11YEL magxwr; ,;a Olaboxlxa - !lE 111 ooA.W!llxi] Evvma wu
6gou- "oXEOl<'tO!!aLa" !llar; I 111r; !!E'tacpgao11r;, nou aQ!lOA.oyouv 111v wwgLa 111r; w
!!ELacpgaonxa OXEOl<'tO!la'ta, wr; cpaonr; !llar; ,;Lvouoar; ow amlQO owblxaoLar;,
6Ev ocpELA.ov,;m anoxA.nonxa OE xanma 'tEA.nonoL11011 111r; JLEQL 111v Iowgta av,;LA11'\jJi]r; !lar;, ou'tE, cpumxa, oE !!ELaSoA.Er; ngoxaA.ou!lEVEr; avaA6ywr; ,;wv aA.A.aywv
111r; !!ELacpgaonxi]r; !!E866ou i] ,;wv ExaoLO'tE XQ110l!!OJLO lOU!lEVWV noA.uouO't11!l<'t,;wv OEv ocpELA.ov,;m oE 'tELOlOur; El;w'tEQlxour; nagayov,;Er;, aAA.a <JL11 OlaA.EX'tlxi]
XQOVlXO't11'tU nou OQl~El 111 OXE011 JL11YiJt;-O'tOXOU XaL acpEL11QLar;-acpL1;Ewr; wr; Mo EyXQOVWV xmao,;aoEwv, OXE01111 onoLa OEv xaQaX't11QL~nm an6 111 OlaooxiJ aAA.a
an6 111v ouvav111011, wv av,;LA.aA.o xm w OlaA.oyo OXE011, 11 onoLa, OU!lcpwva !lE wv
Walter Bemjamin, xma8QU!l!la'tl~El W OUVEXEt; XaL W JLEQlEXO!lEVO 't11t; lowgLar;38
Mwr; xm !!OAlt; avacpEQ8i]xa!!E ow "OlaA.oyo" !!JLOQOU!lE, vo!lL~O'lJ!lE, va OOU!lE 111
!!EL<'tcpgao11 wr; OlaOlxaoLa Saol~O!!EV11 ow OlaA.oyo - 6nwr;, wuMxwwv, avnA.a!lSavnm ,;o OlaA.oyo o Mlxai]A. Bakhtin: wr; EL6or; ouvucpmvo!!Evwv (context), wr; xa,;aowo11 JtOU naylWVE'taL !lE'tUSU XEl!!EVWV, JLOAl'tl<J!lWV, 't0Jt(l)V XaL EJLOXWV acp'
Ev6r; XaL av8QWJL(l)V XaL LOU JtEQlSaAA.ov,;or; amour; XOO!!OU acp' ELEQOU' 0 OlaA.oyor;
OUVOEE'taL, aga, O'tEVa !lE 't11V E'tEQoyA.woo(a i], 6nwr; 'tO JLEQlYQCt(j)El 0 LOlOt; 0

37 GADAMER, Philosophical Hermeneutics, oEA.. 265 rn.

38 BENJAMIN, Uber den Begriff der Geschichte, oEA.. 691 Elt.

61

tWV. Ka8~la an6 amr; tlt; 011~aoLEt; xm xa8va an6 auta ta voi]~ata EXH tll 0'\Jva~ll va OQl~El tllV UJtUQsll OAWV tWV af...Awv Oll~UOlWV XaL VOT]~UtWV. Eml<'ii] Ol
A.1;El yw xm
anavtwvtm oE 6A.a ta El<'ill tau EX<pEQ6~Evou Myou, anavtwvtm XaL Otll ~EtU<pQUOT], 01tOU tO atO~lXO "qw" tOU avayvw<Jtll Owf...Eynm ~E tO
"wv" tou xH~vou 1~Eta<pQao~ator;40 Tux6v <'iLaxwQw~6r; tllt; A.Esll an6 tO <'iLaA.oyo xai Exta~i] tllt; Msll an6 ta ouvu<pmv6~Eva ouvwta ~8o<'io EVtEA.wr; tEXV'llti], xm tauto <'iL6tl m A.1;Ht; anotEA.ouv yEvvi]~ata tllt; ou~EUsTJ tou ''loLou" (own)
xm tOU "EtEQOU" (alien) 41 Ltll OlaA.oyLxi] <'ila<'iQaOll ~E ~la sEVll, ~E ~la "EtEQll" Asll. Ol A1;Ht; ~Eta~af...A.ovtm, xa8wr; anoxtouv VEE Oll~a<JLt; 42 flaut6 xm Ol 1...l;El tau ~Eta<pQao~atat; ELvm xat' axof...ou8Lav navtot <'iLa<pOQEtlXE an6 tl
(o~6A.oyEt;) A.1;Ht; tou JtQWtOtunou, xa8wr; ouv<'iEouv to naf...m6 ~to xmvo'IJQyw
XaL, W EX tOUtOU, xdvtm Xt6t; xm JtEQUV 1tUOllt; ~OVOOll~aVtllt; lOOOuva~Lat;. 0
<'ilaf...oyot; ~ao(~EtaL OtllV WOtl~(a tOU "qw" XaL tOU "w'\J". Eav tO XEl~EVO tOU
1tQWtotunou naQa~vH ad auctoritatem aQ8Qw~vo mLo11~0 Qi]~a. nou xdtm OE
1tQlOXiJ OXEtlXW i] 1t0AU ano~aXQUO~EVll, ouv<'iEO~EVO Etol OtEVU ~E tO 1taQEf...86v,
tO onoLo 8wQltm 6n xataA.a~~avH U'\jJllf...iJ ~a8~L<'ia OtllV xA.Lj.wxa twv lEQaQxi]oEwv xm twv a1;Lwv, to mLo11~0 aut6 Qi]~a dvm - yla va ~LA.ijoou~E ~Eta<pOQLxa
ta MyLa twv natEQa<'iwv ~at;, twv 1tQoy6vwv ~at;, ... Myw twv onoLwv 11 au8vtlx6tllta xm TJ wxur; xouv i]611 (ava)yvwQw8L oto JtaQEA.86v. H naQay~anxi] xatav6110ll dvm EVEQYlltlXi]-<'iLaA.oyLxi], OQL~6~EV11 wr; a<po~oLwa11 tT]t; A.Esll Vt6t; Ev6t;
VEOU EVVOWXOU O'UOti]~atOt;, tOU OU<Jtij~atot;, i]tal, EXELVOU, toU 01tOlOU E1tlXHQltaL 11 xatav6110ll 43 EnH6ij EVEQYlltlXi]-OLaA.oyLxi] xatav6110TJ 011~aLva Emf...oyi], xm
<'ill Emf...oyi] xat6m v Ola<pwvLar; i] ou~<pwvLar;, xm EJtHOi] EVEQYlltlXi]-<'iLaf...oyLxi]
xatav611011 OT]~aLva mL nf...Eov 6n otav EX<pEQO~Evo Myo OEV UJtUQXEl tLJtOtE
ready-made xm pret-a-porter4 4 , ywut6 xm a<p' Ev6r; ow xa8E xd~Evo (nQwt6tuno

wv

39
40
41
42
43
44

BAKHTIN, The Dialogic Imagination, OEA.. 428.

BAKHTIN, The Dialogic Imagination, OEA. 426 m.
ngj)A. ltEQaLlEQW LARUELLE, Le dec/in de J'ecriture, OEA.. 26.
ngj)A. BERMAN, La traduction com me epreuve de J'ecranger, OEA. 78 EJt.
BA.. BAKHTIN, The Dialogic Imagination, OEA.. 281 m.
ngj)A.. ENQYIST, Discourse Type, Text Type, and Cross-Cultural Rhetoric, oEA.. 6: As discourse goes on,
a speaker or writer increases the pool of information he wishes to share with his receptor by eliminating
uncertainties: every building block, every structured contrastive item, eliminates uncertainties and
increases the pool of shared information. The order in which uncertainties are eliminated, thf! t is, the

62

MEPIKOI TYXAIOI OP!l:MOI KAI H TIANOYPrlA THl: "ILOL'l YNAM!Al:"

xm 1r1 [J.Etacpgao[J.a) xogrwouvtm vtEc; onflaOLEc; an6 xa8 xmvougyLOv avayvwotn

xm acp' EtEQOU l] [J,Etacpgaonxrj xaraVOTJOTJ OEV OUVLOta EJCaVCtAT}1jJT} 45 . EmLOrj, tE/...oc;, 6LaA.oyoc; xat' ouo(av unagxn ExL, 6nou ll xa8 A.tsll xwgwta xLvLtm ngoc;
tl]V xatu8uvon tnc; an6xgwnc; xm 6v flJtOQEL va anocpuyn tl]V xmaA.utLXrl EmQgorj tl]c; anoxQL VOflEVlJt; xm avtanoxQL VOflEVl]c; Of autrjv Ml;l]c;46 , ll [J.Etacpgaon Lvm xat...Awta [J.La an6xQWTJ, [J.La anavtl]OlJ ota l;,ntilflata nou 8EtL ngoc; oul;,rjtnOlJ to JtQWt6tuno. H [J.Etacpgaol] OQWflEVl], 68v, an6 autrj tl]V onnxrj ywv(a 6v ELvm mava/...'1]'\jJlJ, 6v ELVm avanagaywyrj ELvm bwJ,.,oytxr] avv8t:aTJ.
ITag' 6/...a ta avwtEQW avacpQ8Evta, 6uotuxwc; 6,n xm av EmtuYX<ivnm o [J.La
[J.Etacpgaon, xa8LQwvnm xm ayLal;,nm navtot - Oflo/...oyou[ltvwc; xm 1r1 avo[loA.oyrjtwc;- EV OVO[J,atL tl]c; JtfQLqJlj[ll]c; L000UVa[J,Lac; 47 ELtf 6 "xavnm" xan ELtf
"XEQOLl;,nm" xatL xata tl] [lftacpQaOl] fVOt; XEL[J,EVOU an6 [J,La yf...WOOLXrl [J,OQqJrl Of
[J,Lav a/...Al]- EJtEL<)rj aXQL~Wc; UJtUQXOUV OL y/...womxtc; xatl]YOQLft; toU Of XQOVO EVE-

linearization ofitems within phrases and clauses and sentences as well as the Jinerization of syntactic and
texwal units within the discourse, is an imponant aspect of text strategy, of text organisation. Texts, so
we may assume, are ordered, linearized, in ways which somehow optimize the order in which a speaker
or writer wishes to eliminate the receptor's uncenainties and expose to him the states of affairs that
define the panicular scenario or text world he wants to communicate.
45 KaraVOT/01/ (repetition), TOUAUXLOTOV, 0'\J~q)(uVa !! tT]V JtQOOEYYWTJ TOU Jacques ATTALI, Noise, OEA.
20: When power wants to make people forget, music is ritual sacrifice, the scapegoat; when it wants
them to believe, music is eqactment, representation; when it wants to silence them, it is reproduced,
normalised, repetition.
46 811.. BAKHTIN, The Dialogic Imagination, aeA.. 279m. - 811.. miaT]<; TOV OQL0~6 n:ov OLVEL o Leonard
BLOOMFIELD, Language, aeA.. 139, aw v6n~a (meaning): the utterance made by the speaker and the
response it calls fonh in the hearer T] mwlj~avon eivm OLxlj ~a<;.
47 H el; 6owv yvwQi~owe xaA.'lltEQTJ xm el;un:v6tEQTJ an:oA.oynnxlj tT]<; wo6uva~ia<; oq:>EiA.nm awv J.
HOLMES, Translated, aeA.. 53 m., o on:oio<; yQaq:>EL: Equivalence, like sameness, is asking too much. The

languages and cultures to be bridged, however close they may sometimes seem, are too far apan and too
disparately structured for true equivalence to be possible. What the translator strives for is, when you stop
to think about it, not over-all sameness or equivalence, not even local equivalence at the level of words or
turns of phrase, rhythmes or metres, images or musics. Rather it consists in finding what I should prefer to
call counterpans or matchings- words, turns of phrase, and the rest, fulfilling functions in the language of
the translation and the culture of each reader that in many and appropriate ways are closely akin (though
never truly equivalent) to those of the words ect. in the language and culture of the original and its reader.TT]<; wo6wa~ia<; EQaatlj<; ELVOL o A.tyO!J.EVO<; fidus interpres toU 0QatLOU [: HORATIUS, Ars Poetica, Ot.
133], 0 JnotOf; EQJ.tT/VfVTJjf:;, 1JJtEQ toU OJtOLOU OUVTJYOQEL 0 Bolj8LO<;, OtT]V Ewayw'Y7i t01J lT]<; ~ElU(jJQUOT]<;
to1J noQq:>UQL01J [: BOETHIUS, In Isagogem Porphyrii, EXO. S. Brandt, OEA.. 135], yQUqJOvta<;:
( ... ) in qua(= translatio) quidem uereor ne subierim fidi
intemretis culpam cum uerbum uerbo expressum comparatumque
reddiderim. Quius incoepti ratio est, quod in his scriptis
in quibus rerum cognitio quaeritur non luculentae ora cion is,
lepos sed incorrupta veritas exprimenda est. Quocirca multum
profecisse uideor, si phi/osophiae libris Latina oratione
compositis integerrimae translationis sinceritatem nihil
in Graecorum litteris amp/ius desideretur.
811.. axenxa SCHWARZ, The Meaning of "fidus interpres" in Medieval Translation, aeA.. 73 En: .

63

48 DQBA.. ORTEGA Y GASSET, Difficulte du langage, OEA, 8 m,

49 Iu~cpwva ~E 1a tmA.txa A.e!;txa w EV A6yw "proverbio paronomastico" Elvm woxavtxo JtAT)V 6~ws; ow
EQYO tou Joachim DU BELLA Y, La deffense et illustration de Ia langue franr;:oise, OEA, 39, oto Ol]~Elo,
6rrou ylvnm Myos; yw tout; mauvais traducteurs (xaxov~ Jl.eracpoaar&~) ouvavni~E w E!;i]s; xwolo:
vrayement mieux dignes d 'estre appel/es traditeurs que traducteurs. Ot urroyQa~~low; elvm 1\txEt; ~as;,

64

1.1.2
ITcQL "laobuva~(a~":

llgon~a lnitialia
The focus of translation studies would be shifted away from the incidental
incompatibilities among languages toward the systematic communicative
factors shared by languages. Only in light of this new focus can such issues as
equivalence and translation evaluation be satisfactorily clarified.
Robert de Beaugrande'

fAQIIA, QI fNQITON, EXEI c!>YIH ~liTH: xm:a rtQ<inov, ELVUL 1.ua OOIJ.i]2 IJ.OQ<:pWV i],
aA.ALw<;, tva<; xw&Lxa<;, OWL016.1J.EVO<; arr6 010LXLa, -ra orro(a IJ.E OLa<:p6QOU<;
ouvouaOIJ.OU<; rraQayow yQaiJ.IJ.LXW<; xm au8mQE1W<; "OTJIJ.da" xm "OT]IJ.aOL<;", xm,
xm:a OU1QOV, d vm tva mxmvwvLax6 ou01T]IJ.a- mxoLvwvwx6 ouo'tT]IJ.a, rrou LO
XQTJOLIJ.OltOLL XOUOLW<; IJ.E EVaQ8QO Myo 0 av8Qwrro<; W<; XWOLXa- EVa JtLXOLV(l)VLaX6 ouol:T]IJ.a, A.mrr6v, rrou XQTJOLIJ.orrmwvw<; n<; IJ.OQ<:pE<; LOu xw&Lxa ava<:pEQELaL
0 OV101T]1<; (U<:pL016.1J.EV<; 1000 OLOV aL08T]10 XOOIJ.O 000 XaL OLOV XOOIJ.O LOU VOU
xm 1wv LOwv) xm rraQayn "OTJIJ.da" vtxov'ta al;ta mxoLvwvwxi] 3. OL yA.woo<;,

I
2

DE BEAUGRANDE, Factors in a Theory of Poetic Translating, OEA. 13.

LtT] AEsTJ "OO!.Ui" ("structure") [lltoQOUf.lE va ava<pEQ80U[lE [lE TOV tQOltO to1J LALANDE, Vocabu/aire
de philosophie, t. III, pour designer, par opposition a une simple combinaison d'elements, en tout
forme de phenomenes solidaires, tels que chacun depend des autres et ne peut t:tre ce qu 'il est que dans
et par sa relation avec eux.
Yn' avni tT]V vvow Elvm Euowxo<; o nvxv6<; OQlO[lO<; wv QUINE, Word and Object, OEA. 27, yLa tT]

yA.cboaa, EJtL[,tEvovw<; aw 6u o EmxoLvwvwx6<; xaQaxti]Qa<; TTJ<; Elvm xat' ovolav acpOQ[li] ovyxQloEwv [lEtal;u twv EXOVtwv tT] yA.woOLxi] Lxav6tT]ta O[lLAT]tcbv tT]<;: Language is the complex of present
dispositions to verbal behavior, in which speakers of the same language have perforce come to
resemble one another.

65

yLa, 6n ta !LOQcpLxa xagaxtl]Qwnxa !!La yA.w00a EllTJQEa~ouv xaSogwnxa ta

vol]nxa !LOvtA.a -, Sa !lnogou0E va 0uvmayEtal 6n to !!Etal;u twv xo0!LOSEa0Ewv
I X00!!0SEWQLWV twv 0Lacp6gwv yA.w0mxwv xm voti]twv ucpwta!LEVO xa0!la L Val
0XEMv ayEcpugww. Kan tEtOLO, 6!LW, 0tTJV ngay!latLx6tl]ta Sa anxf...HE Xal tTJV
EMXWtTJ ax6!la mSav6tl]ta unaQsEW xa/...i] !LEtacpga0EW. Nal !LEV 6Ev nagayvwQL~O'U!LE xaS6A.ou 6n dval 0XMv aouvata va agvl]SOU!L tl]V wxu !LEQLxwv tauMxwwv an6 tL nagatl]Qi]0H nou txouv ngo0ayayu 0tl]V mWtTJ!LOVLxi] xovL0tQa
000L EQYU~OVtal !LEta EQya/...da ti] V f...Oyw un6SWT], nf...T]V O!!W ElVal EVtEAW
!LUtalo Xal l;wngay!lanx6 va aQVOU!LSa tl] 6uvat6tl]ta aQSQW0TJ !!EtacpQa0!LEvou A.Oyou, OL6n TJ OLa tl] yA.w00a mtEA.Ou!LEVlJ aA.A.T]A.oxouA.wugaA.Lxi] mxmvwvLa ELvalOEOO!LEVTJ. H tux6v 0TJ!LHWnxi] ngo0yywT] 6gwv 6nw "xd!!Evo", "0uyxL!LVo" 1"0uvucpalVO!!Eva" xal "!!EtacpQa0TJ" Sa !La mtQEnE va oQL00'U!L tTJV xouA.tauQa W the !'unction a/ correlation of' different sign systems5, i]tOL W rov A.et TOVQYLx6 avaxErw{l6 owcpoQEnxwv 01Jf.IEwavaT1J{larwv. A uta ta OLacpoQEnxa 0u0ti]~ata
0T]!LElWV A.Htougyouv t60o !!E0a 0ta nA.aL0La tl] xaSE!!LU xouA.touQa XWQL<Jta
600 Xal aA.A.TJA.oxouA.tougaA.Lxa OEOO!LEvou OE 6n TJ LTJ!LHWtLXi] a0xoA.ELtal !LE tl]V
EnEsEQya0La Xal tl]V avtaA.A.ayi] nA.T]QO<:pOQLWV t60o !LE0a 0t0V 0XAT]QO nugi]va tl]
xouA.tauQa 600 xal xata !LllXO twv ogLwv, nou xwgL~ouv tL OLacpoQE xouA.wuQE, TJ !!EtU<:pQa0T] !LJlOQd va SEWQl]Sd yEVLXW !LEV, nf...T]v aA.avSa0tW, W lJ OLaOLxa0La xdvl], OLa w; onoLa !!La 0lJ!LHwnxi] ovt6tl]ta (semiotic entity) 6 !LEtaoxTJ!latL~Etal 0E a/.../...1] 0TJ!LHwnxi] ovt6tl]ta. Kata tl] 6w6Lxa0La auti] axoA.ouSouvtal,
cpuoLxa, 0uyxEXQL!!EVOL 6gm woouva!!La nou 0XEtL~ovtal !LE 0TJ!LHWtLXOU xwOLXE, ngawawA.oyLxi] OQU0TJ Xal yEvLxa EmxmvwvLaxa alti]!lata.
A v, O!LW, T] "woouva!!La" ngenH va OLatT]QELtal na0T] 8u0La Otl] !!Etacpgaol] 7, t6tE ta EQWti]!lata "0E nm6 mLnEOO Sa OLatT]Qdtal;" Xal "nm dval m EvaA.A.axn4 nQ~A. 111v arro\jJ1110U LA CAN, Ecrits, ael..

103, yw 111v ava/.unxiJ ~-t8oCio: Ses moyens sont ceux de Ia

parole en tant qu 'el/e contere aux fonctions de I' individu un sens; son domaine est celui du discours
concret en tant que realite transindividuelle du sujet; ses operations sont cel/es de I'histoire en tant
qu 'e/Ie constitue I 'emergence de Ia verite dans le reel.
5 81.. LOTMAN, Theses on the Semiotic Study of Cultures, ael.. 57.
6 H 0111lEwmxiJ ovt6t11ta we; !lEtacpQacrnxiJ ev61111a CiwxQlvnm cre <Ecraega crtMw: cr111V ravnar]
(identification), 0111v JrAr]QocpoQia (information), Ot11V </;~yr]ar} (explication) xm cr1ov !1Eraaxr}!lanaJ16 (transformation) JtQ~A. HATIM 1 MASON, Discourse and the Translator, crEA. I 05 m.
7 fw 'tOV VON STACKELBERG, We/tliteratur in deutscher Ubersetzung, OEA. 8, alcpV1'!c;, aut6 dvm auwV01110: Der Bezug zum Original muB das oberste Kriterium flir unsere Bewertung einer Ubersetzung

66

L9
"1!1fiddli uoq 5(!) ?1011 r)Y..Y:O 'fi1UliS 5(!) 11J13~r)Od:m13TI I 11Jl3A?Y.. r)X1Y..Y..DA l)lD SJ;;I;;ilp 9X1Y..AI..D 01
x11 :(uo!Jli1dlipli) (l!..orfavooau (q mx iOJUOJd 5(!) m13~r)od:m131i 1mnA.?Y.. r)X1Y..D11D1D Oi\(l)cb?Y..Lll ow
i590uri3 9X1AllY..Y..3 01 x11 :(;;~:Ju;;lfliAJnb;;~) DJrlvttnqom (A. .;;~qoJdS!Jlil[) 5(!) 11J13~r)ocbnnri 11Dl3A?Y.. r)X1i\
-DTI03A mD j;;IUO ;;IJ{liL LlDDOcbX? ~X1Y..AJ...D Ll X11 :(UOJJ!i!npow) (11IOOllJl3ri (g .aUJJ[OWS OU 5(!) 11J13~r)Ocb
-l)13TI I 11J13A?Y.. r)X1Y..AJ...D l)lDJ;;IWnf ;;~p ;;ISU;)_ffiP LlDDOcbX? ~X1Y..Y..DA uX11 :(uomsodSUliJ1) UD38l)J1Jri (D :3D
11J13i\]OXD1Q LlDDOcbr)l31i U038(t3Y..3 Ll 'm 86 "Y..3D 'UO!JlifSUlilLJO ;;i:JU;;IJ;)5 ;;ll[L 'SSIIA\ i\013TI Di\(l)ibTI(t& 01
113 L Y..3D 'swtauli, 1 ;;~p 1;;1 sJ!i5UliJ.f np ;;lf!Jlidwo:J

;;~nb!JS!fA15 '.L3NI38.MVG I AVNIA L'iL "Y..3D ';;iUJliWnl[ UOJ1:!nplil1 li1 'A VNIA "Y..3D r)X11X13Qi\3 v..g 91
-rm nrill1~~ o1n1J- auJ,{lis JnOl[1!AI s;;~oa wq1 111 5(!) m13~r)oillm31i 1mnA.?Y.. r)X1Y..AI..D nw ;;IJ!P sulis liA rr.5
Llonocbx? ~X1Y..Y..DA Ll x11 :(;;lflilf/11!/ uop:mplil1 1 UOJ1lifSUliJ1 fliJ;;11!/) ll"f?Y p1vx llovarhp13ri (A. mx .S(ldJnaox
SoqOA(W 5(!) 11Jl3~r)OibD131i I 11J13A?Y.. r)X1i\UY..Y..3 l)lD ;;I;)U;;IJ;;I}UO;) 1!WWnS 9X1Y..AJ...D 5LlDJ1C3 01 ~ ';;11U;;I!Ifli:J
OJJ;;Id 5(!) 1l)l3~r)ocbnnri I 11J13A?Y.. r)X1i\l)11D1l)1D aop 101[ 9X1Y..AAJ) 01 X11 :(;;~nbfli:J I UO!J!ifSUliJ1 U!iO/) tl(l)1l
-(!lX3UDTJOrhp13rl (g .5Cfli\831Qaunnlil[:JSUli1f;;l;\\ mx UfdS!iG 513~?Y.. 5?X1i\DTI03A 10 'r)X1i\UY..Y..3 DlD 031(!011lri
-ox '031D91l 'l!LiJXllno!.. 513~?Y.. 5?X1Y..AJ...D 10 X11 :(1UnJdw;;~ I aUJAIOJJOq) t\(1)3"fiJY A(I)AJ"f9riD13AlJq (D :3D
1Dl3AJOXD1Q LlDDOcbr)131i Ll~?Y.. r)lDX Ll 'm L6 "Y..3D 'UO!JlifSUliJL JO ;;~:Ju;;~ps ;;ll[L 'SSIIA\ i\01 3TI Di\(l)cbri(t& 6
"llU!UB;;!W Oi\?TI10X3XArW 11JX Oi\?TID100 DTID
-nocbr)nri ow MOi\r)grinY.. 0.011 mx Di\3rlpx LlDDOillr)131i 9110. nw DD?ri .. DA?riDnoill311X3 1 Di\?TILlY..1TI(l),
i\(tOY..31011D 0.011 5310M? 11JX DJ3TIUD Llq 11JX '11J1i\O~r)OibD13TI Di\3TIJ3X Oi\9TI '- z1 -z-zmx zz cb3X v..g
-DpX3MD i\3 3TI(tOQ D8 5(!)119 .SllU!UB;;IW 11J1i\O~r)OibD13TI 119 131\]DTIUD ]i\3<,?0.0 ,113 UO!J!ifSUliJ1 aUJUli;;IW
-JO}-aUJUli;;iW 5009 0 119 11J13~]i\10X0.31'V- "113 96 "Y..3D ' UOJ1lifSUllJL JO ;;I;)U;;If:JS ;;ll[L 'SSIIA\ "Y..IJOI.l 8
"10TIMt;JMD 11Jli\(tOO(l)38 ~ 11Ji\]3" ZU;;IJBA!nby J;;!pO

- l!;;llflBnbr,py ';;~n;;~J.L, 1009 10 OD911 r)lDX 0111JX U1U9A010.D 11Ji\]J .. DJTIDi\O.QOD1, Ll OD911 r)lDX 01D1A

' "Y..3D 'SU;;IZ1;;iSJ;;1Q[J U;;I1J{:Jnfa;;la s;;~p U;;i!JOa;;IJ!i)f '3)Dd3V d 0.01 ~X1110X ~X113XO U111JX "Y..8 "UUliJ[ U;;11f;;la
l[:J!fPU.f!]SJ;;ill]SQI;;IS Sfli ;;IJn;;il[ Slip 'SJUJ;;ipJO}J:;} UJ;;i 1S! - ZU;;ifliA!nby J;;ipO - 1!;;1l[1linb.1!PV ';m;;~JL .'(.. ") u;;~q;;~aqli

mx 'OA3ripx O'Y.'C9 .. 13"{?1 A3, mAp o.o1 ~rioDocb~l3ri 01119mx o.ou')-lOHnou o.o1 5m
-ltl91D1U 5ltl 5oo~g 513 (l)lf901JlADU 13Dl}.A0"{1"{"{D'X DA ADll}. ltDDOcD~l3ri ltl ~lD'X 0.01
1}.038901 119 0.01 5~11\0~JAO"{DlD'X '5owri?8DAD 0.01 081"{ 01 0.01 AOJlADI\3 AC1.0~JA09
-A3cDD'X3 D8 0.01 10AJ3'X3 10A1"{ ?lOU 1DA]3 D8 A39 ' 01 ltDDOcD~l3ri lt038'),3"{3 Altl13~?"{1U3

'1"{~1 'A~3 .O.OU')-101(1)01 0.01 Driri~OA OlD 0.01 ltlDJU ltl10'X~ Altl D1A 1D'X 0.01 Dri')-31\U

00]310 01 mA.l}.X1110'X lt1Dl9090cDD ltl 'l}.090cDD ltl 13A'),cDOUD D8 D"{O'XD')-9 ' 6 ltDDOcD~l
-3ri l.t~?'Y. ~W'X Altl13~?"{1U3 5l}.lDDOcDD13ri 0 A3ri A~31D)l 8(UO!J!?fSU!?JJ ;}A.!]KJfUnWWO:J

uop!?fSU!?JJ :JfJSFJqdrmJd

UO!J!?JSUFJJ ;};}J]

UO!J!?JSU!?JJ ~UfU!?;}W-JOJ-~UfUF;}W

"{A.A.D) 5ltDXJOdYl)13ri 5lt03fJfPY3 5l.tA3ri9A.3"{ 5ltl mx (UO!J!?JSU!?JJ :J!JU!?W;}S I UO!J!?fSU!?JJ

;}SOP

UO!J!?[SU!?JJ f!?J;}Jfl

UO!J!?[SU!?JJ pJOM-JOj-pJOM

"{HD) 5ltDXJOdJl)J13ri lt~

-n l)JlXJX 5l.tA3ri9A3"{ 5ltl '),~Dl3ri 'D1A9"{ D"{"{~ 3ri '1DA13 D8 l}.lDDOdml3ri 0.01 l}.A.0"(_1U3 H

5moAA? 5l).x1A.0"{01DDrilto DA3ri9Amcbo.Mo DlD 5l.tA.owun l.tri 5ltl 5oo~g 513 mxn3cb9u
-DAD 1DlJ3"{311U3 D8 0.01 5rori9 11~X 'OA3ri]3'X OlD DD?ri A(l)A?riOA1DcDO.AC1.D A(l)l DJ~D l}.X
-1J1A(l)A10'X1U3 D1019 Altl A'),OOltlD19 D8 0.01 DriDA')-9001 ~'X1A00.0113"{ 13ch.')-"{DXDAD DA
OlD 0.01 AOO?cDD19A3 01130~1103 Del). 'A(l)A?riOA1DcbC1.A(lD A(l)l 5DJ~D 5l).X1J1A(l)A10'X1U3
5mou9 5ltl 5oo~g 5n mx ~'Y.'Y.D '(oA3ripxA.no l).) DA3ri9Amcbo.Mo m 5oou 5ro3oqnoX
-010. 5ltD~U lt038'),3"{3 OA9ri 1X9 C1.0A?ri13X 0.01 D10AA? l}.X1A0"{01DDrilto ltl A'),OOltlD19 D8
0.01 DriDA')-9001 ~X1cDOOri 13ch.')-"{DXDAD DA OlD 0.01 AOO?cDD19A3 01130~1103 D8 l). :131\~X
D8 0'),9 Dl 9UD DA? '5l}.lDDOcbD13ri 0 A(l)l~riADOU A(l)ll}.lO.D l}.'X1AO"{ ltlD DD?ri 50A3ri'),OA
-1)1 5DDDq>"{A. 5ltllto')-cb 1}.1119 'DD13831X3 A(l)l~lo.XDog m9 'roO?lroAD Altl 5oou 13D?XD
1\3 OA9ri A')-08ltlADUD DA 13U?OU D8 .. !5DJYiDAC1.90D1 5ltl13Dl}.OltlD19 ltri 1\3 5130'),"{ 5?X

VllVIl!NI VI'H<ld!l :.. :rVIWVNAVO:n, ld3ll

xaotac; dvm TJ !J.ELa<pQUOTJ, ... 6nA.a6~ 10 XEL!J.EVO 1TJc; !J.ELa<pQaonc;, ... 6nA.a6it 10 !J.E1a<pQao!J.a. Exdvo nou !J.Uc; v6La<pEQH oLO !J.ELU<pQUO!J.U, dvm va 6wmo1WOOU!J.E av
XUL XaLa n6oo EXOUV avamux8L EX 1T]c; OLUOLxao(ac; 1T]c; !J.E1U(j)QUOWc; IWVOVXE~
axton~ A-6yov - TJ normative translational relationship xa1a 1TJV OQOA.oyla LOU Gideon
. Toury 12 - JtQOQX6!J.Evc; an6 LO Exd xa1m8H!J.EVO yA.woooxouA.LOuQaA.Lx6 uA.Lx6,
xm 6XL va EAEYsOU!J.E 10 av XUL LO XaLa n6oo U(j)L01ULUL LOOOUVU!J.LU !J.EWsU 1WV XH!J.EVWV LOU JtQWL011Jnou xm tT]c; !J.EtU<pQaonc; (translational equivalence) 13 . 'OXL !J.6vo T]
aJt6AutT] ~ OAOXAT]QWUXij LOOOUVU!J.LU, af..f..a xm autij ax6!J.U T] UOQLOLOAOYLXij OT]!J.UmoA.oyLxij xm u<poA.oyLxij 14 wo6uva!J.La, nou 8wQo1JVLm we; m idees dominantes 1TJc;
m01T]!J.OVLxijc; EQuvac; LOU <pmVO!J.EVOU "!J.na<pQaon" - EXOU!! 1T] YVW!J.TJ 6n- JtQL-

II

ea avacpeQEloUJ.!E ebw oe tva JtaQabELyJ.!a nov VINA Y 1DARBELNET, Stylistique comparee du fran(;ais

et de I'anglais, 6 I , xm blj 010 rrw~ J.!HacpQ<i~nm ll ya"-ALxlj Hl;TJ "luire" om ayyi.Lxa: to glimmer(=
d'une /ueur t'aible et tremblotante) to gleam(= d 'une /ueur pale) to glow(= d'une Iueur rougeoyante)
to glisten(= avec /e luisant d'une surface mouillee) to glint(= avec /e /uisant d'une surface sombre).
~1!J.!1tAT]QWJ.!U1LXU W~ 1tQO~ 1a aVW1EQW a~ 1tQOOEs01!J.!E 1T]V JtaQa1ljQT]OT] 101! Waiter BENJAMIN,
Charles Baudelaire, Tableaux Parisiennes, OEA. 18, oxenxa J.!E 1T]V "1tL01l]" OTT] J.!HUcpQaOT] 1(1)V l.tl;e(l)V, T] orrola bev arroblbeL oxeMv noT TTJV tvvow oe 61.o TTJ~ TO EUQo~: Treue in der Ubersetzung des
einze/nen Wortes kann fast nie den Sinn vall wiedergeben. Denn dieses erschopft sich nach seiner
dichterischen Bedeutung furs Original niche in dem Gemeinten, sondem gewinnt diese gerade dadurch,
wie das Gemeinte an die Art des Meinens in dem bestimmten Wort gebunden ist.
12 TOURY, A Rationale for Descriptive Translational Studies, oel.. 64.
I 3 nQBI.. RIBAS, La traducci6n Iiteraria, oel.. 24: La idea de que en Ia traducci6n Iiteraria Ia /engua es solo
e/ punta de partida y de que su finalidad es conseguir aero texto de calidad literaria es una constance en
quienes se interesan par Ia traducci6n desde Ia historia cultural y artistica. Para elias no es una simple
actividad lingiiistica regulada par las /eyes de las /enguas, sino que es una actividad estt!tica que utiliza
como material/as oalabras y en Ia que e/ traductor se guia par su propio talent a. Para descubrir las
/eyes profundas que Iigen Ia traducci6n Iiteraria hay que superar un estrecho mode/a equiva/entista de
traducci6n y considerar sus manifestaciones a partir de los condicionamientos hist6ricos y de recepci6n, como Ia demustra e/ hecho de que en algunas /enguas se dan varias traducciones, codas /egitimas,
de una misma obra. OL emol]J.!UVOEL~ elvm bLxt~ J.!a~.- nQBI.. mlol]~ KUEPPER, Literary Translation
and the Problem of Equivalence, oel.. 143.

14

~e 6,n acpoQa auyxEXQLJ.!tva TTJ l.ey6J.!EVTJ "ucpol.oyLxlj wobuvaJ.!la", Ela Eltl.aJ.!E va rraQUJtEJ.!'lj!Ol!J.!E OTTJV
JtaQaTljQT]OTI 101! GENETTE, Fiction et diction, OEA. I 3 I , I 33, yw TT] OXETLXOTT]Ta TT]~ "l.oyOTXVLXlj~ al;la~"
rrou ~moQel va JtQoocpEQH o 6Qo~ "1)cpo~": 1)cpo~ elvm /'ensemble des proprietes rhematiques exemplitiees
par /e discours, au niveau "forme/" (c'est-a-dire, en fait, physique) du materiau phonique au graphique, au

niveau linguistique du rapport de denotation directe, et au niveau figural de denotation indirecte. (... ) Le style
est Ie lieu par excellance des Iitteralites conditionelles, c'est-a-dire non automatiquement conferees par un

68

ITEPI "IW8 YNAMIAL": TIPQ!MA INITIAL! A

nMxouv w ngo~A.iu.tcrw, avd va Ta Mvouv V n<'wl]O JtQLn-cwou, E<p' 6oov -cA.txa
6A.a Ta OX-cLXa [.1. "Cl] [.lf"CU<pQaOl] tTJ"Ci}[.laTa avayov-cm EX "CWV JtQay[.lU"CWV O"COV XaO"CO"C m6twx6f.lVo oxon6 15 , yta wv onolo m-cA.l-cm 11 xa8 f.l-ca<pgaoT] xwgw-ca,
lVaL JtQO"CL[.lO"CQO va QUVi}OO'U[.l "Ca "CO'U OXOJtOU cl]c; [.lf"Ca<pgaol]c;.
Ilgowu, 6[-lwc;, ylvu au-c6, xm f.l OEOOf.lEVO 6n o [.lE"Ca<pgao-ci}c;, nou EXH va avnf.lE"CWnlou EVa XLf.lVO 0 [!La yA.wooa JtO'U XU"CEXH, [.lJtOQEL va Qyao8d OXL [.lOVO
navw ow 01Jf!amoA.oytx6 t:nlnt:6o -cl]c; xa8[.ltac; M~11c; i} ng6-caol]c; xwgw-ca, ana
xm a) navw O"ClJV mxotvwvwxi] a~la wuc;, ~) navw O"ClJ 8E01J wuc; V xwgw xm V
xg6vw, xm y) navw one; nA.l]gocpoglc; oxnxa f.l -ca unoxlf.lVa nou A.af!~avouv
f.lEQoc; O"ClJV nagaywyi] xm "ClJV ng6oA.l]'\)JTJ wuc;, xaM dvm o xa8t: f.I.E"Cacpgaol] (d-e
JtaQl]Yf.lEVl] L"C JtL"CA08l]OO[.lVl]) va QUVOU!! JtaVW"C n~ JraQapirQOV~ nj~
variation, rr1~ naoaUayrj~, nou lvm xm o oxA.l]g6c; nugijvac; wu xagax-ci}ga -cl]c; 16
m 6t: naga[.l"CQOL au-cEc; 6t:v dvm a"-Ac; an6 nc; ax6A.ouet:c; E~ll t:QW"Cl]f.lanxEc; A.E~uc;: ri; ywri; nov; n6rc; nw~; not6~; Ot M~uc; amEc; avacpEgov-cm, cpumxa, 1000 O"Cl]V JtLXOLVWVLaxij OXEOl] JtO[.lJtOU-OEX"Cl] 600 XaL O"Cl] OXEOl] [.ll]VU[.laWc;
xm nt:QLXOf!Evou wu f.llJVUf.lawc; 17 MOOf!Evou, -cwga, 6n TJ yA.wooa we; xw6txac;
6w8E-ct cpwvoA.oytxa I ygacpoA.oytxa, ouv-cax-ctxa, A.E~txa xm OTJ[.laotoA.oytxa xagax-cl]Qtonxa, 11 xgi}ol] -cl]c; yA.wooac; oxt [!6vo o ngwwyvEc; mlmoo, aA.M xm we;
~nacpgaol], LVaL Ouvmi} [.lOVO [!EOW "Cl]c; EmA.oyi}c; xagaX"Cl]QLO"CLXWV an6 "Cl] [!Vi}[.ll]
W'U xw6txai8. E"COL ucpalvov-cm -ca XEL[.lVa (JtQW"CO"CUJta xm [.lt-cacpgao[.lma) xm

IS

16
17
18

critere constitutif comme Ia fictiona/ite ou Ia forme poetique. Mais lieu, justement, ne signifle pas "critere",
ou "condition sufllsante": puisque tout texte a son style, if s 'ensuivrait que tout texte serait etfectivement
litteraire, a/tors que tout texte n 'est que ootentiellement litteraire. Lieu signifie seulement ''terrain" : le style
est un aspect sur /equel peut porter un jugement esthetique, par definition subjectif. qui determine une
Jitteralite toute relative (c'est-a-dire: dependance d'une relation) et qui ne peut revendiquer aucune universa/ite. OL EJtLOTJ~tc'tvaw; avr]xow mov auyyQUcpf.a.
\
OQ/3/... tl]V emo\jll] wu FERRARI, Literatura, traducci6n y traducibilidad, aet... 16: La traducci6n es una forma
cuya ley de constmcci6n esta en el original; e/ traductor debe revelar Ia ley del original en Ia forma propia de
su propio texto. Esta ley de constmcci6n hade persistir en las traducciones, mientras se modifican en parte
las formas sonoras pero tam bien e/llamado sentido ; en este proceso se transforma tambien Ia lengua
materna del traductor, ensanchada y acaudalada porIa afluencia extranjera que el traducir procura. Pero el
trans/ado de las formas, ode to que hemos llamado Ia "configuraci6n" del texto poetico, no da en general una
"eauivalencia" (termino que nos parece impropio para designar Ia impresi6n estetica producida. en una
/engua y otra. por formas sensibles) sino mas una "ana/ogia" en el sentido de proporcionalidad o relaci6n de
semejanza abstracta no substancial entre los panimetros forma/es del original yaque/Jos de Ia traducci6n. OL
EJtWl]!!<ivaw; Elvm OLxf.c; ~tac;.
OQ~t... WIDDOWSON, Explorations in Applied Linguistics, aet... lOS.
OQBI... DE CAMPOS, De Ia traduction comme creation et comme critique, aet... 71 EJt.
OQ~t... ROSIELLO, Stmttura, uso e funzioni della lingua, aet... 59: L 'accezione significativa del concetto di
uso ha per noi una latitudine operativa motto ampia, comprendendo qualsiasi modo di manifestazione
delle potenzialita strutturali venga see/to in base alf'intenzionalita del' discorso. E chiaro che
l'intenziona/ita e qua/cosa che determina dall'estemo Ia scelta dei mezzi linguistici e quindi che interessa
in modo limitato /'analisi specificamente linguistica; ma una volta che tale intenzionalita si manifesta

69

facendo usare in un certo modo l'organizzazione potenziale, attualizzandola sui piano della sostanza,
diventa fatto linguistico condizionato da un certo rapporto che see venuto a stabilire tra Ia struttura e il
suo modo di manifestarsi.
I 9 ITQ~A. NEUBERT, Translation Studies and Applied Linguistics, OEA. 57.-0 !!Etacpgaott]<; EtVat euf.oyo

va ava!!EVEtaL 6n ea JtQO~E[ OE YAWOOLXE<; Emf.oy<; JtOU ea f.m:ougyouv w<; DEtKtE<; 11]<; Cj)UOLXT]<;, 11]<;
XOLVWVLXT]<; XaL 11]<; EV XQOVW JtQOEAEUOl]<; lOU XQT]OTl] LOU, EJtLAOYE<; JtOU 8a !!Jl:OQOUOU!! va n<; OVO!!<'WOU!! xaQa>CTTJQtanxa an:6 &aA.Exrov el;loou euf.oyo, EJttol]<;, E(vm va ava11vnm 6n ea bLaXELQW8El XaL n<; Emf.oy<; JtOU 8a AELLOUQYOUV W<; !!E1Ql]1E<; 11]<; XQT]Ol]<;, JtOU ylvnm 0 !!W yf.ci:Jooa JtOU
0 [DLO<; XaTEXEL, Emf.oy<; JtOU 8a !!Jl:OQOUOU!!E va n<; OVO!!UOO'll!! XaQWITTJQLGTLXCt fX TOV aQXfLOV.
Mof.ov6n EtVaL aocpaAT]<; Xat !!lJ EJtW'tl]!!OVLXW<; O'taOLa~O!!EVl] l] XQlJOL!!Oll]ta yw LOV !!EtU(jJQUO'trj
16oo 1wv arr6 bwf.txLOu 6oo xm 1wv ex LOU agxdou xmayo!!Evwv yf.womxwv xagaxtl]Qwnxwv,
EtVaL JtUQUJt<XVW aJt.O JtQOCjJUVE<; 6n OL JtUQU!!EtQOL, JtOU AU!!~UVOUV H!!E<; aJt010 UQXEtO 11]<; yf.ci:Jooa<;, Elvm OlJ!!UvtLx6<EQ<; twv rraQa!!ElQWV, rrou f.a~avouv H!!E<; arr6LO ta!!Eto <lJ<; bwf.txLOu.

70

1.1.3
ITEQL tov Lxonov t~~ MEtacpgaa~~
Different cultures have different textual traditions or systems.
Gideon Touryl

/
KATHAR!NA REISZ KAI 0 HANS 1. VERMEER OTT] 8qu:A.lWOl] Tl]~ Ffvtxrj~ ll(}i Mra. cp{}aOW~ ew(}ia~ (Allgemeine Translationstheorie) T01J~ JtQOTELV01JV TOV
"oxon6" (Zweck I Skopos) w~ TTJ A.u6la A.teo TTJ~ !-tETCHpQaOl]~ 2 . H OX1lxi] 8wQla
/;Ext va 16oo an6 TTJV un68wl] 6n xa8 nQ<isTJ ( aga xm lJ ~-tnacpgaol]) anooxond
OTTJV mlT1lSTJ Ev6~ "u'\jll]A.ou" oxonou 3 - mlTEUslJ, nou ouvmt<pQH TTJ !-tETa~oAi]
1-tta~ i]6l] 1J<ptOTO!-tVl]~ (1JJt06EEOTEQl]~ EV 01JYXQLOH JtQO~ TOV Jtt6tWX01-tEVO OXOJtO)
xmaoTaol]~. 6oo xm an6 TTJV naga6oxi] 6n 6Ev un<iQXH yA.wootxw~ 6l]A.ou~-tEvo
nou va 1-tlJV anoTEAEL x<pgaol] TTJ~ ExaoTOTE xaTaoTaol]~. OTTJV onola ~QLOXETat lJ

TOURY, In Search of a Theory of Translation, ael... 25.

2
3

REISZ 1VERMEER, Grund/egung einer allgemeinen Trans/ationstheorie, ael... 95 en.

BA.. CARY, Les grands traducteurs fran911is, ael... 27: La qualite d'une traduction est toujours fonction de

Ia fin poursuivi plutotque des criteres tires d'une definition a priori. En outre, des qu 'on parle de fin, on
est tenu de faire entrer en ligne de compte Je public pour Jequel travaille Je traducreur- NORD, Text
Analysis in Translation, ael... 24: The equivalence between source and target text is regarded as being
subordinate to all possible translation scopes.

71

'LT]!!a, JtO'U avaxu:rtLEL, E:rtO!A-EVLO, xm JtO'U XCtVH 'tT]V IIEQL MnacpQCtOELO 8ELOQLa
ouv8ELl] liEQL liQ<lsEW 8ELOQLa, OEV dvm LO av XaL LO JtW Sa JtQax8d O,'tL JtQax8d, aA.A.a w av, w 'LL xm w :rtW ea :rtQE:rtH va ouv~::xwed va ngannm (= va !!E'tacpgaoed 1va 6LEQ!!lJVEu8d) TJ i]6TJ nayLW!A-EVTJ ngww1ayi] :rtQ<lsTJ5 .
H 8ELOQLa 1wv ReiB I Vermeer ouvLo'tmm oE LQEL :rtQOLCtOH, OL onoLE 'tL8Ev'tm
LEQaQXLXW, xa8W T] EXCtOLO'tE E:rtO!A-EVT] JtQOU:rt08E'tH 'tT]V a!!EOW JtQOTJYOU!!EVT]:
a) H !!E'tCtqJQaOT] (Translation) ELVUL OlJVCtQ'tT]OT] LOlJ OXOJtOU 'tT]:
Trl. = f(Skf'
~) H !A-ELCtcpQaOT] dvm JtQOOqJOQCt JtAT]QOqJOQLWV 7 OE !!La XOlJALOUQa-O'tOXO XaL O'tT]

yA.wooa alJ'ti] 'tT] XOlJALOUQa-OLOXO OXELLXCt !!E !!La JtQOOqJOQCt JtAT]QOqJOQLWV

an6 !!La XOlJALOUQa-acpELT]QLa XaL O'tT] yA.wooa ami] 'tTJ X01JALOUQa-aqJELT]QLa8 :
Trl. = IAZ (IAA)9
y) H ngoocpoga :rtATJQOcpOQL<ilv 10 !!La !A-ELCtcpQaOT] naQLO'tCt'tm LO anax6vLOT] !!La
!A-ELacpoQ<l !!La Exgtouoa ngoocpoga 11 TJ anax6VLOTJ ami] 6Ev d vm av~::u nt4 TIQ~A. STERN , Zur Theorie der Sprachveriinderung, OEA. 67, 75: Jede Rede ist mehr oder minder
zielgerichtet (intentional), als so/che ist sie ein Instrument zur Verfolgung von Absichten- NIDA I
TABER, The Theory and Practice of Translation, OEA. I.
5 REISZ 1VERMEER , Grundlegung einer a/lgemeinen Translationstheorie, aEI.. 95.- n~l.. BELL, Translation
and Translating, OEA. 22 KELLY, The True Interpreter, OEA. I, OlJ!!(jlWVU !!f TT]V aVTLATf\IJT] LOU OltOLOU T] TEAELa JtEQL !-LELa<pQ<'toEwc; 9EwQla JtQEnH va liLal.a~vEL TQELc; TO!!flc;: specification of function and goal
description and analysis of operations xm critical comment on relationships between goal and operations.
6 Onou: Trl. =Translation, f = Funktion, xm (Sk) = Skopos.
7 n~l.. LEVY, Die literarische Ubersetzung, OEA. 33: Ubersetzen ist Mirteilen. Genau gesagt entsch/Usselt der
Ubersetzer die Mitteilung, die in dem Text des Origina/autors entha/ten ist, und formuliert (chiffriert) sie in
seine Sprache um.- TI~I.. rnl<JT]c; KOLLER , Einflihrung in die Ubersetzungswissenschaft, OEA. 47 rn: STEIN,
Theoretische Grundlagen der Ubersetzungswissenschaft, aEI... 67 KELLY, The True Interpreter, aEI... 35 rn.
8 REISZ 1 VERMEER, Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie, aEI.. 76 En . - TIQ~:\. . GEORGI,
Der UbersetzungsprozeB in systemtheoretischer Sicht, OEA. 33, 6nou EXTL9nm 6n T] !!ETCt<pQaOT] Elvm
die menschliche Tiitigkeit, durch die in der indirekten Kommunikation ein Austausch von Nachrichten
zwischen Partnem bewirkt wird, die nicht Uber die gleiche Sprache verfligen.
9 Onou: Trl. Translation, IAZ Intormationsangebot in einer Zielkultur, (fAA) Informationsangebot
aus einer Ausgangskultur.
I 0 REISZ 1 VERMEER , Grundlegung einer a/Jgemeinen Translationstheorie, aEI... 66 m ., 86 m . VERMEER ,
Ein Rahmen fUr eine allgemeine Translationstheorie, OEA. 48 m.
II TIQ~A. W!LSS, Ubersetzungswissenschaft, OEA. 14: Ubersetzung ist Herste/Jung von Kommunikation
zwischen AngehOrigen verschiedener Sprachgemeinschaften. - TIQ~A. JtEQmTEQW HOUSE, A Model for
Translation Quality Assessment, OEA. 185m.

72

L
w!SSUd 'ilunSfJM JJP JJIPfl8 .fUflJ JfG 'DI3M.ZN3S0ll/ll3808 "'{I)OU 81
"lL3 Z "'{3D 'UOfJ:J!lpiJJJ Jp JPOIJJ?W JWWO:J SJ!lO:JSfp np JSAJI?Ul?, 1 '31Srl3G L "'{3D 'SJ fPnJS UOfll?JSUI?J.L
'3l!IO!):lJI\!-.13NSSY8 9Z "'{3D 'SUO!Jl?JSUI?J.L :JfJJOd }0 AJOJIJ.L I? Uf SJOJ:Jl?j '3QNYli!)OY38 3G "'{I)OU Ll
"()() I "'{3D 'J .UOJljJSUOfll?JSUI?J.L UJUfJWJB/Jl? JJUfJ ilunilJfpUnJf) 'li33W li3A I ZSI3ll 9 I

"86

"'{3D 'JfJOJljJSUOf11?JSUI?J.L UJUfJWJil/Jl? JJUfJ iluni?JfpU!lJf) 'll331-"<li3A /ZSI3ll

"lL3

s;

"'{3D ' UOf11?1JJdJJJUJ JJp JfilOJOUJWOU.! !IJd 'NYDIA3

"lL3 6I

'JJPQ!J 'li3.1GY .LS:!OH rt01 oA.o~ 53WJ13TIU11.1i 01

s;J

"'{I)OU tl

"'{3D 'p fl?Jfl UJpfO!J fl?UJJ1!1 Ul? :q:Jr?fl 'JJlj:JS!J.

"'{I) Sl!Dnoib-g13ri Sl!1 noi,mmouX 9X1lD1ii.OX13lLU 11.01 U1J I

"JnJf!l)/fJ!Z JJUfJ Uf

]OqJaUI1SUOf]l?WJO.fUJ =

ZVI '.InJf!l)/Si?Ur?aSn';l JJUfJ Sfll? JOqJaUI?SUOfJI?WJOjUJ = VVJ 'UOfJI?fSU1JJ.l = "fJ.l :rtOlLO, Zl

oo9 J39Lu":ll.tm19 nf\ mf\13 c;tolloxo 5ro3c!L91D 91'0 Ltonod:n;>13'1i u10 9X11f\n'lilto 01 ' 81 .. o.of\
-?'li13X c;tox1A.n'li, 5ro Sro3Di/A3J 5Lt1 5ro1oo.x n1A.oo.o113'{ Lt1 l.tf\?TI0939 3JAJ: (! :c;to1o.n 501
-n'liA.139DOn1 o.o1 ~Xo9x3 ~x11onod.m13'1i ~'{1101 Lt mx Ltx~8'01V ~m'{Dll f\U191D .. o.oX
-c;t31'01f\3ll, 5Lt1 nng1g m n'liA.n9~on1 5ro f\DDro10? roo?1rof\n f\(!)1 LtoltA.~~313 5oou
L 15no~od.m13'1i 5o.09J3 591f\D1 mA. f\<!)10nocb
-m3'1i f\(!)1 f\ro'{9 Lto~oX 5oo1 53f\9f\DX 5c;toX1f\3A. 3'1io.oA.~A.n~3 nf\ mx oo9 n'lionocb~13'1i
Of\?'li1ox3xA.o.o 3101D~X3 01 3'1io.of\1ox nf\ 0091 3'1ic;toooll'li '5Ltonocb~13'1i 5Lt1 n1onx19
-m9 Lt113o~of\nmx 3'1io.oX? f\~3 Of\9'1i '11919 mx ~'{'{D 'n'lionocb~13'1i 01101~ 'n'liD3'{?1
-01'0 01 ~M3A. '01D'OX19'019 Lt 11919 '01(),01 1'0)1 ~30U8(),0'{0X'O 0.01 '01D'OX19'019 Uf\?TI10X
-3xA.o.o Lt1 30lt8c;tO'{oxn 5~10nocbn13'1i o 11mA. (g mx ~3~nocb?13'1i 5~wnocbn13'1i o f\'019
'3f\1'0t)?MD 11 (n :n'lill1<:l03 5Ltonocb~13'1i 5Lt1 D10DX19'019 Lt1 3'1i 9X113Xo mx 9'{119
080.0'{9X'O 010 130~1f\'Oll'O 'Of\ 131?01 5'0f\OTI~10113 Ltonocb~13'1i Ll1 3'1i 50A3'1ic;tO'{OXon
0 n'li03'{?10llD-'O'Iionocb~13'1i Of\?TI0939 010 3A.'OA.~ 0.01 D10'0X19'019 l.t 5<:l03TI0113'{138
-LtA.Ll~3 'Of\ mx pcbnoA.1031 DA.101~ 'J38U13'{3'1i 'Of\ 5rof\?'lio.oA.Ltooll 131?01 '5Llonocb~13'1i
5u1 591oxo 5of\?TI13831 31010~x3 o 138xo.31113 13X? (\'[) o1 138xA.3'{3 nA o.of\?'linxoo u
91 01901 Of\?TID1008DX001 3'1i 'Of\rocb'lic;to Ltonocb~13rl Uf\?TI0939 Ll ~10.'0 13803'{31113 'Of\
~0'01 'Llonocb~13'1i Uf\?TI0939 m'li 1'0113'{31113 A01010 f\01 mA. '5910XO o 138XC1.31113 'Of\
oo319X11f\n'lilto c;to'li01oo ~3 1'Df\13 '(su[dpmlH ud[llUO!l)jllldlU! dllOSldpuos) 5Lt~~o1 5~x
-110D09113'{Ll'{'{D n1ooA.Ltmx Llo311'D19113'{3101n Lt~~oll 5ro Ltonocb~13'1i Lt ~91313: 11~x
01 91CI.'O 138X'001 '08 5<:l1 011'0X 11~X 138X'001 '08 A.~3 0113~1008'0X '~9'0'{U9 0111'0 9X
-1~31 01 ' ..11 5ooll, 0.1 5u~~Oll 5Lt1 5ct09J3 ct01 5oo310?llCI. 1Df\13 '5Ll~~oll 5Lt1 5CI.0913 0.01
1'0113A.Lloo1 5Lt~~Oll 5m'li 5910XO 0 ~ 1 0.01 ~~C\.31113 f\U11'0X C\.01 5Lt~~Oll 5Ll1910XO 01
5oo1 1301oxA.o.o f\3 mx 130?Xo f\3 5n1on'lilto 5Ltoc;too.3031CI.39 mf\13 ~10nocbm3'1i 0.01 Lt~
-~oll ~x113Xo H 5mlll9031m191 5~X1'{DOCI.01'{CI.Ox 5Ll11009 1ooocbo901 10 m1AD101cbCI.
f\'019 '~11rl39 1'DA13 13'{?1 f\3 ~'{ogn13'1i Lt ~A.D'{'{D Lt 'Llomo~mx11f\D H 171 (UO!l)jUOJlXd.L)
CI.OA?'Ii13x C\.01 D1AOCI.0113'{ l.t10 ~A.D'{'{D D1'1i'linx 138'{?13 'Of\ 51oroX '5130<:lll0.1'019
91'0 f\(),08'01D'Ol'OX11f\'O 'Of\ f\C),OOOll'li (UJ:i'UnJJ{[nWJO:[) 5130CfJ1.[(U'019 10 1'0X 101? ' 153A.
-9x13 91'0 Ac;t08D10mnx11f\n nf\ f\c;toooll'li (JJPf!fl) 53A9X13 10 5ro19 'Llonocb~13'1i n1'li 3~
z:IZVI X VVI = '{J.l
:5~oocbooo1 5noo.o?OX3
5m'li 5~oocbn13'1i Ltoll'li1'1i 1'Df\13 moM? ~f\310 91CI. Ltonocb~B'Ii Lt o.o1o1'0'{1 o.Of\?'li
-CI.3X1913~3 ~X1'{'00CI.01'{CI.OX 59f\3 39 59lf\3 -~11301011f\'O ~ U1f\'OTI~OOf\OTI1cb'lin CI.LXJ
~H~Vd<I>VBW

!Hl A.O!IQ)!~ A.Ol ld3ll

an6 an6'\jJEwc; oxonou Eivm va EmtEUX8Ei xEirtEVO U'ljJ'Y]Aijc; E'UXQ(vaac; we; nQoc; t'Y]
bLatunwo'Y] twv VO'Y]rt<itwv, rtE to nQ6o8no bEbortvo, 6rtwc;, 6n aA.A.ou Eibouc; Eivm
'Y] OXEtLXij 'U'\jJ'Y]A,iJ E'UXQLVHa yLa toV 8wA.6yo, UAAO'U ELbouc; yLa tOV LOtoQLXO to'U noALtLOrtOU xm aA.A.ou Eibouc; yLa tov <pLA.avayvwot'Y] rt'Yl HbLx6 mwtiJrtova20.
An6 ta avwtQw O'UrtJtEQaivnm 6tL 'YJ rtEL<i<pQaO'Y] Eivm oav to nEQLOtQL tou Kavtiou nou mta Oto XEVO: Otl, b'Y]Aabij, bEV un<iQXH YEVLXWc; rtEtU(j)QaO'Y] ij YEVLXwc;
wzuouoa rtEta<pQaOtLXij rtOQ(j)ij tWV XHrtvwv ta rtEta<pQUOrtata nOLXLAAOUV avaMywc; twv ExaototE EmbLwxortvwv oxonwv21 , o xa8E bE oxon6c; xwQwta anotEA.Ei
xm rtLa rtEta~A.'Y]tij, 'Y] anoia A.art~<iva nc; nrtc; nou t'Y]c; biva xa8E <poQ<i am6c; nou
t'Y]V nQooA.art~<iva22 . Enabij i) o OQLOrt6c; tou oxonou rtJtOQEL va yiva rt6vo xat6mv
nQOEXtLrtiJOEwc; tO'U Eibouc; XaL tWV bLa80EWV to'U O'UVOAO'U nou 8a nQOOAU~H, nou
8a bE~LW8EL t'Y] rtEtU(j)QaO'Y], XaL ii) rtE bEbOrtV'Y] t'Y]V E~UQt'Y]O'Y] t'Y]c; rtEtU<pQaO'Y]c; an6
toV OQLOrt6 to'U OXOnOU, ELVaL b'UVatOV 6nwc; bLU(j)OQa (rtLXQU ij EXtEV0tEQa) rtQ'Y]
tO'U XHrtVO'U a<pEt'Y]QLac; EXtlrt'Y]80UV nQLV t'Y]V aVUA'Y]'\jJ'Y] t'Y]c; rtEtU<pQaO'Y]c; ax6rta XaL
avti8Eta nQoc; t'Y]V a~(a nou zouv Ot'Y]V XO'UAtoUQa a<pEt'Y]QLac;, Oto nQOOWno to'U
rtEta<pQaOtij nQo'linotL8Etm 'Y] yvWO'Y] t'Y]c; XO'UAtoUQac;-ot6zoc; xm 'Y] E'UXEQijc; XLV'Y]Oij
tou otouc; bQ6rtouc; xm nc; atQanouc; t'Y]c; Enabij bE iii) 'Yl nQayrtatonOL'YJO'YJ tou tE8Hrtvou oxonou yxatm Oto xata n6oo to XELrtEVO a<pEt'Y]QLac; ea nQna va rtEta(j)EQ8EL AHto'UQYLXU EV ozoH nQoc; tLc; EXtLrtiJOHc; XaL nc; nQOObOXLEc; tWV bUV<irtH XOLVWVWV to'U Ot'Y]V XO'UAtoUQa-ot6zoc;, OtO nQOOWnO to'U rtEta<pQaOtij nQnH va O'UVtQXEL 'Yl 'U'\jJ'Y]MtEQ'YJ buvmij Lxav6t'Y]ta t'Y]c; yA.wooac; :rtQoc; t'Y]V anoia rtEta<pQ<i~a 23 .

19 llQBA.. HERMANN, Sprache, OEA. 121 HAUG I RAMMER, Sprachpsycho/ogie und Theorie der Verstiindigung, oEA. 56.
20 AXQ<.tl<; EVbtacpEQOUoa ELVUL T) BE<.tlQT)tLXtl JtQOTUOT) TTJ<; HOUSE, A Model for Translation Quality
Assessment, OEA. 194 EJt., JtEQl btaLQEOE<.tl<; T<.tlV !J.ETacpQCWEwv oE "overt translations" xm "covert
translations" ml TTJ BaoEL tou xOLvou, JtQO<; 10 oJtolo aJtEuBuvovtm. llEQl autwv BA.. ow a!J.eow<; EJt6!J.EVO XEcpUAaLO.
21 REISZ I VERMEER, Grundlegung einer al/gemeinen Translationstheorie, oEA.. I 01.
22 fLa aut6v wv XOLV<.tlVLOA.oyLx6 xav6va BA.. REISZ, Verstehen- MiBverstehen- Nichtverstehen im Blick
auf die Ubersetzung, OEA. 36 m: REISZ 1VERMEER, Grund/egung einer al/gemeinen Translationstheorie,
OEA. 101. - BA.. EJtLOTJ<; tT)V JtUQattlQT)OT) tOU FERRARI, Literatura, traducci6n y traducibilidad, OEA. 15: La
traducci6n mas modem a es Ia que masse cfile a/ configuraci6n del original.

23 llQBA.. VERMEER, Skopos and Commission in Translational Action, OEA. 173m: FISH, Is there a Text
in this Class?, oEA.. 3, 25m., 106.

74

~L

T ''(30 'Jlf:J!S J;Jlf:JSfPJO;JlfJW;JJSAs u1 fJ;JZOJdsJJunzJ;JSJ;Jqn J;JG

'IDM03D .'l3 !; ''(30 ';JfJO;JljJSUO!JilfSUIJJ,L U;JU{;JW;}Jf/Jil J;JU{;J JiunJl;JfpUru[) 'M33J!\IM3i\ I ZSI3M ''(\JOll LZ
'SJ;JJIJ;Jlf fiJU{Jl,UO ;JljJ )0 ;JSUOdS;JJ ;}ljl Uf
p;JJS[X;} ;}Aillf 01 pOO}SJ;JpUn Sf lj:J[ljM J:J;]_fp ;JWIJS ;}ljl )0 JiU{lfJ;JWOS ;J:JU;J[pnll SJOJIJJSUTJJ} ;JljJ OJ ;J:JnpoJd;JJ
OJ 119

'L ''(30

'JiU!J11JSUIJJ,L )0 ;J:JU;Jf:JS 1J spJilMO.L 'VOIN !lOli.WltO~lDO))l lt 13(tXD11DX 'Smrl9 '5m]JJ\J38

9Z

'OZ ''(30 'S;JJ>[;JfTJfG S;Jp ;J{JO;Jlf.L 'NNVJ!\IH::JI3M ''(\JOll !;Z

'l3 Zl ''(30 ';J:JU;JJf))J!P TJfJ;J ;JJnJ.U:JfJ, 1
'VGIMM30 !lOl ltmU~ooou i\Ul 3rl JJAmibrl(tO - ltri~Arl lt Smu9 )3AO!l0113'( Oi\3ri]3X 5JJ]Olt13iblJ

lJOO<;J'(A UlO Oi\~ri,\,JJ131MO 01 'JJ]rl0i\OX10 ~X1Xcic!1. ~i\lJ1g{\.OOib lt 13'(~8 01 S<;Jl!lJllJX ' JJ101WTI 'JJ138)li\JJ
.Oi\3ri]3X 5JJ)OU13iblJ JJOO<;J'(A UlD OA?ri,\,JJ131MO 01)3i\OriOlt'( )i\3Q!l0 ,l3 ltODOibl)13rllt 119 1D13~)i\O.l 17Z

--

"Drionocbx;ll3ri 010 CLOllc;tlOHDOll

CL01 c;tOlCOXO CL01(,tAD'f'{D A[U 3ri (1DX Dri9XD) 1D13A'9XA.m.11C3 DA 01AOc;tOA1DX OA3ri
-(f)XOQOOOlC 019AD811C c;t"{OlC 1DAJ3 '01A.Oc;tOA1DX U'I!X 13)'9"{ ne SOJD1CL3"{31 0 1DX Smri
'Slu lt.1X?Q J\01 D1A AOO?cbD1QA3 1DA13 D8 Slt.1 9A3ri9X31031C 01U9 '9XOQ0001C Slt.1 S91Cri
-OlC 0 AD19 '1D130?cb0001C DJOOcbOOlt."{lC D1ri (,tQ131Ct[ 'aACfl100cbOOlt."{lC S'90Q.cb0001C Slt.1
DJOOAUlDX lt.031JD1Q1)3"{3101CD 119 01Dg?g 91CD (l)A'91CDOD1C U'9X 1DA)3 lt.oDOcb'913ri H
'n0-01CLD CLOAO? CL01lt.OnOcb'913ri lt.1 S3o
-O(f)"{A SCL01 S?X1Q Suo SO~?A1)1 0 (,t So"{A.ky o S(f)1"{"{D 1DX CL01 DOO(f)"{A lt.10 sgQWU;) gp
S!Ol CL01 ST?pT?JSn] SQ 01 S0"{'9A0100 ll 0 13~'9ID1Q DA S(f)1"{"{D '1DA)3 OAO"{c;ttl ',zS0X910
-Snoc;t01"{CLox Slt.11nx DJOlt.13cbn-Snoc;to1"{CLOX Slt.1 S31lt.190311D1Q1 Suo lt.A3ri903cbDAD
lt.~13Q91CCL l,t"{lCD 'I!"{"{D 'SD)O(l)38 S(l)30'90cbD13W J03ll Sl,tX1A3J Slt.1lt.Olt.1JD1CD lt.1DOA'90
-DlCD J3"{3101CD A3Q '- Slt.onocb'913rl Sl,t"{nx Smrl A90001C s(l) 1D1'9riux3 '9AXCLo c;t"{Oll no
-'91C S(l)ll9 - DriODOcb'913rl 010 CL01Cc;t101(l)01C CL01 c;tOlCOXO CL01lt.Olt.O(,t1D1Q Lt. 1DX 91CLD1J
'OJD1CL3"{31 01J3130lt.1CCL CLOll Sc;t01CLD 91CD Sc;toxu3oocbmq 'Sc;tolCoxo SCLO"{"{'I! mx )3130
-lt.lCCL DA J3001Cri 'vzSDJOlt.13cbD CLOA?rl13X CL01 S(,tA(l)ADODlC lt.~'90ll Alt.1 91CD (,tXU300cbD1q
S(!lq(l)1"{3rl38 Sl,tt\.(l)t\.nonll lt.~'90ll Drl(l)J~D ,lDX 1DAJ3lt.onocb'913rl Lt.l,tq13lltl SnJCllt.Bcbn
CLOA?rinx CL01 91eoxo 01 9llD 13Anxolln DA poollri So1Drlo'9ocbm3rl S9A3 S91eoxo

m1Vd<I>Vl3W 1Hl AO!l0)!1 AOl ld3ll

Das Obersetzen liiBt Fremdes und Eigenes in eine neue

Gestalt zusammengehen, indem es den Wahrheitspunkt des
anderen gegeniiber sich selbst festhiilt.

Hans-Georg Gadamer'

YM!jJQNA ME TH Ht.H fNQLTH MAI t.IAKPIIH, JL01J El1LXHQEl 1] Jouliane House2,

OL !.1EtacpQ6.0HC; we; tlJJLOL XH!!EVWV !1JLOQOUV va 6LULQE80UV ava/...6ywc; toll XOLVOU, ngoc; to ono(o anEu81Jvovtm, OE Mo l!El~OvEc; xatl]YOQtEc;: nc; avotxrt; fJ,EWcpoaaw; (overt translations) xm nc; xJ..nart; fJ,Emcpoaant; (covert translations).

a) M(a !!Et6.<pQa01] ElVUL aVOXT1), E6.V to XOLVO, JLQOc; to OJLOlO amu81JVEtaL, ElVUL
aQXEt6. avmxt6, wen va !111 !1JLOQEl va 8EWQT]8d 6n amu81Jvttm xm' E1J8E(av
XUL a!!EOWc; OE am6. H avOLXti] !!Et6.cpQa01], !!E 6.AJ...a A6yLa, JLQEJLEL va ElVUL "!!Et6.cpQa01]", we; XEl!!EVO 6 JLQEJLH va " 01l!1JLEQLC(JEQttm" 6XL oav "6E1JtEQO JLQWt6tuno". To XEl!!EVO-JLl]yi] !!Lac; aVOLXti]c; !!tt6.cpQaOT]c; 01JV6fttm !!E JLOAU Hi'JLXO
tQOJLO !!E tT]V XOLVWVla Xm 'tl]V X01JAtOUQa tT]c; yf...<i:Jooac;-nl]yi], xa8<i:Jc; aJLE1J8UVEtm a!!EOWc; JLQOc; touc; XatEXOVtEc; tT]V LXaV6tl]ta tl]c; yf...<i:Jooac; ami]c; XOLVWV01Jc;
tl]c;, aA./...6. OXL !!6vo: xm 6XL !!6vo, 6L6n EXC(JEUYH twv og(wv tl]c; yA.<i:Jooac;-nl]yi]
xm !!E tQ6no 6uval!LX6 ngoxaAEl w yEvLx6 av8g<i:Jmvo EV6Lacpgov.

GADA MER , Wahrheit und Methode, t . II, oeA.. 183.

HOUSE, A Model for Translation Quality Assessment, oeA.. 188 en. - fLa
"OElJtEQOtayEl" [AEta<pQUOEL, ltOlJ ltQOtelVOlJV OL DILLER I KORNELIUS,
Obersetzung, ~A.. mxelo xe<p. 2.3.

76

n<; "nQwtotayEl" xm tL
Linguistische Probleme der

LL

"1!3 881 "'(30 'JU;JWSS;JSSV Al!f!Jn{) UO!J!J(SU!JJL JOj f;JPOW V '3Sf10H

j7

"'(30 'JU;JWSS;JSSV AJ!f!Jn{) UO!J!J(SU!JJL JO} f;JPOW V '3Sf10H

m 1>61

s;

"961 "'(30 ')U;JWSS;JSSV Alf(!Jn{) UOfJ!J(SU!JJL JOj f;JPOW V '3Sf10H

sS0X910-5DO(l.01"'(rtOX Slu J3A(l)A1ox rtou rtow:!J08AD 59A3 l;J1"'(DrtJ.. m 3ri l},J..Ltu- oA3ri
-px 01131!?"'() DA 1D13~l;JXADAD DA mJ.. 'rt01 5l},DDOcbl;>13ri Slt1 OA3TIJ3X OlD mx l},J..ltu
-OA3TIJ3X OlD DD3Til;JAD (J;>J[!] fiJJn][nJ) ml)..v{)rbr;nq 9X1YDOI10l Yi10X DA? ]31380101
DA 13JJ:?OJJ: Sl},w-oocb-o13ri o 513Dl;JOcbD13ri 5?1013\(X Su:s: tSoX91D-SDDD())"'(J.. Slu mx
OD9l},J..ltu-5-ooo())"'(A Slt1 0091 DJA(l)A10X AltlD Srt01 Sl},Xoqourt A())A10X A(l)TI1DJOXJ..rw
53xl..l;JAD 53riDA(tqom 'S3omxo9ou 3D m1Ao~w-og S<!J8DX '5(l)3~0l;JJJ:rt Srtol..9"'( Seton
-DA(t<;IOD1 MOX? 11919 OH,to1 mx 'SOX91D-5DDD())"'(A Slt1 1DX 009 l},J..ltJJ:-5DDD())"'(A
Slt1 0091 9A10X 01 mJ.. DJDDrilto S<!J)1ox-o AD1<;11 Alu (MOX? A3<;1 :1},) MOX? rto1 [,to
-DOcbl;J13TI 1},1013\(X lt 1DX l},J..ltJJ:-OA3TIJ3X OJ, t,tJ..lm-SDDD())"'(A Slt1 DO(t01"'(rtOX Alt1 mx
DJA(l)A10X Alll 3ri D0319A31D 1DX D0319X1<;113 1D13?<;1MD i\3<;1 D1A9"'( D"'("'(l;> 3TI 'S0X910
-5DO(l.01"'(rtox Slu 9A10X OA?rirt3X1<;113~3 3D l;JX11D13"'(XOJJ:D mx S(l)D?riD 1D1AOA(t8
-rt3JJ:D ,\3<;1 rtOJJ: 5?J..ltJJ:-Di\3TIJ3X l;JOOcbD lWDOcbl;J13ri 1},1013\(X H ""DJ~ODJJ:rt8rtD, 131?8
-mq l;J"'("'(D 'l},J..ltJJ:-rtOA?TI13X 59A3 5ltDDOcbl;J13ri OA3TIJ3X 5(l) l;JX1A0"'(01Drii..DOJJ: 1D13~J1
-DTIA11D i\3<;1 S())g10XD 1},<;?131!3 '1},1013\(X 3<;1 1Di\13 .SOX91D-DO(t01"'(rtOX AUlD l},J..ltJJ:-rtOA
-?TI13X O.OJJ:rt191(l)OJJ: S())lD38DX 13Al;JgriD"'(OJJ:D Al;J3 '~lD13YX 1DAJ3 ltDDOcbl;>13TI DJW (g
0-0riD111"'(0JJ: rto1 mx 5DO(l.01"'(rtox Slt1 A())A(l)A1ox A(l)1 9A1ox 01riD9xJ..nu
9X1AooXo3JJ:rt 010 1D1AOA(t8rt3JJ:D Srto1 A(l)1l;JriMltri A(l)A Jll(l)08ADADJJ: A(l)1 (l)A9"'( mx
nrilt9A Srto1 9X1oo101 911oxmq 01 MOA JD)031!0.- 53JI..00.01riltq 5?X11Ll8D1D S?"'(Llc!trt
5(l) 1DX 5LlAX?1 1DX O.OA9"'( DJ..Cl? 5(l)- DD9 1DAJ3 5?J..LlJJ:-DA3TIJ3X DAOOXl;> 'l;J1X10AD (!!
9A1ox OA?rirt3X1<;?13~3 S<!J)1oxn DA? Soou m13A(t8rt3JJ:D oA3riJ3X 01 rtou9 'n1omxo.3 t,tx
-100101 l},X1<;113 D10~X 3TI 1D1AO?<;IMD DD9 1DAJ3 5?J..ltJJ:-DA3TIJ3X DJ001D1 AU1 3TI DA?ri
-3<;?3<;/MD 'l;J1X10AD (! :(sJX;>J ;>:unos sS;>f;JW!J 'JJ;>Ao) 5?)..11u-DA3rlJ3x DAooXp 'plx10AD
3D 1DX (SJX;>J ;J:JJnOS p;>>[U!f-Al!fl:JfJOJS!lf 'JJ;>AO) 5?AUU-DA3riJ3X DJOOlD1 AUl 3rl DA?ri3q
-3qAI1D 'plX10AD 3D 1D1AOAJOXD1<;1 A(l)30l;JOcbD13TI A())1X10AD A(l)1 5?J..ltJJ:-Di\3TIJ3X Dl,

Translation is just like chewing food that is to be fed to others. If

one cannot chew the food oneself; one has to be given food that has
been already chewed. Such food however is bound to be poorer in
taste and flavour than the original.

Kumarajiva'
Vbersetzung ist wie jede Auslegung eine Vberhellung. Wer Ubersetzt,
muB solche Vberhellung auf' sich nehmen. Er darf off'enbar nichts
offenlassen, was ihm selber unklar ist. Er muB Farbe bekennen.

Hans-Georg Gadamer

AMELH ANTIL'lPAL:H EKEINOY, TIOY AKOYEI TIPQTH ct>OPA tov OQO "Emon']!..t"Y]
t"Y]<; METU(j)QUO"Y]<;", flVaL va OX(j)8(, XaL !.tUALOta !.tf OXftlX~ U!.t"YJXUV(a, av OXL
XaL !.tf fXJl:A"Y]/;"Y], Jl:OLO flVaL to UVtlXfL!.I.fVO t"Y]<;. Aut~ UXQL~ci:J<; "Y] oxbjJ"Y] toU - XUQLOAfXTLXci:J<;!- nQci:Jtou tux6vtoc; tautftnm a:rr6A.uta !.1. to Qci:Jt"Y][.ta, :rrou 8tL o u6Lx6c; mot~!.l.ovac; - xata xav6va yA.woooMyoc; - , 6tav a:rrocpaotu va xatamaot(
[.lf t"Y]V "Emot~[.l"Y] t"Y]<; METU(j)QUO"Y]<;": :nm6 fivm TO avwaoifJ,EVO T1J~ EmaT~f.111~ T1J~
Mc:racpQaan~; H anavt"Y]O"YJ oto Qci:Jt"Y]!.I.a aut6 dvm t6oo anA.~ xm qytouoa ta
OQLa t"Y]<; tautoA.oy(ac;, ci:Jot 8a f.I.JtOQOUO va xaQaXt"Y]QL08d ab initio acp"'-nc;: EmaT~f.111 T1J~ Mt:racpQa01J~ flVaL "Y] fnLOT~!.I."Y] :rrou UOXOAfLtaL !.tf t"Y] !.tfTU(j)QUO"Y]!
Onwc;, 6r.twc;, xavdc; 0V bjJ1; xdvov :rrou tautoMy"Y]o A.yovtac; 6n "general

0 Kumarajiva fJ.ETEcpgaoE Bou6bwux6. XELflEVa om XLVEsLx6. to nag6.8Ef,l.a ngogxnm an6 to BLBAlo

tou FUNG YU-LAN, A Short History of Chinese Philosophy, OEA. 7.
GADAMER, Wahrheit und Methode, 1:. I , OEA. 389.

78

6L

-lj:JTJJdS ;JJpUTJM;}aUlJ pun JjlJlj:JSU;JSSfMSaUnZJ;JSJ;Jq[} 'H::>SnVH

-lj[lJUf!J ')IVJNAZ~i\\ Vi\\

'ni~3SO::>

:m Zl

L l

' :U:3 !9! ''(3D 'JjTJlj:JSU;JSSfM

L ''(3D '~/lJlf:JSU;}SSfMJX;J.L ;}fp Uf aUnJ

''(3D ' ;JfJO;JljJSaUnZJ;JSJ;Jq[} J;Jp Uf U;JaUnlf;JJS;JaTJJj ;JafJlj:JfJ pun ;Jlj:JSflJ:l

''(3D ' lj:Jf;JJ;JqU;JqTJ8jnv U;Jlj:JS!JSfnBU!f Wf TJW;}lj.l SflJ U;JZJ;JSJ;Jq[} 'NNVW.L~VH

''(f)OU

:u:3 6! ''(3D 'uo!Jvtsur~J.LJO AJO;Jlf.L :JfJSfnaun v a~ouv::> '(gou

-z-z cJnx opx1o OlD 513~(\.lliX>AX> 5?X113XD 5u ''(8

8
L
9

'UOfJ!J;JdWO:J JO WIUOJ 1J ;JJ[lJfJSUO:J OlJM 'SJli{Olj:JS p;JfJ!fTJnb

JO snsu;JSUO:J :JfWTJUAp ;JlfJ OJ aufpJO:J:JTJ ;JAfOA;J ptnoM J! ~:JfJTJJS ;1q JOU U;JlfJ p tnoM AJO;JlfJ ;)lJ.l s;JpOJSflJ
-;JSTJ:J Jfq p;JJS;JJ A/JUTJJSUO:J puu 'jo punoJapuq v JSUfTJaTJ p;JJTJJoqlJf;J auf;Jq Jfq UfTJa OSflJ pfnOM AJO;JlfJ ;Jlf.L
uofJTJJfdSuf uf :JfJn;JU;)WJ;)lf Jou JSfAfJfsodo;}u J;)lfJ!;JU ;)JP, lf:JflfM JU;JwnaJr~ 10 s;}Uff auotu p;JdOf;}A;}P auf;Jq
Uf UfTJB pfnOM AJO;JljJ ;Jlf.L 'SUOfJTJ{SUlJJJ JO UOfJ:JnpOJd ;)ljJ JOj ;JUff;Jpfna TJ Sri p;}Sn ;Jq OS{lJ UP,:J lJ::!flJM AJO;JljJ
;}AfSU;Jlj;JJdWO:J ;J:>npoJd OJ Sf ;JUffdf:JSfp ;JljJ JO f liOB ;Jlf.L 'SUOfJTJ{SUliJJ JO UO!JdfJ:JS;Jp pUTJ UO!J:JnpoJd
;)ljJ ,{q p;JSfTJJ SW;J{qOJd lJJ!M j{;JSJ! SW;J:JUO:J lj:JfljM ;JUffdf:JSfp ;)ljJ JOJ .. S;JfpnJS U.OfJTJfSUlJJJ, ;JWP,U ;)ljJ ;JSOd
-oJd OJ ;J)(ff ptnoM

:uDmQo:u: AUl uol!'(XQ'(O 3r1noD?8X>Clo:u: DA o:u:9x AOl '3r1rw~nr1oA '13~J~X> n.OJO:U:o n.o1

' .. 50}3D\)OdlXll3TI A<;J(,>rl.O:U:D, J03:U: ' tZ ''(3D 'S;JfPnJS UOfJlJ{SUTJJ.L '3~3A3Hl rl.Ol l!rftOl\) AUl 1XJX

''(\:JOU

'JUTJUOdWf A{;JJnS Sf S:JfUOWJTJlj flJUOJ JO ;J:JU;Jf:JS ;JljJ JO ;Jap;J{MOU)( ;JWOS U;JljJ 'UO!J!SOdWO:J .
:JfS nW JO S{TJJU;)WTJpunj ;)ljJ moqTJ aUfljJ;JWOS SJ;)ljJO BUflj:Jli;)J JO ){STJJ ;)ljJ STJlj ;}lj Jf Jnq 'UOfJS;Jnb
OJ U;JdO Sf S:JfUOWJTJlj {TJUOJ JO ;):JU;Jf:JS ;JljJ BUfApnJS Aq )(JOM SflJ JO} p;Jf.lf{lJnb J;)JJ;Jq Sf :JfSnW JO J;JSOd
-WO:J ;JljJ J;JljJdlj;\\ :\)X11AXJcbr13 13A<:J13TIUD 50]0:U:O 0 '99 ''(3D ' UOfJTJ{SUTJJ.L JO S;JfJO;Jlf.L JO UOfJTJn{TJA!]
puu SfSA{TJUV ;JljJ JO} )(JOM;JWTJJj V 'VaiN

6Z

''(3D

'II

;Jnb!J?Od TJ{ JnOcf '::>INNOH::>S3W

''(\:)OU

'[ ''(3D 'S:JfJSfnaUf1{TJJ;JU;J!.) 'SNIHO~ ''(8

j7

. g'),01U10113 5<;JX1AO"{OOO(l)"{ A (1,01 53)0

-OAUlDX 53A3119A'D1rt A91il.D 30 5110 U~l)113"{l)g DA 'D031'),"{DX '~ 130~110A1~Dl D11DX

cw1

9A311px11AD 01 S<;Jg1oxmn 130JOO DA 5DJAO"{ooomu Slt1 5D?1101 S91ctD Som1

-9X11AD11Llo mx 50110l)031 o D0311~o 10X?11 130?dmmx 13X? Alt11 5D 1X '5D)A0"{000(l)"{A

-OA31113)l (S~X1110XAct&) Slt1 D?1101 Lt9 mx LSDJAO"{Ooom"{J 5~X1110XAct& Slt1 09l)"{X
)3"{3101m 'Am3~?"{ 1X9 mx 9 AmA?1113X 5130l)Odmn11 311 l.lA311')-0"{0XoD '5DM30? 0)931!
Sm '5LlODOcbl)13W Sll1- , .. D)O(l)38, lt 5'),0"{"{01! l)lDX - Ll11~1D1li3. lt 119 ltom:U(),1D19 ~X
-nD11m1~D AltlD 311(),01D3XOD 5D '31DD119X01og ctOl9 'OJ311Llo 91ctD 9X11XODmx Ol&

175DJ3All11o3 mx 5l,lcbDOA103:U 'Sltoct"{l)AD Sl}.X1A011Ll10113 OA311)3X11AD 1D13A)A

A91ctD8DX 'Sm119 '50A9"{ 0 'l.l11l}.10113 !S;)f.1lOdi\q X;) 31'),0 l)101Act0 i\39 (UO!lllJ!UnWWO::l
JUQJ;)A) 5D)A(l)i\10X113 5l}.X11D11lto l.l~l)Oli D)DXct1 D111 A311 1DN '5DM30? 5l}.X1A011U1D113
OA311J3X11AD )3"{310:UD DA '101? mx

mw? 'poo:uli '5DJAmA10X113 Sl}.x1oom"{AD19 Slt1 mo

-)D"{li DlO D0?11 1D1300(),11!DAD ctOli 'DlU1910UlDD09 Ll 'Sm119 AU"{ll'Llll~1011!31DA)3 i\39

UODOcbl)l311 U119 01Dl?8 91D (l)Al)liDODli 11l)X 1DA)3 3191 '5DOO<;J"{A 5Ll1 D19 1D1A'),011
-09 cto:u 53Apx3 5?cboo11 S11 Soo:u DOD<;J"{ A.Lt 13A')-8rt3:UD ao:u 5om11')-All11 ao1 ~AmADOD:u
-DAD A10D11Al)Oli 5101 A3 AU1 OA911 1DX S<;J"{liD 311(),001\i\3 ' .. LlDDOcbl)1311, 5Dli\OA?"{ ' Al)3.
'5LlODOcbl)1311 Slt1 D)ODX19D19 LllD 'Ll~l)Oli AUlD Sm191 mx LlODOcbl)l311 AUlD 311 rt0919
-0001 ltOli D11Ll9A 01 91D 1Dll)10D~3 'l.l11l}.101li3 l)101Alt0 UODOcbl)1311 l.l 0091 l)lDX lt01
D11Ll1l}.~ 01119 311ctool}.A.lt~3 DA- 311ct0~)110A - 311')-000:uli 'O"{"{l) 310lil}.9110 311(),01! A10ll
'" rt01U10~0X lt011DX '),0110100 (l)Al)liDODli ltOl j}l;)A.!.UU

Sl.l1 l)lDX l)X11AD11Llo rtOA9clt mD11l}.o 13D<:J080D DA mx 5?cb11o11 13clt11?:UDAD DA SpA

-Dx 130(),31!0 All11 5D '<:J93 mx 101? '- .. ;:,q::>uJdS 1;:,p uoA uuq::>su;:,sS!A\ ;:,!p lS! uuq::>su;:,ss!i\\
-q::>UJdS, :l)X1AD1103A DlO 'X:u '311rtOOl)OcbD1311 Ul AD 'Llll.l0 9 cbD 5<;J"{31A3 1D13A)Dcb
ctOli 'l}.9D"{U9 'D)AO"{OlrtDl D111- ";:,\Jun'i!UUJ JO ;:,;,u;:,ps ;:,ql SU p;:,uu;:,p ;:,q AUW S::l!lS!n'i!U!i

VIJOVO:m'5VJ H IV)! :m:rVd4JVl3W :iHl HWHl:rlll3 H

wv, ana anA.wr; va xaga~OW ta 6gLa, ~-tEoa ota ono(a Sa xw118ou~-t, yLa va QWi]oou~-t 6,tL xaA.dtm "~-ttacpgao11" yLaut6 8a EmM~ou!! Mo 6LacpoQtLxour; wr; ngor;
to AEXtLXO, ana 6~-tOLOUr; XaL woo8VLr; wr; :rtQor; t11V 01JOLa OQlO!!OUr; t11r; "mwti]!!11r;", yw va !!JtOQE001J!! :rtQWtLotwr; va ouvW01180U~-t. LU~-tcpwva !!E t11V Elisabeth
Straker 11 mwtil!!11 dvm ouot11~-ta A.oyLxwv ngotaowv, nou tL8vtm o ouyxXQL!!Evour; 01JOXtlO!!OUr;, 8~-tEALWOL!!OUr; XaL a:rtOOEL~L!!OUr; !! ~-tE8000 yvwonxi] 10 Xata 0
tov Karl Popper 110QaOt11QLOt11ta tou mwti]~-tova-QUV11til ouv(otatm yvLxwr; ot11v
:rtagaywyi], t11V EX8011 XaL tov OUOt11~-tatLx6 EAEYXO :rtQOtaOEWV i] OUOt11~-tatWV :rtQOtaOEWV (ELOLx6tQa 6 onr; AY6~-tvr; E!!JtELQLXEr; mwti]~-tr; XtL8vtm xm Myxovtm
6La t11r; :rtaQat11Qi]OWr; XaL toU :rtELQa~-tatOr; 8WQLr; XaL OUOti]~-tata 8WQLWV) I I, 12.

Elvm yf.waaa - m!~qxuva ~E tov Heidegger -bEv !illOQEl va mtaVTTJ8El ywut6 xm o ~qat.os
cptMooc:pos blva EV Elba ac:pogw~ou w tlbEv Elvm yf.waaa xm TO tl xavn Tl yf.wooa: Die Sprache ist in
ihrem Wesen weder Ausdmck, noch eine Betiitigung des Menschen. Die Sprache spricht, DT]f.abi]: xar'
ovaiav 1J ylt.waaa &v <ivm ovr< c51)lt.ovJ.1.<Vo our< <xc57jlt.wa1) rov aveownov. H ylt.waaa OJ.I.tlt.ci" Bt..
HEIDEGGER, Unterwegs zur Sprache, OEA. 19. ~uoruxw<; TO f.oyo:n:alyvw wu auyygacpta die Sprache
spricht bEv !illOQEl va anooo8El ot a EAAT]Vtxa ~ta :n:aga~mtxi] a:n:6booi] tou 8a i]mv TJ ax6f.ou8T]: ~
yA.waaa yA.waao1; TJ o:n:ola 6~ws bEv "oTExnm" aTOv EAAT]Vtx6 Myo.- Al;l~a. vo~l~OWE, wv x6:n:o va
~nacpEQOWE auwuata EDW TT]V JtEQLyQacpi] TT]S "yf.waaa<;" JtOU EJtLXHQEl 0 TRAGER, The Field of
Linguistics, act.. I: Language [is (...)] one of the systematic arrangements of cultural items that societies

possess. A culture consists of many such systems: language, social organisation, religion, technology, Jaw,
etc. Each of' these cultural systems other than language is dependent on language for its organisation and
existence, but otherwise constitutes in dependent systems whose patterning may be described. (...) The full
statement of the point-by-point and pattern-by-pattern relations between language and any of the other
cul tural systems will contain all the "meanings" of the linguistic forms. and will constitute the
metalinguistics of that culture. Ot rntOT]~avaELS Elvm btxts ~as.
10 STROKER, Eintlihmng in die Wissenschaftstheorie, OEA. 4.
II POPPER, Logik der Forschung, act.. 3: Die Tiitigkeit des wissenschaftlichen Forschers besteht darin,
Siitze oder Systeme von Siitzen aufzustellen und systematisch zu iiberpriifen; in den empirischen
Wissenschaften sind es insbesondere Hypothesen, Theoriensysteme, die aufgestellt und an der Erfahrung durch Beobachtung und Experiment iiberpriift werden.

12 0QOTOU JtQOXWQi]OOU~E OTT]V avaf.uai] ~a<;, vo~l~OU~E OTL JtQEJtH va am6oU~E OTL<; ol;UOEQXElS
JtaQaTT]Qi]OEL<; lOUR. STACHOWITZ, Voraussetzungen fUr maschine/Ie Vbersetzung, OEA. I, OXETLXU ~E
TO rl Elvm ai]~EQa "rntaTi]~T]" : "ai]~EQa avayvwgl~Etm ycvtxws 6n T] txcpgaaT] 'rnwTi]~T]' bcv txa
JtAEOV OXEOT] ~E XUJtOLa JtVEU~anxi] disciplina, JtOU EQEUVU XMOLOV tbtalTEQO 10~Ea TOU EltL01T]tOU,
at.M EVTEAWS ycvtxa ~E 6f.ES w; disciplinae, :n:ou ccpag~6~ouv tbtalTEQES EQEUVTJTLXES ~E66bous, ns
f.cy6~EVE<; 'cmotT]~ovtxE<; ~E66bous'. LU~cpwva ~E tl]V EV A6yw yEvtxi] avayvwgwT] xmataooowE
wus btacp6gous yvwonxous TO~Els avaMyws tou av ~ntoxovrm mwtT]~ov txi] ~teobo. r taut6 xm
Tl 8Ewgla TTJ<; AoyOTEXvlas bEv OU!illEQtf.a~Bavnm ons discipl inae auT<;".

80

l8
Ull,p ;)WJOj Tlf SilOS JfJS;)AUf .{S [llb i}J[J;)A Tlf

!l

Tlf !llfOATlS np ( ..) Jll;)W ;JS ;JJX;JJ np ;Ji}SU;Jd Tl]

"68

UO[J:Jlll]SUO:Ji}p ;Jp SlllO:J U;) f;J1J]X;J] lfOATlS np 'i}][J;JA

:u "'(30 ';JlllJ[l:Ji} ,{ ;Jp Uff:J?P ;)1 '3113fn!V11DX "'(H

~[

"'(30 'Jf;}J\\ U;JJ;JSS;Jq l;)U[;) l{:JTJU ;Jl{:JllS l;Jp JllV '"M3dd0d "'(gOU 17!

Sm1 S}X1Q mAp S130M,Jlill011f3 10 u;JqTJlf

ll{:J[;)JJ;) Jlf:JfU 'plTlpUTlJS U;JJ;JSUn '[;JfZ ;)JZ];JS;Jfi sun SlJp 'U;JSS;JW;Jfi J[;)l{Jl{lJ;\\ l;Jp lllUlf:JS]l{:J[H J;Jp J;JpO
qlJJSfflJW W;Jp l[W '.Iftl\ fflJp 'U[JlJp U;Jq;J lJ( Jl{;)JS;Jq 'U;Jl{;Jfi;Jq l[M U;Jp 'WllJll]l;Jp :u;Jpl;JM U;JpUTl]SJ;JA
J[;Jl{Jl{lJ.i\1 J;Jp ;J;Jp] ;)A[JlJ{lJ:i;JJ ;J[p ;JUl{O Jl{:J[U UUlJJ( 'U;JUJ;Jf UJ;JWnJll] U;)J;)SUll SlllJ l[M fflJP ';J;Jp]
;Jl{:JS[fiO{OpOlfJ;JW ;J{lJJU;)WlJpUllj ;JfG

:z6

"'(30 'Jf;}J\\ U;JJ;JSS;Jq J;JU[;) l{:JTJU ;Jl{:JllS J;Jp JllV '"M3dd0d "'(gOll

-1A.OTIU1011C31,tA.10X "010119'){ 1lJlX>lOJcbn. '13D<;lll.C1031C UD~)l i\.3 'A.v .Sl S30319A.l)811C S13D?8
-ol.Cn. Sm38l,t"'{n S1,tx1A.O"'{ Sll1 nolDJA.OX A.lllD S3A.3ri9A.nD001C Sl).oomx "91X>X S11 3rli).OlD
-19nx nA. 131?0111C3 Snrl n.ol.C 'Sn1Dnx1qmq Sl,tx1A.3A. Smrl wnuu'aJo 01 ooBX9o1C llrll,tw
-ma llnl?emq 'l;>X1Dn.cb '311).0 .n138l,t"'{n A.lu m"'{ncbD"9 3rictOA.<;llD11mq nA.I,triA.11D nD"91C
"9A.n "99llog Snrlne n.ol.C 'llA.J3X3 Soqornrtrtvu- S9riD1A.0"'{03A. o J31Cn0111C3 Snrl Snll13XOl;>l.Cct A.3\? SllDJ1C3 Sro1C9 'S3JOro38 S?X1A.Oril.tl011C3 S3oOcbl;>19 10 1lJlA.OllC')."'{nXnA.n ne
SnJOlCO SLtlllDI,toX Ill 3rl 'noll,trlnJn1A.3!J. "9A.38ct01C 13XOl;>l.Cct A.3\? 'Srori9 '1JJ13A.Jncb 11'9
91CV 171 Snpell"'{n Sill Sro3D?Oct3 SLt1 A.16l;>X 1lJlA.OX<;l1\;>11C3 n.ol.C mA.OO?cbmqA.3 "9X1A.Ori
-lll011C3 S<;3on9nx m 91Cn 'Sn138l,t"'{n SLtlllDllll,t~nA.n A.lll A.').Ol30l.t1Cn. A.3\? n.ol.C 'A.roA.px3
A.(l)lA.903cbmqA.3 A.(l)l S9riD1oroXmq o l;>"'{"'{n 'S9riD13"'{X01Cn o 1lJA.)3 A.3\? 'Sill no1,t1xno
-nX 0031}"01\?1 A.Olllril,tl011Ct A.UlD 'mA.9"'{ n"'{"'{"9 3ri 'pA.!J.ooX C\.Ol.C 91n.y 1 1lJ13DD1"'{3~3
mx SnJOlCO Sll1 mq 'SI,tx111ox Sll1 nJDnri1xoq llw MOX?lA.n n.ol.C A.<;l10ro38 roD?ri S n
-138l,t "'{n Sl.t1 !J.Dllll,t ~nAn !J.mA.p- Slwvocb~13W SI.J.1 SI.J.ri~1D11q SLt11nx no"9 'Sl.trl
-l,tl011Ct 38"9X SLt1- Sllril,tl011Ct Sllll,t"'{OlDOl.Cn 1,tx1Xomroo1C Lt 119 3ri').Ol.C ne '!J.Dm901C
i,tA.10X nJrl 3D npri!J.D l)1A.?831X3 (1)0?1(1)1\.l) nJOll)l 3rictOD"9Cl.\?A.Cl.D l)A. 3TIC\.ODI,t'{38. A.V
sn.o1 no<;3 A.lllmD10"9Xct3 M00"9031C nA. mx 1~"9X MOA."9X nA. mA. 'n.ox
-Ol;>l.C n.o1 S311C?XD11C3 JOOX1ri1o MOA.XJO SLt111'9 9rillmrlmD SJoroX mx SrolJClxmqn
13l;>AO"'{Ol.Cri101 n.ol.C ctOXOl;>lC n.o1 Sl.tA.riJ"'{ SLt1 "011"91 nA.l;>cbllqn !J.A.onrlJn"'{ A.Ul A.no- l.tDro
-Jorloonl.C Lt p1Cn0111C3 Snri Sn- 1lJA.)3 :0"'{"'{"9 11l;>X "9"'{"'{n 'SnA.oril,tlD11C3 1lJA.)3 A.3\? 'l.tX').l
A.UlD l;>A.C\.303 mx SnJol.t13cbn !J.03891Cct 131?8"01\? A.3q A.n .nA.?ri0\;>3\? nA.?TI10X3XA.ctD Sool.C
13XA?"'{3 (ne) nJOlCO A.l.tl 'SnJOll13cbn !J.03891Cct A.mri!J.XA.l;>A.l) BX? SnA.oril,tl011C3 o 119
ow (A. 1nx .n.o1 A.<;l3DI,tollmonl.C A.roJmn.3"'{31 3101D"9X3 A.(l)l130"99 ll1Jl.C3 n.o1 A.<;l3DI,to
-llmonl.C A.<;ll S').orlonn.qMo Sn.o1mx SBol,tollmonlC S11 S<;3xomq 13XA.?"'{3 nA. 13"'{pcbo
119 n.olJ031C A.<;l"'{3113D<;lA.A. A.3 'n.o1 A.<;l30I,tollmonl.C A.rol ').OriDnn.qMo So1A.OllC').xoolC
310lDJ?X3 n.o1J031C mx nol,tollmonl.C BX? 11 n.o1J031C A.ro30"910ol.C A.<;3x1A.o"'{ llorooe
-Ol;> 3D 131\.)l)gOOlC SnA.oril,tlD11C3 o 119 ow (g .n.ml,tgncb"'{n Sill 91n.n nrlrll;>oA. 01 "90n9
-nx A.C\.OO?cbOOlC l)A. A.I).OOOl.Cri A.3\? n.oriD9X C\.01 "91\;>1lJlC mn"'{911913A.)nri!J.D )A.3qn.o ,1C3
91n.n ' .. roo, 01 "9onenx MOO?cbOOlC nA. A.').Oool.Cri A.39 "91\;>1lJlC l;>OX1rim119 )38llollwo
-nl.C nA.mx S?oocb S3D9 :n1oro3e l,tx1A.oril.twm3 peurloq nA. ow pxon~3 A.3\? SLt1llA.9ri
91Cn Ltollol,tmonl ll119 n.o1J031C A.<;l"'{3113D<;lA.A. A.3 'n?riOl n.oA-iJrl1olmc/.rw pl.CnA.nlC
' n.OA.?rimoo S91A.3 SoA.3ri').OA.1X SnDI,tol.tmonlC 3D 13A.Jngoolt SnA.oril,twm3 o 119 ow
(n :npri!J.D n101 30 !J.Dncbri? 3TIC\.OD<;l\? nA. 131C?Ol.C n9 - jSI,tcbnoA.1031C )031 l;>"'{"'{n 'I).Orlo
-100 1031 1lJ113X901C A.3\? nng1oXn A.!J.1 mA.- 9rimoo O)l)lC\.3"'{31 A.Ol 3TII).08X3q A.V
VIJOVOEClVJ H IV)! ~H~Vd<I>VBW

~Hl

HWHHill3 H

Qc; ngoc; t11v nm6t11ta t11c;, 611A.a6i] we; ngoc; t1160!lrJ t11c; yvwgt1;ow 6n 11 yt...wooa
ELVal HQ!!Oc; 11!1-LtoVOHbWV taf...avtWOEWV Jt01J Jtagayovtal aJt6 ta 6gyava 0!1-LALac;
to1J av8QWJt01J (aJt6 t11 yf...wooa, ta XELA11, nc; <pWV11tLXEc; XOQ6c;, t11 !!Ut11 x./...Jt.). H
y/...wooa, 0!1-Wc;, OEV OQLSEtal !1-0VO we; aVtLXEL!!EVO tWV a!!Lywc; <I>1JOLXWV EmOt11!lWV, ana Xal we; avnXEL!!EVO tWV 8EWQ11tLXWV Xal tWV llEQL Av8QWJt01J EmOt11!lWV, 6L6n we; ngoc; t11 A.utougyta t11c; we; Emxmvwvwxou !!Eoou anotEA.d xoLvwvLx6 Cj)alVO!lEVO t11c; 1JJtQ00!lrJc; 18 . A!l(j)OtEQEc; OL 8WQrJOHc; t11c;, xata !!OVac; /;Eta1;,6!1-EVc;, ELVal !lOV6Jtf...EuQc;, xa8' 6oov 11 yt...wooa ELVal Xal nagaywyi] 11X11tLxwv XU!!atwv Xal !!EOO Emxmvwvtac; twv EV xmvwvta 6La~L01Jvtwv at6!1-WV Xal 6QaOt11QLOJtOL01J!!EVWV O!!a6wv 19 . EJtO!!Evwc;, Exdvo nov Etvm ~E~alo Xal aocpat...Ec;, ELVal 6n
6vtwc; ucptotatal al;LW!lanxi] O!!OA.oyta yt...wooac; Xal !!Etacpgao11c;.
Ito 011!1-ELO aut6 8a xavou!l !!La to!lrJ Xal, axot...ou8wvtac; xaLvtYXEQLav6 JtQO~A11!latLO!l6, 8a JtOU!! 6n OL OLcXCj)OQEc; EJtLOtrJ!lEc;- aga Xal 11 Emotil!l-11 t11c; Mta<pQa011c;- EQEuvwvtac; t11 yt...wooa !1-E !l866ouc; VOT/Wtc; (denkend), we; xan avnxt:tf.lVLxa JCQOXif.lVO (gegenstiind/ich Vor/iegendes), qxatEAEL'\jJav toV tOJtO EXELVO,
0Jt01J ES agzi]c; 1JJtcXQXEL y/...wooa. H Cj)LAOOO<pLXi] 011!1-aOLa ti]c; !!11 aX1JQWOL!l11c; 60!l1J011c; navt6c; vo11nxou JtQo'(6vtoc; Xal nao11c; 6Lavo11nxi]c; 6w6Lxaotac; Ot11
yt...wooa, ooaxLc; ytvEtal Myoc; mgt yt...wooac;- aga Xal ooaxLc; ytvEtal Myoc; mgt
"!!Eta<pgao11c;" - , bEv A.a!!~cXVEtal un6'\jJ11. AnotA.w!la auti]c; t11c; nagaf...H'\j!11c; ELVal
va xavou!l an6 tov onnx6 !lac; ogt1;ovta 6,n ELVal yt...wooa ota nt...atma t11c; xa811-

16
17

18

19

rappon d'inscription (codage et decodage) des operateurs Jinguistiques au Corps politique. La verite
comme jeu d'inclusion et de disjonction de deux grandes fonctions topologiques (inscription et
refoulement primaire) ne nous dispense pas des techniques, des savoirs, des sciences du signe. Car ce
qui est re -inscrit, en meme temps qu 'il est decode ou deconstruit, ce sont Jes elements de sa
representation linguistique, celle qui donne lieu a J'objectivation sociale du savoir.
ngfll.. POPPER , Realism and the Aim of Science, oEI.. 6.
ngot; mmj tl]V xam)8uvol] XLVEltm xm o COSER IU, Fa/sche und richtige Fragestellungen in der Vbersetzungstheorie, OEA. 17, o orrolot; JtQWBElJEL 6n Otl]V rrgay[.Lanx6tl]'ta l] fLELU(jlQUOT] ist eine
besondere An des Sprechens, 6l]l.a6i] 6n 11 J.umicp(}aOf/ wrort:J..Ei u'5wirQO rQ6no rov OJ1LAiv.
ngBI.. ROS1ELLO, Struttura, usa e funzioni della lingua, aeA. 67: La struttura della lingua, vista in se
stessa, un insieme funzionale e interrelato di elementi appanenenti a determinate classi ; ma, vista
in rapporto alia realta estema, e quindi nelle sue manifestazioni a Jive/lo d'uso, essa si anicola globalmente in un sistema di funzioni, che determinano i singo/i modi di realizzazione delle possibilita linguistiche, scelti in base aile finalita del messaggio e in connessione colla situazione cu/turale e storica
di una determinata epoca, di un determinato scrittore, di un deteiminaro par/ante.
Bl.. arrl.wt; Ev6axnxa SAPIR , Linguistique, oEI.. 29 rn.

82

8
itlll3Ailri(i3 I!Ol
llOiqJ I!OllJDDrpy/.. ill 91lJ ilyyp 1JJAJ3 Mq '5101(101 A3 'JJJOJ0

ll 1JJX 0/..9y 3D J3()(r)O()OJJ lJA OA3riJ3X1lAlJ

OlD 131/q0l713 JJA 13Y?e DJouo il '5vDDrpyA. 5mrl mD?ri1JJl3DD!ll1JJAJJ 'ml3(13Ailrl03 3q 3lOJitq1lo
'JJJ3Ailri03 1lJAJ3 '1DlJ30AlJllJX 3l01ilq1lO :pllJi\Dll 'JS! SJ;Jli;JfSny S;Jp ;Jtj:JUJdS ;JU;Jlif;J ;Jfp l{:Jf;Jfanz l[:JOp
pun /f!M U;}SSU[ U;JWWO)/ ;}UOM nz puUJSU;Jli;JQ U;Jp ;Jfp ';Jl[:JUJdS J;JUf;J Wnfp;JW Wf l{:JfS J;JJ[U.JJU;) U;Jli;J[
-sny S;J[/lJ pun 'U;Jli;JfsnV JS! U;Jl{;JJSJ;Jf\ S;J[/V :z6 ..'(30 'I 1 ';JpOl[J;JW pun J!;Jl{JlflJM 'N3WVQ\f!) '(\)Oll

vz

Sm1 S~X1\11DAJ3 S130AJ;Jrllw11l310 911!JJ 3D AmA'lrlo/..3y Aml ilDil9AJJwx Aill3rimlJ3Y3l1131lOJ

~13x ao1 IJi)(ij(jjd9rlDMJ pyyv 'S!UfiiJOX Sli1 SvJDJJx7qmq S~x1Xiufi ~x11xdmvx SU1 UiJ1.tJ(libJJAD13

!lYllJ 1lJAJ3 Mq

'1!01 JJ;JdJlJOMi!D Ol J3()AlJ(jD1lJAI!D 13X? 1lJX 1JDrp1f:} 13XiJ 5itlDVOdJD13ri 0 AD 1DX Dri9XlJ

'I!OA?ri13X 59A3 i1Dvacbp13rl il :~\ID'(U\1 'pJ!M. Ul[[1J;}ff U;J}liuS;JQ WI[! U! S;}p S!UPUHJS.l;}J\ sup l{:JJnp ;}fp ~
S;Jp 'iJunp[!Ql[:JUN ;JUf;} LU;JpUOS 'SU;}Qf;JJI{:J5 S;Jp S'iJUlJ'iJJO}\ U;Jl[:JS!f;J;JS U;}l[:Jf['ii'Uf!.ldS.m S;}p 'iJUn)/:J;}MJ;}J;}p;}fA\
;Jf!O[q ;}U[;J)/ JS! 'U;JQlJl[ 1/lfn.J;)aU[;J pun Jq;J[;JaUf;J JOJnV LU;JU[;JS U! Jl[;}S OS l[:JOU l{:JfS J;JZJ;JSJ;JQ(J
J;Jp ffuw 'S;JJX;JL S;}Uf;J JlunZJ;JSJ;JQ[J ;JfG :68 .'(30 'I 1 ';}pOl[J;JW pun Jf;Jl{JlflJM 'N3WVQ\f!) '(\)OU Z
161 .'(30 ';Jl[:JUJdS JnZ Sli;JMJ;JJUn 'N3!)!)3GI3H ZZ

9171
-l[[lJU!::J 'N3993GI3H 010
Jri13~itYJJWx 13XiJ 'MJI..;JV

mx '(\) lwroll(\101\1 010ri90DU mx mAJ::I SilofXD Sill !tcbaorl ill

'(30 ')[fSAlfdlJJ;}W ;}!Pur :Iuru

il~?Y illD 01901 9X111ll3XOD 5ro0xp AOl

3rl ilq

mx

'5il~?Y

mx 5olvrll..pou ilDiJXD il

:101~ 'JJ!UlJ[;}J/ UOA\ SUp Uf ;}Sf;}A\ ;JJSl[:J!fffU!!.fdSJn .JnU JS! 'U;Jli1J5 pun Uf;}5 UOA S;}SS[Ul[.l!l{J;Jf\ S;Jp JflJJS;JQ
J;}p U! JlJMZ pun 'UOM pun JlUfG UOA S[UJ[.I!l{J;Jf\ SUQ :68! .'(30 ';}l[:JUJdS JnZ Sli;JA\J;}JUn 'N3!)!)3GI3H l

saoqJ3 aoAJuma()AD

1!01 JJriill)lJ1qA3 01 1lJX 1lJAJ::J 1!01 50XJO 0 1lJAJ3 lJDDrpy/.. il :101~ 'SU;JS;JMU;}l[:JSU;}W .~;Jp JlunsnlJl{;Jfl
;Jfp pun SUf;J5 S;}p SnUH ST!p [UWnz JS! ;Jl{:JlJJdS ;J[Q :sv .'(30 'snWS!UlJWnH U;Jp J;JQ[J 'N3993GI3H

OZ

-Dd>3X 501A90Dl.C C\.01 019ri 0031').39 OlD 1DX 1D13A(!)13riUD 5(1)1!9 'UDDOcbJ)13ri lt 1DX) 53
-pALlrio3 5(l)3D'fcb SltoJ;>u 10 1191v A(l)A<!Jl..D A<!JX1DD(l)'{/.. A(l)1 srwg1w Setow 1D13A<!J08
-oD Slto389liet Sl.t1 Sl}.1etD 5DJ38ll'{D 01ol}.rix31 oo3W~'{DcboD 0.1 s!qJdA 13ol}.oDriDAD
01 DA S(!)'{l!D 1X9 1DX vzCt01 9A3riJ3X 01J)X11Dri/..D01! 13Dl}.OAD1DX DA 13riet811!3 AOD9
,cb3 '1D113A1X J)X11(l)30X01!Ct 1DX J)'{'{D '5!}.1et3Allrio3-5!}.1DDOcbD13ri 0 J38UA1X DA 1D1
-').01DX19 OA9ri 1X9 Ct0101!0 Ct01 591A3 '5(l)30l}.OAD1DX D1A0~100 A0113~1001031! 5(1)'{99
-CtO S!JOlJnB SUdill lt 'zl}.1DDOcbD13ri Ct01 Setoo~ri X3 D~cbDo/..J..etD Ct01 "A(l)1J)riUOA(A3),
A(l)1l}.riOA !}.'{liD 13A1Drilto 1A39Ct0 ,1!3 CtOA~ri13X 59A3 5DDD(!)'{A Slt1 "UDU9A(D1DX),
119 3ri').ou D8 '9riDnDrill'{goou 9AD103rimADx/.. 3D mx SmAoX~omAD mx "LloDocbJ;>1
-3ri, UlD "DOD(!)'{/.., U1 91!D 3rietODJ)031! DA D1/.. 'Dril}.g 01AJ)'{l! 90X1ri DA~ 5D1AOAJ))I
'57JDD(}JyJ.. 5ll15U1(!.7J15~11W DJDIW t\.Ul 7JDD(}JyJ..ll1D 7JD:jrl 3rfpyni 7Jt\. J383!h7J llg~
3rin.oX:; 'DDD(}JyJ.. 111 91w 73J..(!.!h ~ 1 wx 13D~MX3~ SmAoX:; '(}Jt\.3 'rJDD(}JyJ.. 111 mJ.. OA9ri
3rlpy7rl 119 llDrolt(!.lt\.3 t\.Ul SrorlJAOri SmAoX:; lJDD(}JyJ.. 111 mJ.. 3rlpy1rt :l}.9D'{ll9 'zzU;JSSTJf
U;JZ!-es SUn U;JS;J_M Jl{! JSQ!;JS ;JfS Jl{! Uf J;)l{ ;Jl{Jf!JdS J;Jp snu SJ!;)J;Jq JfM pu;JJl{.flM 'U;)l{J;JJdS
nz ;)l{Jf!JdS ;J[p J;Jqn JnU 'Uf;Jl{JSUV U;)ff[pU.flJS Wf ;Jl{Jf!JdS np UOA U;Jl{J;JJdS Jf.M :ltDDOcb

-J;>13ri ll1

m/.. mx S!PUBlnw S!lBlnW 13().XD1 'DDD<!J'{l.. ll1 m/.. Jd~dP!dH

o 130~cbDAD

etou

91ety 1zD1Dril..J;>Ol! D13ri mx A(l)l!<!J08AD A(l)1 D/..o~ D13ri ' 0z5etOl!<!J08AD Set013ri SDri
l}.oll'{9XDDA3l}.xnlloAD19 mol}.wD09 Ltw 5(l)ri1AOri A').O/..l.t9o 5Dri

etou Snclt91!D 10 138

-<D1l..D1! MoX~ et01.c9 'A(l)1J)riDD031!rieto A(l)A~ri(l)080D S<!JX1DD(l)'{ /.. OO<!JX ADA~ 3D 1D1J3A
-1X 'llDDOcb))13ri U11DX DOD(!)'{/.. U191!D (1)0')./.. D83ri').OOAD19 'D031').'{DX '!}. D83ri911!3XD
3101!1}.9110 119 3ri().Oli DA 3ri').0001!W 1X9 !}. 5DJ3'{(l)l!D Slt1 5019A0/..3/.. Ct0113Dl}.913MD
i\3 3ri').0'{31 AD Ct01 5(l)09cbD19D '(..UdSdA\, 5(1) DDD(!)'{A101l}.) Sllol}.oX Sl}.x1101t) 5l}.A103ri

VIJOVO:mlVJ H IV)!

m~Vd<!JVHW ~Hl

HWHHI!l3 H

AT]VLXi] oxE'\jJT], Xal bT] OtoV I1UQ[.tEVlbT]29- bLCtXQLOT] [.tETa/;u VO LV Xal Ay ~ v 30, bEV
avax6mEL ma, an6 TT]V EJtOXtl TOU Schleiermacher Xal EVTEU8EV, TT]V EQ[.tT]VEUTLXi]
otov JtQ08aA.ar.to TTJ xaQtEOwvi]t; occasionalile, TTJ JTEQ~m:wmau6TTJW~ i]toL. A v,
[.tcXALOta, E/;ETCtOOU[.tE 1a JtQCtY[.tata OE ~a8ot;, 8a bOU[.tE OTL EV TEAEL bEV JtQOXELTal xav
JtEQL [.tETUqJOQCt, EV JtcXOT] bE JtEQLJttWOEL bEV JtQOXEltal JtEQL aJtA.i]t; f.tTJXUVLXtl [.tETUcpOQCt YAWOOLXOU UALXOU an6 [.!,La yA.wooa OE [.tLUV aUT], OJt(J)t; 8EAEL 0 "xa8aQ6t;", 0
JtOUQO OQLO[.tO TT] [.tETCtqJQUOT]t; 31 TT]V EV Myw bLacpOQCt [.tJtOQEL va [.tU TT]V XataOTi]OEL oacpi] Xal EVUQYtl T]- JtOU OE qJEQVEL OE XatcXOtaOT] UJtEAnLOLU! - UJtQOOcpOQ01T]1U OAWV aVE/;alQETW TWV [.tETacpQCtOEWV, bLOTL, OJtWt; EJtLOT][.taLVEL Xal JtcXAL 0
Gadamer, 6A.Et; oL [.tEtacpQaOEL, nou na(Qvouv TlJV anootoA.i] tout; o1a oo~aQa, E(vm
m6 oacpdt; xm mo EJt(JtEbE an6 to JtQwt6tun6 10ur; ax6r.ta xm av JtQOXELTm yta
tl]V nA.Eov aQWtoUQYlJf.tatLxi] ava!16QcpwaT} (Nachbildung), navw ea A.dnEL xat' avaYXlJV xan aJt6 toUt; bEOJtO~OVTE TOVOU JtOU lJXOUV Oto JtQWT01UJto 32 . 0JtOLO VOf i

(: evvoei ua~ uaravoei) xm Ecp' 6oov EVbLacpEQETm va xatamE( oacpE 10 avTLXEL[.tEVO nou vvol xm xawvo(, bEV JtQEJtEL va aw8avnmbEOf.tLO oav 10v (xax6) [.tE t acpQaoTi] EXELVOV, JtOU [.tETacpQCt~El AEST] JtQO AEST] 10 XEL[.tEVO 10U' JtQEJtEL va ELVal
EAEU8EQO, va XOLVWVEL tl]t; EAEU8EQLU JtOU aQ[.tO~EL Oto JtQUy[.tanx6 O[.tLAELV: 010
A.Ey LV, bl]Aabi], TWV EVVEVOT][.tEVWV (des Sagens des Gemeinten )33 . Mv XWQCt-

25 ITQ~f.. GADAMER, Wahrheit und Methode, 1. I, a1. . 388: Jede Vbersetzung ist ( ... ) schon Auslegung,
ja man kann sagen, sie ist immer die Vollendung der Auslegung. die der Vbersetzer dem ihm vor-

26

gegebenen Wort hat angedeihen lassen, TJ10L: OAf' ot wraq;Qaanq anore?.ovv (. .. ) EQJUJVEieq
f1JTOQOVf1E ua?.wra va novue 6n anordovv navrou uA.eu:iJaEtc; wunvetwv, nq onoiEq
eJTU5a1jJLAfVft o flETa(/!Qaarrjq aro }.6yo JTOV TOV Ef1JTLOTEV8rpwv. 0L JtL<Jl]!-\UVGEL<; ELVaL 6LXE<; 1-\U<;.
TIQ~A. BERMAN, La traduction et Ia lettre, a1.. 40: Toute traduction est en elle-meme une interpretation.
Elle porte dans son etre, sans leur donner voix, taus les fondements, les ouvertures et les niveaux de
I 'interpretation qui se sont trouves son origine. Et I 'interpretation,
son tour, n 'est que
J'accomplissement de Ia traduction qui encore se tait (...). Conformement leur essence, intemretation et
traduction ne sont qu 'une et meme chose. OL EJUGl]!-LUVGH<; avljxow aE ~ta<;.
TIQ~f.. GADAMER, Wahrheit und Methode, 1. I, a1.. 392: Verstehen und Auslegen sind letzten Endes
ein und dasselbe, TJTOL: 11 xarav611a11 xm 11 EQf111Vfia fivw EV rt'A.et t'va xw ro avr6 JTQayua.
GADAMER, Wahrheit und Methode, T. I, GEA. 392.
ITAPMENIL'>HL, Ile(]i <Pvaew,;, arr6arraa~ta 8 , 01. 8: ov yae cparov ovM V01'J7:0v EOTLV OJTWf: ovx EOn
OL UV1LG10LXOL xa'LV1EYXQLUVOL OQOL ELVaL, w<; yvw<JTOV, Den ken XaL Aussprechen.
ITQ~A. V6Hxnxa LADMIRAL, Traduire, a1.. 11.
GADAMER, Wahrheit und Methode, 1. I, <JEA. 390.- ITQ~A . ErrL<Jl]<; LADMIRAL, Traduire, a1.. 87 Err.
ITQ~A. HEIDEGGER, Unterwegs zur Sprache, GEA. 191.

27
28
29
30

31
32
33

84

HEITILTHMH THI META<I>PAIHLKAI H fARIWAOf!A

u, ~E~aLwc;, a!-Lcpl~OA.La 6n11 xm:av611011 dvm navwtE xa8' oMv xm 6n non~ 6Ev
cp1avH ow 1A.oc; 0111v EAEU8EQ11 Ex'tAW11, wo16oo, wu MyHv 1wv EVVEV011!-tvwv,
ax6!-ta bE xm amwv JtO'U EVVOEL 0 EQ!-L11VE'U'ti]c;, 'UJtUQXH JtUV'ta JtaQOV xm OAO~WV'ta
VO eva oA6xA.11QO ouvoA.o Evvmwv. H xm:av611011, Em'tEAOU!-LEV11 xm ag8QOU!-LEV11 !-1-E
yA.womxa !-1-foa, 6ta8'tH xm:' a~LW!-1-a navw'tE wv anagaL't11W EAEU8EQO xwgo yugw
111c; yta va XLV118EL EAEU8Ega 8a wv aVLXVEUOH xm 8a wv avayvwQLOH om8a!-tr1
JtQOc; om8a!-tiJ, 8a 'tOV Jta'ti]OH, ana- au't6 ELVal JtfQaV JtU011c; (J'U~11'trlOEWc; - JtO'tf
bEV 8a 'tOV xm:af..a~H, ... JtO'tf bEV 8a 'tOV XaLaX'trlOH, ... JtO'tf bEV 8a 'tOV OlXHW8EL.
LW 1A.oc; 111c; avmx8ELoac; nagx~ao11c; !-1-JtOQOU!-LE va JtOU!-1-E 6n 11 EmotiJ!-1-11 111c;
Mnacpgao11c; aozoA.d'tm a) !-1-E 't11V avaA'U011 twv JtOlXLAWV JtQO~A11!-LUtWV, JtO'U 'tL8EV'taL avnXH!-1-EVLxa xm:a 111v nga~11 111c; !-LEtacpgao11c;, xm !-1-E t11 ouO't11!-Lanxi] nagouoLa011 1wv i'iuoxoA.twv nou avacpuovtm in situ ava ~EVY11 yA.woowv ~) !-1-E nc;
oxow; nou avan1uooov1m !-1-Eta~u ME1acpgao11c; acp' Ev6c; xm <l>tA.ooocpLac; 111c;
nwooac;, EQ!-t11VEunxi]c;, <l>tA.oA.oyLac;, AoyotEXVLac; xm nwoooA.oyLac; acp' ngou,
!-tE 1a nogLo~tm:a nou i'itm:unwvov'tm Ex wu EMyxou 1wv avwtgw oxoEwv xm !-tE
111v EcpaQ!-tOYrl twv JtOQL0!-1-a'twv amwv 0111v JtQO~A11!-Lanxi] wu !-LE'tacpgamou Myou, xm y) !-1-E 't11V JtQO'ta011 !-LE'tacpgaotLXWV AUOEWV O'ta DlUQJOQa JtQO~Arl!-taLa !-1-E'tacpogac; Myou an6 111 yA.wooa acpE't11QLac; 0111 yA.wooa acpL~Ewc; xm !-1-E 111v nagoxr)
ouv6QO!-Lrlc; ow gyo wu !-1-Etacpgami] 6w 111c; ouv8oEwc; H6Lxwv ad hoc ~011811!-t<i
'tWV (n.z. !-1-Etacpgaonxwv EYXHQlbLWV, AE~lXWV,- xm:aA6ywv OQOAOyLac; X.AJt.).
LV!-1-cpwva !-1-E wv xa811Y11tr1 Werner Koller 11 Emo'trl!-1-11 111c; Mnacpgao11c; aoxoA.EL'tm
!-1-E ox1w ~aOLxouc; xA.a6ouc; wu !-1-ELacpgaonxwc; EJtLO'tTJtO'U: a) !-1-E 'tTJ E>EWQLa 'tTJc; ME'tacpgaoT]c; (0bersetzungstheorie) ~) !-tE 't11V EmOLiJ!-tTJ 'tT]c; MEtacpgaoT]c; JtO'U xu CJXfOT] !-tf
111 yA.woooA.oyLa 1wv xa8xaowv yA.wootxwv ~Euywv (linguistisch-sprachenpaarbezo-
gene Obersetzungswissenschaft) y) !-tE 'tT]V EmO'trl!-1-11 'tT]c; ME'tacpgao11c; JtO'U xu oxo11 !-1-E
1a XEL!-tEVa (textbezogene Obersetzungswissenschaft) 6) !-1-E 'tTJV EJtLO'tTJ!-1-0VLXi] xgmxi]
'tTJc; ME1acpgao11c; (wissenschaftliche Obersetzungskritik) E) !-1-E t11v EcpaQ!-tOO!-tfVTJ EmO'trl!-1-11 tT]c; ME1acpgao11c; (angewandte Obersetzungswissenschaft) m) !-1-E La 8EWQT]nxocowgtxa o'uo1anxa oLOLXELa 111c; EmotiJ!-1-TJc; 'tTJc; MnacpgaoT]c; (theoriegeschichtliche
Komponente der Obersetzungswissenschaft) ~) !-1-E La !-1-Etacpgaonxocowgtxa xm 1a
JtQOOAT]JtTlXO"lOWQlXU O'UO'tanxa O'tOlXELa 'tT]c; EmO'trl!-1-TJc; 'tT]c; MEtacpgaoT]c; (Ubersetzungs- und rezeptionsgeschichtliche Komponente der Obersetzungswissenschaft) xm
11) !-tE 'tTJ 6t6ax'ttxi] 111c; !-tE'tacpgaoT]c; (Didaktik des Obersetzens) 34 .

34 BA. KOLLER, Zum Stand der Vbersetzungswissenschaft, aEA. 368 EJt., xm KOLLER, Einf!ihrung in die
Vbersetzungswissenschaft, aEA. 97 m. - BA. JtEQULtfQW SIMONE, Teoria linguistica e storia della
Jinguistica, aEA. 118 rn.: La costruzione di una teoria scientifica Ia costruzione di un sistema di nozioni
teoriche tra foro appropriatamente col/egate e atte a dar como di un campo di eventi osservativi
(evidenze). Una scienza produce un corpo di nozioni che diana con to in qua/che modo di un corpo non
casuale di evidenze. ( ... ) L 'oggetto nella studio scientifico non e precostituito, rna viene modellato (ed
eventualmente rimodellato) dalla considerazione stessa a cui viene sottoposto; mutando J'oggetto delle
scienze, muta anche J'insieme di soluzioni che esse trovano ai foro problemi.

85

fJ,EWcp()aOUUWV DLaOLuamdJv OcpiAOVV va JTOWVVTaL 0 OTJ/),aVUUO {3afJfJ,6 X()l}OTJ

TWV UaTTJYO()LWV JTOV EXOVV UJTOVTJfJi yw TTJV Jr()Ly()acp1] TWV yAWOOWV. El<; :n:LQQWOl] twv A.eyo~-ttvwv ~-ta<; ~ogou~-t va mxaA.w8ou~-t, :n:Lol]<; avaA.oylxa, tov xalQlO A6yo tou Roman Jakobson mgl rAwoooA.oylm; xm TIOll]tlXi]<;: since linguistics

is the global science of verbal structure, poetics may be regarded as an integral part of
linguistics3 7 - xm, a<pou l] TIOll]tlxi] a:rrotAL oA.oxAl]QW!-LEVO xm a<po~-tOlW!-LEVO ouotanx6 wn~-ta tl]<; nwoooA.oyla<;, 0!-LOLW<; OAOXAl]QW!-LEVO xm a<pO!-tOlW!-LEVO
ouotanx6 t~-tiJ~-ta tl]<; rAwoooA.oyla<; (E<pl]Q!-LOO!-LEVl]<;38 xm 1i] Luyxgmxi]<; 39) a:rrotAL xi:xtl] Emotn~-tll tl]<; Mna<pgaol]<;, ll o:rrola "Lvm" Iloll]nxi]40
35 STEINER, After Babel, 0A. 47. - 8/.., 6~.tw<;, n<; avnggl]ou<; LOll HERMANNS, Translation Studies

36

37

38

and a New Paradigm, o1.. 10, yLa n<; JtfQLOQW!.tEV<; llllvm:6tT]t<; XQiJOw<; tT]<; rAwooo/.oyla<; OTT]
!.tfAETT] l(J)V !.tta<:pQGOWV AOYOTEXVLXWV EQYWV.
CATFORD, A Linguistic Theory of Translation, o1.. vii. - TTJ<; aml]<; an6tjJw<; elvm xm o NEW
MARK, Some Notes on Translation and Translators, o1.. 85: I have attempted to show that problems
of translation are closely related to problems of linguistic analysis, and therefore to a theory of
language. ( .. .) Translation, like language-leaming, the analysis of a natural or artificial language and
(slightly) literary criticism, is partly a discipline in applied linguistics; as a translator, one is a linguist
before one is a scientist or a poet (creative writer).
JAKOBSON, Language in Literature, o1.. 63.
OgBI.. MOUNIN, Les problemes theoriques de Ia traduction, o1.. 16: Toute operation de traduction
( ... ) comporte, Ia base, une serie d'analyses et d'operations qui relevent specifiquement de Ia
linguistique, et que Ia science linguistique appliquee correctement peut eclairer plus et mieux que
n 'importe que/ empirisme artisan a/ JtQBI.. mloTJ<; VINA Y 1 DALBERNET, Stylistique comparee du
fran~ais et de I'anglais, o1.. 23 MIKO, La theorie de /'expression et Ia traduction, OEA. 61
LJUDSKANOV, Traduction humaine et traductiuon mecanique, o1.. 13m. GARNIER, Linguistique et
traduction. o1.. 48 SCHMITT, Traduction et linguistique, o1.. 150 RIBAS, La traducci6n literaria,
0A. 21, 25 Err. - Bl.. xm TT]V avtl8nT] GJtO\jJT] LOll MESCHONNIC, Pour Ia Poetique II, 0A. 115 Err., o
onolo<;, wot6oo, mxal.eltm y/.wooo/.oyLxa xgnl]gLa: La theorie de Ia traduction n'est (...)pas une
/inguistique appliquee. Elle est un champ nouveau dans Ia theorie et Ia pratique de Ia litterature. Son
importance epistemologique consiste dans sa contribution une pratique theorique de /'homogeneite
entre sign if/ant et signifie propre cette pratique sociaie qu 'est I'ecriture.
ngBI.. NIDA, Science of Translation, OEA. 497 : Translation is a significant branch of comparative
linguistics, providing a dynamic dimension with a focus upon semantics.
OgBI.. SCAGLIONE, Linguistics and Other Semiotic Arts, OEA. 63 KELLY, The True Interpreter, OEA. 65:
Translation theory has always been a branch of applied linguistics. But as one must understand that
application demands subordination to an end, it is also a branch of literary theory or philosophy. - Kma
LOUlO liev xmavOOUilf xm liEV EJtL8u~.tOU!lE va JtGQOll!lE xa86/.oll lO !.tEQO XUVV6<;: OUt TWV JtOUQWV
y/.woooMywv OUtE TWV JtOUQWV 8WQT]TLXWV TT] !.tflGcpQUOT]<;, JtOll EQl~OW yLa LO tl xm TO JtW<; TT]<;
fAwooo/.oyla<; EV OXEOH JtQO<; TT] MnacpgaOT] xm TT]V EmotiJ~.tTJ TT]<; MEtGcpQUOT]<;. No~.tl~Ollilf 6n o

39
40

86

H ElliHHMH THL META<I>PALHL KAI H fAQLWAOfiA

0 M.A.K. Halliday ~QLOXH, i)O'Y] an6 to 1961, ev6La<pEQO'Uoa t'Y]V JtQOOJttLXi) va ngota8f:L Eva yA.woooA.oyLx6 ~-tOVtEAO t'Y]~ axoA.ou8o1J~-tEV'YJ~ xa.t6. t'Y] ~-tEt6.cpgaon 6w6Lxao(a:, Eva un66LY~-ta 6~-tw~. nov va ~-t'YJV agx(1;u an6 tux6v ngoowHA'YJ!!!!EVE~ nagat'Y]Qi)ow; XEL!!EVE~ EXt6~ to'U JtEOLO'U t'Y]~ !!EAEt'Y]~ t'Y]~ yA.ci>ooa~, aA.A6. JtO'U va EQELOEtm on~ yA.waaoA.oytxer; tvvowr; (linguistic concepts), 6nw~ autE~ auto6Lxa(w oxet(1;ovtm !!E t'Y]V mgLygacpi) twv yt..woowv W tg6nwv ogaot'Y]QlOt'Y]ta41 . EuA.oyo f:Lvm Otl 0 yA.woooMyO OEV ea !!JtOQEOH va JtQOOYYLOH to 1;i)t'Y]~-ta "~-tEt6.cpgaon" JtaQU !!OVO "EJtWt'Y]!!OVlXU", xa8cD ea ava1;nt6. tl UAE EXELVE, JtO'U ea tOV ~on8i)
OO'UV, xm ta EJtUQ~-tata EXELVa, JtO'U ea to'U EJtltQE1jJO'UV va oti)OH !!La XMOla "avtl- xEL~-tEVlXi)" mgLygacpi) tou EQE'UVW~-tEvou cpmvo~-tEvou 42 6e6o~-tEvou, 6~-tW, 6n to
<paLVO!!EVO aut6 EXcpEUYH tT] "mWtTJ!!'Y]" xm !-LE t'Y] 01JV0QO!!TJ t'Y] "tEXV'YJ" YLVEtal,
6nw e(6a~-tE, "~-tfitl", n ~-tn6.cpgaon oev !!JtOQEL va un6xELtm- 6JtEQ on~-ta(vu: oev
!!JtOQEL va A.oyo6otf:L! - el; oA.oxA.i)gou otnv 1J!uxgiJ, avnxH~-tEVLxi) "mwtn~-tovLxi)"
JtEQLygacpi) xm EQ!!'YJVELa. Ami), ~E~ma, n OXL EUXUQWt'Y] OLan(otwon ouoxega(vu to
EQYO tO'U EQE'UV'Y]ti) i), anA.w, tou evaoxoA.ou~-tevou , xa8' 6oov tov avayx6.1;u a
fortiori va 1;avam6.ou to viJ~-ta twv uxaoLwv xm twv ngoot:yy(ot:wv an6 t'Y]V agxiJ,
yLa va ~QH t'Y]V E/;000 to'U A.a~UQLV8ou tWV JtEQL ~-tEta<pQUOEW 8EWQ'Y]tlXWV O'UAAi)1jJEWV nov, ELtE aut6, ELtE 6.A.A.m JtQlV an6 am6v, EXO'UV i)O'Y] t:xnovi)ou xm anOQQL1jJH.
A !!'YJ ~-ta Olacpeuyu, wot6oo, notE to noA.u anM OtT] OUAA'Y]1j!i) to'U, af..A.a t6oo
~aeu otnv aAi]8u6. tou n6Qw~-ta 6n, 6nw a 6,n acpooa t'Y] yt..wooa xm t'Y]V O!!lALa,
0 8WQ'Y]tlXO OtQE<pH xat' avayX'Y]V t'Y]V ltQOOOXTJ to'U Oto'U EXOVtE yA.womxi) lXaVOt'Y]ta, ttm xm a 6,n acpoQ6. t'Y] ~-tn6.cpQaon xm t'Y]V 1; auti) xm OL' auti) aQ8QOU!!EV'YJ EJtWtTJ!!'YJ, 0 8EWQ'Y]tlXO JtQfJtEL va OtQf<pEL xat' avayx'Y]V t'Y]V JtQOOOXTJ
tau otO'U txovtE "~-tttacpgaotLxi)" Lxav6t'Y]ta, i)tol otO'U !!Etacpoaotf,
!!La xm m (xaA.oL) ~-tnacpoaotE yvwo(1;ouv 6.Qwta at'Y]v JtQasn wv tQ6no va avn~-tetwn(1;ouv (tOUAUXWtOV EVOQatlXU) ta 8EWQ'Y]tlXU JtQO~AiJ~-tata t'Y] !!EtU<pQaO'Y] xm va ta A.uvouv JtQOtf:Lvovta t'Y]V uA.n nov Mynm /-U:T6.cpoaa11a 43.
"A6yor; TOU NEWMARK, A Textbook of" Translation, OEA. 21, ~asH 10 JIQUY!!OTO 0111 owml] 8EOl']: From
the point of" view of" the translator, any scientific investigation, both statistical and diagrammatic (some
linguists and translation theorists make a fetish of" diagrammas, schemas and models), of" what goes on the
brain (mind? nerves? cells?) during the process of" translating is remote and at present speculative.
41 B"A. HALLIDAY , Linguistics andMashine Translation , OEA. 137.- LU!!cpwva !!E 111V BASSNETTMcGUIRE, Translation Studies, oe"A. 37 oxon6r; 111r; Emo11\1111r; 111r; MnacpQao11r; elvm to reach an
understanding of the processes undertaken in the act of translation and, not, as is so commonly
misunderstood, to provide a set of" norms tor effecting the perfect translation.
42 TIQ~A. DE BEAUGRANDE, Factors in a Theory of" Poetic Translating, aef.. 135: It is inappropriate to
expect that a theoretical model of" translation should solve all the problems a translator encounters.
Instead, it should formulate a set of strategies tor approaching problems and for coordinating the
different aspects entailed.
43 TIQ~A. COSERIU, Fa/sche und richtige Fragestellungen in der Ubersetzungstheorie, oe"A. 18. TIQ~A.
JtEQOLtEQW FLAMMARD, Ecrire et traduire, oe"A. 40 m.: La traduction devient traductologie quand /e
traducteur reflechit sur sa pratique, en fait - on tente d'en faire - /e discours. Et Ia traductologie est
necessaire pour bien comprendre !'operation traduisante, et mieux traduire. Comme dans toute
reuvre humain. if s 'etablit un rapport dialectique entre pratique et theorie. Tout traducteur doit etre

87

anocpav0oUf.LE 6n, xa0' T]V <JtlYf.tiJ 11 nwoooA.oyta Etvm <JE 8011 va tUJtOJtOLEt6A.Ec;
nc; [.tELacpQaoac; [.tE<JW EVO<; OUVOAOU JtQOOcpOQWV, EJtl tOUtW 0EOJtlO[.tEVWV xav6VWV, XQiJ011 1'11<; YAWO<Ja<; 011[.talVH [.tELacpQa011 tl']<; EVVOLa<; Ota XEL[.tEVa Xal tWV XH[.tEVWV one; vvmEc;46 . Ta XElf.LEVa aJtOLEA.ouv, we; yvwot6v, ovt6t11tE<; axQmEc;116E
axEQm6tT]ta t11<; ovt6t11t6.c; wuc; 1-tJtOQd va 6Lat11Q110Et m11 ~-tn6.cpQa011, ~-t6vo Eav 11
~-tn6.cpQa<J11 txa ElQ!-t6 xm ouvoxiJ, aAA.wc; 6XL 47 . H ~-tnacpQa<JT] txa ELQ~-t6 xm ouvoxiJ, ~-t6vo Eav anotEAEt ~-tta yA.wooa, xm 6i] yA.wooa anotEA.ouoa L6avLx6 ouv0E~-ta
t11c; yA.wooac; acpEt11Qtac; xm t11<; yA.wooac; acptl;Ewc;11 unaQl;11 tQLt11<; yA.wooac;- auwu, 611A.a6i], nou anoxaA.dtm "xowi] ~-tnacpQaouxi]" i] "translatorese"- xmaA.ua
tll ~-tn6.cpQa<J11, 6L6u 6Ev JtQ6xatm xat' ouotav mQt yA.wooac;, aAA.a mQt - ac; ~-tac;
ouyxwQ110Et xm naAl11 vwA.oyLxi] XQiJ011- yA.woool6ELac;. Lt11V EmotiJ!-t11 t11<;
MnacpQa<JT]<;, mo~-ttvwc;, 6Ev avacpEQ6~-taou t6oo Ot11 "yA.wooa we; 6Qyavo", 6oo
ot11 "yA.wooa we; Myo", OU[.tcpwva xm f.LE w EJtL<Jt11f.LOVlX6 JtVEU[.ta nou yEvviJ011XE
o-r11v EuQWJtT] xma tov 16o mwva xm JtQutavEua one; 6LacpoQE<; disciplinae f.LEXQL
oi]f.LEQa. 'OA.Ec; m TIEQL MnacpQaoEwc; (EJtL<Jt11f.LOVLxc;) 0EwQtEc; dvm JtQ6ocpoQE<;,
aQxEt va Saot~ovtm otT] 011f.tlOUQYLXij JtAEUQa tl']c; yA.wooac;, 611A.a6i] OtT] yA.wooa
we; f...6yo, 11 OJtOLa E[.tJtEOWVELal Ot11V 0AOXA11QWtlXi] acpO[.tOlW011 tWV OXELlXWV [.tE
WV [.tELacpQa<Jti] UJtOXH[.tEVlXWV Xal L<JLOQlXWV OtolXElWV.
un peu traductologue. s 'if veut garder suffisement de distance par rapport a son texte. II apprend a
ref7echir, analyser. OL EmOT]f.I.UVow; Elvm 6Lx<; f.I.O<;.
BJ.. nagaxarw xEcp. 2.2.2.1.1.
Ev nag66w agr]o8w 6n f.I.E rov [.I.Eyaf.o f.oyLx6 Gottlob Frege xa8LEQ<il8TJXE liLa 1TJ<; yf.<booa<; w<; EsT\<;
to avnxElf.i.Evo 1TJ<; cpLI-ooocpla<;: JtQ<iltov, 6n ot6xoc; tTJc; cpLI-ooocplac; Elvm TJ avaf.uon 1T]c; DD/.lri~ TTJ~
OJa!!/!7]~ (thought) liEUtEQOV, 6n T] f.i.EAEtT] tl]<; OXE\j!T]<; JtQmEL va 6LUXQLVETaL OU01T]QU altO 1T] [.I.E(.1T]
twv 1J.IvxoA.oyL1UiJV c5wc5Lxaauilv rou axt!nrw!Jm (thinking) xm, tQltov, 6n TJ f.i.OVTJ og8r] f.i.8o6oc; yLa
tT]V avaAUOTJ tl]c; ox\j!T]c; ouvlotatm Otl]V avdA.ua7] TTJ~ yA.waaac; JtQBA. DUMMETI, Truth and Other
Enigmas, OEA. 458.
llgBI-. MEL'CUK, Theorie de langage, theorie de traduction, OEA. 273 EJt., 291, o onoloc; JtaQatT]QEl6n
Otl]V JtEQLJttWOT], Xata tl]V OltOLa f.i.LU EVVOLU tOU JtQWtOtUJtOU liEV f.l.ltOQEL va EXcpQa08El "altOAUtW<;
woliUvaf.i.a" oto f.I.Et<icpgao[.l.a, on est force de trouver un autre sens, le plus proche possible du sens
donne et exprimable avec une certaine f'acilite dans Ia langue vers Ia quelle on traduit. Pourtant ladite
transformation n 'est guere linguistique : elle releve de Ia logique, des connaissances encyclopediques,
du know-how humain et de beaucoup d'autres chases aussi, mais pas du tout des langues impliquees. llQBA. JtEQaLtEQW ROSIELLO, Struttura, usa e funzioni della lingua, OEA. 84 Elt.
llgBI-. DUFF, The Third Language, OEA. 12.

44
45

46

47

88

H ETI!HHMH THI METAI!>PALHI KAI H fAQl:WAOf!A

H QYJ8(oa xat' agxitv o[!o;\oyla yA,<i:Jooa~ xm [!tacpgaon~ [!&.~ JtLtQErtL va 8wgl)oow 6n 6,n LOXUEL yLa t'Y] yA,<i:Jooa, LOXUEL mutatis mutandis xm yLa t'Y] [-ttacpga on4s. On:w~ n yA,<i:Jooa [!JI:OQEL - 0 axga(~ [LEV, ana meavt~ JtQLn:tWOL~ - JtQ<i:Jta
va [Latm<i:JoL t'Y]V EmxoLvwvla xm xat6mv va OQaOEL w~ O(au;\o~ n:agoxit~ rtAYJQOcpoQL<i:Jv EL t OL' iti'ln un:agxouo<i:Jv EL t OLa OYJ[!LOUQyla~ vtwv Ml;Ewv n:go~ OLux6A,uvon twv XQYJOt<i:Jv t'Y]~, to (OLo [!n:OQEL va mmMoL xm n [!tacpgaon 49 . EmLi'lit 6
Y] [!EtU<pQaOY], W~ an:OtEA0[-ta, an:OtEAEL EV UQLa EVVO(a "[!EtayA,<i:Jooa" toU JtQWtotun:ou, XaL, aga, y'A<i:Jooa 0UtEQOU ~a8[LOU, [!JtOQOU[! va OU[!CjJWVtlOOV[!E tOOO
[! t'Y] OLan:lotwon tou Firth 6n wherever and whenever we enter into the speech of
someone else, or our own past speech, we are really translating50 , 6n on"Aaol) o;rov()rj;wr xm OJTOTEDrjJWTE EWEQXOf.laOT OTO ,l.,6yo XcXJTOWV aUov av8QWJTOV 1] ax6f.1a xm a &x6 f.lar; A,6yo, &arvJTwpivov aro JTaQEA86v, arnv JTQawaux6rT)ra &v
xavovf.l riJTor aUo JTaQa va f.1EracpoaCovf.1E, 6oo xm [! t'Y] OLatun:won wu LA.
Richards 6n n [!Etacpgaon is probably the most complex type of event yet produced
in the evolution of the cosmos5 1, 6n on"Aaol) TJ wracpoaan Eivm 6, n mo avv8Ero xm
JTEQ~JTEJTAEYf.lEVO EJTEVOrj8T] xm JTaQrjX8TJ JTOTE xara TT)V El;EA~l;T) TOV XOOf.lOV.

g0A. VASQUEZA YORA, Introducci6n a Ia traducto/ogfa, OEA. I CRYSTAL, Directions in Applied

Linguistics, oEA. 124 RICHARDS, Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics, oEA. IS BELL, Why
Translation Theory Is in a Mess and What we Can Do about It, oEA. 286.
49 Og0A. KELLY, The True Interpreter, oEA. 226.
50 FIRTH, Linguistic Analysis and Translation, OEA. 135.
51 RICHARDS, Towards a Theory of Translation, oEA. 250.
48 0

89

(Herder, von Humboldt, ~apir, Whorl, Chomsky)

We see and hear and otherwise experience very largely as we do because the
language habits of our community predispose certain choices of interpretation.

Edward Sapir'
We dissect nature along lines laid down by our native languages. The categories
and types that we isolate from the world of phenomena we do not find there
because they stare every observer in the face: on the contrary, the world is
presented in a kaleidoscopic flux of impressions which has to be organised by
our minds - and this means largely by the linguistic systems in our minds. We
cut nature up, organise it into concepts, and ascribe significances as we do,
largely because are parties to an agreement to organise it in this way - an
agreement that holds throughout our speech community and is codified in the
patterns of our language.
Benjamin Lee Whorf2

KAA YTEPOL TPOIIOL riA NA t.EJ:::EIL 6n tva ngay~a

~OQEL

va ytvu, dvm va

w xavw;, cpag~6~ovtac; V JTQOXL~vw w naA.m6 a~tw~-ta valet illatio ab esse

ad posse. rwut6 xm

~Etc;

one;

m6~vc; yga~~tc;

ea ngoona8i]oou~ va ouvM-

oou~

1TJ fJEracpoaaTf ~ t'Y] yAwaaa xm t'Y] yvdJaTf avacpQ6~VOL -c6oo a naA.m6tQc; 6oo xm a vliHQc; 8wQtc; oxnxa ~ w et~a aut6.

M U8ta yga~~i] ouvotovtm OL an6'\jJELc; JTEQL yA.<.Oooac; tOU Johann Gottfried

Herder, tou Wilhelm von Humboldt xm wu Edward Sapir, 6nwc; XcpQa~ovtm aw
SAPIR , Culture, Language, and Personality, OEA. 69.

WHORF, Language, Thought, and Reality, OEA. 213.

90

16

"SJ;Jpl;JH U;J)/U;JG Wf ;JJljJfljJS;J[) pun )/[OJ\ '~3WVGVD l)>X113XD "'(8

<;

-(l)1AD1.C 591A01! D1Q ActOX? 00(\0l'(ctOX U 10X 0000J'(i\lt 119 O?Q1 AU191!0 3TictO~!JTIOX01!0 ctOl.c U0(l)l.c(\lA3
AUlO 1Dl3i\l)>AO J;Jpl;JH ctOl S9rl01X113Xo 59X100(l)'(i\ o 50'(9 1X 50'(9119 '3rl(\Oll OA 'D10U?U '13(\3ll103U
"J[;}J\\. U;JfifJSf;J;l J;Jp J;}Jn;JG S[Tl .t;JpJ;JH pun JUTJ)[ 'l.J.!110p0;,4l ctOl

1DX '>tfJ;JljJSy SJUTJ)[ pun SJ;Jpl;JH 'AHO:Wf J;J4lUn!) ctOl 'JUTJ)[ pun J;Jpl;JH 'NDI~YWf1.L 1JUU\f Sltl OW?
l)>X1DO'(X Dll)>X11X13QA3 50/'(1!0 "'(U J;Jpl;,H AOl 3TilU1l)l ctOlUD?XO lu D1J - "A0'J100AUlDX A0'JX11ltOAOlDX
A(l)'()X10l.C A(l)l 5(l)A9'(0AO OrllfXo 13Al)>grlO'( 50J013url3 Slfllt{)01D Sltl OA3TI9X31031! 01 Cl01!9 'OJOOX1QD1Q
mrl 5DlA0J{)ctO'(oxo Lto(lm

uw Slt1 9llctl90l.C Ol13'('(l)>g1m OJDlct3'(3l u S0Jenx 'SDJODlAOO Slt1 DJooi\o3

\lX1AOct01rlltq Altl 3TI1Dll)>lXOlDX UD0'JAA H So)Olt{)01Dct3 mx 5ltDlt9ADlDX (\~Dl3Ti SlflltgO'(OD3Ti01Q 0

Slti\o?fl~1A1D)I Slt1 O'(OXOI)>Q1Q owi\3Ti .1.01 mi\m<~.p - ml3~1)>1Aom ctou 53A9X13 3o l,lmoorlmx orilfXo 13A

-JQ OA ctOA ct0A11!0'JO{)ii.O ctOl DlUl9ADX1U- OJODlAOffi UA11!0'JO{)AO lt .OJffiOD0'(1<f> UlD .. ltDOlDI)>ADl.c3 D13X
-)A031!0X, OJTI 1Dl? 50lA0'J'(3111!3 50JDOX1QD1Q 5\lX11D(l)Ai\ Sltl OOlA?X OlD - U00'JAAU1130g OA l)>llt~ ctOl.c
'101\l 'Ol.c(l)O{)Al)> AOl- OA3TIJ3X01.cct 9X1i\O'(OrlltlD11!3 Ol30Ul?{)01!0l 'A9lD(l)AA 5(1) 'lUll)! 0 "5(1)300/AA
Sltl AOl.cl)> 01 1Dl3Al)>lDX D)Ol.cO Altl 91.c0 'SOJODlAOd:l 5ltlltD3{)A(\D \lXlti\Oct01'1lltq \lAD1lADX Altl 3Ti 13~1)>10Ti
Slt00JAA Sltlltoltri9Q ltw )3'(31ActO ctou Smlt19x

-oooou mlt19X1.I.octo1Tiltq \lX10D(l)'(A010(l)Ai\ (l)i\9'( A3 H

-1Wcto1Tiltq Smri - SooD0J'(i\ Slt1 SuolfoX Slt1 "-0/lD(l)Ai\ A.(l)l mltl9A1ox Altlo \lltlD0JAi\ 010 SooD0J'(i\ Slt1
mq 1Dl3(\3'(1iltoqm3l)>A1l A01!90l ctou Smltl9X1Wcto1Tiltq Slt1 (l)i\9'( S(l)lDJl(l)Oll 'Sltl9Ti01'(0lDAODoou
AOl 5001! 5(1) .. \lA011AOX, )3{)010UlXOOOX OA J3001!Ti ltiltOlll)> \lAD103Q03X U 119 (l)Q9001! A3 (l){)D\1013

~rro1 mic;t3Al.C 011D13A<y>10"f'{D S<y>enx 'SClOJ\8? rro1 DA?rimoml.C m mx 53Xc;t110

mx M011C11CD1DX r)'('{D '~1ClD 1D130pecbmq i\OA9ri1X9 '5?000113 53A?~ 91D ..m13'('(r)t)O
-001, DOO<yl'(A D1TI AD191191q 'LWDOcbr)13TI Ll1 91CD r)X11DTIAD01C 13(t3Mqi\1x mx 1D113'(
-131CD 5DOO<yl'(A Smri ..npACl, Ll119 1D1pOm38 Di\ rroprillo Cl0110X?ri 1D1pAX1~3J;}pl;}H
Cl01 D?q1 Ll 'Sllonocbr)13TI mx Sllo<y>AA '5DOO<yl'(A Llo?XO Ll1 r;oocbn 11'9 3& "v5DOO<yl'(A
Sll1 nq1A.nocbo U1130?cb 'DOO<yl'(A Ll10 r)18DtJ 1D131\<yll.CCl11\3 ~q131C3 '(..UOHUN l;:)p lS!;}Q,)
.. SilOJ\8? Cl01 DTI(t31\l.C, 01 .OTI09X 1\01 D1A 5Cl01 ~OD?8 U11D1? SDli\01\<yll.CClO'(DX '5?31\
-3A 53A3TI91C3 S110 1D13~r)g1t)D13ri ClOl.C ~cboori LlA?TID100 AD1TI 3TI Cl01 5310131Cri3 511131\<yl1A .
-Dl.C 5ClOA8? 591\3 DOO<yl'( A Ll .J\(1)3~?'( J\(1)1 (l)O?TI A<y>3q1 (J\(1)1) UO<yli\A U10 13Ar)8cb Soumoe
-1\r) 0 : !JO!Jd U r)i\D11J\DX D1 01q1 01 J\c;t0'(3111C3 (tOl.CO '01901 (l)1r)X-(l)J\r)l.C 91ClD 1\01 r)lDX
Sllo<y>i\A. SllAm<y>oeAn Sll1 531Ll191DMq 51113~100 'mOM? AD1ri r;mx 'mx ,.131\<yJl.CClO'(DX,
DOO<yl'(A UJ;}PJ;:)H 1\01 D1J SLto<y>AA mx SnoO<y>'(A c;t~D13ri 53A3TI9ClOq1 5130?XO DlA<yJO
-ocbn nmri~1mo3 30 Ac;toeoq nA poolCri rrou Am3o~1AD1D A<y>mMq Am1 Soe~'(l.C o1 Soou
130?Xo 1\3 D1cb000'(1cb Ll1 D1A LllD19X11ADrillo Snri 530?rill S11o mx m13c;tAX13qoun Sn
-?q1 S~1rrn Sr;m'(nu Sll1 Ll~1'(?~3 H c;toriD1X113Xo c;tox1A.o'(ooom'(A.; c;,ox1oom'(A rro1 ooe
-Dt)91CCl 0113~100 D?q1 (l)A9'( 1\3 H "J\c;t0'(1TIO i\U1 ClOl.C J\(l)ApX3 ~qD'(Llq DJO(T)3f)Orioox
AU1 J Cf:JfS UfJ J{d At/ :iu n nv Cf:JS UfJ J{;} At Ui\3TI9A3'( U113~11DrillXo '5noc;t01'(ClOX Smrt
D101D'(l.C mo ~ 50A8? DA? 91CD 1D1p'(1TIO ClOl.C 'DOO<yl'(A Ll119 D?q1 i\U11300(t11CDJ\D (OLL l)
;}Cj:JTJJdS l;}p :iunJdSJfl U;}p J;}qD Cl01 OAO? 010 (081-PPL 1) J;}PJ;:)H o 1\910(1)1\A So
r;x1cbooo'(1cb Smli\9X3oou 1DA13
mll191DqllOl.CO Ll1 mx UODlA? i\U1 5001 Sm ClOl.C '5DOO<yl'(A Sll1 Llo<y>AA Ll1 mx DOO<yl'(A
Ll1 3r1 r;x113Xo nmrior;o31Crirro 30 Srro1 A<y>M303 mx Am3o~ollmonu A<y>X1A.O'(OOOm'( A
J\(1)1 mO?TI i\DOD8cb? - c;tOTID1X113XO c;tOX100(l)'(A Cl01\3TI9A3'( Cl01 Ll0?8 ~xwng U113Xlll.CD
rro1ouo rro1 OAO? 01 9un 019ri m0?1mAn 01 - JlOI.fJ\\ rro1 S~1Ltenr1 o mx oo9 J!dus o
0091 'Smri9 1)1 "9X1cb000'(1cb OAO'il MOO<y>q31Cri3 Di\ D1A DOO<yl'(A Ll1 i\DOU101COTI10UOX3
101<yl01C oc;tq 10 <yli\3 'OA.9'(000(l)'(A Sm (r)X11013'(X01CD mx 1X9 AD) Sm1011(l)Ol.C Cl01 91
-ClD3 1\01 3l.C3'(t)? 501Dlll3'(31 o ClOl.C 0'(90Dl.C 'ClOcbr)OADODl.C Snoc;tOODl.C Sll1 019ri 01<yl01C
H&Vd<I>VBW !:IHOdil E!BH N3 HWNJ IV)! Vn15VJ

QLJttWOEL, 6nou 11 011~tavnx6tat11 autiJ yw t11V f~EAL~11 t11 nwoooA.oytac:; ano'\jJ11

to1J oocpou BfQOALVEsou naQfs11YiJ811Xf, naQfQ!l11VfU811Xf xm xataXQL811Xf we; LOfaA.wnxiJ axotoA.oy(a, ot11v ngay~J,anx6t11ta fl;axoA.ou8L va t:naA.118fUEtm !J,EXQL nc:;
!J,EQE ~tac:;. L\L6tL onma6iJnotf !J,EtacpQaonxiJ nga~11 an6 ~tLa yA.wooa Of ~J,Lav aAA.11
xata6axvua 6n 11 ~aOLxiJ 6uoxof...La yxatm OXL Ot11 yQa~J,!J,atLxiJ 6o~J,iJ, aA.A.a oto
0111J,aOLoA.oyLx6 JtQLEX6~tEVO. Onws xm va to xav01J!J,E, Ofv Etvm 6uvat6v va !J,EtacpQasOWE xata A!;11 oxon6c:; tou !J,EtacpQaotiJ dvm va ~J,EtacpEQEL va XEL!J,fVO an6
t11 yf...wooa acpEt11QLa OE !J,La OLaC(lOQEtLXiJ YAWOOLXiJ JtQOOJttLXiJ, OJtEQ 0111J,aLVfL: OE
IJ,La 6wcpogmxiJ vo11nxn 6o~J,iJ, oE ~J,ta vo11nxiJ 6o~J,iJ t11c:; yA.wooac:; acptl;fwc:;. 0 unoxd~tEvoc:; Myo t11 avacpEQ8EL011 6uoxoA.tac:; avLXVfuEtm oto yEyov6s 6n xa8E
yA.wooa 6La8ta, woav ~J,Eoa oE xa'\jJa cpuA.ay~J,EV11 xm JtQOOtatf1JO!J,EV11, t11 6txiJ t11c:;
Weltansicht - o 6goc:; 6Ev Mvatm va !J,Etacpgao8L axfQatwc:; oE 6/...Ec:; nc:; yA.wooEc:;.
Tov(snm !J,fV 6n o Benjamin Lee Whorf, !J,OA.ov6n ayvoouoE to EQYO to1J von
Humboldt, 6Latunwvf JtaQ61J,OLEc:; !J,f aut6v LOEEc:;, 6tav !J,LAOUOf yLa t11 "view of the
world" twv yA.woowv, EJtL0111J,a(vnm O!J,W 6tL 11 ouogcpLaviJ "view of the world" ano. tEA.Et ouA.A.11'\jJ11 6LacpoQEnxiJ an6 6,tL ovo~J,<isEtm one; !J,EQE ~J,ac:; JTWT'YJflOVtx6 xoOf10i6wJ..,o ( wissenschaftliches Weltbild: fJtLOt111J,OVtx6 !J,OVtA.o to1J x6o~J,01J 6nwc:;
xa "oxE6wotEL" A..x. an6 tov KonQvLxo, tov KenA.EQO, tov raA.LA.ato iJ tov
Einstein) xm t&oJ..,oytx~ xoa{lo8wQia (ideologische Weltanschauung: t6EOA.oy(a,
6nws A..x, o ~taQsLO!.t6s iJ o xamtaA.w~J,6, oL 8Q110XELf xm m noLXLAE mgoac:;
x.A.n.). IuyxQtVO!J,EV11 !J,f ta fV Myw "m tcpmv6~J,Eva" 11 yA.woOLxiJ "world-view" to1J
von Humboldt, t11V ono(a 6txa(w o Johannes Leo Weisgerber ovo~tasEL sprachliches
Weltbild [yA,wamx6 xoaf1oi6wA,o], E!J,cpav(snm xa8aQ6. W unoxEL!J,fVO a priori
cpa tv 6 !.1 Ev o 7 , W 11 JtQWt11 JtQoUn68w11 611A.a6iJ, nou xa8wta 6uvatc:; 6/...f tL !J.QQ8[ 0 OYI:Otl]t OtatlXE, Ol aQXE tWV OJtO[WV XCtVOVTaL [lEV 0 EVa XatCt tO [lCtAAOV T\ T\ttOV OXOTELv6- av [ll] ~ocpEQO- JtaQA86v, aAAci twv OJtolwv l] tEALXT\ xm a[lttciBAlJtl] JtAEOV [lOQcpi] b68l]X mg[
ta tEAl] tou !Sou m<ilva.
6

BA. VON HUMBOLDT, Vber das vergleichende Sprachstudium in Beziehung auf die verschiedenen

Epochen der Sprachentwick/ung, ow VON HUMBOLDT, Gesamme/te Schritten, t . IV, OEA. 27.
7 Orrws; otl]v mglmwol] rou Herder, EtOL xm Otl]V JtEQlmwol] tou von Humboldt o xavuav6s; rrgooavatoA00[16 Elvm xau Jtagarravw arr6 rrgocpavi]s;.- [La tT] OXEOTJ tou von Humboldt ~L rov Kant BA.
avtl af.Awv tl]V JtQWtOJtOQLaxi] [lEAETT] TOU Ernst CASSIRER, Die kantischen Elemente in Wilhelm von
Humboldts Sprachphilosophie Bf.. mlons; Helmut GIPPER, Wilhelm von Humboldt a/s Begrlinder
modemer Sprachforschung, OEA. I m . Uhlan w. VON SLAGLE, The Kantian Influence on Humboldt's
Linguistic Thought, OEA. 341 EJt .- [La tT]V EX [lEQOU TOU von Humboldt OUOtT][latlXT\ UJtEQCtOJtWl] tOU

92

6
JfSUfJJUJ S, UTJW '.LG108WOH NOA WFl41!A\ = 917 ''{30 'SJfJJ;J(fJJS;J'f/U;JfJJSU;JW S;Jp 'flun(){J!MJU:J ;Jf/[JS[;J'f/
;Jfp jnTJ f]nljUf:J U;JJfJf pun S;JnTJqljJTJJdS U;JfJJ!ffJJSU;JW S;Jp Jf;JfJU;Jp;JffJJSJ;JA ;Jfp J;JQ() '.LG108WOH NOA Zl
''{30 '(\IXO(]X3Ul<;JO:U:) 'SJfJJ;J(fJJS;Jf/U;JfJJSU;JW S;Jp flunppfMJU:J ;Jf/JJS[;Jf/
'.LG108WOH NOA 11
-~~1

;Jfp ]nTJ fjnljUf:J U;}JfJ! pun S;JnTJQfJJTJJdS U;JfJJ!ffJJSU;JW S;Jp J{;JfJU;Jp;JffJJSJ;JA ;Jfp J;JQ()

p;JJf.I;JfJU! UTJfJJ J;JfJJTJJ p;JMOJJoq U;J;Jq A({llnJJ1J JOU ;}ATJIJ AITJ(nqTJJOA JfSTJQ Afp;Jsoddns JO SW;JJf ,{uuw JTJfJJ JO
'.I;JfJJOUTJ Uf UTJfJJ fJJOd;J ;JUO Uf J;JfJUOJJS U;J;Jq JOU ;)ATJfJ ;Jf/UTJfJJ JO S;JJJO.J (TJJf.IOJS!IJ pUTJ (TJ{JOS ;JfJJ JTJfJJ ;)JllS ;JQ
JOUUTJJ ;}J\\ :m Z 1 ''{30 ';Jf/rmfiUTJ1.JO SJJ;JdSV '~30NI1108 l4'<1!MG ClOli.LcftOlrl? \IXU3XD AUl J;>XU3XD ''{\JOU 01
sooD<;J'{f.. (no1 S\tx1Cllllri) SLL1 \tlll'{11io no1 S~J..01ooo:u: S~x1oof..l!mx Suo 1013~Joog popd ll 01
O]O:U:O Alll 31iOA<lJdJ1i(tD 'm 1I ''{30 'iATJS ;}J\\ J!11JJ\\ UTJ;JW ;}J\\ JSnW '113A Y:::> ClOlllcftOlrl? AUl ''{\JOU 6
'6PZ ''{30 ';JfJTJn'f!UTJ1 S!H :,{J!U!1WnH JfSU{JJUJ S,U!1W '.LG108WOH NOA 8
m 66 ''{30 ':>[{JUTJWON J;Jp J;JJ(TJJf;JZ Wf ;JffJdOs
"'{\:) (P-6L1) 1D]OOU OlD ClOl<;JO:U: ClOl
\t"-Oriooo:u: Alll J;>lOX ' .. s;Jn'ilo10?P!, MJ'{'{J;>f.. A<lJ1513D~()113 Suo UAOA~:u:o lUll)! no1 not..a~ (tOX1dJooo'{1dJ
-O(!IJdl{JTJ.IdS pun J.JTJfJJSU;JSS!MfJJTJJdS '~3.l.l!INH:::>S 'fl ~3dd!O

9X11DlD ' DO"/) '1DAJ3 i\39 'z 1 [J{d)[.~!J.IU]

TJ13!..0?A1

"l)'f'(.D '[){JdA\]

ttotCOf! 1DA.J3 i\39 DD

-oc;ry).. l.l mx Snni ~x1riDM9 1"01\13 Di\ mqou SnDD<!)"{l... Sll1ll1?"{3rlll 119 0.01 ~Dll8J01!
-31! AU113~"1)Cld:>x3 ' 11 l!D(l)A91ioun l!Cl~"{l! 3D )3"{31 S91nn AD19 mx n1i9xn 'n01!0J08AD
no1 Sllch.?XD Sl.l1 OA31i(to1munoou oroxl...nAn 5(1) mx "9"{"{D 'll~"I)Ol! ~X1DD(l)"{/...- ;)Jll;)!
B[lUBAB noo9 (tOX113Xo no1 uo~ax lL puno1m3 Sn1i Sn - lLA?1i10X3xl...no A01DDX?8
-"OX AUlD 0A91i 1X91D113l...On011ill9Di\D S<!)XOD191DX OTID9X 0/\11!<!)08/\D (i\01) - 13/...ono

-11ill9 Di\?0"{0 :101~- 13~11DrilLXDD131i DDD<!)"{l... U 119 -lP!OQWnH UOA 0 5"011\<!)0(1)38

Sl.lm"{"l)i\D S~X1DD(l)"{/... Sl.l1 (l)D?TI OA91i 138U101!0A.3TI10X
-3xl...no nA mx 138D1Alld:>nooun DA pool1i SnDD0J"{l... Sll1 Sno~1xnonX S9xnl!Cl(l)38o1ioox
o 119 3TI(t01! "08 'Sn1i "I)TIDDO?l1ino ..9AD11"{0l1inoX, 01<!)01! 01 31inol..."l)l...DMD Di\ Sp1i3
(t0i\?TI13X001! 'U1D(l)i\A"I)i\DD(t9 i\01D1X"I)"{(t011DAJ3 'UlD(l)A/..."1) AD1Dno ,1DX 1"01\13 i\39 AD
'50191\0/...3/... (l,Ol.(t"O (l,OX1"{08DX no1 "0111"0 ~X1DDg lL ~91313: '1\<!)DD(l)'(A i\(1)1 D1U1910TIOA.D
~A.3l...l...3 i\U1 i\(t0101!01U913MD Sn01. n1i~g 01AO(l,Oi\1DX 38"/)X 30 31910 'DDD<!)"{AUA?~ "011i

Mt0A1D8D1i AD19 '5(l)TI9 'i\(t0i\1Dt)D'(D1DX 01 .DDD<!)"{A Sn01. ~X101UTI U1 DlUTI098nD i\(1,0

-101!0TI1DUOX 1DX M0~10(l)i\/... nol! ~1il...110 U1 91"0 01 1D1i\Oi\"l)t)1iD'(11i\D 01 i\39 A<!)DD(l)'(/...
i\(l)09d:>D19 A.(l)1 5?1U'(1TIO 10 91nn 119 "/)'("OX (1,"{01! 31inOO?~ A01D1X"I)"{(t01 5D101311i3

~3: S?1i09 5?X11XD1MD 5?X1913 mx Sll1 no1l...0'(1~3'( no1 UD(l)i\"l)l...Oo ~X1031(l)D3 ~x1913
131?8"019 (t01 "ODD<!)'( A 38"/)X 30 01901

'91CU300cbmg

J31!DA.D1! '9X1913 3TI "010M? 5(1) 1"01

-3i\<!)d:>Clo1i So1io9x S91ll8D1D o A91D(l)i\/... 5(') S3DD<!)'(l... 511 53'(9 3D S<!)A3l...l...313XO"I)l!n nou
D10(l)380TIDOX lL 'llP!SUBl[;}J\\ lL 1"01\)3 ' 65?n3XDD1DX 5?X1i\3TI13X01(t 3D 13A~'(Dl"OX UD<!)i\A
ll191D 5"01A0JA1X3~ nou 'popd B 39 01 .mll19X11"01il...nou Al.l1 31i 13DD(t11!DAD nou 513o

-?Xo S1113~1ao8nx mx no1!0J08AD no1llo(td:> ~xnuo"' u113~1ao

Sn1ouo Su1 SoA?8D 01.

'llri"OA(t9U 1"01\)3 DDD<!)'(l...ll DTID101 9X111!0 0191nn 91"0 DD?W 8 ~1DM9UD<!)Al...U1 "1)10
-19nx :Suoll913MD Su1 A<!)1io9 A(l)A?1in3x1o31(l)D3 A.(l)1 no1io9x no1mx A(l)1"1)1i(l)1g A(l)1
1DX i\<!)101311i3 A.(l)1 (t0TID9X (t01 (t~D13TI '(t01!0J08A.D (t01 (t0TID9X (l,OX1031(l)03 (t011DX
A.(l)i\?TIOI\md:> i\(1)1 (t0TID9X (l,OX1031(l)~3 (t01 (t~D131i 1"013XD10tJ (t01 'i\ D l!TI (l,D 01101
01- So/...9'( SO/\11!<!)081\D o- DOD<!)'{l...ll 5"011\0, 'i\<!)101311i3 i\<!)1U8D1D i\(1)1 ~l...D"{"{D13TI Ul!
-OX"/)19"0 i\U11DX ~00 UDA?D i\U191!D DD?1i DDD<!)"{l...U191D 1"011\0i\<!)ADI...OO UD<!)i\AU 1DX
llch.ll"{11AD lL :131\?l... i\3 SlLD<!)i\l... Sll1 009 popd B OTI1D(t38U'(D1!3 OA91i i\011DX ~8U"{D OA9rl
i\0113"{3101"0 'D0"9 'DDD<;:l"{l... H (..uomu~o::> AlBpUo::>;)S,) .. SlLD<!)Al... S(l,OAD10031(t39, S?d:>
H~VdVl3W

Hl Wdll

13BX~

N3

H~15NJ

IV)! Vn15VJ

vit ouAAl'J'lJ.>ll ogltnm xma to ~at..Aov it i}nov we; 66o~vo av8gwnoA.oyLxou xagaxti}Qa, ngay~a nou <Jl']~alvL 6n, 6tav vac; av8gwnoc; xmaxta ~Lav L6Lxit yA.wooa, JtagayL ~OVL~CD<; - XQll<JL~OJtOLWVta<; ~oa tl']<; ~llLQLXYt<; LOU y/..wooa<; - OXE'ljJEL<; xm L6<; nou cpgouv tl'] ocpgayl6a tl']<; 6o~it<; tl']<; vac; yA.waoac; 14 H og86tl']ta
LOu 6utQOU autou xownoA.navou ou~Egao~atoc; Myxnm ~ow tll<; ~nacpga
<Jll<; we; av8gwmVl'J<; 6La6Lxaolac; 15 On we; EJtL<Jl']~alvouv ll <l>QELDEQLXll MnawaA.La
xm ll EA.fvl'] L1../..a-Masll "o 6La!..xnx6c; xma LOV Humboldt xagaxti}Qa<; LOu Myou ('egyov' xm 'vgyLa'), ll 6uvat6tl']ta ~La<; ~ova6wnxitc; (monadistic) xm
tam6xgova OLXOU~Evwnxitc; (universalistic) yA.woooA.oyLxi}c; 8CDQLa<; o6l']yL ( ... )
otl'] ~nacpgaoL~6tl']ta twv yA.woowv: naga nc; EJtL ~gouc; 6wcpogc; ~na~u twv
YACD<J<JWV, ll ~nacpQaOl'] Lvm 0 tAutaLa avaAUOl'] 6uvmi}, 66o~vou 6n E<p'
6oov 6/..<; oL yA.woo<; ~nogouv va avax8ouv o xa8oA.Lxa oxit~ma ouvnaynm
xm 6n ~nogouv va ~nacpgao8ouv" 16
H "v6ov ~OQ<pi}" tl']<; xa8 yA.wooac;, ll JtQL<pl']~ll "innere Sprachform" ELVaL, tfAO<;,
o nagayovta<; XLvoc; nou xa8wta 6uvm6 tov ~ta<JXll~atL0~6 LOU x6o~ou oE yvwonx<; xawoxEuc; o EV Myw ~Etaoxll~atL0~6<;, 6~wc;, 6Ev Lvm OAOXAl'JQCDnxa unoXL~vLx6c; vm ~Ev to ato~o yvCDQLsEL xm 6La tl']<; yvwo0J<; LOU Ol'J~LOUQYEL (tov) x6o~o, JtAl']V 6~wc; ll Ol']~LougyLxit Mva~ll tl']<; yA.wooac; Lvm avnxL~VLXi}, yn6 tl']V tvvoLa 6n LOU [.tLa6l6nm 6La ~oou twv 6LauA.wv tl']<; XOLVCDVLa<; 17 H "v6ov ~ogcpit

13

14

IS

16
17

Humanity: His Language, OEA. 249.- BA.. TO OTHWVTLXO aQ8QO TOU WEISGERBER, Zum EnergeiaBegrif{ in Humboldts Sprachbetrachtung, oEA.. 374m.
VON HUMBOLDT, Vber die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues und ihren Eint1uB auf die
geistige Entwicklung des Menschengesch/echts, (JtQWTTJ Exl\oxlj), OEA. ISS.
BA.. MDATLAAIA I LEAAA-MAZH, fAwaao},oyoaj liQOOEYYWtJ OTtJ 8eWQ{a :>eat TtJ !Hc5axux1) Ttl~ MeracpQaOtJ~, orA.. 24 En.: H noof3AtJ{tanx1) avr!) rov Humboldt xara},r)yn ae cpav},o xux}..o c5ec5oJ1I!vov
on ra (. .. ) enLXHQ1)J1aTa [TOV] XQtJaLJ1EVOVV yw va anoc5i/;ovv TO eva TO aUo, ev8ew~ :>eat aVTWTQOcpw~. Acp ' tJ~ anyJ11)~ ravr{~n y},dJaaa J1E nveUJ1a, o Humboldt xara},!jyn :>eat aro OVJ1JrEQaOJ1a 6n
xa8e y},dJaaa JraQayEL J1W LDW{TEQtJ, c5Lx1) TtJ~, VOtJTLX!) ral;tVOJ1tJOtJ Tf/~ JrQayJ1aTLXOTtJTa~.
BA.. MDATLAAIA I LEAAA-MAZH, FAwaaoAoytx!) liQOOEYYLOtJ OTt/ 8eWQ{a :>eat Ttl !ltc5axnx1) Ttl~ METiicpQaOtJ~, oEA.. 2S.
MDATLAAIA I LEAAA-MAZH, fAwaaoA.oytx!) liQOOEYYWtJ OTt/ 8ewQ{a :>eat TtJ !ltbaxux!) Tl)~ McracpQaOtJ~. oEA.. 2S .
BA.. OXETLXCl TO JtEQLEXHXOtaTO xm ClXQW<; OT][!avnx6 aQ8QO toU GIPPER , Wilhelm von Humboldt a/s
Begrilder der modernen Sprachforschung, OEA. I m.:... LXEnxa f!E n<; EXTE8EloE<; an6\jJH<; TOU Von
Humboldt YQCl(jlH o ULLMANN, Precis de semantique, OEA. 300: se reclamant de Humboldt, cette
philosophie refusait de voir dans Ia langue un outil passif' de /'expression. Elle J'envisageait pluti'Jt

94

fAQD:A KAI fNQLH EN LXELEI TIPOL TH METMPALH

t11c; y'Ac.i:>ooac;" OE yEvLxc; yQa~-t~-tc;, [-lLCLc; xm o von Humboldt OEv t11V 6QLOE magxwc;,
aJWtEAEL t11 yAWOOLX~ avtav6.x'Aa011 t11t; E~WYAWOOLX~c; :rtQay[-tatLXOt11tac; Ot11V xa8E[-tL6. yAWOOLX~ XOLV0t11ta XWQLOt6. 18 TL aXQLSc.i:Jc; 011[-taLVEL "EVClOV [-tOQcp~ t11t; y'Ac.i:>ooac;" :rtQE:rtEL va ouvax8EL a:n:6 to ouvo'ALx6 gyo tou von Humboldt. To BSmo dvm
6tL 11 yQa~-t~-tatLx~ ouvwtc.i:>oa t11c; y'Ac.i:>ooac; OEv dvm to ~-tovaOLx6 otoLxELo nov OLa8tEL OLaxQLt~ oo~-t~ mLo11c; SSmo dvm 6tL 11 011~-taoLo'AoyLx~ :rtAEtJQ6. ow8tEL xm aut~ ELOLX~ EVVOLOAOYLX~ 00[-t~. H 011[-taOLOAOYLX~ av6.A1J011 t11t; y'Ac.i:>ooac; cpEQVEL Oto
cpwc; Mo EtJQ~~-tata: to maximum, 6tL to ouvo'Ao twv EXOVtwv 011~-taoLa otoLxELwv,
an6 to ~-t6Qcp11~-ta we; t11V :rtQ6tao11, oo~-touvtm ou[-tcpwva [-tE ELOLxb; V011tLxc; agxc;,
xm to minimum 6tL oL y'Ac.i:>ooEc;, :rtQOXEL[-tEvou va ov~-tS6.A'Aouv ot11v E~EAL~11 t11c; ox1J.>11t;, axo'Aou8ouv ELOLXEt; OtQat11YLXEt;. LE am6. ta ElJQ~[-lata, OE amc; tLt; EOWtEQLXEt;
t6.onc; avacpEQEtm o von Humboldt, 6tav O[-tLAEL :rtEQL "v6ov [-tOQcp~c; t11c; y'Ac.i:>ooac;"
:rtQOXEL[-tEVOtJ OE va xataotd oacp~c; 110L6.XQL011, !-lJl:OQOU[-tE, 6:n:otE a:n:mtdtm, va avacpEQ6~-taotE Oto avtL8EtLx6 ~Euyoc; "y'Awomx6 ucpoc;" ("Sprachstil") I "ato[-tLXO ucpoc;"
("lndividualstil"). H o:n:OLao~:n:otE ~-tnacpgaotLx~ :rtQ6.~11 a:n:oxa'AU:rttEL ~-tE 6.xga EtJXQLVELa OtL OL EV A6yw EOWtEQLXEt; t6.0ELt; 6vtwc; ucpLotavtaL.
A:n:6 to ouvouao~-t6 twv avwtEQW, ow SQaxut6.twv EXtE8ELoc.i:>v a:n:6'\jJEWV tou
Herder xm tou von Humboldt !-lJl:OQd va ouvax8EL to EnLOt11~-tO'AoyLx6 :rt6QL<J~-ta 6tL
11 'AntougyLa t11c; y'Ac.i:>ooac; OEV ouvLotatm ~-t6vo oto va EmxoLvwvouvtm ta a:n:otE'Ao~-tata t11c; y'Awomx~c; OQaat11QL6t11tac; 19 - t11c; yA-wamxrj~ cViQycw~, xat6. von
Humboldt -, a'AM xm oto va :n:aLQVEL ox~~-ta xm [-tOQcp~ 11 LOLa 11 E[-l:rtELQLa ow tou
[-tEtaOX11~-tatLO[-tOU t01J xaouc;, Jt01J xa'AELtm YEVLXWt; XCLL aoQLOtWt; "XOO[-tOt;", OE
OLaXQLt6 :n:go"l6v tou vou, to o:n:oto EQXEtm 11 av8gwmv11 yvwo11 xm to OLat6.ooEL,
~tOL tO ElJtQEJtL~EL, EVt6c; xata'AM'Awv XCLL ELOLXWV :rtQOt; tOUtO :rtAaL<JLwv20 [-tE 6./c'Aa
A6yw: 11 y'Ac.i:>ooa :n:ag6.yn x6o~-to- tov ~-tovaOLx6 x6o~-to nov dvm :rtQOOLt6c;
otov 6.v8gw:n:o21 EmL6~, wot6oo, ta otoLXda t11c; OO[-tOU[-tEV11t; a:n:6 t11 y'Ac.i:>ooa
:n:gay~-tanx6t'lltac;, nov OLa:rtwtc.i:>vovtm OE ~-tLa OEOO[-tEV11 y'Ac.i:>ooa, OEv E[-tcpavt~o
vtm not ~-tE t11V Low [-tOQcp~ oE x6.:n:oLav 6.'A'A11 y'Ac.i:>ooa, xa8' 6oov OEV a:n:otE'Aouv
mot6 avtLygacpo t11c; :n:gay~-tanx6t11tac;, xm mno~ OL av8gc.i:>mvEc; y'Ac.i:>ooEc; OLacpgouv [-lEta~u touc;22 ' EnO[-tEVO ELVaL 6tL ta EX6.0totE JtQOXU:rttovta OX~ [.lata t01J x6-

com me un principe act if qui impose Ia pen see un ensemble de distinctions et de valeurs : Tout
systeme Jinguistique renferme une analyse du monde exterieure qui lui est propre et qui differe de celle
d'autres Jangues ou d'aucres etapes de Ia meme langue. Depositaire de !'experience accumulee des
generations passees, il foumit Ia generation future une fa~on de voir, une interpretaton de l'univers;
illui legue un prisme travers lequel elle devra voir le monde non linguistique.
18 VON HUMBOLDT, Ober die Verschiedenheit des mensch lichen Sprachbaues und ihren Einflu/3 auf die
geistige Entwicklung des Menschengeschlechts, GEA. 86 EJL
19 TIQ~A. MnATIAAIA I IEAAA-MAZH, f).waao).oytxf/ lll}oaiyytaTJ OTTJ 8WI}ia xm TTJ .1u5axnx1) TTJc;
MwicpQaaTJc;, aEA. 24 .
20 E1iawxa ano<palvnm o CORNELIS, Epistemological Indicators of Scientific Identity, aEA. 683, 6n TJ

ngay[!anx6'tT]ta anotEAEl a1iAAT]\j!T] El;aQt<il[!EVfl an6 nc; ExaatotE xugwgxo1iaEc; axaELc; (:reality is
a relational concept).
21 TIQ~A. TRIER. Das sprachliche Feld, GEA. 431.
22 TIQBA. HARRIS, Disributional Structure, GEA. 151 .

95

aga XaL 'tWV 6LaqJOQWV ~nacpQaOWV-, ~LaV L6a, 6'Y]Aa6~, JtOU aJtO'tEA0 't'Y]
8guaA.At6a 1:wv oxnxwnxwv QUvwv wu Sapir xm wu Whorf, yLa nc; onotc; 8a
xavow Myo, a~owc; ~na w yvLx6, 6LUXQLvwnx6 ox6A.w, nou axoA.ou8d.
Av 6v 6wmmwvnm ag~ovta, 6Lanw1wvnm wuA<Xxwwv ~cyaA'Y] avaA.oyta we;
ngoc; wuc; 1:g6nouc;, xma wuc; onotouc; 6o~ouv1m an6 yA.wooa o yA.wooa m av'tLM'\jJLc; xm m ~JtLQLc;. H naga't~Q'YJO'YJ am~ m[3[3mwvnm avu ngou an6 w
n6oo "EuxoA.a" ~nacpQasov'tm xd~va wu 1unou "I hear a noise", "Ich habe einen
Bleistift" xm "Ma maison est grande". Ooo, 6~wc;, JtQOXWQa~ ow xH~VLX6 continuum an6 nc; noA.u anA.c; xmao1:aouc; avnM'\jJwc; one; JtQWOO'tQO ouv8nc;
6gaouc; xm an6 X( one; ~yaA.c; acpmgouc;, y(vnm oA.ova cpavQ61QO - O't'YJ
~nacpgao'Y] 6 o ax6~a ~yaA.ungo [3a8~6 - 6n 'Yl yA.wooa mgLA.a~f3avu V 1mc;
ngay~aoL cv16c; 't'YJc; 6XL anA.wc; 6LacpognLxc; -aywyc; Myou JtQL wu x6o~ou, ana
xm 6LaqJOQnxouc; 'tQOJtouc; XaLaVO'Y]O'Y]c; LOU x6o~ou24 .
0 JtW't'Y]~oMyoc;, nou 8a xmamamd ~ 't'YJ oxo'Y] yA.wooac;, yvwo'Y]c; xm ~na
cpgao'Y]c;, 8a [3Q8d avn~1wnoc; ~ 6'\Jo QLsLxa av1:t8nc; an6'\j>uc; JtQL 1:ou 8~moc;
't'Y]V JtQW't'Y], 't'Y] OXnxwnx~, 't'Y]V JtQLYQa'\j>a~ ~6'Y], LOUAUXWLOV we; JtQOc; LO CjJLAOOO(jJLXO 't'Y]c; JtaQA86v- 'Y] 6U1Q'Y], 'Y] [3ams6~V'Y] O'ta AYO~va xa8oA.txa TOV A.6yov
(language universals)25 , acpou yaA.oux~8'Y]X an6 't'YJV causa existendi 't'YJc; JtQW't'YJc;, mS'YJ1EL 6nwc; xa1:ao1:~ou 1g6nov n va JtQL n~ 't'YJV 1gocp6 't'YJc; owv x6o~o 1wv L~kwv:
a) 0 axga(oc; OXnxw~6c; ~aQ'ta OAOXA'Y]QWnxa 't'Y] 6o~~ 't'Y]c; av'tLA'Y]'\jJ'Y]c; xm 't'Y]c;
~HQ(ac; an6 't'YJ yA.wooa. H yA.wooa tvm, xa8wc; AEX8'YJ, o 6'Y]~Lougy6c; 't'YJc; H-

23 llQBA.. LUHMANN, Soziale Systeme, oEA.. 112: Identitiiten wie Worten, Typen, Begriffe werden ( ... )

eingetlihrt, um Differenzen zu organisieren. Sie dienen als Sonde, um abzutasten, was sich im Unterschied zu anderen bewiihrt; und dann natUrlich: um Bewiihrtes festzuhalten und zu reproduzieren _
24 DQBA.. nc; OXETLXE<; [LE TTIV El1LT1!s11 emxo ~vwvlac; "ULQETLXE<;" ltGQG111QJiOELt; 101! SHANON, Metaphors
for Language and Communication, oeA.. 47: What keeps communication possible is the faa that others
behave as if they do not see, as if they do not hear. In other words, the fundamental principle that governs
conversation is not a principle of cooperation aIa Grice but rather a gentlemanly trust to ignore. Thus, it
is not the case that participants in conversations make an effort to convey as much information as
possible using the minimum of resources. Rather, each participant trusts the other will ignore all
information available to him except that within the constrained focal context of the situation.
25 llQBA.. mla11c; MDAMniNIQTH, EiWQT/TLX1) rAwaaoJ...oyia, aeA.. 33 XAPAAAMDAKH, NwJ...J...T7vtx6c;

J\6yoc;, oeA.. 18.

96

fAQIIA KAI fNQLH EN IXELEI IlPOI TH META<I>PALH

x6va JWU oxru..tatttH to yvwQ(1;ov unoxd[!EVO yLa tov x6o[.to 26 . H [!UXLa OO[.ltl
(deep structure) tl] yA.cboow; 8EWQdtm t6oo yEvLxit xm acpl]QlJ[!EVlJ, <botE xatavta OXEOOV aVE'\J Ol][!UO(a. fla to'U OXEtLXWtE vm [lEV OAE OL yvwotE XO'\JAtoUQE XQlJOL[!OJtmouv yA.cbooa, 6AE OE m yvwot yA.cboOE txouv tl] 6uvat6tl]ta va ovo[.ta1;ouv JtQay[.tata xm I it va Ol][.ta(vouv OQaOH xm EVEQYHE, nA.nv
6[-lW an6 [!OVlJ tl] n EV Myw 6uvat6tl]ta 6Ev QLXVH cpw otnv etbtx6rTJTa, otnv
fl;mQt:TlXOTTJW navanE( twv JtQay[.latLxcbv Qywv tou Myou, an6 tL anoMOH
to'\J OJtOLO'\J OXlJ[.tat(1;Etm xm Aa[.t~UVH EXqJQUOL[.ll] [!OQCIJtl l] yvcbol] 27 OL OtacpoQE~, aQa, naQa m o[.tm6tl]tE [!Etat;u twv 6Lacp6Qwv yA.woocbv, xm m rQ6nm xaravo~at:w~ rwv btacpoQdJv d vm m Mo 8E[!EAL<.i>OEL JtaQayovtE aQ8QWOlJ t6u
yA.womxou oxEnxw[.tou: m yA.cbooE 6LacpQouv [!Etat;u wu 6oo 6LacpQouv xm
ta tevn [.tnat;u tou, xa8cb xa8E yA.cbooa XWQWta 6o[.td tl]V JtQooA.a[.t~av6[!EVlJ
JtQay[.tanx6tnta axoA.ou8cbvta LOLattEQO - aQa 6LacpoQEtLx6 xm 6LaxQLt6ouvoA.o newv xm ouvn8EL<bv avayo[.ttvwv otnv E[!JtELQ(a28 H E[!JtELQ(a, wot6oo,
6Ev unootnQttn tl]V axQa(a Ex6oxit autit tl] eton, n ono(a otnv axQa xaeaQ6tl]ta tl] Ol][!UlVEL Otl XU[.l[.tlU yA.cbooa OEV [!JtOQEl va [!EtUqJQUOtEl OE XU[.l[.llU
aA.A.n yA.cbooa. Av [!LA.itoowE [!E a6QE YQU[.l[!E, [.lltOQOU[!E va 6Ex8ou[!E 6n n 6La
[!EtacpQUOEW EJtLXOLV(!)VLa ElVaL 6uvatit aJt6 yA.cbooa OE yA.cbooa llEXQL XaL OE
aQXEta U\j.ll]AO ~a8[!6, xa8' l]V OtLY[.ltl l] tEAHa xataVOl]Ol] tWV OXEtLXWV yA.woorov- 6Laniotwon nou xdtm JtEQav naon a[.tcpLo~ntitoEW- 6Ev dvm EcpLxtit 2 9.
26 flQ(}f... MATURANA, Erkennen, oef... 36 rn : ODLIN, Language Transfer, oe1... 73.
27 flQ(}f... JAKOBSON, Essais de linguistique generale, oef... 81 m.: Toute experience cognitive peut ~tre
rendue et clasee dans n 'importe quelle langue existante. L8 oil i/ y a des deficiences, Ia tenninologie sera
moditlee et amplifiee par des emprunts, des calques, des neologismes, des deplacements semantiques, et,
finalement par des circonlocutions. C'est ainsi que, dans Ia toute jeune langue litteraire des Chukchee du
nord-est de Ia Siberie, "ecrou" est rendu par "clou toumant", "acier" par "fer dur", "etain" par "fer
mince", "craie" par "sa von aecrire", "montre" par "creur martelant". - flQ(}f... :7tQaLtEQW LUHMANN,
Die Wissenschaft der Gesellschaft, oef... 122 rn., 170.
28 No!!l~OU!l 6tt al;l~EL tov x6:n:o va !!HU<flEQOWE autollmo to a:n:6o:n:ao11a a:n:6 to EQYO tT]c; Susan
BASSNETI-McGUIRE, Translation Studies, oet... 19, oxmxa 11 tl') !1tCtcpQaOT] tT]c; f..fl;T]c; "(}omuQO": When
translating butter into Italian, there is a straightforward word-for-word substitution: butter-burro. Both
butter and burro describe the product made from milk and marketed as a creamy-coloured slab of edible
grease for human consumption. And yet within their separate cultural contexts butter and burro cannot be
considered as signifying the same. In Italy, burro, nonnally light coloured and unsalted, is used primarily for
cooking, and carries no associations of high status, whilst in Britain butter, most often bright yellow and
salted is used for spreading on bread and Jess frequently in cooking. Because of the high status of butter, the
phrase bread and butter is the accepted usage even where the product used is margarine. So there is
distinction both between the objects signified by butter and burro and between the function and value of
those objects in their cultural context. The problem of equivalence here involves the utilization and
perception of the object in a given context. The butter-burro translation. whilst pelfectly adequate on one
/eve/, also serves as a reminder of the validity of Sapir's statement that each language represents a separate
reality. OL u:n:oyQa!l!lloeLc; aviJxow oe E!l<lc;.- Bt... :n:eQmTEQW MOUNIN, Linguistique et traduction, aet...
93: Si Je chinois eprouve degrandes difficu/tes atraduire Mozzarella, au bien Ave Maria gratia plena, c'est
parce que sa culture materielle ne possede pas ce produit laitier specifique, ni sa culture spirituelle un mot
pour designer Je concept d'un "appui donne par Dieu aux hommes dans Ia recherche de leur salut".
29 ~XEttXU !! tT]V xataVOT]OT] :ltQ(}f... TOY LOXUQLO!lO tWV GREEN I MORGAN, Pragmatics, Grammar and
Discourse, aet... 177: To attempt to describe the means by which a hearer "understood" an utterance

97

Myw OT]!!LOUQYLXi} LXUVOtT]ta tT]~ avegwmvn~ yA.wooa~ EQ!!T]VEUEtaL OLa tWV EyyEvwv xa8of...LXWV 00!-1-WV, OL OltOLE~ EVEQYOltOLOUvtaL UltO tT]V Elt.LOQUOT] tOU yA.oooOLXOU ltEQL~aA.A.ovto~, Evt6~ tOU OltOLOU E~T]OE W~ rrm6t 32 XaL E~axoA.ou8L va ~EL 0
O!!LAT]ti}~ I axgoati}~. H xataxtT]OTJ tT]~ yA.wooa~ rrgourro8tEL tT]V xatoxi} Ev6~
XAELotOU XaL, W~ EX tOUtOU, ltEltEQU0!-1-EVOU !!TJXUVLO!!OU33 , 0 OltOLO~ OuyitQOtEL tT]
yQa!!!!UtLxi} tT]~ yA.wooa~ xm o orroto~ A.utougyEL mt tT] BaoEL otOLXELWV xm ouv6uaottxwv xav6vwv, ltOU ltUQEXOUV OtOV avegwrro tT]V EUXEQELU t6oo va rragayEL
6oo xm va Ewoet tO arrugo rrA.i}8o~ twv YQU!!!!UtLxwv rrgotaoewv tT]~ yA.wooa~
tOU xm !!OVOV aut~ 34 ltAT]V 0!!00~ T] xataVOT]OT] XaL T] !!tU<jJQUOT] arr6 yf...wooa OE

30
31

32

33

34

might imply a view of discourse in which communication is the simple encoding and decoding of
"thoughts" or "meanings" in linguistic packages.
HATIM 1 MASON, Discourse and the Translator, oEA.. 31.
BA.. MILLER, Language and Psychology, oEA.. I 00: A careful consideration of the semantic relation
between a word and its referent (when it has one) will convince most peop/e .that it should be described
as a rule, not as some simpler and more automatic kind of habit. The level of individual words, but at the
level of sentences, where these words combine according to higher-order semantic rules, at present but
poorly understood, to yield the meaning we assign to the total sentence ( ...). Somehow we are able to
combine the meanings to obtain an understanding of' the meaning of the sentence, and we are able to do
this for sentences that are completely new to us and that express ideas we have never heard or thought
of before. OL EltLOl][l.<ivow; avipcouv OE Efl.U.
BA.. CHOMSKY, Language and the Mind, oEA.. 66: We can think of' evel}' normal human's internalized
grammar as, in effect, a theory of' his language. This theory provides a sound-meaning correlation tor an
intlnite number of sentences. (. ..) In formal terms ( ... ) we can describe the child's acquisition of
language as a kind of theory construction. The child discovers the theol}' of his language with only small
amounts of data from that language. ( ... )Normal speech consists, in large part, offragments, false starts,
blends, and other distortions of the underlying idealized forms. Nevertheless, as is evident from a study
of the mature use of language, what the child learns is the underlying ideal theol}'. This is a remarkable
fact. We must also bear in mind that the child constructs this ideal theory without explicit instruction,
that he acquires this knowledge at a time when he is not capable of complex intellectual achievements
in many other domains, and that this achievement is relatively independent of intelligence or the
particular course of experience.- nQ(lA.. SCHIEFFELIN /OCHS, Language Socialization, oEA.. 184.
BA.. LENNEBERG, A Biological Perspective of Language, oEA.. 68: Language universals are the more
remarkable as the speakers live in vastly different types of cultures ranging from an essentially neolithic
type to the highly complex cultural systems of Western civilization. Further, language and its
complexity is independent of racial variation. It is an axiom in linguistics that any human being can
Jearn any language in the world. Thus, even though there are differences in physical structure, the basic
skills for the acquisition of language are as universal as bipedal gait.
nQ{3A.. DUCROT /TODOROV, Dictionnaire Encyc/opedique des Sciences du Langage, OEA. 56 rn. MnAMniNIQTH, revenxrj-Mnaaxru.tanartxrj roa/.lttanxrj, oEA.. 7 rn.

98

fAQ};};A KAI fNQLH EN };XE};EI nPOL TH META4lPA};H

yA.cbaaa xatog8cbvovcm, !J.OVO xm !J.OVO rnetbl] lJ cpU<Jl] twv xa8oA.Lxcbv tou Myou
dvm nav8o!J.oA.oyowvw~ A.ntoUQYLXtl <JE 6A.a ta yA.wo<JLxa LOL<b!J.ata 35 . H xatav6l]<Jl] twv ngay!J.atwv nou Myovtm xm yga<povtm - twv Wf.UA1Jf.Ufvwv
(Gesprochenes), yLa va !J.EtUXELQWtoU!J.E tov 6go tou Heidegger36 - <JE !J.Lav aA.A.n
yA.cbaaa (oE !J.La l;vn yA.cbooa, XEL!J.EVa tl]~ onota~ !J.Eta<pgatou!J.E) 6ev ouvteA.Et <JE
t(JtOtE aA.A.o naga <JtO va JtQOXUAEL eva "v6ov <JXCLntE", tltOL tl]V EQEUVa xatw an6
tl]V EJtLqJCLVELa tWV 6LE<JJtUQ!J.EVWV UVl<JOttltWV XaL UVO!J.OLOttltWV, tWV XQl<JL!J.WV
6LaqJOQWV EV tEAH, yta va avaxaA.uqJ8oUv OL L6L6tl]tE~, OL JtOLOtl]tE~ xm ta <J8EVl]
ttl~ un6 (!J.Eta<pgamLXtl) EQEwa l;vnc; yA.cbooac; xm va el;etaa8o'\Jv xat' avaA.oytav
JtQOc; nc; L6LOtl]tEc;, tL~ JtOLOtl]tEc; XaL ta <J8EVl] ttl~ (!J.l]tQLXtlc;) yA.cb<J<Ja~ to'U !J.EtaqJQU<Jttl. Enn6ij o !J.Eta<pQa<Jttlc; (o<pdA.EL va) tEAEL EV nrnm8ijon 6n 6vtwc; u<ptmatm !J.La ngwtoyevl]c; tl naga6Hy!J.atLXtl !J.OQ<piJ Myou, rnavw mnv onota txouv 6o!J.l]8d 6A.e~ m <pU<JLXE~ yA.cbooe~ tou x6o!J.ou 37, 8ewgd XQEO~ tou va OU!!JtEQLqJEQEtm
w~ yA.woooMyo~ xm va tl]V avatnta 38 Km naQ<i tl]V <po~EQtl onavL <JE Ematl]!J.OA.oytxc; El;l]Yij<JH~ xm EQ!J.lJVELEc; an6 tl]V nA.euQ<i tl]~ 8ewgta~ twv xa8ohxcbv tou
Myou, 6nw~ natovcm an6 ttc; xe<paM~ tl]~ fevenxij~-Mnaoxn!J.atwnxij~ fQa!J.!J.UtLXtl~. dvm euA.oyo, av OXL xm avayxaonx6 va naga6ex8ou!J.E 6n to anagattnto minimum amcbv twv xa8oA.txcbv tou Myou 6vtw~ unagxn 39, ax6!J.a XL av nQ6xntm yta otmxda anatl]M, ... in fraudem linguae, ... rnEL6tl !J.Ovo xm !J.OVO lJ rnLtE35 0 Aoulio~Lxot; HJEMSLEV, Prolegomenes aune theorie du lang age, oEA.. 73, A6yw tTJt; llTJ avtLotmxLat;
twv oQLwv tou XQWil<ltLxou cpao11atot; oE Mo ouyxQLVO!lEVEt; yA.wooEt;, naQatTJQEL 6n Ia fonction

36
37

38
39

semiotique institue une forme dans I 'un de ses fonctifs, sa voir le contenu, Ia forme du contenu qui, du
point de vue du sens, est arbitraire, et n 'est explicable que par Ia fonction semiotique dont elle est
manifestement solidaire.
HEIDEGGER, Unterwegs zur Sprache, OEA. 14.
IlQ~A. CHOMSKY, Language and Thought, oEA.. 2: Some basic properties of language are unusual
among biological systems, notably the property of discrete infinity. A working hypothesis in generative
grammar has been that languages are based on simple principles that interact to form often intricate
structures, and that the language faculty is nonredundant, in that particular phenomena are not
"overdetermined" by principles of language. These too are unexpected features of complex biological
systems, more like what one expects to find (for unexplained reasons) in the study of the inorganic
world. The approach has, nevertheless, proven to be a succesful one, suggesting that the hypothesis are
more than just an artifact reflecting a mode of inquiry.
fL<l tTJ llEtacpQaOTJ wt; EltE~anxti yA.woooA.oyLa BA.. LADMIRAL, La traduction com me linguistique
d'intervention, 375 Ell.
0 CHOMSKY, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, OEA. 5 rn., OtTJQL~EL tTJ 8EWQL<l to\J OE ltOQLO!l<lt<l tTJt; naQ<XIiOOL<lXtit; rAwoooA.oyLat;, xaL liTJ otov James Beattie ( 1788), o onoLot; yQ<icpEL: Languages, therefore,
resemble men in this respect, that, though each has peculiarities, whereby it is distinguished from every
other, yet all have certain qualities in common. The peculiarities of individual tongues are explained in
their respective grammars and dictionaries. Those things, that all languages have in common, or that are
necessary to every language, are treated of in a science, which some have called Universal or
Philosophical grammar;xm otov C. Ch. Du Marsais ( 1729), o onoLot; yQ<i<pEL: II y a dans lagrammaire des
observations qui conviennent a routes les langues; ces observations forment ce qu'on appelle Ia
grammaire generale: telles sont les remarques que /'on a faites sur lessons articules, sur les lettres qui
sont les signes de ces sons ; sur Ia nature des mots, et sur les differences manieres done i/s doivent 8tre ou
arranges ou termines pour faire un sens. Outre ces observations generales, il y en a qui ne sont propres
qu 'a une langue particuliere; etc 'est ce qui forme les grammaires particulieres de chaque langue.

99

naQa tT] OlamotoUf.lEVT] taut6tT]ta 't(l)V JLEQlO'tUOEWV, En' OUOEVL ea uni)QXE a!;lWf.lUnxa T] Of.lOAOyLa tWV ULOf.llXWV avtaJLOXQLOEWV tWV f.lELU(jJQUO'tWV JLQOt; La EQE8LOf.lata JLOU 8a toUt; YEVVWVLO an6 to XELf.lEVO tT]t; yA.wooat; a<pELT]QLUt;. TIEQlHEUEl
LOWt; va LOVLOO'Uf.lE 6n T] XOLVi) Ef.lJI:ElQLa Ola'ljJEUOEl tT]V EOtW UJL08Enxi) auti) JLEQL JttWOT], LOUAUXlOLOV OE 6,n a<pOQU 'tT]V xa8T]j.tQlVi) YVWOT] f.lUt; JLEQL tWV 'tQEXOV'tWV
JLQUYf.lU't(l)V" 6JLEQ OT]f.lULVEl, f.lE aA.A.a A.6yla, Otl 0 UXQULOt; OXELlXlOf.lOt; OEV EXEl 00~aQa EJLUQf.lata otnv nQa!;n43 . _An6 nv aA.A.n f.lEQla ol nQo<pavotatEt; 6la<poQt;,
JLOU JLUQU'tT]QOUVLal an6 yA.wooa OE yA.wooa OE 6,n a<pOQU 'tT] OOf.li) tT]t; U(jJT]QT]f.lEVT]t;
xm ouvennt; yvwoT]t;, xata6Elxv'\Jouv 6n TJ axQata Ef.lf.lOVi) otnv navaxEw twv xaeoA.lxwv wu A.Oyou 6Ev f.lJLOQEL va anE!;aQtT]8d wuA.axwtov an6 f.lla minimum 66on OXELlXWf.lOU. Av, A.mn6v, oE 6,n a<poQa tT] f.lELU<pQaon, EXOUf.lE va avnf.LELWJLLoowE w avwtEQW JLEQlyQa<pv 6LATJf.lf.lU, ea JLQEJLEl, VOf.lL~O'Uf.lE, va JLQOXWQi)ooUf.lE
JLQOt; 'tT]V EJtlAoyi) tT]t; ouv8EOT]t; 't(l)V Mo UXQULWV 8EOEWV44

40 BA.. SAPIR, Selected Writings of Edward Sapir in Language, Culture, and Personality, oEA.. 209. - BA..
ltEQ<UtEQW tT]V avaA.unxr]JtQOOEYYWTJ tO'U SALZMANN, Language, Culture, and Society, OEA. 151 Elt.
41 nQf3A.. COMRIE, Language Universals and Linguistic Typology, OEA. 4 Elt., 33 Elt.
42 EQE8LO[J.Uta ltQO~ amrj tT]V xatE1)8WOT] ~a~ ltUQfxOW OL ltUQUtT]QrlOEL~ tO'U DE SAUSSURE, Cours de /inguistique generale, oEA.. 261: Ce qui frappe tout d'abord dans /'etude des /angues, c'est leur diversite, les
differences linguistiques qui apparaissent des qu 'on passe d'un pays a un autre, ou m~me d'un district a un
autre. Si Jes divergences dans Je temps echappent souvent a /'observateur, Jes divergences dans l'espace
sautent tout de suite aux yeux; les sauvages eux-m~mes les saisissent,griice aux contacts avec d'autres tribus
par/ant une autre langue. C'est m~me par ces comparaisons qu 'un peup/e prend conscience de son idiome.
43 nQf3A.. tT] axE\jJT] tou xUQLo'U Teste wu Paul vALERY, muvres, t. 2, oEA.. 65: La notion des chases exterieures
est une restriction des combinaisons.
44 nQo~ amr] tT]V xatEOOWOTJ XLVELtm o Frederic FRAN\;<) IS, Linguistique et analyse de textes, oEA.. 254, o
onoioc; yQ<lqJEL: La problematique de Ia traductibilite 1 non-traductibilite est, par-deJa ses aspects
techniques, prise dans un champ polemique et ideo/ogique. D'un c6te une problematique de Ia nature
humaine, manifestee au niveau profond, qui considerera toutes Jes differences commes superficielles. De
/'autre, une ten dance differentielle elitiste, qu 'if s 'agisse des tenants de telle ou telle langue de culture
consideree comme superieure aux autres ou des pratiques normatives a I 'interieur d 'une m~me langue qui
visent a considerer comme sans inter~t ce qui est "commun ". De m~me que Jes universaux Jinguistiques
ne sont pas forcement des universaux "au depart" mais peuvent ~tre des universaux de convergence,
parce que differences societes se manifestent les m~mes besoins. De mi!me, il fait partie de Ia pratique
humaine du langage que des textes qui avaient tout d'abord leur specitlcite culture/Je deviennent, parce
que nous avons Jes moyens de reconstruire Je code a partir du message, a leur tour des modeles productifs.
nQf3A.. BOAS, Introduction to the Handbook of American Indian Languages, xm The Classification of
American Indian Languages.

100

IOI
"lC3 L8 "'{30 'S:J{JS{nfiU!1JI1:J{llOJOdOJl[JUV JnOQI1 SUO!)S;Jni) ;JWOS '31\>'H J;JX1lct'{XlAXl "'{8 817
nori09x no1 ..ll.ooxf>O()ri, luo '003l(.t'{DX '\l D1.\.on01rillq
llw SnOO<))'{.\. Sll1 cto'{<)O nol1031 lpJoqwnH uoA mx J;)PJ;)H Mill 5D?91 S!).oi'l3rioAori SlJ.1 l,l.\.D'{'{Xll3ri 1,tx11
-nri.\.oou J;l'{'{Xl '\lXOQX3 ~(l)11'{:Jg \l'{lXl1X()J3'{3101Xl '5D)013ltri31DX 5DOO<))'{.\.llo?Xo lJ.w 1Xl1J30ll100Dlt
!101 'Dllll<)1"0\J1orinlJ. S<m19 All'{lt 'J!dllS !101 mnrio'Q03ltrictO DW mx A3ri 1XllMX.t3AX1AD DJ3X10W J;>All'lli\D)! L17
";Jnb{JS{nllU!J ;JJnJ:JnJJS ;Jp SJU;JW;JllU11l[:J S;Jp Jl1d ]U;JS{np11Jl ;JS ;lJI1!:JOS ;JJnJ:JnJJS ;Jp
SJU;JUJ;JllU11l[:J S;JJ ';1JI1Jf)U;Jff ;}J~{UI1UI ;JUn,p 'JU;JUIUIO:J J;} ;Jf)UUOp ;Jnb{JS{nllU!J ;)JnJ:JnJJS ;JUn puod;JJ ;1JI1!:JOS
;JJnJ:JnJJS ;1Jpnb !1 J;JU{UIJ;JJ;Jp 11Jpn11j /1 :171 "'{30 'I "1 ';JJI1J;JU;Jll ;Jnb{JS{nf!U!J ;1p S;JUI~JQOJJ '3.LSIN3AN3H
1Xl130?d:mAD Srolt() 'l;)JI!;)W ;)U!OlUV 0 9061 DW 130<))ltct1Xl19 3Xp llOlt '()ri01lDrill'{flOOlt i\01 "'{f!Oll 917
i\OW

"S;Jlll1nllu11] U11{pUJ llfJ:J{J;JUIV

./0 UO{li1:J!)!SSI1J:) ;Jl[.L

1DX 'S;Jll!1nllU11] U11[pUJ UI1:J{J;JWV JO )(OOQpU11H ;Jl[J OJ UO{PnpOJJUJ "SVOH "'{flOll !;17

-9x AOl ow 30 1o1Croo9A~ mo'),ririowx.3 t.wnoth~l3rlluo no3lJD1Q1 3Q ml3AJnth 91ny

5l,tl01'X1l3XO .. S9'X1l0QA3, AO~"{l.C 0 1D'X J390DlADtD DA 3D(),0001Crine 009 91CD 0031'),"{
-ni\3rl '),"{01! 1DAJ3 ctoi\9"{ ctOl A<!)'X1"{09D'X A(l}l1D'X (),OriD1'X1l3XD ctOl A(I}3D~9 A(l}l 5l,tr10l
5l,ti\10'X Sl.ll A9QDgrl3 01119 OA~riOQ3Q Ol91Cl) ~i\1'X3~ '~103rlll"{W Al.ll91Cl) '3riDAJ3l001C
ctOlC 'D0131!91Cl) l,t'X1l39ActD H 817mlll9A10'X l,t'X1DDm"{A. 3D mlll9A10'X l,t'X1DDm"{A 91Cl) ~'X
-1lroOLi"{'XO"{O 130~tDD1Q DlUl9'X1lDr1AnolC Ll JlOljA\ ctollufto~ l,t'X1lD1'X1l3XD Ul ~lD)I
"ctOJD"{ntD3'X SOlA90DlC ctOl 019ri 0031
-'),3Q Sro 3rl()-0101COTI1DllOX ctOlC nr1DD1CD91Cl) OlD 'Jl04A\

;);)1

U!WUfU;)g 0 'ctOl5l,tlll9Dri 0

13Dq>mg39'Jl.C3AD1C3 Ol SnrlnA 1Dl3XO~ ctOlC 1l~'X- LvDDDq>"{t\ pi\Oct01rillq 'l!dllS AOl ~lD'X
'AO"{"{~f)1031C 01 :917 Aq>10131Cri3 A<!)'X1A(I}A10'X Aml noo~ri mq SnoDq>"{A Sll1 uorotbo9ri Ill

1D'X UDD"{~1Q Ul ~<Joron 11'9 3D AO"{Wfl1031C Ol13~JD1C ctOlC 0'{90 OlD 1D'X 3'XUlD~1lD3 ~"{
-"{D '513Di\'),9ct3lD'X 0')-Q 5uS~lctD 3D 3'XlllDJ001031C A3Q 'Srorl9 'ctOl AOO~tbmQA3 0.1 Smlll
-9xunrlttno1C Slunopl! ml~l'X.Ol.Cl) OJOl.Co AOl3rl 'Ol901 AOlmx 009 Smlll9X1lnr1Anol!
Sll1 Sro3il\l,t"{D001C SlllJlC3 Snooq>"{A Sllll,tooo1m Alll OD9lJ3Q DA 010 l,tqn"{llq 'uomuffo::>
Sro SnJ0131Cri3 Sill SnJAOcto1rlllq Slll DJDD'X1QD1Q LllD SnDDq>"{A Slll 0"{90 9'XUUA03A3
AOl13Dl,t10lCOlDrillXD DA OlD- Sl.wnoth~l3JAJ: Slll Llril,tlD11C3 AUlD1A Ol"Ol9'X1li\DTIUD l,t"{
-OfJ'X3001C ~lD'X nrli\~01!- OlDlDJActD ctOl AOO~tDD1QA3 Ol 'DA~OQ3Q ~'X1A0"{01DDrillD 1D'X
~x1Ao"{ol.CrooeAn 3D mA~lC LlA~rlro"{1Q31C uow u3o~1o ADl39~1q no1 snot,touwonl.C 10 3Q

l,tQ131C3 ... Sct0/\9~ ctOlSOlDr1'),3AlC, J031C 3DU"{Jrl ~onl.C O"{W 39~'X 'SroJnf)3g 'l!dUS 0 t,tx'!J.'X
-Ll"{l.C'X3 mll191orlo m1pollwon1C '- SnJ3Allrlo3 S~A.0"{11C3 S3A~10'X3'XMD AroO~lOOlC Aml
'X3 Act0l~9D1Q Snrl S~llUl9MO'X Slll uel,t ~'X1DDm"{A ml,tqnm '(3rlc;tat\Octo1rillq Su '),01!0
'9ri9ng OlD 1D'X ooi~rl OlD) S3J0131Cri3 3rl(),Ot\acto1rillq 1D'X 3TI'),O'XD 1D'X 3rlctO~"{g l,tQD"{UQ
119- ctOJD"{DtD3'X SOlA90DlC ctOl 019ri Sro 3rlno~e ctOlC 'l!dUS ClOl UD~9 UlD 1D'X lPIOQWnH
UOA ctOlS13il\91Cl) Suo DD3rl~AV pll;)JA,[ l;)JU\JlllJA,[ Smrlmx. P!P;)U;)g 4ln}ISD1r1 'J;)Q;)OJ)I

1 p;)lJIV S9A3 's17 suog ZUUl..J: S9A3 Sowrl[,twnAn ctOl 10A9"{0l!rooeAn 'Al!Sl;)A!Uf1
ll!QWn[O:) ctol SctO"{'X')-'X Som 91Cl) SroJOct'X 10A3ri9X03001C '10A9"{0l!moeAn 10Jntbctoox
13~~"{"{ctD ADXp ctOlC DA~riOQ3Q ~'X10131Cri3Dl91Cl) A(I}A~OX03001C 'A(I}3D()-3'X1A3i\ A(I}A~riD
-1AOlActO A9,.001C Sro 0. ct0l1D'X OZ, ctOl S3Jl3D'X3Q Suo 3'Xll9X'),ll.Cl)AD mx. 3'XU9<!)1Cctl
-D1Q 'A9lD(I}M Sro 'DJOlCO Ll ',Jl04A\ -J!dUS UD3991Cct, AUlD 1DlAO~JADtDr13ADlC3 lPIOQWnH
UOA ctOl S3~Q1 S~'X1Dng 10 119 3rl(),Ol.C ne '(),Or1D1'XU3XD ctOl l,trlrlnoi\ UlD 'A(I}J"{OXD
A<!)'X1lD1A10'Xct31Q A<!)'X1A3i\ A(l}lA~9lli\LloOlC A(l}l A11C9lD'X 1D'X 'DO<!)l 'SDlAOtD~OlD11C3

H:iVd<I>Vl3W Hl :iOdli 13BX:i N3 H:illNJ IV)( VH15VJ

ta 6Qta tou unotun<i>Oou~. An6 to naQabety~a am6 ~OQOU~e va ouvayayou~e tO

OU~EQaO~a Ott TJ avtavaxA.<i>~eVT] OtT]V JtaQaywyl] JtaQO~OLWV JtQO.LOVtWV "JtQay~atLXOtT]ta" 6XL ~6vo bev dvm evteA.<i>~ btacpoQettxl] on~ btacpoQe~ yA.womx~ xmv6tT]te~. aA.M touvavrtov naQatTJQELtat rntxaA.mjYrj al;ta xm Myou xm avacpo~.
eewQou~e. wot6oo, 6tt TJ ouvrnaywyl] tTJ~ un68eoTJ~ wu Whorf 6tt ottbl]note dvm nQay~anx6 yta wu~ cpuotxou~ o~tA.T]tE~ ~La~ yA.<i>ooa~. ea etvm JtQ6bT]A.o xm
ota dbTJ twv tbe<i>v xm twv voT]~atwv, nou ucptotavtm otT] yA.<i>ooa tau~. ou~~OQ
cpoutm rutoA.utw~ JtQO~ tTJ A.oytxit twv JtQay~atwv. Ax6~a xm oto evteA.<i>~ nQoxataQxnx6, ow axQw~ ee~eA.t<i>be~ entnebo tuxate~ anA.~ naQaA.A.ay~ evvoubv,
ocpetM~eve~ oe btacpoQ~ t6oo w~ JtQO~ tT] btabtxaota avnA.l]tjJew~ 6oo xm w~
JtQO~ tT]V teA.txl] avtLAT]'\jJT] tWV JtQay~atwv, OXL ~6vo betxvouv, aA.M xm XUQLOAeXtLXW~ w8ouv JtQO~ el;mQetLXU rutOXALVOvte~ tQOJtOU~ ouA.A.l]tjJeW~ xm Xatavol]oeW~ tT]~ JtQay~anx6tT]ta~. H an6xA.wTJ, A..x . nou ucptotatm ~etal;u tT]~ ayyA.txit~
JtQ6taOT]~ open the door! xm tTJ~ avttotOLXTJ~ I "tooMva~it~" tTJ~ yeQ~avtxit~
mach' die Tlir aun, cpaveQ<i>vet A.rnt~ btacpoQ~ w~ nQo~ w xaQaxtl]Qa tT]~ JtQOOtaYit~ xm t0 JtOLOV tOU eveQyouvto~ m ttou T] rutOXALOTJ, JtOU ucptotatm ~etal;u tT]~
yaA.A.txit~ avaA.unxl]~ cpQUOTJ~ Ia plume de rna tante xm tT]~ avrtotOLXTJ~ I "tooMva~it~" tT]~ ouv8ettxit~ ayyA.txit~ my aunt's pen, cpaveQ<i>vet A.rnt~ btacpoQ~ ouvenay6~eve~ w~ JtQO~ tO xaQaxtl]Qa tau yeyov6to~ tTJ~ xtitOTJ~ tou JtQay~ato~ xm tou
btxm<i>~ato~ tT]~ XUQLOtT]ta~ ent tOU JtQay~ato~ 49 aA.A.o~ bQ6~o~ ~a~ obT]yEL OtO
eA.A.T]vtx6 eVeV1]vra, ow ttaA.tx6 novanta xm oto ayyA.tx6 ninety, xm aA.A.o~ bQ6~o~
oto yaA.A.tx6 quatre vingt dix tA.o~ A.rnt~ btacpoQ~. acpoQ<i>oe~ OtTJV neQt XQ6vou
avttA.TJ'\jJTJ, btrutwt<i>vovtm ott~ "woMva~e~" bT]A.<i>oet~ ota ayyA.txa: it is half past
-seven, xm ota yeQ~avtxa: es ist halb acht. Kavd~ bev ~OQEL va LOXUQL08d ooBaQa
6n ot ev Myw, aA.M xm aA.A.e~. naQ6~me~ JtQO~ aut~ btacpOQE~ ~oQouv va rutoxA.doouv it va ouoxeQavouv tT] 6tayA.womxl] emxmvwvta JtATJV 6~w~ xaA.A.tota
~OQOU~e va LOXUQL08ou~e Ott autou tOU dbou~ OL btacpOQE~ JtaQEXOUV ~La JtQOyeUOT], xm ~aA.wta ~ta JtQ6yeuoT] xaA.l] neQt twv ouvexw~ aul;ouowv anoxA.toewv,
nou dvm JtQocpavd~ oe aA.A.a rntneba tTJ~ yA.<i>ooa~ xm tT]~ yv<i>OTJ~, rntneba xat'

49 ~LEUXQLVl~ETm,ltQO~ altoqJUy~ ltaQEl;T]y~oEwv, 6n TJ XQ~OTJ twv Ml;Ewv "avaA.unx6~" xm "auv6Enx6~" EV ltQOXELIJ.EVW 6Ev EXEL va xavEL xa66A.ou IJ.E tT] cptA.ooocpla tou Kant, ltaQ<'t ~t6vo 1J.E tT] auvtaxnx~ 6o!J.~ tT]~ yaA.A.tx~~ xm tT]~ ayyA.tx~~ yA.wooa~.

102

0I
oyoA{W 5ro lwm9{Jlt Alll 3rlllOAJDfft>yvwx llOlt Salt
-9{Jl 0 5l!'fftiJXXJ 1DAJ31l0lt '5m3D~Jlo01t 5/.tl DJDDrliw (lX1A3A A./.tl '5ro301;Jlo0lt 5/.tl A.(1)]3X10WA.rol53JDDrl

-/w 53A"IriroAOri3ri51l 1XJX iwll31tl}JDOOlt11A.XJ (lX11XXJlMW l.tA."Irl/.tiJ/.tdm A.ltl 91tD '81 Z ..'{30 '(lX11DririDOJ (lx
-1W11Drll.tXolJ13W-(lX113A3J 'H.lOINIIlW'v'UW 01A0!)13j .\01 J;llDX '13AJ;>OD1 50~1101 5<;>X1A0"(010DTIILD 0 !;
8!;1 ''13 !6 '"(30 'XliJUAS./0 AJO;JI{.L ;JI{J)O SJ:J;JdSV 'A)[SWOH:) '"(8 Z!;
'!6! '"(30 'UO!J:JnpliJJ ll{ ;Jp S;Jnb{JOi}I{J S;JW?IQOJJ 'NINflOW '"(gi'lU l!;
'13

uotJ~!J!POW Jo ssot JnOifl!M J;JAO P;}.W~ ;JQ JOUUll:> A';JI{J ';J8l/nl1Ullf UMO

S{l{ )0 .. snO{U;Jli,, {llw.IOJ ;'JI{J OJ ;'J:JU;}J;'JjaJ 1{1!M 'lf;'J) A{;'JA{J{nJU{ JO 'p;}Jllfn:>fll:> U;'J;'JQ ;}Alii{ S]:};'Jjj;} S!l{ /IV ';}:JUO
Jll )f;'JSJ! SJS;Jj{UliW X.Ulf!W fliU/lJ.UO ;'JI{J )0 ;}JnJf!U ;JI{J ';J8l/nl1Ullf J;'JI{JOUll OJU! :YJOM S!l{ :iU{Jfi{SUliJJ JO UO{]S;Jnb
e Sf J! U;'JifM mq '(ll015DDDl}1yA. 5/.tl

:M3) XfJ1liW ;JI{J A"q p;Jp{nll ;JSfMJ;JI{JO Jo pWf;'Jif Jo p;JJ;JPU!If ~1 ;'Jif q:>nw

MOl{ JSn(JO snopsua:> ;'JJ{nb ;'JQ J;}A;}U Af!W JS{]Jfl A.re.J;Jl!f ;'JI{.l

:m [p '"(30 's:>!JS!/AJS AmJ;'JJ/1 OJ UO{J:>npOJJU[

''M'v''v'N3SAfll:) ~uuy 5111 OAO~ OW 311cto~JXjo1Q 111 Srou<;> 'J!dllS plllMP3 ctOlllOAxxb<;Jl!D \tX113Xo ltl ''(lOU 0!;

-1octd:> Aro1 5ctOO?li 91D Alll 'l;)ood:>D 11'9 5oou 5ro 5D10Dlillo ct3Al) 5q>"(31A3 mAp no1
5~wct311}.o 5l.t1 m1.t191DMQ 1,tx1A.o"( 5q>x11l.toro3e 1.t 'Dooq>"(J...

moul)x 3o (peoDod:>Dl3li

=) J380DOd:>X3 DA OlDA'),QD 5q>X11XD01 1DA13 OA3li9X31031 9XJ.3Q1 OA?li10X3XAct0 Al)3

'31910 'o1x1th?AD 5q>X11XD01 1DA13 DA 5roo1 'o1XD1Al)OlD 5q>x1A.O"( q>Q31D13A1Dd:> ctou
91ctD 119 J38UOUlDOD1 DA poouli '5ro1Dg3g '(l)0?1(l)AD Dl~ '1D1AOX?1031 01010 OlD
'ctOA?li13X ct01 5lloDod:>l)13li 5ll1 'Dol) 'mx gAro30l)1oou Aro1 DJ3Alllio3 l}.x1A.0"(010Dli
-UO I}.X1"(31 AU1 '01A D1U11DOD1D 1DAJ3 ctOl AropX10lD A(l)1 O"(OA'),O 01 D?liOl (),OX1AO"(
-o1oDlil.to cto1 Dpeuog 1.t1 MOAl)gliD"(ooou '5mll19A10x 5l,tx1ooro"(A. 5l.t1ll"(?li A01oDx
-?8DX D191D 1Dli\'),0A(l)d:>X3 51301)1001 530913"(?1 A31Dli\0Al)AD (DA A(),0001li) D1010
DlD '5Dooq>"(A. 5l.t1 5l,tlioq 5mX'),li 5lt1 Dmlii}.Xo l)X11XDlMO l)X10Dg 3Q D_t 5DOOq>"(A.
5l.t1 Aq>X1"(08DX Aro1 moM? Alt1mx n:nouw ctou DliJ...l)ou '53ooq>"(A. 5?x1octd:> 511 53"(9
30 l,tlioq X>1Q1 AU1 A9Q3Xo- 5ll1 D10(l)38 U11DX UODOd:>l)13li lt1 mA.I}.X11ADlil.to U030(),3
- MO~l)10ct00Dl '("1"("X OA3liJ3X11AV 003lili3_ 'OA3lipX11AV 003liV, 'OA3lipX01.A)
1\(1)09 A(l)09d:>'01Q A(l)1 531A0ct0113"( 10 1D1AOA<!)080D ctOl9 '51301)1001 5?1ctD 5?X
-1AI.toctu 10 5Dooq>"(A. 5l.t1 5130l)1oou 5?x1oDg 10 muoAl)gliD"(1031 o1ouo o1o oq3u
-113 '5Dooq>"(A. 5l.t1 5l,tlioq 5mX'),li 5l.t1 OQ31113 01 A'),OA.Octo1lil.tq 'A().080DctQMO AD19
'- zs5DoOq>"(A. 5l.t1 D10131D All1 A(l)1A(),OA.octo1lil.tq mx 5ct01901 5ct009d:>mq 3li AroA
-?liO~DctQMO AropX1ow O"(OA'),O 91D 1D1J3"(310lD ctou 'Dx1qq>x '),OX11XODlDX 5ro 'mA.

-9"( D"("(l) 3li 'l,t 5omlil,twcto ().OlD13'{X 5ro 5llA3li'),OOA 5l.tol)g 5ll1- (53A9ADX 10x1~3'{
10 mx 5l,tlioq 5l,tx11oDod:> 5l.t1 53A9ADX 10 '9x1~3'{ 1,t DpX1o10 l)X1A.0"(1~3'{ m 'l)X11DlD
-cto l)X1lioq m I}.QD'{I.tq) D?li01 '),OX11XDlMO ct01 51.tol)g 5l.t1 D13X1olD Dl 11919 01'),01
1D)I "1sl,t1X1d:>3 5ro1'),"(01D 1DAJ3 ctOA?liOX31031 (),OXJ.3Q1 591AD1 UODg1gDl3li DOOql'{A
30 DOOql"(A 91D l.t 119 5q>g10XD MO(),AX13Q01D 'AC)100(l)"(A AqlX10ctd:> A(l)1 A(l)"(9 l,tli

-oq mX'),li l.t10 1D1A0~110lA3 ctou '531U1910lio 10 ~qD"(llq '119 :(Dli10l)Od:>Dl3li l.tli 1DlA
-'),00(1)38 ctOl ct0A9'{ ctOA?liU'{1liro ct01 DAJ3X3 UQ13 Dl '01A D0319X1Q13 Dli9XD 1DX) DO
-319X1Q13 UODOd:>l)13li U1 mJ... 1DX l)'{"(D '5q>X1A3A DOOql'{A l.t1 mA. 01Dl9X11ADlil.to 11l)X
-l.t1llA9'{XD 1DX U30?10 D1AO'{OlDlil.to13X113 ~X1AO'{ 3li DlD1'{l)li 1DX- A'),08010ctX01 DA
1DX ct0A9'{ ct01 AqlX1'{08DX A(l)110QD10 10 M08'{? DA 1\'),000uli l)103li U'{'{l) AU191V
"0 s5Dli l)1DliJ...pQDOD1 D0300?1 D1A?8(l)13lil.to 51"(9li DlD DA3li

-903d:>DAD D1 5oou no1oxA.cto A3 DA?liA.3"(1311031 mx D138i\').O 00319001031 AllXA.l)AD

H~Vd<I>V13.W

Hl Wdll

m3.X~

N3. HnlNJ IV)!

Vn1~VJ

x,g6voc;, o x,wgoc;, T] ltQUYJlUtLXOtT]ta xm T] uA.n55 AvaA.uovtac; tT] yA.waaa twv Hopi

xataA.i]yEL <Jto <JllllJtEQU<JJla 6tL OL EWOLEc; toll XQOVOll 56 XaL tT]c; E~WtEQLXi]c; ltQUYJlUtL'X.OtT]tac; OEv JlEtacpga~ovtm navtot an6 yA.waaa <J yA.waaa, 6t6n o tQ6noc;,
<JUJlcpWVa JlE tOV OltOLO 0 av8QWJtOc; anoxta EllJtELQLa toll XQOVOll XaL tT]c; E~WtEQL
xi]c; ngawanx6tl]tac;, E~agtatm xata JlEYL<Jto JlEQoc; an6 tT] cpuan tTJc; yA.waaac;
noll XQTJOLJlOltOLdtm yta va JtEQLYQOtjJEL to x,g6vo xm I i] tl]V E~WtEQLXi] JtQUYJlUtLx6tT]tas7, ss. ~ 6,tL acpoga tT]V EWOLa toll X,QOVOll - L<J)(,llQL~OVtaL OL XQLLLXOL toll
Whorl - T] ltEQL amou EllJtELQLa, ltOll OLUJlOQcpWVOllV OL Hopi, avayEtm <JE i] JlOLO~EL
JlE 6,n o vcag6c; Eggtxoc; Bergson anoxaA.oua "duree" <Jtl] OLOaxtoQLXi] toll OLatQL~i] JlE tltA.o Essais sur les donnees immediates de Ia conscience 59 , aA.A.a Etvm Oll<JLW54 fLU n:A.dova ~A.. DARBELNET, Linguistique differentielle et traduction, oEA.. 17 m . - llQ~A.. tT] YVW[.l.T]
tT]<; BLAKEMORE, Understanding Utterances, oEA.. 26: Obviously, we do need an account of the way in

55
56

57

58

which socio-cultural factors affect interpretation. However, this is not necessarily to say that variation
in interpretation is a consequense of variation in the norms governing communication, and that there
cannot be a universal theory of utterance interpretation which is based in human co~;nition.
llQBA.. tT] OLEI;o6uu\ ltQOotyywT] tau SALZMANN, Language, Culture, and Society, oEA.. 118m.
BA..WHORF, Language, Thought, and Reality, oEA.. 57: After long and careful study and analysis, the
Hopi language is seen to contain no words, grammatical forms, constructions or expressions that refer
directly to what we call "time", orto past. present or future(.. .) orthat even referto space in such a way
as to exclude that element of extension or existence that we call "time", and so by implication leave a

residue that could be referred to as "time".

llgBA.. tT]V an:mj!T] tou ATLAN, 'A ton eta raison, oEA.. 228 m. : L 'observateur physique n 'est pas un
homme mais un systeme ideal constitue par un appareil de mesure et un physicien ideal, c 'est-a-dire un
homme idealise capable de detecter de faf;on objective les indications de l'appareil de mesure et de les
interpreter dans Je cadre de Ia connaissance physique.
0 NIDA, A Framework for the Analysis and Evaluation of-Theories of.Translation, oEA.. 79 m., Eona~EL
tT]v n:Qoooxt\ tou oto yEyov6<; 6n cenain languages spoken by so-called primitive peoples include
some highly imponant generic and abstract terms, reflecting a remarkable level of "sophistication" n:EQmtEQW o STEINER, After Babel, oEA.. 55, 6wmoni>vL 6n there appears to be no correlation ( .. .)
between linguistic wealth and other resources of a community. Idioms of fantastic elaboration and
ref'inement coexist with utterly primitive. economically harsh modes of subsistence. Often, cultures
seem to expend on their vocabulary and syntaxe acquisitive energies and ostentations entirely Jacking
in their materia/Jives. Linguistic riches seem to act as a compensatory mechanism. Starving bands of
Amazonian Indians may lavish on their condition more verb tenses than could Plato.

59 ~LE'UXQLVL~Etm 6n o Bergson 8Ef.l.EALWVEL oto EQYO aut6 tT]V tvvma tT]<; &aQKEW~ (duree) l;Exwwvta<;
an:6 tT]V two La tou noayf.lanKov (reel). Mtow tT]<; OLaQxEw<;, TJ on:ola an:owA.El to .l;axnvm)!-1.EVO
xtvtQO tT]<; f.l.ltEQl;6vEw<; n:Qoon:nxt\<;, mtn:QWto va an:ooacpT]VLo8ow xm va ylvouv QT]tE<; m twmE<;
tou CtJ.lWOV (immediat) xm tou an:6A.vrov ( absolu). OL twmE<; amt<; owBttouv [.l.Etal;u tou<; [!.[a 6o-

104

1DX 1)Y.'f0 '5300<!)"(.1. 5~X11300d>mg AOA9li 1DX 5<!)'Y_ltD 1X9 MOX? Cl.Olt A<!)DY. A(f)'Y_'Y_'J) llcftllY.JlAD lt031JD1Q1
Alt11X9 '1)X10Cl.d> 'mx OA3liJ3X1lAD 0101?1 DA? m.l.llcftlty_]lAD lt031JDQ1 5Dli \tX1Q lll13AJQ 51)li 5Dli DOD<!)"( .I.
UlD lt~?'Y_ D1JN "DO\tlXDODX (tOX11llOAD1Q OA3li9X3103lt 010lt1)X 30 'J)Y.Y.D '"l!Y."X oy_y_n.d>1)lAD10l 01 'DOlA

-?Q

m ' DDDDY.1)9 Lt1 '01Y.\t AOlD xy_ 5rolt9 'DA3liJ3X1lAD 1)X1Y.Cl. 3D 5roo?liD 1Dl30?ihDAD AJQ ltoDoihx? ro.l.

-9Y. A3 Lt AD19 'DDD<!)Y.A 5Dli 1,tx1g Ltw llDDoihx? Amli 5oolt - DO(tOly_n.ox 5Dli 1,tx1g Lt1mx DJlt00100A SDli
1,tx1g ll1 9l!D 5?X1130od>mg DO(t01y_n.ox mx DJlt00100A - DO(t01y_n.ox lt031JD1Q1 mx DJltOOlOOA lt03lJD
-1Q113l?emg n.olt '(tODY. 59A3 DDD<!lY.A lt10 Ltoood>X? mli S<!J91oxDm 3lin.ool,tX10lD1lAD DA 5Dli \t~JQ11!3 Lt
Aro11)li.I.OOlt Arol lto(td> lllD 1Dl3eJ11lAD O'Y_'.1) 5roX]Q 01, :DXA91A C1.009 Cl.OlltOOQ9l!D Alll 3li 1)X113XD 13th
-1)0.1. '!<l'3<li4:JS UOA lSO'any A019l!D .. Dl)MlDgnMDltJN, 5lt1llODOib1)13li \tX1A11DY. Ul!<l'a<lH 0 5DlAOAJO)i Z9
sdw;}J ~p UOfJOU 13[ ~p ~nb[1Sfll;/U!f UOf113SfU13ffJO ~Uf13U~::J
~un JnOU13d ~1131SUO::J UO 119 '"1!3

19Z ""(30 '~i138U13[ ~/ SU13p iJ1!Af1::J~(qns 13[ ~a '3.LSIN3AN38 Cl.Ol ltolto

-\tlDODlt Alll 5ltOJlt3 ""(8 - ~uo U13l{1 J~113~Ji J~qwnu 13 U~A!ff ~q 10UUIJ::J 1! "<l"f :suO{SU~Wfp OJ~Z SIJl{ pU13
'A1f~UIJJ[IlWfS JO 1{WJ~d JOU s~p 'J~AJ~SQO 1{::113~ l{J!AI S~fJ13A 1! 1131{1 ~J13 ~W!J [dOH JO S~JU~doJd J13f[n::JW
~1{1 :iUOW13 119

'91 Z ""(30 'Alf/13~"8 pu13 '1l{illOl{L '~i13niU131 ':!"MOHA\ Cl.Ol lloltO\tlDODlt All1 1DX "'.8 19
"5Cl.OA90X 13X? A3<;1 Dli\tO 01 !dOH Aro1 DOD<!)"( .I. lllD 119 1D130?d>DAD 1)X11X13QA3

09

"(..<ll"ll!P?llilli! <l?UUop,) .. oA~liogJg OD31i1), 1DAJ3 m3X01)1Q H rooJlt 13~JOC1.A A3Q 1li1)10lt
01 ADD (tOltO 'Cl.OA90X C1.01 \tOO llDA~D AUlD 1DX (..<JnboldP?l UO!l"llll?U?d, <lp <lA!l"lll!l"llOb ?lP!Id!l!Olli)
DlUl9Y.1tDY.Y.Olt \tX11010lt DOCl.Ollt(tXOOlt .. 5ro30<!)lioo SDJDfl'IOliD ~3, AUlD : 51,t~3 DlO 1DlDlOJAClO D)OltO
lt 'l,tliog UA3li9.1.D A390XJO All1 \tlCl.D 30 3liCl.OA(t9DfJ'Ii3 DA 3Q D10101) 3li(tOOOltli .5Dllt1903liD 5lt01)lt OltCl.l
-90lt 011DX )3"(3l0l!D Dllll9X103l(f)03 lt <!)Q3 3Q \tlCl.D .5mf plUl9X1cJnroD3 /J 1DA)3 '3liCl.OA1)gliD"'(J.,Cl.O DA
3li(toOoltli n.olt 'Dllll9X11Dli.I.Dolt ll1C1.399AD mx \tY.ltD ltAJ3X3 llA<;>li Lt 1013, "A11D?1Cl.01 noa(!JX n.o1 '13A
-<!)10'Y_'Y_D Alll Cl.Olt Cl.0)3X1010 ll.OAJ3X3 ll.OA?~ ll.011lADA? D13XOJ;>1Q lt J39U10lt0AD.I.310 AOO<) ,d>3 OA<;>li 1)0
-Dlt D13A'J)d>1lt3 Altlo 1Dl3Xo? A3Q 5roli<;> 5DJOltO 5Ltl mltl<;>03liD lt 'lt03li1) llcftllY.Y.(tO mli 30 5omliJ;>AY.DliD
ll.OA?lillo13 C1.01 llcftlty_o<;>Olt UOil.DA'J)fl 5ro30(td> 5ltO(tOX30l Amli 9l!D Olt<;>Ol A01 A9lll.D ,lDX 3liCl.OA)DgD1
-3JN "5Dli 5<;>lA3 AOA<;>li ltli 13 '5D)39(t3 ,ltD 3lictofl'J)y_y_no lt1 DA 3li(tOOOltli A3Q Cl.Olt 'D13X01)1Q ltl lty_'.1) Alll
9l!D 1DX '5(tOli30XX3 11.01 Dg)XD lt Slt1ltAX) D113A\td>D ll.Olt9 'Oo<!)X 01 1)103li D]li ltl <;>ltD 5DlA0~1)g '501
-Dli.l.)3li ll.Ol1)X11DlDil.O Dl O(tg DlO 3lill.O~JoroX 1DX 'A9lt10'Y_ '3lDDli<;>X03 "ll.OA<;>OXooroX 11.01 53o\t1XDO
-DX 5ctOA3li(t0013li 5(t01 D13XOJ;>1Q lllD 3lill.Og)gDltD DA 310<!) 'OlD19A10X 101? A(f))3X10l0 DliDAY.'J)liD DA?
AOA)3X3 3li AClO~)lDliltXo 10)0lt0 10 '5Cl.OY.<;> 5ctOA<;>oX '(JJU~S SdW~J) 3lDD1f9AD()D1D nou A9lllD 0A9aX AOl
9l!D 1DX (n::J~A SdUJ~J) 0AX 0AiJrlro1f} A019l!D (J[J131[JU13nb SdW~1) 0A9{)X 91/Jri()DlD (f)A?li13X00lt A3 AOl
Allgl,toomg 5DlAO~JoroXmg 3lODli<;>~1oolt Alll moM? 5ro D13X01)1g Ltl mLtl<;>Y.ltDY.Y.Olt 5(tolie1oD 3li llA
-?liODOd>3ltX3 Amli 13(tOQ19DX mx (530<!) 'J;>llt3Y. Dl<!)Olt 'Dllt3Y.<;>03lll.3Q) 5ctol (t~Dl3li 530) 53QJ;>AOli S<!)O
-3Xooy_o 13(tY.DlDX LtoltOl?li DJOltO Lt 'noo<!)X 11.01 5ro3ol,tol3li roo?li 5<;>lltOA 1Dl3AJ.I. mx 1Dl3~1)Y.3ltOOOlt
mOM? 5ro (sdw<Jl) 5oA<;>oX

o 5(tolioD 5(tOX1AroA1ox 310101)X3 5n.o1 <;>ltD mx 53J.I.oy_oAX31 5ro3o(td>

5llo1)lt 511 <;>ltD '5\tX1ADXllw SLt1mx Sl,tx1oct<1> 5ll1 5n.og1)y_x 5noood>1)1Q 5no1 <;>ltD 'D)~ogo1~1y_3~3 t,tAmo
-30A3ltO All1<;>l!D 1D1)30A 5rolt<;> 'oA<;>oX,o1 5oolt llA3li<;>AD 'OA<;>OX A015oolt 5lt1 51)ood>mg 51,tx1Dndl5ltl
X3 D13g)OXD All1 5lt1 llY.91)1XOl!D t,twD mOM? H :m3xap1q IJ 1DA)3)1 '3.I.D01) 'A390 Apliog n.o11lADA?
A13A'J)flliD'Y_OOOlt 11.01 Dli01Q'J)fl00lt DA? 11.00?13 C1.3A1) 3Q ACl01?90lt(\OOlt '9X11X3AClO O'Y_OA(tO DA? 101\t 'l,tli

5gOOcbD1V "z;90riD9X A0113~10(T)AA 50l!(T)08Al)) 38l))X 0 0101!0 A01 3TI ' 01!901 A01 3TI 53A.
- O'{l))AD 5(T)g8Cl3 1DX 531l!DOAJ))0Dl!D Sq>Q(T)1'{3TI38 1DA]3 SD1U19X11DTIAD01! Sl},X1031(T)~3
Sll11DX C\OA90X C\01 53100AU1DX 10 U91Q 01').011DX 138D1DC\3 A3Q l},XU10X UA3TIC).OXDD
UU9 3TIC).00(T)38 "!dOH A(T)1 DDDq>'{A U11DX 3VS ').01 53DDq>'{A Suo DD3TIJ))AD D1AO'{DAD
D1ririDX A9Q3XO 1D1D1D1cbct A3Q- JlOl{A\ ct0110XU10X 10 '5UD11!3 '1D1A0~10ctXD1- SDl
-U19XUDriAD01! Sl},X1031(T)~3 Sll1 D1013l!ri3 AU1 ' DOq>1 'l))OOcbD U'9 30 "l9Sct01 5300q>'{A
Suo pXomoax mx 13XOJ))l!ct aoA90X ao1 moM? LlA3ri9A.nmx Sllril},wm3 Sl},x1oct<t> Slt1
X3 Ll S(T)ri9 AU'{l! ' ..;)?Jnp, Sl},x1A0~03l!ri Sll1 oA.o'{l))AD ou901 3ri ctOA90X 1031! D1013l!ri3
A3ri A').01XOl!D DA C\0'{98DX 1D13]3'{X01!D A3Q '5DA11Cl00 5l},A103TIU8DX Slt1 OQ31!11!3
OlD 5D1A9 '3VS ').01 Aq>OO(T)'{A A(T)1 Sg1U'{1riO 10X1Dctcb 10 l))103ri U'{'{l)) AU1 91LD o9SDA
-oril},1011!3 S9x1oacb o 13Aq>1g

aou D1013l!ri3 ctOA90X 1031! All1 91LD l},xu3oocbmq Sq>q

H~VdcllVl3W

Hl Wdlli3BX~ N3

H~tlNJ

JV)J VntJVJ

XWQWlJ xm n xa'ta A.6yov ooyavwon Ev6c; 1twwu corpus OEOO!ltvwv OE ouvoA.o OLaXELQLOL!lO dvm JtQ6BA.n!la rrou 6Ev !!JtOQE( va BQEL ax611a ('tlJ) A.uon (wu). Am6 on!la(vEL 6n 6Ev ucp(o'tmm - 6n !l<lA.A.ov 6Ev dvm 6uvm6v va ucpto'ta'tm- EV'tEA.l]c;
xm EJtW'tl]!lOVLXWc; 8E!lEALW!ltVl] 8EWQ(a JtEQL y'A.woooyvwonxou OXE'tLXLO!lOU. Arr6
'tl]V aA.A.n !!EQL<l 6Ev dvm 6uvm6v va EA.rrttnm 6n lJ EA.axwwrrmouoa 'tlJ Ol]!lao(a
'tWV OXEHXWHXWV JtaQay6vtwv arr6'\jJl] JtEQL aAAl]AEJtLOQaOl]c; y'A.wooac; xm yvwol]c;
!!JtOQEL va rraoaoxEL JtQ6ocpOQlJ ELx6va 'tl]c; av8owmvnc; yvwonxl]c; E!!JtELQtac;.
TiaQa 'tlJV - oE OlJ!lavtLx6 !l<lAw'ta Ba8116 - rrQocpavl] avayxn avayvwotoEwc; wu
OXEHXW!!OU O'tl] M!ll]Ol] 'tl]c; yvwol]c; arr6 y'A.wooa OE y'A.wooa OL (jlLAOOO(jlOL, JtO'U xa'taJtLUVOvtm !!E 'tlJ 8EWQta 'tl]c; avt(AlJ'\jJlJc; xm 'tlJc; yvwonc;. avayxatovtm 6XL xm A.tyEc; (jlOQtc; va O'tQL!lWX'tOUV O'tl] ywv(a, xa8wc; l] "aya8l] !!EQLOa" 'tO'U EJtW'tl]!lOAOyLXOU aywva wuc; !!JtOQd avna va 8EWQ1]8d we; avatl]'tlJOlJ 'tl]c; avnxEL!lEVLXO'tl]'tac;
xm mmoxoova arr66Qaon arr6 'tl] cpuA.axl] wu OXE'tLXLO!lOU. Au16c; dvm o BaW'tEQoc; Myoc;, VO!lLtO'lJ!lE, yLa 'tOV OJtOLO OL (jlLAOOO(jlOL 'tl]c; YVWOl]c; JtQOOEyyttouv xm
E~natouv 'tO YAWOOLXO OXE'tLXLO!lO OXOJtOUvtEc; tl aJtOJtHQW!!EVOL va 'tOV aQVl]80UV'
ow rrvEU!la bE aml]c; 'tlJc; cpLA.ooocpLxl]c; JtQ06La8wnc; xwou!lEVOL o Noam Chomsky
xm m orrabot 'tl]c; Mnaoxn!lanonxl]c; fQa!l!lanxl]c; rrooorra8l]oav va rrooocptoow
'tl]V JtOA'UJt68l]'tl] AmQWOl] arr6 nc; rray(6Ec; 'tO'U OXEHXLO!!OU. 0 Chomsky 'UJtOO'tl]QL<'iLa<pOQEtLXE~ avn/.:ri\j!EL~. Evw o voll~ [Geist] Elvm xmv6~ oE 6A.oll~ toll~ A.aou~ xm li:n;oQO'Ii~E avEta
va llJto8ttoWE 6n EXEL xaA.A.LEQyT)8EL xm avantux8El, JTOLXLA.la ~OQEL va avaqJavEl, ~6vo 6tav x<xJTOLO t1JXULO JTEQLEXO~EVO tam(l;ETUL ~E TT)V ta~T) TO\J (genus) XaL ta XUQaXTT)QLOtLXU yYWQLO~ata, OAAW~ n~ L<'iL6tT)tE~ (species) tTl~ tc'x~TI~ wu. l:E ~La yA.<ixJoa dvm ouvm6v va llJTUQXOUV noA.M~ ELOLXE~
AE~EL~ yLa JtOQa JTOAAE~. JTAT)V 0~(1)~ aoqJaA<.i>~ OXL yLa OAE~ TL~ naoaAA.ay~. low~ OE ~UALOTa OUtE yLa
tTl yevLxi] ta~TJ. otT)v onola llJtayovtm oL naoaA.A.ay~ am~. An6 tT)v aA.A.TJ ~EQLa Tl M~TJ ~oQd eltE
va JtEQLOQL~EtaL ~6VO OTT) YEVLXi] TU~T) ELtE va XQT)OL~OJTOLELtaL YLU va xatOVO~U~EL aJTAW~ ~La JTOLXLA.la tT)~ YEVLXi]~ ami]~ tU~T)~, fLam6 XaL, EVW OTT)V EX(j)QaOT) 'XQOVO~' [die Zeit] O\J~EQLAallf3c'xvovtm
o xo6vo~ noll EXEL neQ<xoeL 6nw~ xm o xQ6vo~ nou <'iLa8towe. aAA.a xm Tl OTLy~Tj xa8aml]v, noA.u auxva auf.IJ3alvEL o tempus va JTQEJTEL va ~etac:poaotd w~ 'euxmQla' Tj w~ 'JTEQLOTUOEL~' [Umstande] i] w~
'T) XatUAAT)AT) OTLy~Tj' [die rechte Zeit]. Am6 Jto\J {3Qloxowe OTa AE~Lxa E~qJ<lVL~6~vo W~ OLa<pOQEtLxa voTj~ata ~La~ AE~TJ~. n~ m6 noAA.~ c:poQE~ OEV dvm tlJtotE aA.A.o an6 to tva xm to am6moulvov
VOT]~a tT)~ AE~T)~. (...) l:E 6,tL ac:poQ<x, tWQa, tT) AE~T) 'yL6yxa'' T) yA.<ixJoa ~a~ ELVaL aolivatOV va OLa8EtEL
~la A.E~TI avtaJTOXQLV6~EVT) oe tva tETOLO :v6T)~a. OL6n T) L<'ita tT)~ 'yL6yxa~ <'lev llc:plOTatm otT)V xollA.touoa xm OTT) 8QT)OXEla ~a~" f3A.. HEGEL, Werke, t. II, OEA. 149, IS I.
63 llQ(3A.. tT]V xavtLUvTj 8EOT) UJT6 tT]V KQmxl) TOV Ka8a()OV A6yov 6TL 0 JTQOOOLOQL0~6~ tOll XQOVO\J
JtQOUJT08EtEL em~ovTj OtT]V JtaQati]QT]OTJ xm tT]V xatav6T]OTJ (: aile Zeitbestimmung setzt etwas
Beharrliches in der Wahmehmung voraus):

106

fAQrLA KAI fNQLH EN LXELEI ITPOL TH METAI!lPALH

~H: a) 6n dvm aMvawv va 6Lamo1w8ow !! arr6A.mn axg(~ELa xm !! axga oaq)l'lvELa OL !!ELas'IJ 1WV OLOLXELWV !!Lat; JtQOLaOl] U(jlL01U!!EVE JtOLXLAE OXEOEL, E<p'
6oov !!EVOU!!E n:gooxoA.A.n~-tvm 01lJ 6o~-til emcpave(at; 11] yA.wooat;, xa8' 6oov 1a
OXll!!a'tU 11] 00!-lll aun]t; 1a XUQUX1l]QL~H l] JtOLXLALa xm l] OUyXUOl]' ~) OtL 1a Es UQXll U(jlL01U!!EVa OUV1UX1LXU 0Xll!!U1a, La 0Xll!!U1a ll10L 11] !!UXLU OO!!ll, dvm OXEMv XOLva 0 OAE tL (jlUOLXE yAWOOE LOU XOO!!OU xm aga OLUXQLVOVLm OXL !!OVO
yw 1lJV an:A.61l]1a xm 11] oacpilvHa LOut;, aA.A.a xm (xug(wt;) yLa 11] o1a8eg61l]16.
LOUt;64 xm y) 6n l] xa80ALX01l]La 1WV !!ELUOXlJ!!aLLOtLXWV OUVaL01ll1WV 011] !!UXLU
6o~-ti16A.wv 1wv cpuoLxwv yA.woowv an:o1eA.et xaeagn xm a6La~-t<pLO~ll1lJ1ll v6Lsll
n:eg( LOU 61L 6A.a m LOE'Lxa n:EQLEXO!!EVa !!JtOQow va xaA.ucp8ouv oe 6A.et; 1L yA.wooet;65. 16LaL1Qa o 6,n acpoga 11] !!16.cpgaon dvm 8~-tEALWOout; on~-tao(at; o LOXUQLo~-t6t; LOU 6n l] !! !!ELUOXlJ!!UtLOtLXO-YQU!!!!aLLXO OJtALO!!O En:LLEAOU!!EVl] ouyxgmxil
!!EAE1l] 1WV m( !!EQOU YAWOOWV arroxaAUJt'tEL !!LUV O!!OL01l]1a 66, JtOU EVLOJtL~ELm
o1n !!UXLa 6o~-ti16A.wv 1wv cpumxwv yA.woowv 67 xm n:ou m' ouoev( !!JI:OQEL va EslJYll8( !! 1l]V En:LXAl]Ol] 11] an:A.ilt; OU!!Jt1WOl]t; ll OUVLUXLat; 68 . 0L JtQOOYYLOELt; aU1Et; LOU
Chomsky XaL'tWV TOO!!OXLUVWV dvm, VO!!L~OU!!E, OuyyEVEL !! tL ava~l]1llOH 1WV

64 rwut6 xm TJ AELtoUQyla twv !!EtUOXTJILanonx<i>v xav6vwv xa6<i>~ xm TJ JtaQouota a/../..wv naQay6-

65

66

67
68

vtwv tQ01t01tOLOUV tT]V UQXLXi) ILOQq:>i) tWV OXTJILUtWV !LE 11Ltt6 U1tOtEAEO!LU: 1tQWtOV, 1\wq:>OQEtLXU
oxiJ~tata tT)~ ILUxLa~ llo~tl\~ OUILJtLntow oto rntnello tTJ~ 1\o~tl\~ emq:>avdm; xm, 1\emeQOv, ti\La oxl\~ta
ta tT]~ ILUxW~ 1\o~tl\~ 1\Wq:>oQOJtOLOWtaL OtT) 1\o~tl\ EJtLq:>aVELU~. rw toV Chomsky XaL toll~ 6Lao<i>tE~
tTJ~ revmxi)~- MnaoxTJ~tanatLxi)~ fQa~t~tatLxi)~ TJ llwat6tT)ta, nou EXEL TJ YQaiLILanxi) ami) va avaYEL ta navta OtT) ILUxLa llo~tl\ aq:>' ev6~ 1\Leuxo/..weL tTJ OWtaxnxi) JtEQLyQaq:>i), aq:>ou ~t6vo xat' am6v
tov tQ6Jto el~taote oe 6EOTJ va ou/..Aaf3ou~te xm va aQ6Q<i>oowe n~ JtQaYILanxt~ oxtoEL~ twv 6Qwv,
XaL aq:>' EtEQOU!LU~ OWtQEXEL OtO va avaxaA'\nj!01JILE tT) j3amxi) OTJ!!UOLa tWV 1tQOtUOEWV, Eq:>' 6oov ta
aQxLxa auta oxti~tata avtmQoownEl!ow LIIL6tTJtE~ OTJ~taoLo/..oyLxi)~ uq:>i)~. LIIL6tTJte~ xaQaxtTJQLOtLxt~
i)yow, nou 1\ev IILaxQlvovtm navtote yLa tTJ oaq:>i)vwi tou~ Oto rntnel\o tTJ~ 1\o~tiJ~ rnLq:>aveta~.
BA., O!LW~, AITCHISON, The Anicu/ate Mammal, OEA. 175, o 01tOLO~ YQUq:>EL: The hypothesis that we
recover a Chomsky-like deep structure when we comprehend a sentence has not been disproved, but is
on the whole unlikely.
H xa6e y/..<i>ooa VaL !LEV anoona XaL OVO!LU~EL ILE tQ01tO IILaq:>oQEtLX6 tT)V EILJtELQLa, 1t01l OXTJILUt~EL 0 av6QW1t0~ JtEQL tou XOo!LOU -nQ(:l/... MOUNIN, Les problemes theoriques de Ia traduction, oe/... 77 -, a/..M aut6 1\ev OTJILULVEL 6n.o av6QW1t~ dvm Loo{'ltw~ IIEOILLO~ tOU Llle"LXOU OUOtl\!LUtO~ 1tOU XAT)QOVOILL an6 tT)
ILTJtQLXi) tou y/..<i>ooanQ(:lA. TATILON, Traduire, OEA. 43 !LE ol;uiiEQXELa EltLOTJILULVEL o MARTINET, Une
langue et Je monde, oe/... I, 6n sans doute convient-il den 'en pas exagerer Ia ponee: Ia vision du monde qui
nous est imposee par notre premiere langue ne nous emche pas, radica/ement, d'en acquerir une autre
par I 'apprentissage d'une deuxieme: traduire. d'une langue aune autre. ne veut par dire necessairement
trahir (...). Mais il reste que tout transfen de langue alangue rec/ame, pour ~tre satisfaisant, une repensee et
resulte necessairement d'un effon individuel pour echapper aIa contrainte tres puissance qu 'entrafne
/'acquisition premiere du language dans une communaute paniculiere. OL EltLOTJ!LUVOEL~ dvm IILXE~ ILU~
TIQ(3/... CALLENS, Grammaire transformationelle et methodologie de Ia traduction, oe/... 37 rn.
Am6c; etvm xmo A6yo~ yLa tov orroto o CHOMSKY, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, oe/... 121 rn., 6eWQEL 6n TJ MetUOXTJILUtLOtLXi) fQUILILUtLXi) aJtOtEAEL a direct denial of the Humboldt-Sapir- Whorf
hypothesis in its strongest form. -A~ ILTJ ILU~ 1\LU(j)E\JYEL, navtw~. tT)~ JtQOooxi)~ 6n TJ tOOILOXLavi) 6eWQLU,1tOU Xataynm tOOO a1t6 tT)V XUQtEOWvi) OQ60AOyLxi) JtUQ<li\OOT) 600 XaL an6 tT)V aJtOQL\jn] tWV
OXLVEQLaVWV 01liLJtEQL(j)OQLXWV, UUOtT)QOtata EILJtELQLXLOtLXWV !!OvtEAWV, UOXOAEltm !LEtT) y/..<i>ooa
oe rntnel\o t6oo IILaq:>oQEnx6 an6 6,n TJ 6e<t>QLa tou Whorf, <i>ote o Chomsky ome rnL~e~m<i>vEL ome
UQVELtaL tT)V un66EOT) toU Wharf.

107

H aVLXVEUOTJ tT]t; YQU!l!lll EXELVTJ, nou OCTJYEL tov Chomsky ant; aJtaQXE tou
XUQtEmavou OQ80AOYW!lOU, aJtOtEAEL MoXOAT] anootoAl], T] OJtOLa YLVEtaL 6uoxoMtQT], av avaA.oyLo8ou!l 6n o Descartes 6v EXEL aoxoA.T]8d L6LattQa !l 811ata
XaL (;T]tl]!lata a<pOQWVta tT] yA.wooa. fLa tOV Descartes OL XQLXOL tT]t; aAUOLCat;, JtOU
EVWVOUV tT] yA.wooa !! tT]V JtQUY!!UtLXOtT]ta, OXL !!OVO CEV EXOUV OqJUQT]AUtT]8d t600, wot va d vm LOXUQOL, aA.M xm EmtQEJtouv tT] 6LaA.UOTJ tou oxEnxou CEO!!OU
aJt6 tT] OtLY!lll JtOU EUAOYW !!JtOQEL va t8d EQWtT]!!U a<pOQWV av OXL tT] VO!lL!!OtT]ta, touMxwtov to 8E!!Lt6v tT]t; E<paQ!lOYll EV6t; LCE'Lxou nA.awtou a !!La <pLA.ooo<pLxl] JtQOOEYYWTJ tT]t; yA.wooat; xa8autl]v. At; COUll tL YQU<pEL o t6LOt; o Descartes:
"m A.e~EL ouxva CTJ!!LOUQyouv E!!Jt66La otout; av8Qwnout;, JtQoowmxwt; 6 txw
!!JtQ6Eutd oux oA.tyEt; <pOQE an6 6QOU tilt; xa8' TJ!lEQav XQTJOL!!OJtOLOU!!EVTJ
yA.waaat;" (L!taAOYWf.10t) 72 "ta EX tT]t; XQllOEW tT]t; yA.wooat; JtQOXUJttOvta (;T]tl]!lata avacp1)ovtm t6oo ouxva, wot TJ naoa a!l<pLoBi!tTJOTJ xm EQL 8a !!JtOQOUO va
<puyEL OQWtLXU aJt6 tOUt; XUXAOU tWV qJLAOOOqJWV, av OL tEAEU'taLOL !!JtOQOUOUV va
OU!l<pwvl]oouv a 6,n a<poQa to v6T]!la twv A.e~Ewv" (Kav6V"? 3 LU!l<pwva !!E tov
Descartes, T] U<pWtU!!EVTJ OXEOTJ !!Eta~u yA.wooat; xm avtLAT]1jJT] dvm !!UAAOV OAE8QLa, CLOtL OVtWt; T] yA.wooa JtUQUXWAUEL tT] yvWOT]: "aXO!la xm av T] OtEVW EVVOOU!!EVT] xatav6T]OTJ axoA.ou8d anA.wt; 6,n OT]!lato6otttm an6 to 6vo11a, TJ <pavtaota ava(;T]ta va 6o!ll]OEL !!La owotl]v ELx6va tou avnXEL!levou EtaL, wot TJ aA.T]8Lvl]
xatav6T]OTJ xa8aml]v va !!JtOQd va Bamo8d a aA.A.a xaQaXtT]QLOnxa tou avtLXEL!lEvou nou va !lTJV EX<pQa(,;ovtm an6 to Exaotot ouyxEXQL!!EVO 6vo11a" 74
H <pLA.ooocpta, 6!!W, nou navtQ1jJ o Chomsky !l tov OQ8oA.oyw!l6, dvm JtQwo6tQO <pLA.ooocpta tou vou yEvLxwt; xm A.Ly6tQO <pLA.ooocpta tT] yA.wooat; anA.wt;. Ent
JtAEOV, JtaQUCEXO!!EVO 6n T] CO!lll Em<pavdat; tT]t; yA.wooat; EXEL OXOtELVE JtAEUQEt;
xm yEwa JtQoBA.il!lata, EAUXLOta a<ptatatm an6 tT]V xaQtEOLaVr] ano1j!T] 6n TJ yA.wooa JtQOXUAEL OUYXUOEL, JtQUY!lU JtOU tOU Eyyuatm tT]V EyitUQOtT]ta tWV QUOLOVUALOtLXWV tou anaQxwv. LTJ!lUvtLx6tEQTJ, O!!W, wt; ELALXQLvll Ex6l]A.woT] twv an61j!Ewv
toU XaL W E~UvtAT]tLXl] OT]!!ELWOT] WtOQLXll JtOQELU ELVaL lJ JtQOOJtU8ELa tOU va Jta69
70
71
72
73
74

Og~f...

evbmmxa ARNAULT, The Art of Thinking: Port-Royal Logic.

Bf... CHOMSKY, Language and Mind, aef... viii.
Bf... xm tT]V xgmxl\ twv HATIM 1 MASON, Discourse and the Translator, aEf... 31 rn.
DESCARTES, The Philosophical Works of Descartes, t. I, aEf... 155.
DESCARTES, The Philosophical Works of Descartes, t. I, OEA. 51.
DESCARTES, The Philosophical Works of Descartes, t. I, aEf... 59.

108

60I
SnrlS;nm,l 1DA)3 5130AJ;>rll!Out31Q '!!!A ''(30 'PU!W pu'IJ ;}~nf/uq'A)!SWOH:::> r;;L

-1D1D A01D1X"9"(3 ,lDX 10 Soo A(),OdmOA.1031 DA A(),OOOmillDOOll1031 U031(),"(DX AUlD

.SI,lxunrhlDoA. Sl,t.X1"(09DX S?XOD S13Qq>1ocw Soo m1A().000039 cwu lloooll1031 AUlD
1DX Drl9XD 'D10M? l,t.AD10310DX AUl 3rl S3?Q1 1,1. S31391,l"(D 3rl(),000039 S11 DA 1DX S?rl09
SpA3A.A.3 S3A?rl0939 S11o "9X1A.o"( 3lDDrl903tDDAD DA 3rl().oooml A39 Soorl9 All"(II 'A003o
-"9othx3 Aq>X11Drlllo AOOA?rlllrlog S311l19lDACt9 Soo 1,1. Sl,t.XoACto S1,t.x10ooo-xA. S311l19lDACt9
Soo .. A().09DDOtDD13rl, DA l,l9D"(UQ 'A().09it3Ailrl03 DA A(),0001rl 'itOA itOA11ql09AD it01
S311l19ADX1 Soo S3A3rl().000039 '(S;}Jm:mJJS ;}Jl?Uu!) 5lrlog 5J3A3U3 S?Amxorlool 10
SDoDq>"(A. Sl,lx1"(A.A.D Sll1 SDwooxA.noo191 Sll113rl"9ACt913X3 Sl,t.ADthrl3 mww1e
-Dx DA Soo3Dq>AA. Aql913 A00110ll,lllclut"("9X1131,t.X103rlll 'dB(l;)AO 0139 A9AD911- Slloq>AA.
Sll1ll913 "9110"( Dl 1DX 009 DDDq>"(A. Ill 0091 3rlitOD1000AA. DA mA. "9X1"(A.A.D DlD 13(),3rl
-1olloX SDrl 9litD Drll,lo 39 01 '"9X1"(A.A.D DlD .. Mom{ 01, Soo m1A0~"9othm3rl 'SI,t.X1"(D11 Sll1
..;)J;):>souo:>, mx .. ;)J;)dBs, mx Sl,t.X1"("(DJ Sll1 ..;)ll!BUUO:>, mx ..J!OABS, 'SI,t.X1ADrl03J Sll1
.. u;)UU;)){ nz, mx .. u;)SS!M nz, 'SI,lx1Ail"("(3: Sll1 .. mrlDlD113, 1DX ..D910, ' .. oo~1000AA., DlDrl
-l,lo m 'SilAth1D '119 3rl().oeurlne DA '3rlno~1rloA 'pxoD ooo?lOOAD no1 uooooo1u3 S13 ... uo
-q>M, SD"(?miDl Sill AU"(l 9A10X 0"("("9 310111 ACtOX? Allrl DA 31Dql 'SitOl (),~Dl3rl (),"(01
0091 ACtOO?tDD19 DA pooml Slloq>AA. Sill ll913 O(),Q Dl 11919 '10DrlA."901 S101 A3 139001"(
-3rl39 DA O"(OXD()-9 (),"(01 D0"91 1DApl,llctD '0091000 'D1U1910rl0 H 'D1A.O"(ODDOO"(JU1 D1A.
mx D1tDOD0"(1<1> Ul mA. 1DX DDitOO?tDD19A3 it001 ~3 "91D19DX AUl- 13(),3gD301 S0191 0 1DX
31000"("("9 'Soou9- SD1010 Sll1 D1DDrlllo l,lx1A.O"(OrllllD1131,llDACt91l03l().Oct31l 'A){SWOI.IJ
(),01 UD?9 OOA"91DOD1 Alll 3rl(),09X3Q SOOA?rlctoA.IlOOl AD '0rl09X AOOl mA. Aql139U"(D
A0009tDD19 lloq>AA. llw mx SDDDq>"(A. Smrllloq>AA. llw DD3rl"9AD mll191orlo l,lx11D1009
-Dx Sooox"9 1DlDlD1tDct 119 3rlnoo?eoun DA '3rlno~1rlOA '01DxA.DAD Sq>X11XD1113 1DA13:
'3rlit0A10XD19 01 DA O"(OXD()-9 (),"(01 D0"91 Drl '(),"(01 1DA13 'SDODq>"(A.
Sll1 lloq>AA. Ill 3rl Sq>"(1D 1X9 mx 13A?A. A3 lloq>AA. Ill 3rl no1 D100039 lll,t.X113Xo D139
-l,l"(D ,lD 1DA13 0091 "91DX 0111919 .itQl S13D?9001 S?X1tDOD0"(1tD I S?X1AOrllllD113 S11
S001 pA.O"(DAD DA 31Dql 'll"("9A.3rl 0091 'OOlD? 'l,lll"("9A.3rl 00911DA13 A3Q SD1tD000"(1<1>
Sll1 ct01D1D"(1 no1 S91A3 Snm "911l191DQct01D ll 'SDDDq>"(A. Sill S3rll,llD113 S3"(1X101 S11
mA. "9X11ADrlllo Soo1A91DA13 '13A.I,l"(D1Dx D101o DlD 'mDrlD?"(3101D m q>A3 '"9'X'XV suo
-q>AA. Sill D100039 Ill mA. "9X11ADrlllo Sooll,t.0011ADAD ADDI,l D9 itOl "91Drll,t.Oit3 Dl 'OOlD?
'1,1. S13cft()."(DXDAD 10 'Siloq>AA. Sogp 00311D1Q1 o101"9X 3rl S3A3rl9~113Xo noA no1 S311l1
-919111?013 S31DOOAA."9 13cft')."(DXDAD DA itOl S?139J;l10001 10 ADD(),Orl1X09it3 AV . ~L"01
-9019X1A.Octo1rlll9 mx oo3e0-3"(31lel,t.Ano AOl "91DX SDooq>"(A. Sll11lol,loX ll SllAth1D mAp
Soou9 'Aooll,l1010illDD09 'Aq>X1AOADX llD3"(?1113 Alll "91DX i\OOll,llOADX1 Aq>X11UOA AOOA
-110009AD llollxo"9 AlllD 1D1A13X91ct nou (pufw JO S;}fJJ;}doJd) rwA rw1 531/.ll
-97971311()."(DX01D SDDDq>"(A. Slllll1?"(3rlll119, '13th"90A. ;,oo().3lD1ll, ~,t.x1A.o-xooooo-xA.
1DX l,t.X1A.O"(OrllllD113 1DX 1DA13 it01 D100039 1!119 D?91 AUl 91D "9A1X3~ A)\Sill04:::) 0
'3Xit1?13 01 A39 Sq>u 3rlit0(),3lD11 'Soorl9 '"9X11000001 - Drl?e 0"("("9
1DA13 '3Xil1?13 01 'S001A9 'AD 01 .A9111031 13DI,llDD1DX AOl DA SDDDq>"(A. Sll11,Lrlo9 mX
-(),rll,lx1"(09DX All191D ooo().A. no1 Sl,lm"("9AD Sll1 ooo?rJ1DX 9rlo1x113Xo A0113D1AOOxA.Do

H:rVdii>Vl3W Hl Wdll I3:HX:r N3: HnlNJ IV)! v:r:WVJ

Oil
"6P "'(.3D 's;UnJ:JnJJS :JfJ:JlJJUAS 'A.)ISWOH:J 9L

- - - - -- - - - mx l,lX1lDTITIX>OJ l,lX1TIOM~X>~ lt 131\l?XMUOl.CX> OJOlCO OlD '11l?X - nmrll,l"'(f)OOlC SX>DD<J)"'(A.

Slt1 SnpA.nclm.C3 Sl,lrlo<;> Sltllll?"'(3rlltll?lDX X>MOllC'}XX>A.X> m nw 13c;t"'(1lC3 X>A. mltl9lD"-et<;> ltl 0091 5(l)A.?rletoA.o"'(orlo 131?9X>1<;> t,txunrlrlX>OJ t,txuounrlltXDX>l3JAJ:-I,lX113A.3J H
Lto<J)A.A. ltlD SltonfJD90lC mx SltD<J)A.A. 5etOlC90l 5etO"'(JX10lC A.CtO~l?30ltlC3 mx A.Cl0').3A.(l)X
-MD 53DD<J)"'(A.10 Setol SX>J3A.X>d>11C3 S?rlO<;> Suo 119 '}OrlD1oetXD1 Cl011X>X l,lrlo<;> mXc;trll,lx
-1"'(09X>X A.Cl01?9X>1<;> 53DD<J)"{A. 10 119 '}OTID10etXD1 ClOl '}~X>l3rl X>llll91DflrletDX> 1X>lX>lDJd>Cl
A-3<;> 'ml3A.JX>d> 11'9 91CX> '1191v snoD<J)"'(A. Slt1 rowrl - 1Dl? 3rlCtoDI,l"'(1rl X>A. mA. - ml3~
-JmrlltXD 1X>X ltD<J)A.A.lt l,llDA.Ct<;> 1X>lDlDJ9X>X OJOlCO 1\01 l?lDX 'OlC90l 1\01 3Til?X113XD X>JO
-(1)39 lt 13XI,lA.X> SetOJOlCO Snow mx Jl04A\ no1 5X>JO(l)39 SltlJO<;>X>lCO 10 M01?9 etolC mnrl
-l,l"'(f)OOlC X>l13D'}"'(1lC3 X>A.J3001Crl A-3<;> 'ltoltopX11C3 .. ltrl1rl9A., 1?1011\ClD mx l?"'("'(X> 'orl1cftl,l"'(
-11C3 01 3101CJ113X? A-3<;> OA.9rl1X9 ClOlC '5(l)rl9 'l,lletX> X>A.rl10?rl H 9LSX>DD<J)"'(A. SmrlltD<J)A.A.
ltA.?rlltrlo<;> ltl1X>ll?lXDOOlC X>A. etOA. etOMlC<J)09A.X> CtOl Smltl9A.X>X1 Sc;tOA.3A.A.3 Smrllt~oX>lC'}
A.ltl13~J3<;>X>1X>X X>A. 'ltrl<J)A.A. ltl 3rletOX? '1X>A.J3 ,()\SW04J ClOl X>10A.A.? lt lt"'(O SnDD<J)"'(A.

Smrl etOD?rl m<;> ltD<J)A.A. Sl?lXOlCX> X>A. CtOlmx SX>DD<J)"'(A. SmrlltD<J)A.A. 513X? X>A. c;tol c;t~m
-3rlltD10Xl?1<;> lt1Dl9X1MX>rlltD A.ltl J30A.A.X> X>A. 1X>l3A.JX>d> ' .. snreJ'eddu [lllnPnJlS PllllSQU,
'}OX1"'(09X>X 591\3 A.(l)09 5(l)3DI,loX Sltl (l)D?rl SX>DD<J)"{A. Sltl Sl,lrlo<;> SmXc;trl Sltl 5(1)30
-l,lA.lt~3 50lC901 5003l'}"'(X>X o 119 A)[SW04::> o 5X>lA.<J)O(l)36 SnDD<J)"'(A. Sltl 5(l)3DI,lOX SetOlC

-901 5Cl013TIClOA.JX>9X>rl X>A. (AlplldU:>) X>lltl9A.X>X1 A.ltl9l.CX> 00319DD1031C 310lCJl mx 0031

-9A.1"'( 310l.CJ1 3<;> 5(l)DJ '5X>JD(l)A.A.oA.X31 (Al!lll!lU;)lOd) mlt19X11ltA.et<;> mrl- Sc;toA.3A.A.3 CtOl
S<J)"'(l.CX> 0<;>31CJlC3 OlD 3TI'}09XX>A.X> A.X> - A.O"'("'(l?rl 'l,l (..M04 MOU)[,) ..SX>JD(l)A.A.OA.X31, So<;>J3
X>A.? l?"'("'(X> '(;)~p;)[MOU)[) l.tD<J)A.A.1X>A.J3 A-3<;> 'poA.nmx mx J3"'(1rlo etolC SX>DD<J)"'(A. Smrl X>JO
-131Crl3 A-UlD SOlC(l)Oe"-l? 0 131\l?ecl.> OJOlCO 01 3rl 9 1ClX> 'l?OCl3"'(lC U"'("'(l? A.ltl 9 w 'A)[SWOq:)
A.Ol -D1J : S?lDX>XOlD SetOA.3rl9~X>A.03 1?X1A.0"'(0900 SClOl mA. Sl.tD<J)A.A. Sltl Soo?rl 53<;>
-<J)1DClO A.'}0"'(310lCX> 531391,l"'(X> l,l 53?<;>1 SJ3A.3A.A.3 (l).\9"'( 1\3 10 119 1X>A.J3 ltD3991Cetlt"'(9 A.l.tlD
A.OO?d>X>1<_;>A.3 01 X>l'}X>l l?OX>U "MfJ13()liyv ACJ)i\3,{,{3 J031C l?OX>lC A.O"'("'(l?rl ACJ)3(}1 ACJ)i\3,{,{3
J031C A.').0"'(1rlO A.X>l9 'S?XOX> 53DClOA.J310lCCl '5303lO?lCCl 53101Cl?X A.'}09Cl0"'(0XX> 31').0 SplC
-31\ClD Cl0"'(99DX 1X>A.J3 1\3<;> ClOl'}Ol 1\DO?l.C ...SI,lA.3A.A.3, 31\?"'( A.X>l9 'A.C).OOM3 S<J)f)10XD Jl 01
soolC s(l) "-c;tOA.(l)d>rlno "-9<;>"-ncl.>nA.n 3lc;to l?llto 3lc;to c;torlo1"'(DA.o1ono nolJOX1Dn"{x 10
S3JA.Oet0113"'( 53A.?TI10X3XA.ClD 13D?"'(3111C3 DA. ClOA.?TI13XOOlC 'J310lCOTI1DltoX 53JOlCO
511 '531ltl9A.DX1 mx 009 53lltl91<;>1 0091 131?9X>1<;> SetOA. 0 119 3TI'}09X3<;> DA. 13lC?Ol1lC3

Ill
pliiJ spoqJ;Jw uf IU!nbu! JO suos OMJ ;JijJ U;);)MJ;Jq S;J:Ju;JJ;Jlf!P ;JijJ '.rewumJa 1/I!M 'iluore S:JfJSfn'ilu!f fiJJnJ:JruJs
OJU! p;JJIJJ'if;JJUf pliiJ pMOf;JA;Jp Sf S:JfJIIIJW;JS U;JijM pliiJ J! ';Js.mo:J JO 'puv ('") suofJ:JUfJS!P q:Jns JO.J SJU!I/ 1/I!M
J;JijdOSOf!ljd ;JijJ ;JpfAOJd Jlj:1fW SJ[nsaJ fiJWJO}Ij:Jns .JO UOfJIJJU;JSaid ;JijJ pliiJ 'suo{J:JUf1SfP remd;J:JUO:J JIIIJJJOdWf
f;JifiJJIJd ];J:1JijifW S;JJnp;J:JOJd fiJWJOj AQ SJ;JAO:JSfp JS[n8U!f ;JijJ SUOf1:JUf1S!P SSIJ[:J ;JijJ 'Sf JflljL 'AIJM UMO
Sflj Uf ;JUfUJilX;J 01 ;JfQIJJfJOJd 1! pu!J pfnOM J;JqdosOf!ljd ;JqJ JIJI/1 S;JSSIJf:J mo ;JJIJJIJd;Js lf;JM JlJi!W Jf 's;Jsodmd
Sflj1 JO} sp;};}U ;Jij J[nS;JJ ;Jij] J;J!jdOSOf!ljd ;Jij] ;JAfi }f;JS]f ]OU S;JOp SWJ;JJ {IJWJO} Af;JJnd Uf ;Jif/niliiJ[}O SfsAfiJIIIJ
;JqJqinoqJ U;JA:!J :ncb~,\ 50')010 o m 61L ''(30 's:>fJSfniun fiJ.InJ:JniJS pliiJ SfsAfiJUV [fi:Jfljdosotfi/J 'NOJSlV
Cl01 513cf\<)1CD 10 1DlAOAJDcb 5J;>11 A(I)30I,t1ll~Di\l) A<!JX1cb000'(1cbl.lOi\Cl8(t31DX All1 500lL 531111\<)A D031JD1\?1

08

'Z6P ''(3D 'II '1 'SiUfJfJM. p;JJ:J;Jf;JS 'NOSSO:>!Vf ''(flilU 6L

';JiiJniUIJf ;Jij].JO [nOS puiJ pOO[q ;JijJ 1DAJ3\tX11D1111DOA ll '(j;L ''(30 ';J81JniUIJ1.JO ;J:JU;Jf:JS ;JijJ
UO S;JJnJ:J;J] '~3110VII XllVII DA<!J1D ClOA311(tOAI.lOOlL Cl01 i\(1)0~11 i\(1)1 <)X1ll.lO(I)38 i\01 311 DA(I)cb11(t3: - 'l3 I (
''(3D ';JiiJniuqfiJnJ:JV puiJ AJO;JI/L :Jf1Sfniun '1HVG~393S J;>X113Xo

''(flou - csuOfJIJAJ;Jsqo) S;J:JUf!J;]JJn

.JO sndJO:J ;J]fU!J IJ UO p;JSIJq Sf ljSff:1Ug .JO JIJWWIJJi V :6v 'I ''(30 'S;JJn]:JnJJS :J{J:JIJJUAS 'A :>ISVIIOH::> 8L
'1C3(:(: ''(3D ';JAfJ:J;}dSJ;JJ AIIJUO{Jn[OA:!J liiJ WOJ] JU;JWdO[;JA;JG ;JiiJniuq 'AG3NN3:>1 .1~3GGI1.1S ''(flOU LL

-nodY~>13rllt1mx 08 -ooo<:>'{A. Lt1 311 53A3rl939MD 53910? ~ 53Aa30? 5?X1A.o'{orlltwm3 ADD

-3'{'1;>X001C cwu DA13X3 ?lOll ADD~ A39 ~1cw nmrl~1Lt~ m Srorl<;> AU'{l.C 'A38C).31A31"0X Scto'{
-?10lD10V ao1 ~Xom Alt1 <)l.C"O Sctocb<)D0'{1cb Sct0113D~'{oXonw MOX? - 6LSD1031D:;:t
Slt1 Ltoo9~onu ~X1'{0Xo ltw m1p'{nxoun nA ml3~18UMD Srou<;> '-epow:l!JQO sJ-e Sro
- ~X1l"OrlrlnoA. lt1 3rl"OA3rl<)39MD mnrl~1lt~ 119 <)lD(l)AA <)l.C"O (l)A~l.C"OO"Ol 1l~X 'mng?g
'mAH 8L5(lxuvrlrlva,{ llDCfJII.A Sro1oax 13A1Drllto 5DDDCfJYA llDCfJAA A)jSWOl[;) A01"01J
'Ac;tomuo31C nA '5<))'{11J ~ Sc;torlo1A.o'{Ol.Cct Sc;toxultrl
-910"0 MOA~X "OA 'AC).0'{3A. "OA A(l)li\<) A(l)A11C(l)08A"O A(l)1 "01U1<)A"OX1 AU1 <)l1J 0031<)X1li\
-nrllto '3rlct0~1rlOA 'mAp A39 S<)')x1A.o'{orlltw11C3 A<)')1ctn A<)')rlo9 A(l)1 5?A3A.A.3 Ol uct01
S~oltM?A. Slt1UO<)') Alt1 ~mx ctOlC<))08AD (38~X) C).01<)'{mrl 010 AnXo~un, ctol.C '53138~'{"0
5pA3A.A.3 Sro ~onu ctoA ct01 S31Lt19191 53rl1D?8n19 ~ 531U1<)A"OX1 Sro AO'{'{~rl '5101().01
A3 'm1AOcb~oA.1031C ctou 'ltrtl.lt'{'{C).D ~ctcb0191 . U'{Og1cbrlnAn AC).0'{3101C"O 5?rl09 SpA3A.A.3
5?Amxorloo110 n,orlo<;>x ct011031C ltD<)')AA. 513X? "OA ao1 o031<)X1130ocbm9 S<)')X11010l
11~X mA13 SUDD<)')'{ A. Smrl UD<))AA. lt 'mA13 A39 - "Oll.C3'{<)031Cl39 0 I m "OlA0~1A.A.3DOOlC
OA<)OX 3D Aro01?rl<)l"OX3 Sro3D~lD011J Ltrtlct'{'I;>X lt ~ C).01'{01fl ct01 Orl1~J"Ol.C (OX1~<)ct0101g
mx nrl<;>xn) 01 X'{ Srou9- ctoo~un,x ctoA11!<)')08AD ct01 53llt1<)1~39 53'{'{~ ctou 'A0101?1
Ol.C<)01 ~mx Lt9mx 'ctOlC<)')08AD cto1 ~ro~ ~X111CU'{1M"O 1~xultoA Alt1 mA. Snworllto S~x
-11D1008DX mA13 'SnOD<)')'{ A. Smrl"01'{1rlo Alt1 3rl1"01300C).11C"OA"O mx m1pA031'{'{DX ctol.C
'UlU1<)1~39 lt 11<)AO'{OW '13A?A. A3 UD<)')AA lt ~l"OM9 1"0A13 OJOl!O A01 3rl 'ctOlC<)(h ct01lto
-ltA.~~3 AUlD ~cboorlmx nrl~Xo 13X?OU1C ctOlC 'nrlA.139~0UlC <)OctXD11"0X ooctXA.? 13'{3101C"O
'A)jSWO!D ct01UDU8JOlC31 "01"0093 Al.ll ~mx 'ctOl mx ltD<))AA. lt1 ~l"OM9 ~1D18"0X ctOlC
mlt1<)A"OX1 Amrl mA. 1"0113X<)Oll (pu!w u-ewnq <>1[1 JO AJp-ed-e::> [flU0!1flZ!Ufl:iJo <>1-euu!)
11011. aOII.11CCfJO(}II.D a01 1J1U19ADX1 (1X11(1)11.1JAOO 5(111.3AA3 ~'{'{"0 '(d~lm~UUJ JO AUddoJd)
5-ooO<)')'{A. SLt1mlt19191mAp A39 'Srorl<;> ~x1mrlrlnoA. ~X1'{08DX ~Amxorlom It '('l.C'{'X
5-oDD<)')'{A. Slt1 A<)')rl09 M}lX1'{08"0X A(l)1 nrllt'{f)<)Ol 01 '01(l)08A~ A01 <)W 5DDD<)')'{A Sltl
Sltolt1x~mx Slt1nrllt'{g<)Ol 01 '5-oDD<))'{A. Sltl Smlt1<)X1A.Oct01rllt9 Slt1nrllt'{g<)Ol 01 X'{
Srou<;>) SnDD<))'{A. Slt1 m9 mx noD<)')'{A.lt1<)W mM38J1 ctol.C mnrl~'{goou U031<)X1A3A.m
'5?1ctl) 5?A(l)Al)Al) 10 1l)li\0A~lC3AaD ctOl 'A(l)30~1X3001 A<)')X11UO(l)38 A(l)11l)X SUDD<)')'{A.
Slt1 S~rl09 SmXc;trl Slt1 0931C11C3 OlD Slt1 A<)')A.roA.nAn A<)')X0"019 A(l)1 roo?rl 13C).3Altrlo3
nA mlt1<)WM9 Lt1mx 009 '- n1oro39 ~xuo1rl09 S~xunrlrlnoA. 1031 no~u no31<)X1A3A.

H!Vd<I>Vl3W Hl Wdll 13BX! N3 H!15NJ IV)! VU15VJ

m<pavdas;" Av, 6~-tws;, n bo~-tiJ mt<pavdas; dvm 6vtws; anatnM xm naganA.avnnxij, EXOW iJbn axed auto~-tatws; (JtQ EJtL:rtbO XELVO, 6:rt01J YEWWvtaL ta yA.wamxa I
!!Eta<pgaanxa ngo~M~-tata xm xaetatatm touA.axwtov EuA.oyo<pavijs;- yta va l!lJV
nou~-t: nA.ijgws; anobbELY~-tvos;- o yA.waatx6s; axnxta~-t6s; 83 IlQLttUEL b taws; va
:rtOU!! 6tL n ~-tta<pgaan m' oubvt anotAL exercise degrammaire 84 , bnA.abij a<JXT/OT/
OTT/ yoaflf.Wnxrj, iJ imitation grammatica/e, ijtOL fli!lT/OT/ yoaflflanxrj~.
H etan tOU Chomsky ~ta~taL bw ws; buvatil xm ~aaLa~-tEVl] atl] ~~m6tl]ta
EvaA.A.axnxij ataan antvavtt awv <JXtLxLa~-t6 - ataan nou EXEL boxt~-taaed xm anobELx8L atLs; bo~-ts; m<pavi.as; tWV <pUaLXWV YAW<J<JWV. E:rtL :rtAEOV U:rtOatl]QL~OU!!
tov :rtQO~AlJ!!UtL<J~-t6 wu George Steiner y(Jgw an6 tO Eav "to auvoA.o twv auatn~-ta
twv, nou Etvm AU8Qa auvu<patvo~-ttvwv, oao6ijnot ~a8ta' xm av aVLXVUtm o
~-tux6s; taus;, oao6ijnot !!OQ<pLx6s; xm av dvm o modus operandi wus;, ea au~aA.ouv
xm n6ao aw va xatavoijaou~-t to <pumx6 Myo nou OI!LALtm xm axouytm"85 Ta
~-t6Va a:rtOtAEa~-tata, :rtOU EXOUV an~-taa(a yLa tl]V Ematl]!!OAOy(a tWV QUVWV tWV
ona6wv tns; Metaaxn~-tananxijs; fQa~-t~-tattxiJs; ato :rtbto tns; axtans; yA.waaas; xm
yvwans;. Etvm ta agvnnxa, ns; 6 :rtQwa6tQs; <pogts; cpatvovtm Exd, 6nou n Metaaxn~-tmwnxij fQa~-t~-tanxij6v magxd, yta va E~l]yijaEL tl]V avwttgw axton xm, ELgijaew EV nag66w, 6v magxd, yta va tl]V EslJYilaEL, yta f.vav anou6ato, anou6m6tato Myo: bt6tL ngoanaed va ~-tEA.nijaEL tl] yA.waaa a<plJQlJ!!EVa, ~-tf.aw tl]s; avaA.uans;
anA.ws; tns; auvtaxnxijs; tl] 6o~-tiJs;86 . Ou6ds; A.oytx6s; a~-t<pL~aA.A.EL 6n n yvwan tou auvtaxnx~u anotA.d ngoanmtou~-tEVlJ yvwan twv xgnatwv tl] yA.waaas;, nA.nv 6~-tw
status of conclusions. though not in ultimate aim. may well be reduced to the vanishing point. OL 'U1tOYQ<l!!-

!!LOHI; avipww OE E~-tac;.- nQOc; tT]V l.liLa "OT]!!OOWAOYLXT)" xamThNOT] XLVOWtaL OL FODOR I KATZ, The
Structure of Semantic Theory, oE/... 473 rn., xm o ZIFF, Semantic Analysis. .
81 nQ~A. LADMIRAL, Traduire, OEA. 50 EJt.
82 CHOMSKY, Language and Mind, OEA. 37.
83 n Q~A. El'lw tT]V xalQW xowwvwy/..wooo/..oyLxlj 1taQattlQTJOT] wu LABOY, Language and the Inner City,
oE/... 124, 6n we know now enough about language in its social context to realise that the grammar of
the speech community is more regular and systematic than the behaviour of one individual. Unless the
speech pattern is studied within the overall system of the community, it will appear as a mosaic of
unaccountable and sporadic variation. OL rnWTJ~-t<lvoac; Elvm l'lLxc; ~-tac;.
84 B/... LADMIRAL, Traduire, OEA. 54 E1t.
85 STEINER, After Babel, OEA. 107.

86 H too~-toxLavlj anO\jJT] 1tQOUno8tH tT]V l'lw ~-toou tT]c; YQO~-t!J.anxljc; ouvtEAOU!J.EVTJ I ouvtEAE08T]o6~-tE
VTJ EV6tT]ta tT]c; yl..<iJooac; n/..nv 6~-twc;, ouwpwva xm 1-lE tT]V na/..ma l'lLatunwon wu FIRTH, Papers in
Linguistics, OEA. 29, unity of language is the most fugitive of all unities, whether it be historical,
geographical, national or personal. There is no such thing as une langue une and there never has been.

112

fAQLLA KAI fNQLH EN LXELEI nPOL TH METAII>PALH

- Ol]!laVtLX6'WtO yLa tOV 1-!Eta<pQaOtl) JtO'\J AELtO'\JQYEL !lEta 0'\JVta~EW<; yVWOEW<; - ta

Ex tl]c; oxtoEwc; yA.wooac; xm avttA.n\llnc; JtQox'lmtovta JtQo~A.iJ~-tata avacpuovtm xuQtwc; OXL OtO 0'\JVtaXtLXO, ana Oto Ol]!laOLOAOYLXO EJtLJtE6o 87 . To EJtLJtEOO am6
dvm l] OO!liJ EmcpavE(ac;, tl]V ono(a o Chomsky- toUAaXLOtOV ~-ttXQL tO 1972, OJtOtE
Ol]!lOOLEU8l]XE tO tQyo tou Language and Mind- tl] 8EWQEL Ext6c; tou JtEOtou twv
EQEUVWV XaL tWV ava~l]tl)OEWV toU. LtO EJtLJtEOO aut6, EJtL JtAEOV, "ouvavtOUV" l] EXCj)OQa LOU Myou xm l] EJtLXOLVWVLa xatL an6 auta JtOU YVWQL~OUV OL av8QWJtOL l) JtOU
VO!lL~OUV OtL yVWQL~OUV- tO "ouvavtow" l), EV JtaOl] JtEQLJttWOEL, JtQOOJta8ow va to
"avaxaA.U\IJouv"88 AnotEAEL, ~t~ma, XOLV6~-tuotLx6 6tL ta ouvtQLntLxwc; JtEQL006tEQa aJt6 ama, JtOU yVWQL~OUV OL av8QWJtOL l) JtOU VO!lL~OUV OtL YVWQl~OUV, E~aQtW
VtaL an6 tl]V xataotaon otnv onota Etvm 6Latunw~-ttvas9.
2:E xmomva yQanta tou- otLc; Reflexions on Language tou 1975 xm otn Knowledge
of Language wu 1985 - o Chomsky, acpou nauoEL va O!lLAEL mQt '\wxtac; 6o~-ti]c;"
("deep structure") xm aQxtoEL va xavEL Myo mQt ''~amxou ouotatLxou" ("base
component"), mQLyQacpEL tnv Ex~-ta8non tnc; yA.wooac; we; avamu~n ~-tLac; ELOLxl)c;
aVtLAl]JttLXl)c; OO!li]c;, JtOU aJtOtEAEL OUOLWOE<; zaQaXtl]QLOtLXO tl]c; av8QWJtLVl]<; Cj)UOl]<;
nou avamuoonm xm E~EA.Loonm 90 . H Ev Myw JtEQLyQacpl) llXEL JtQOOEyyt~ouoa tl]
OXEtLXl) JtEQL "aVtLAl]JttLXWV 001-!WV YEVLXWc;" 8EWQl]Ol] tOU Jean Piaget, 6nwc; txn
6tatunw8L ota yQama wu yuQw an6 tl] yEvEtLxl) Emotn~-toA.oyta. E66:> nMov, xm
EVW 0 Chomsky OLEUXQLVL~EL tva xa8aQ6:Jc; avtLXEL!lfVLXO OUOtatLXO tl]c; yvwol]c;, JtOU
aJtOtEAEL ~-ttQoc; toU avtLAl]JttLXOU lllJXaVLO!lOU 6/..wv tWV av8QWJtWV, aut6 JtOU 0LXtALtaL Vt6c; tWV 001-!WV, ~axoA.ou8L va EJtLtQtJtEL tva ~a8~-t6 OXEtLXLO!lOU JtOU
acpl)VEL tOV Whorf a8LXto, JtQay~-ta JtOU ~-tac; JtLtQtJtL va OU!lJtEQaVOU!l OtL 0
Chomsky 6v xatacpEQ va JtQoocptQEL otl] <I>LA.ooocp(a ta anotMo~-tata nou JtQoo6oxouo dt ~-ttow tnc; aQvnonc; tou OXEtLXLO~-tou dt ~-ttow tl]c; aQ8Qwonc; v6c; naQaOElY!latoc; 1-t xa8oA.txl) wxu yta to anav tl]c; yvwowc;9 1, 92.

The Senses Considered as Perpetual Systems, OEA. 281 WIDDOWSON, Explorations in

Applied Linguistics, OEA. 8.
ngBI.. tT]V JtaQati)QT]OTJ tou HYMES, On Communicative Competence, OEA. 272: The controlling
image is of an abstract, isolated individual, almost an unmotivated cognitive mechanism, not, except
incidentaly, a person in a social world.
llQBA. CORDER, Introducing Applied Linguistics, OEA. 70.
CHOMSKY, Knowledge of Language, OEA. 17: Surely there is some property of mind, P, that would enable a
person to acquire a language under conditions of pure and uniform experience, and surely P (characterised
by UG [universal grammar]) is put to use under the real conditions of language acquisition. To deny these
assumptions would be bizzare indeed: It would be to claim (... ) that language can be learned only under
conditions of diversity and conflicting evidence, which is absurd(.. .). To Jtagal.oyo w; 8EUJQ(a ami) EQXE
tat va UltEQaomoSEl o REED, The Ecological Approach to Language Development, OEA. I rn., 6 rn.
llgBI.. Roy HARRIS, On Thought and Languages, OEA. 46: Language is made for (and by) languageusers. \Vords cannot be considered in isolation from their context without running the risk of serious
distortion or misrepresentation.

87 llgBI.. GIBSON,
88

89
90

91

92 Am6 rn' ou&Ev( OT][WLVH- C!JtayE "tT] uBQEW!- 6n 0 Chomsky CEV UltO"tEAEL TJYf!.lOVLXi) cpuowyvw[J.(a
OLO XWQO "tT] nwooo/.oy(a. ngoowmXW motEUOU[J.E 6n 0 Noam Chomsky EOXEC(aoE [J.E axga Eltt
fJ.EAEW xm JtQay[J.atoJto(T]OE otT] nwoool.oyla [J.tav rntotT][J.Ovtxi) rnavaotaoT] aIa maniere de Thomas
Kuhn xa8w<; EXLLOE Eva xmv6Jtaga6Hy[J.a ltQOO(jlOQOtato yw LL EltLOLi)[J.E tT]<; y/.wooa<;.

113

...~

2
KaL JtaAL: TtEtvm MEta~Qaa~;
Un genera literario aparte, distinto de los demils, con sus nonnas y finalidades
propias ( ... ) Ia traduccion noes Ia obra, sino un camino hacia Ia obra.
ORTEGA Y GASSET

E TON OPO META<t>PA}.;H AnOtdl10YME 01a AAT]VLXU am6 nov 0 yVLXE

YQU!.qlE OT]!lULVOUV m 6QOL translation ota ayyALXU, traduction 01a yaAALXU,
Ubersetzung o1a yQ!lUVLxa, traduzione ota LtaA.Lxa, traducci6n o1a wnavLxa xm
rrepeno,n;a OLU QWOLXU. Av OVO!lU001J!l tT] yA.wooa, UJt01T]V OJtOLCL !lHUqJQU~OlJ!l
tva xd!lVo, y}..waaa acpeTTJQia~ xm 1TJ yA.wooa, JtQO 1T]V onota !l1UqJQU~01J!l to
xd!lVo aut6, y}..waaa acpi1;w~. !lHUqJQUOTJ dvm yVLXW TJ !lHUqJOQa VO !lTJvU!latO an6 tTJ yA.wooa aqJHTJQLU 01TJ yA.wooa aqJt'/;EW 2 ij, mo avaA.unxa, TJ !lEtaqJoQa
VO ota8QU 01JYXXQL!lEV01J xm, W X toUtolJ, !lOVL!lW JtQOOqJQO!lEV01J ij xat'
aotoxuav mavaA.a!lf3av6!lvou XH!lEvou, nov txu ouvtaxed OU!lqJwva !l tOll xav6V tT] YAWOOCL UqJtT]QLCL, an6 tT] yA.wooa CLqJELT]QLU OtT] yA.wooa UqJL'/;EW3, xm

ORTEGA Y GASSET, Miseria y esplendor de Ia traducci6n, OEA. 449.

llQ~A. toV aJt/..6 XUL UXQW~ OXTJI.l.UTLXO aut6v OQLO!J.O to1J LADMIRAL, Traduire: theoremes pour Ia
traduction, oE/... II.
3 n o/../..ol ovo~J.a~ow- xm 6XL a6oxl!J.w~ - to ouvtEtay!J.evo otT] y/..wooa acpEtT]Qla~ xEl!J.EVo JtQwr6rv-

I
2

no XUL to 01JVttUY!J.EVO OtT] y/..wooa acpl~EW~ XEL!J.EVO /.lET<icpQaOJ.W i) UltAW~ /.lfTacpQGOT]. [La TL~

117

xm 6LoQ8ffivnm, EL'tE an6 wv !!HacpQ6.oav'ta ELL an6 onmov6i]no'tE 6.A.A.ov, OU!!cpwva !!E wu~ xav6vE~ 16oo 'tTJ~ yA.wooa~ acpHTJQia~ 6oo xm 'tTJ~ yA.wooa~ acptsEw~.
ruyyEvi]~ JlQO~ LOV OQO "!!HUqJQaOTj" tVaL 0 OQO~ "6LEQ!!TJVELa": DL(}/lTJVEia d VaL
TJ !!LacpoQ6. Ev6~ nQoocpEQO!!Evou anas xm xa16. xav6va nQocpoQLxw~ O'tTJ yA.wooa
acpE'tTJQta~ XEL!!vou, an6 'tTJ yA.wooa acpHTJQta~ O'tTJ yA.wooa acptsEw~. xm 6TJ oE va
XEL!!EVO, w onoto, vExa EAAEL'\j!Ew~ wu anaQat'tTJLOU XQ6vou, !!6vo OE mQLOQLO!!Evo ~a8!!6 !!JlOQEt va EAEyxeEt xm !!6vov nQo~ OLLY!!lJV xm mt 16nou va 6LOQ8w8Et
w~ nQo~ 'tTJV OQ86'tl]t6. wu. ME 6.A.A.a MyLa, TJ 6LEQ!!TJVELa !!JlOQEt va xaQaX'tTJQL08Et
W~ orevrj !1Tacp()aOT}, xa86'tL aJlO'tEAEL naytWOTJ 'tTJ~ aQXHU1tL'XlJ~ !!OQqJlJ~ 'tl]~ !!E'taqJQaOTj~. TiaQA.xEL, tow~. TJ naQaLlJQTJOTJ 6n, av O'tTJ !!L6.cpQaOTJ umueuvo~ yLa wv
EAYXO x(u 'tTJ 6L6Q8WOTJ LOU !!ELUqJQUO!!ULO~ Etvm 'Xa'ta xav6va, av OXL UJ'tO'XAELOLL'XU, 0 !!ELUqJQaO'tlJ~, O'tTJ 6LEQ!!TJVELU 0 !!OVO~, J'tOU 'XaLU xav6va 6EV !!JlOQEL va
J"tQO~EL oE EAEYXO xm 6LOQ8ffioL~. Etvm o 6LEQ!!TJVEa~.
L'tTJV naQo'Uoa EQyaota EXOU!!E acpi]on xm6. !!EQO~ 'tTJ 6LEQ!!TJVEta xm aoxoA.oU!!E8a
aJlO'XAELOLL'XU !!E 'tTJ !!E'tUqJQUOTJ W~ EL6L'XlJ !!OQqJlJ 6LayAWOOL'XlJ~ EJ'tL'XOLVWVta~, J'tOU
OUV6EE'taL !!E J'tQUsEL~ 'XaL anocpaoEL~ YUQW an6 LL~ E'XUOLO'tE EJ'tL'XOLVWVOUOE~ yA.ffioOE~ UJ'tO 6UVU!!L'XlJ 'XaL UJ'tO O'tULL'XlJ EVVOLa 6: !!E 'tTJ !!E'tUqJQUOTJ, 6TJAU6i], W~ J'tEQLYQUcpiJ a) !!La~ cSoaarT}Q6rT}ra~. ~)!!La~ cSta&xaaia~. y) !!La~ Jra(}aywyrj~xm 6) !!La~ Jraoaywytxrj~ c5tabxaaia~7 0 EVLato~ OQO~ "!!ELUqJQUOTJ", 1tUQ6. 'tTJ !!OVa6L'XO'tTJ'tU LOU,
J'tEQLYQUqJEL O'tTJ yA.wooa !!a~ EJlUQ'XW~, XWQL~ va 1tQO'XUAEL ouyxuoEL~, xm LL~ 'tEOOEQEL~ UVW'tEQW 6LU'XQlOEL~ 'tWV O'ta6twv !!ELUqJOQU~ A.6you UJ'tO !!lU YAWOOa UqJELTJQlU~ oE !!La yA.wooa acptsEw~. MnoQOU!!, EJ"tO!!Evw~. va XQTJOL!!onow'U!!E avE'ta 1ov
6Qo "!!H6.cpQaOTJ" xm - avaMyw~ 'tWV ouvucpmVO!!EVWV - va avacpEQO!!UO'tE ouyxEXQL!!EVa OE !!lU an6 LL~ UVW'tEQW 'XaLTJYOQlE~ 'tOU !!ELUqJQUO'tl'XOU ytyvw8aL' !!JlOQOU!!E, EJllOTJ~, va Y'XaLUAEL'\j!OWE XWQl~ 't'U'\j!EL~ OUVEL6i]OEW~ OAOU~ LOU~ J'tUAaLO'tE-

avayxEc; tl]c; 1tagouoac; EQyaolac; !!JtOQOU!-(E va xavowE xm E!-(Elc; xotialJ tl]c; l'lLaXQLOlJc; mmic;. 61tou
OEV Ol]!-(LOUQYEllm xlvbuvoc; va ltQOXAl]8El OUyXUOlJ EVVOLWV xm VOl]!-(Ut!JJV.
4 noJ3A.. ALBRECHT, Linguistik und Obersetzung, OEA. 16 DILLER I KORNELIUS, Linguistische Probleme
der Obersetzung, OEA. 6 Elt.
5 AvtlltoA.A.oov J3A.. REISZ, Mog/ichkeiten und Grenzen der Obersetzungskritik, OEA. 14 STORIG, Das
Problem des Obersetzens, aEA.. xv KOLLER, Einflihrong in die Obersetzungswissenschaft, aEA.. 12.
6 rm tl] bwa!-(LXti xm llJ otanxl] evvma tl]c; ~-tnacpgaol]c; J3A.. LADMIRAL, Traduire: theoremes pour Ia
traduction, OEA. II m.
7 ngJ3A.. EVOELxnxa BELL, Translation and Translating, OEA. 13.

118

6Il
twoodJpl:rrf 009 9X10D'(X A01 A(lOT11loOll ClOOQAJ)~
-3'(Y 5uov. o mx 5nxoJo.L 5~1Do13: o '5oo1Jd 5ltMJ;>1J o '5Lt'(nAoJ;>a 5nw()))! o '5LtxJ;>1mnon)! 5n1o
()))! 0 '5ltA())01Dl.CDll ')! 5ltXJ;>.L 0 '50'(Cl0ll9~1DX 50A]1AD1D(l))! 0 '59A10XD'(3W 50'(0lD9l!V 0 '5J;>T1D'(Dll
5~wm)! o 5mll9 '5~woo<bm3T1 10JD<;>nouo mx An~o~un nou '5nT11o<bl)OJ-o~3ll mx 5~11.t1ou 10'(J;>J-3T1
10'('(V. oX1010]1AD 1)X1AU'{'(3 v;1A Dl.O !ldJoorlmx !ldJDo!. U031(l3q 5Clo09 5no1 J;>T11100ll 'A13~l)O<bD13T1
Cl01 01901 A010 1DX 009 5~J-0'(1ll3 5~X110DO<bD13T1 5110 0091 'lto~<b33: A01 9llD 508Cl3'(~X1~lto
011r 5ql<bno '5ltJ.D.'(3 5n~oonro o 5130())1ll103ll 531\11 5110 .J;>X1Alt'('(3 D~A nw 5DOD())'(J- 5~X1Alt'('(3 5lt1
~OT1U03191D'(Dll9l.CD 5(l)30l)O<bD13T1]03ll1D113X9Clll AD19 '!ldJooi.D13ri1DX 'J;>X1Alt'('(3 Dl 5oOll DOD())'(JltA~~ 9l.CD 5m3ol)O<bo13T1J03ll1Dl13X90ll AD19 '!ldJooi.11AD Sn~n 5uJ31ouoT110ltoX 5lto~<b33: 5oA0())1J o
5~xuxnou S~X1AOT1lt1D1ll3 15~x1J-0'(0'(1<b 5lt11DX 009 Sltolt9M3MO

5~A103T1USDX 5lt1 0091 OQ3ll]ll3 OlD 10T110~0X 1DA]3 A3Q 'ClOJ-9'( (lOX11U10ll A(l)A~T113X UODO<bJ;>l3T1

U1 3T1l)X113XO .. ltOOQ9l.CD, 5009 0 5m1Q1 1DX '1009 mJ-9'( A3 10 119 13A]DT1lto 5m'(9QClO 'D1D~?~ '91ClY

'69"l.'X "S'Qri~ ,enx l?15p, \,59TID1i\U'{'{3~3, ' .. l.to1AI}.'{'{3~3, Sou.19 'Scto09

Sn'li DDD(!)'{A. lt1 1DX DQJOlDll i\U1 mA. 5noo319X1Q13 5no1 1DX 1;>'{'{D ''ll'{'X 8.. 1}.n3XD
-mq, .. uonod>J;>onu, .. uooq9un, ' .. l.tm:>'{ll1;>13'li, \,l.ton3AI}.'lio3e3'li, .. uon3AI}.'lio31Q,
' .. DJ3AU'li03, ' .. UD111ql'{AD13'li, ' ..1;>ClOd>Dl3'li, ' .. l}.d>noA.Dl3'li, ' .. l.toltA.I}.~3, 50>119 '5CL009
l.tonod>1;>13'li '3XU1DJOO O>i\1;>llDODll50>ll9 'i\U1 3'li 5c,tOX113XD 531i\~9Dl00ll 5ro1X1;>1D DO
:H:rV d<I>V l3W IVNI3 Il :JVV!l IV)!

We have here indeed what may very probably be the most complex type
of" event yet produced in the evolution of" cosmos.

Ivor Armstrong Richards 1

EWMENOY OTI 2:T A EAAHNIKA lJ 6lU(jJOQ6. [.l.Etal;u "[.t.EL<'t.cpQUOlJ~" XUl "6lEQ[.l.lJvda~" dvm, 6n:w~ r]6n 6lantatwoa!J.E, EVtEA.w~ anooacpnvta!J.EVlJ, 6Ev an:mtd-

tm 0 6aVELO!J.O~ XUVEVO~ terminus technicus A.atlVlXrJ~ xataywyr]~ an:6 xan:ola

yf...waaa tl)~ EoJtEQLa~. OJt(J)~ A..x. to"U tEXVlXOU OQOU "Translation"- xan n:ou EXH
ytVl OtO YEQ!J.UV6cpwvo XWQ0 2 - , xm lJ EV OUVEXElU JtOAltoygacpnoit tOU Oto VEOEAAlJVlXO f...El;lMylo, JtQOXH!J.evou va ano6o8d OXllJ 6la6lxaota autr] xaeautr]v, a/...M to yEyov6~ tl)~ xa86/...ou !J.EL<'t.cpgaon~.
ktO YEQ!J.av6cpwvo xwgo 6latun:W8nxE an6 tl) kXOA.it tl)~ AEl'\jJLa~ xm tylVE EUQUtEQa
ano6Extr] lJ n:g6taon - n:g6taon n:ou f3amt6tav t6oo OE Myou~ OlXOVO!J.La~ 6ao xm
ato '\jJuxoA.oylxr]~ t<'t.l;Ew~ EVEQYlJ!J.a 6n m "l;tvm 6gm", w~ xaeagot xm a!J.lYd~

I
2

BA.. RICHARDS, Towards a Theory of Translation, oEA.. 250.

BA.. avd no/,./,.wv KADE, Zufall und GesetzmiiBigkeit in der Ubersetzung, OEA. 33 REISZ I VERMEER,
Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie, OEA. 6 m.

120

IZI
"80 "'{3D 'f;JqTJH J;JJ}V '~3NI3.LS AOlD 0100d>oillt'{l Altl "'{8
m a "'{3D 'ltopadmavu 'ltovadJpl3W v.10::> H Slt1 OA3ripx 01 Slto1m "'{8 "ZPl "'{3D' "l '5UDDf!JYJ 5[p<7ttllyy:;J, 5ylii(JX1~3V DkJW 'AO'V'JNI.LNV.L3:Ntl)J I .L.LO::>S I 130011 "'{f)OU
tovadJpl3rllt~JY pwx '(llD1l Altl SolAC)10M3 'TJ:JJJSTJJ}TJJ;}W ';JfTJJ;]JJ;]f
;JUOJZnpTJJJ UDOOd>X~ AUlD ',;BJ!lSTllJUl::lW, 009 AOl 'SltAd>10 'p10l0TI1DltoX 'IX "'{3D ';wnpTJJJ ;} ;JJTJZZ!J
-Tl~fOA 'VN310:l OJUUJJUU!D SODOC)J'{A Sltl 59X1001D1 59'{lll1 Sop:xho.oox 0- ~X1'{011 OlD JSTlJ}TJJTJd mx
JS;JU~ffTJJ;JW '~X1AOTI03A OlD U;JJ;]JSTJJqd mx ;Jlj:JTJJdSTJJ;JW '~X1'{'{DA lllDJn;JSTJJljd mx ;JSTJJSTJJ?W '~X1'{AA0
ow fTJSTJJqd mx SJSTJqdTJJ;JW X'{ '{gol .53DDC)1'{A. S~xJ.Ol!mOC\3 53ood>~1<? Suo 50A9ri ~mx S\(Xoqolo
nX(ll MoX~ n.ol Lto~ri 910 mlp'{3l01ll 1 SJSTJJqd+TJJ;]W = swpadJ +'f?l3rl 1 soo9 o Lt~~'! ltl38A(lD St5
"" U::ll::l!STJJljd
-Ul::lW, ori\(o o1mx mn~11oriltXD 'S\(X1Aorio3J Slt1 53A9Aox Sn.01 Sn.ow 3rl oMod>ri(lD mx 'mD1'{'{~)!
"){JJSJn~UJfSUOJJTlfSUTJJ.L pun UOJ]TlfSUTJJ.L
'~3DVf "!) Cl.Ol OAO~ 011lll< S<!J80X '~331Al~3A I ZSI3"M A(l)l 01'{)1) OA3TI9C1.3AOriltAri (I)O~l(I)AO 01 Xy
-~x (SltDvadJpl3W Slt1ltrl(l.wuq
Mil 3ri 9X1l3XD 310ltf,u;nl0 =) q:JSf~OfOJTJfSUTJJJ '(5ltDoodJp13W Sltl ltrl~w7:Jq lt =) ;Jf~OfOJTJfSUTJJ.L '()ltDvadJ
-p13W Slt1 ltrl~1D1:Jq Altl 3rl 9X1l3XD 3l0ullguo =) 1/:J!fJJTllJ:JSu::lss!MSuoJJTlfSUTJJJ '(DJ!..oyowvadJm3W
lt I 5ltDOOdJJ)l3W Sltl ltrl(l.w1:Jq lt =) J}TJlj:JSU;}SS{MSUOJ]TlfSUTJJ.L '(5ltDDOdJJ)13W 5lt1 DJO(T)3) lt1 3rl 9X1l3XD
31ou~g11o =) q:JSJJaiO;}IJJSUofJTJfSUTJJJ '()ltDOOdJJ)l3W Slt1 vJOro36 lt =) ;Jf.IO;JqJsuofJTJtsUTJJ.L '(SltDvadJJ)13rl
Sltl Amoau 01 \( vrlovOdJJ)13rl 01 =) JTlJSUTJJ.L '(S(.twoodJvl3rl o =) JOJTJfSUTJJ.L :5\(~ 10 mAp 1009 101o1n

9
!;

5DOO<))'(A. 5~ml 513~?'( 511 (1)0?cb"013rl, 13A)Drllw A01<)')0l! "l)l"OX .. (I)~"I)Od:m13rl, AD '1191V
. gltD"OOcb"l)13rl lt~?'( "l)l"OX AU1130)0U1X"OODX "OA itOA?rl13XOOl! ';)STJJ1jd1JJ;)W 009 A01 011!
- Ol!C)AD 0A90X 30 130~10l!Orl10ltoX 13X? U;:>pAlQ

U40f 5~1U10l! 59X1Ditd:mnrl 5o'(A.A.V,

5nA.?rl o :OA3rlc;tOA.ltoo:u 9X1A.0'(0'(1cb-OX1001D1 91D1DOX mx 13XO"I)l!it 5nrl ~0(1)11!)031!

AU1:S: "53)0(1)38 53D)38(1)l!it1D1<;? 5c;toomx "l)l"OX 5(1)30"I)Od:mnrl)03l! 530319001031! 10
(j53'(91X9 AD) it01591Drl~OA om500'),3 OlD Ac;to8cblt'(103l!rlito DA 131!?0111!3

'dnr;un

A3 .. A1DlJOdJl)ODlt 'ttwltl./f'!N 'A1DI13A~ri03(}3ri, A(I)A)Drll.W A(I)A90X A(I)1"1)101DXOD 91!"0

5(1) 9( "'("011) fS:UJJHJ;)w 1("rlo3A.) ;}SHJfJdHJ;)W 1("'('(DA.) ;)s:rJJqdm?w 1("'(A.A.n) SfS:UJfJdHJ;)W

5o:U').1 'no1 n]A.O'(ocboorl Lt1 5oo:u 5(1) 5orl1rl9A nw ,9nx mx '59X11ltMg o 119
3rl'),OOAA3 .,.. Ltonocb"l)13rl, U13rl "I)X113XO A(I)<;?)03 (AOll~ ~ AO'('("I)rl 01 "l)l"OX A<)')X1A.O'(O'(
-1cb) A(l)1 ~'(owmnx 591An:u mg Ltw 30').0'(31ACW DA mx 5n)A.O'(Ooo nmrl~'(goo:u A9X
-en mo:u9 m- 3<;? 5<;>o3Xit3 - 3M'(? DA 5(1)01 "I)X1Alt'('(3 Dl9l!D A<)')OD(I)'(t\. A<)')XJ.Dl!(I)Oit3
A<)')l10'( A(l)1mx "I!'('(D 5~x1Anrlo3A. 5Lt1 oA9rl1X9 59rlD13Ang 5ocboow)1An 59AD81ll

(;}J"B[SU"eJJ OJ) 13XO"I)l!it

"I)X1'(MD "OlD 91it"O Drl~O 01 itOl! 0'(90"01! 'Drl~o 9X1A"Orlo3A. OA.O'("f.)A"O 3XU8~M3A. A3<;?
.. uon-eJSUBJl, lt~?'( ~X1'(MD Alt1 91!"0 5~rlA.uo 5Lt ,cbn '(iJl?fSU"eJ~ 1 uo!JHfSU"eJ~ 5oA.'),3~ 01
nmrl<;>mx1g "I)X1Xomonx DA?rllt~nn 5(1)A91A3 3rl 3oltw?mXA.3 'aunzJ;)SJ;}QD 1 U;)ZJ;)SJ;)QD
50A.'),3~ 9X1XOD OlD D'(l!)Q 5<;>8DX 'DA? 0'('("9 30ltt\.0'),01rlltg 5<;>'(1!"0) 5D)A.O'(OOO

Drllt'()901! 9X11X"OOl! 9X11"0rlt\."OOl! DA?ADX 3Dit'(? A3Q A"O)OrtO ,l"OX "1)'('("0 \ ... UO!lllJSUBl,L,,
1DA)3)1 013rl "I)X113Xo A(l)1"1)rlltAOl! A<)'}X11301"0~3 ~cbnot\.Mo U1303'("1)XOOl! "OA mx 5rt009
5(),0X1AOrllt101l!3 5rtO?A 5(),0X103rl 3rl 01A.9'(1~3'( 9X1A"Orl03A. 01 A3rl 3011'),0'(1!3 "OA )30
-ol!rl 5DA91l'(V 5"1)mOltJ 5lt1 "1)1'("0'( Lt1 9w A(I)A<)')~n:s: A<)')X1'(0l"OAD A(l)1 591itD 59rl013A
-ng

o (u;)IJ:>SJ;)WfOG 1 U;}IJ:>SJ;)Wfop)

A13f)3Altrio319 rto1mx (aunzJ;)SJ;)QD 1 U;)ZJ;)SJ;)Qn)

A13~podJm3rl no1 59X11l!lt'(103:u 5oo9 5(1) uofJHtsuuJ~ 5oa9 5~t\.(l)t\.mnx 5~x1'(A.A.n

0 1"01)30(1)38 "OA - rtOQ?l11!3 5'),0A831<;? 11!3 '),X01 "00319'(0Xrt3 A'),01XOl!"O 'P!U4::l;:)l !U!Ull;:)l

.. NOilVlSNVlll, IV)! .. H:rVdii>Vl31'1..

ayyALX~ AEl;l] "translation" JtaQUYETUL an:6 TO AUTLVLXO "translatum" / "tralatum", TO

OJtO[O [VaL TO lJJtTLOV TOU Ql\IJ,UTO~ "transfero", JtOU Ol]IJ,U[VH "IJ,ETU{j)EQW". Ita YEQIJ,UVLXa

9 El; a)J...ou l]

ucplotatm xm o wob'INar.to~ tou "transfero" 6QO~ "Ubenagen" (= JlEracpt!Qw an6 JlW y}..waaa ae JlWV
lXAAI)V / JlfTacp(J1l;;w), an6 TOV OJtOLO JtUQUYETUL TO OUOLUOTLXO "Vbenragung" (= JlErclcp(Jaal)).

122

...,...

2.2

T(MEta<pga~ou~E; T(Etvm ~
MEtacpgaanx~ lxavot~ta;
Ce clin d'ceil qui fait qu 'un m~me mot, dans une m~me phrase, veut
dire en m~me temps deux chases dif1erents, et qu'on jou:t semantiquement de /'un par /'autre.
Roland Barthes 11

THN flPQTH EPQTHLH AflANTHLH EXH i]bl] 6o8d JtaQaJtavw an6 !!La qJOQa: !!ETa<pQa~OU!!E xEL!!Eva2 MoA.ov6n 11a8aLvowe yA.waaet;, 61]A.a6i] yA.wamxt;

EVOTlJTEt; !!E TO 1!YUAUTEQO 6uvm6 EUQOt; TWV OlJ!!aatwv, nou JtEQLEXOUV, xm !!E
TOUt; aQ!!OUt; twv xav6vwv, nou nt; auvxouv, ev TOUTOLt; 6ev !!Ha<pQa~owe yA.waaet; !!OA.ov6n OL6aax6!!aOTE nt; yA.waaet; EJtL TlJ ~aau "uno6LY!!aTLxwv" XH!!vwv,
ev toutmt; oev !!a8aLvou!!E XEL!!EVa, aA.A.a yA.waaet; wat6ao oev I!ETa<pQa~ou!!E,
6nwt; iJ<>rt eA.Exen. yA.waaet;, aA.A.a XEL!!Eva auvtETaY!!E' : ae xanow yA.waaa. f\Qa
!!JtOQOU!!E va JtOU!!E JtQOE~ayyEAUXU XaL XaTU TO !!UAAC i i]TTOV a<pOQWUXU OU l)
!!ETUqJQUO"l) ELvm 1] !!E yA.wamxa !!EO"a EJtLTEAWl) EV6t; JtLQU!!UTOt;- EV6t; JtLQU!!aLtD XWQLO auto tOU BARTHES, Roland Barthes par Roland Barthes, OEA. 76, I!JtOQEL va Evtax6et aveta 11 a~<pL~OA.oyta, JtOU E!!JtEQLEXEL xa6E ~EtU<pQU011, xa6<ilc; - OE ~EtU<pQU011 OLXi] ~ac; - "otLOi]JtOtE
ow~atve L EtOL ev QLJti] o<p6aA.~ou, ~toa oe ~ta xm t11V auti] <pQao11 ~ta xm 11 auti] A.ts111!JtOQEt xm
011~ULVEL taUtoXQOVWc; ouo JtQay~ata OLU<jlOQEtLXa ~Etal;u touc; 0 OE av6QOOJtoc; JtUEL XaL JtattEL EXEL
UW!JLQQEJtOVl;Uc; UJtO t11 ~ta 011~aota Ot11V aA.A.11".
2 nQBA.. avtt rroA.A.<ilv SELESKOVITCH I LEDERER, Interpreter pour traduire, OEA. 43 PAEPCKE I
FORGET, Textverstehen und Obersetzen. Ouvertures sur Ia traduction, oeA.. 12, OL orrotOL JtQEO~Euouv
6n yw t11 ~Eta<pQaOl] to xet~evo MOtEA.Et to "avEA.E11to ~EtQo" ("den unerbittlichen MaBstab").

123

"Cuno 111~ EQ!-tllVEunx~~ 8eaon~ wu Hans-Georg Gadamer oxntxa ~-t 'tl']V "ouyxwvuon "CWV OQLtOV"CWV" ("Horizontverschmelzung")4 - O"CL 11 xa8~-tLCt !!HCtcpQaOT] XWQW"CCt OQLtH yta to ~-tnacpQat6~-tVO xd~-tVO w avOLy!la v6~ veoll OQttovta 5.
Av mtxaA.w8o'IJ~-t Ow 111- twnx6'ta'tl']~ on~-taota~ yta 111 rA.woooA.oyta 6 - 6txo"CO!ll10l1, noll ytvnm an6 'tov Noam Chomsky xm toll~ 8wow't~ 111~ fVHLX~~
M'taoxn~-tano'ttx.~~ fQa~-t~-tanx~~ 7 ~-tna~u acp' v6~ !lEV yJ...wamxrj~ Lxav6rTJra~
(linguistic competence), acp' neQOll 0 yJ...wamxov Enm:Uaf..laW~ (linguistic performance), "CO"C 11 !lE'tetcpQaon V'taoo'tm aVEll neQOll O'tl']V JtQLOX~ toll yA.wootxou m'tMo~-taw~ 8 , ano"CEA.wvw~ e'tm xm am~, onA.ao~ w~ t6taL'tQl1 ~-toQcp~ toll,
"CQOJtO, !!E toV OJtOLO XQT]OL!!OJtOLOU!-t "Cl'] yA.wooa ~-ta~ xma "Cl']V JtaQaywy~ EX<:pWVT]!lCt"CWV (utterances) w~ "cpllmxot O!!LAT]'te~" ("native speakers") xm xa1a 'tl']V x.mav6non Excpwvn~-ta'twv w~ "o~-ttAT]'te~ I axQoa'te~" , 6nw~ ~-t<iA.w'ta ~-tcpavttovwt 1a
JtaQax8evw EX<:pWV~!la"Ca 0 eva "OW~-ta llALXOU" ("corpus"). A~ !-tllV JtaQOQCt"CaL,
6~-tW~, 6n 11 !!HCtcpQaOT], W~ xm' OllOLaV 8WQT]Ol'] yA.WOOLXOU JtL"CAEO!lato~, dvm
Ollva't~, ~-t6vo Eav nQo'Uno't8t 11 yA.womx~ txav6'tl']'ta 'LOU unoxH~-tevou nou 'tl']V
m'tA.d yA.wootxw~ 9 : EV JtQOXH~-tevw toll ~-tnacpQaO't~, xm on LOll t6avtxou ~-tna
cpQaO't~ nou 6w8e"CH yvwon 16oo 111~ 6tx~~ Wll yA.wooa~ 6oo xm 111~ yA.wooa~.

Og~A.. evl\wmxa COSERIU, Falsche und richtige Frageste/lungen in der Ubersetzungstheorie, OEA.. 17

EJt. - Og~A.. m[oT)c; TT)V UJtO\j!T) TOU NEWMARK, A Textbook of Translation, OEA.. 285, JtQL [-letacpga-

onxl]c; [!Oval\ac;: [A unit of translation is] the smallest segment of a [source language] text which can be
translated, as a whole, in isolation from other segments. I t normally ranges from the world through the
collocation to the clause. It could be described as "as small as is possible and as large as is necessary"
(this is my view), though some translators would say that it is a m isleading concept, since the only unit
of translation is the whole text.
4 BA.. GADAMER, Wahrheit und Methode, T. I, OEA.. 311 .
5 6V ELVUL UTOJtO, VO[!L~OU[-l , va avacpQ80U[-l 1\<i:J OTT)V aJtO\j!T) TOU OQEO~UTEQOU XUL 0LXOVO[!OU
KwvoTUVTLVOU TOY E::: OIKONO!y1QN, 'E:rr.[x(!tall; cl~ r:~v llc(! L NwdA.1"fVtXij~ 'ExXA1"fO[a~ l:vvr:OJWV
'A:rr.avr:17atv r:oii l:ocpoA.oytwr:ar:ov Lltoaaxc:iA.ov Kveiov Nwcpvr:ov Bap.f3a, aEA.. 259 Elt., 6n EV<il TJ
[!ETU<pQUOT) avtLxa8WTU TO XEL[!EVO [tT)c; 8[~A.ou), T) JtUQU<pQUOT) [~TOL T] um) TWV 8dwv :rtaTEQWV
el;~YT]OT] tT]c; EVVOLac; "Toii eelou XL!-1EVOU 1\u:l A.El;ewv xat <pQU0(1)V :n:A.atUTEQWV, UUTOI\i:: TO ee6:7tVUOTOV ucpoc; a8LXTOV xat UXQUVTOV :7tQOOXUVOUVTc;"J oi\T)yd 0 aut6.
6 0Q~A. . TT) OXETLXT\ avaA.UOT) TOU CRESSWELL, Semantic Competence, OEA.. 9.
7 BA.. CHOMSKY, Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, aEA.. 3-15.
8 O Q~A.. WILSS, The Science of Translation, OEA.. 13.
9 Km TOUTO,I\L6TL TO yA.WOOLX6 E:TtLTEA.0[-tU we; OUI-I:7tQL<pOQU :7tQOU:rt08ETEL TT) yA.WOOLXi) LXUV6tT)TU,
EV<i:J T) yA.womxl] LXUVOTT)ta 1\ev :7tQOUJt08ETL xat' avayXT)V TO yA.womx6 E:TtLtEA.0!-IU.

124

~Zl

zl OTO'{J)i!J3X "'{8. !
"[[ Z '9 "'{30 '~U!Jll{SUlllL pUll UO!Jll{SUlllL 'Tl3H "'{~il li Zl
.. ;J:m;n;:Jdwo:> :>!lS!n'ilu!l, Sl11 Sow'rl\to<~. (lOX10rtib r1.01 S<;M3T01J3X .. mll19.1.Dx1 \IX100(l)'{/.., Soil<;
Mpmilxm3 S<px1.1.3/.. o 119 'oo<;lD(l) '139(l)13nllom3 DN .. somn(lnnilx/..3 (lOX100(l)'{/.., Jil31! 'D9rt3'{?X
-1~llil o1u nn<;xn '\I ..SDJ31Dilx/..3 S\IX100(l)'{/.., Jil31! (l0001il31! Srt09J?1! J?laTI30(l0'{1r1o D9 So/..<;'{OOO(l)'{/..
S<;ilun-xo1 o- .. lS!;)'i11!;)Z;, 9X1All'{'{3 9"-1il3nllo 01 3'rlllmilx/..(lo 3o .. oil319'{llcf\rt, D"-9"-DX J?lXlX 'nnll9o
-JD 9X100(l)'{/.. o '{ '{ J? 0139J131!(l,oilu (lOl!O '\IQD'{llq '3191- S(loilmx Srtoil3191D'{D1! 3~ .. mll1913Qll111t3
\IX100(l)'{,\., \1 .. D1U191~3Q \IX100(l)'{/.., D1/.. 3TI1)'{1TI DA 0il3199il0 S(l)O) .I.Dl\1 D9 ' .. ;J:>U;J1;JdWO:> :l!lS!O'iiU!I,
rto1llooq<;l!D 5(!) .. mlll9ADX1 \IX100(l)'{/.., Soil<; o 130\tmilx11!3 13X? rtou owilnu mx 'o/..<;'{ 01 91rtD , 1J 11
";J:JU;JJ;JdWO:> UO!JllfSU!llJ S,J;J)(lJ;JdS
;JA!JllU

f!ln~u!f!q ;JlfJ ~U!lf:JJ!lW Jll W!fJ p[noqs UO!JfJ{SUrJJJ JO AJO;Jl[J :J[JS!n~U!f P;J!fddrJ UrJ ';J:JU;JJ;Jdwo:>
:u; "'{30 '~UJSS;J:>OlJ S;J~fJn~Ull] {lllnJrJN
'NDISVN (l)il?1TOil3u -x~ilu- u3 s -x3o ~u!JIJfSUIJJL pu13 uo!JrJfSUIJJL '11::1a -x~ilu 01

S.J;J)/fJ;JdS ;JA{1fJU ;Jl[J l[:J.JfJW OJ S:J[JS[n~U!f JO {fJO~ ;Jl[J U;JA!D

pu13 s:>!JS!n~un

;):JUl?WJOjJ;)d ;)qJ .JO ;)UOU J;)pUn 'ilU!Jl?J;)dO (W;)qJ ;)){f[Un) )nq () UO!Jl?[SUl?J)
.JO S)[Sl?J 'flU{WJOjJ;)d A[1:J;)}J;)dWf Uf p;)'fll?'flU;) S[l?n'ilU!f!Q [l?nJ:Jl? WOJ.J UOf):Jl?JJSQl? Ul? 1"/JA
-p ZlB)J . f p[OD~f A013ri X>MXbric;to SOJO:UO 0 ' .. OOO(Y)'{AJ9 9X1AX>91,, i\010 'X>031().'{X>X '~
.. ~wnodm13ri 9X1AX>91,, AOlD '5mA?rio:u3 'm130?cbnAn mlt19Anx1 ~xuonocbn13ri H
-snJ~n S~xmAmA10x1m mx c;torio13 c;tox1J..Orr01n'{ m1Ac;too
-310 ne Smri9 AU'{:U ~XOMO ~X1cboori M01?8X>19 ne A3ri 1"/JA 0,01 'mnri~A(Y)d:JX3 9:UX>
1"01J3XO ne S())enx '0,01 ~X09X3 U~?'{ ~wx AUlD c;t'{O:U 011"013~J00103:U ne nrill9A 01
'5(Y)3D())AJ.. S~x1J..o'{owriJ..no:u 39 13cf\J3'{'{3 .nrill9A Ll~?"t ~wx OA3ri9J..3'{ o1mx nri9xn
.. ~wnocbm3ri, i\01 9:UX> 13A().3cbn19 ne '5(Y)30())AA S~X11XX>1MO mx S~X1A0'{010X>rilto
A3ri ncf\13'{'{3 :uonocb~13ri pgltriog nA poouri A39 'Slt1 S~oAncbx? Smri mx (Y)lD? SoX
-/,3'{? o 13~"Q10rro:un ~ UO())AA ~1rrn ~11101 lt 13:UJ3'{'{3 A9Xrr1 AV (n0~1XnonX ().OX1001
-UO ~ ().OX1AO'{OWriJ..no:u UO())AJ..) 0,01 A())30"Q100:U A(Y)1 (Y)O?ri 1"0138J1MO-O:UX> OA3riJ3X
ltonocb"Q13ri Soo:u 01 S()):U mx A())10ocboolt'{:U SJ30ocb S(Y) Lt9mx X>A3ripx Sm 513D"Q100:U
10 1D1A().OOAmnx S()):u (/, mx '(no~1xnonX ~oxuxmArro ltO())AJ..) o:urr191mo:u 010 AnX
-p 0,01! OA3ri9X3103:U 01 M00~1XX>AX>U3 X>A (t0A?ri13XOO:U '1D1AO().'{X>AX> S()):U 1"/JX 'MOO
-?d:JX>13ri 0,01! OA3ri9X3103:U 01 MOO"QOcbX3 X>A (t0A?ri13XOO:U '5130"Q100:U 10 1"01A3811A
-n,o S()):U (g '(n0~1xnonX ().OX1A0'{010X>rilto UO())AJ..) 5130"Q100:U 10 1X>1A().Ori09 S()):U (n
13~JO(Y)A/, X>A 131!?01! 5~10X>Ocbn13ri 0 119 3riX>O?cbX>AX> l01D'{"Qcb3X OA3ric;toJ..ltoo:u 3&
z1Sowrio"Qocbn13ri rro1 rroA?rinx rro1 S~cbnoJ.. s~x11rr3x1gmxnAn
Slt1 UO())AA UlO (~ mx 'SX>JOU13cbn rrOA?ri13X rro1 SltomAJ.."QAX> 5~X11(t3X1Q(Y)XO~.m Slt1 lto
-())AA UlO (10 'A(Y)30JOXA(t0 A())X1'{0gX>OX>:U11AX> A(Y)Jl:>XAl)Al) A(Y)1 UO())AA UlO (3 '(..p[JOM
-[13~1, A().O'{nxo:un 53Am~"QDO'{UV 10 rro:u c;t01rrn) rroA?ri13X Ltonocb"Q13ri Soo:u 0-01
0,0)931! rro1 UO())AJ.. UlO (9 'SX>JOU13cbn SnOD())'{J.. Slt1 UO())AJ.. UlO (/, 'rrOA?ri13X ltonocb
-"Q13ri Soo:u ().01 rro:Uc;t1 rro1 UO())AJ.. lt10 (g 'Sm3~Jcbl:> SnOD())'{J.. Slt1 UO())AA lt10 (n :~9
mx 'SUO())AA Ll913 A(Y)'{~'{'{X> ,:un "Q110XX>19 "Q1U3 30 ltongD90:U U13A"Q ~10X>Ocbl:>13ri rro1
Srroo?ri X3 AU1131?80:U(l,oo:u (;):JU;)pdwo:J JOJl?fSUl?JJ) V1Ul9ADX1 ~xunvad>m3ri H
pX9 S())1'{'{X> . 1153Jriltmcbrin Sumx 009
5130"Q100:U 5?X1WririnoJ..11AX> 53A3ri9X39A3 511 009113~JO(Y)AAX>AX> X>A 1"/JX A(Y)30"Q100:U
9ri910n 0013:U"Q13AJngn'{nwx nA mx nJ.."Qon:u X>A Llo?e 30 1DAJ3X>A 'MO:U?19 Su rro:u
A(Y)A9AX>X nriltwc;to 01 pem:u'{oxJ..3 SmAOX? '310()) 101? ' 0 1 13~"Qocbn13ri X>JO:Uo All1 9:un

:vlHlONV)!J H)!Jl&Vd<I>VHW H IVNI3 Il :31'V..OZVd<I>Vl3:W ll

aVEJtl]QEUOtO~

an6 s(J)tQL'XE~ ouv8i]xE~ sEVE~ JtQO~ tl] 8WQLa, OJt(J)~ A..x. an6 01JV-

8i]xE~ OXEtLXE~ ~ tY) ~vi]~Y) xm ta OQL<i tY)~ , JtEQLOJtUOH~ tl]~ JtQOOOXiJ~, a~AE'tjJLE~,
~dwoY) tou EVOLaqJEQOVto~ xm ta ouvaqJi], xa8ci:l~ EJtLOYJ~ xm an6 oqJ<iA.~ata (t6oo
tuxaLa 6oo xm xaQaXtY)Qwnxa) xata tl]V qJaQ~oyi] twv yvci:loEci:lv tou oto ouyxEXQL~vo yA.wooLx6 EmtA.w~a. i]youv oto ~t<iqJQao~a. EuA.oyo dvm 6tL o V Myw
movd OQL0~6~ ~a~ xaA.d va mo8tiloow ~8o6o anaywyLxil, xm 6XL rnaywyLxi],
JtQOXH~vou va JtQOOyyLoou~ xm va 'tjJY)AaqJnoou~E tY) ~nacpQaonxn Lxav6tY)ta:
o ~EtaqJQaoti]~ (8a JtQEJtH va) ava~Y)ta ~oa oto vou tou tY) yvci:JoY)- LOW~ OE xm tY)
6La6LxaoLa - EXELVYJ, ~aou tl]~ onoLa~ OYJ~LOUQYi18YJX UQXLXW~ to ngo'(6v, yLa va
(~OQEOH va) to avabY)~LOUQyi]oH.
Kat6mv twv avwtQw ~nogou~ va nou~E 6n Yl xa8E~La ~tacpgaoY) XWQLOta
anotEA.d aA.A.otE Emtuxi], aA.A.otE A.Ly6tQO mtuxi] xm aA.A.otE vtA.ci:l~ avEmtuxi]
bOXL~ll OUXQOVLO~OU t(J)V OY)~UOLOAOYLXWV, OUVtaxnxci:Jv 'XaL JtQay~atOAOYLXWV,
aA.A.a xm twv A.E!;Lxci:Jv xm uqJoA.oyLxci:lv ouotY)~atwv, nou oQL~ouv to rnnA.w~a
t6oo otY) yA.ci:looa aqJEtY)QLa~ 6oo xm otY) yA.ci:looa acpL1;w~. ava6uxvu6~VY) w~ EX
toutou o t<isYJ yA.wooLxi]~ 6gaotY)QL6tY)ta~ i], xaA.utQa, yA.womxi]~ naQaywyi]~. YJ
OJtOLa JtULQVH oxn~a xm ~OQqJi] 16 W~ aAAY)AEJtLbQUOY) tWV 6uva~(J)V Jt01J avantuooovtm Oto JtEbLO ~tta!;u tY)~ ~tUqJQUOtL'Xll~ L'XUVOtY)ta~ XaL to1J ~ttaqJQUOtLXOU
m tEAEO~ato~ xm Jt01J EJtY)QE<i~ovtm aAAOtE OE ~yaA.'IJtEQO xm aA.A.ot 0 ~L'XQO
tEQO ~a8~6 an6 ta rnLm6a twv yA.wooci:lv acptY)QLa~ xm aqJLsw~ 17

14 KATZ, Propositional Structure and 1/locutionary Force, aef.. 228.

_IS CHOMSKY , Aspects ofthe Theory of Syntax, OEA. 3.

16 Evvotltm "oxn~-ta xm !-lOQ(!)li" !-lE tTJv evvow tTJc; f.ouxatOLavnc; "Gestalt", liTJAalin !-lE tTJv evvoLa tTJc;
"lio~-tnc;".

17 nQBA. PAEPCK E I FORGET, Textverstehen und Vbersetzen. Ouvertures sur Ia traduction, aeA.. 12
BELL, Translation and Translating, aeA.. 37.

126

LZl
"81 "'{3D ':J[JO:JifJS'JUnZJ:JSJ:Jq() J:Jp Uf U:J'JUnl/:JJS:J'JUJcJ :JB!Jif:J[J pun :Jif:JS[Fid 'f1HEISO:) "'{\JOll

"8Zl "'{3D 'q:Jnf1 ;;mFJ[f1.'>1JG 'NI3.LSN3DJ.lii\\

"z5iJ1ctngnx A(l)3~iJ"'{ Af01 Sl.tD11())13ri

-11AD S~X1AO"'{-ODD(l)"'{A S~X1"'{ognon11lAD ~qn"'{l.tq 'Soqp DAiJ3D ' .. A())DD(l)"'{J A(l)1 Sn}l-.
-O"'{ODD(l)"'{J, Sl.t1 D}OOAUlDX 3D 1))X1lDDXADAD ADl9130lD13li ne Sl.tDDOcD1))13W Sl.tll.tri
-~10113: 3q l.t 'A(l)AiJ'Iicto"'{l.tq 5())X1DD(l)"'{/-. 3lOlD1))X3 A(l)11DX 51.tonocbx? 5l.t1 oq31}13

ow

A(l)3~iJ"'{ l.tDDlD1))1DX1lAD ~"'{1D ADl~ D8 UDDOcD1))13rl A3rl l.t '5ct01 ~D10XAc;LD ~"'{OgDODl
-11AD ,wx Al.t1 mx 53DD())"'{A 5ctOO?ri 113 Suo A(l)3~?"'{ A(l)1 (ud~umndpds:

1 s~U!UBdw)

53}DD'Iil.to 5u - 5l.t1 S())3~1cbD mx l)>"'{"'{D - 5l.t1 5())3D~A1XX3 oprll.to 5(1) 3Xp ~x11
-Dril.t"'{gOOl ~X1l3XD l.t 1DX '0101iJ1111))X 3ctXD} A1))3: "5(1)3~}cDD 5DDD())"{A 1DX 5D}OU13cDD
5DDD())"{AUDiJXD l.t1101~ 's;m'iJUTJ[ SctOOiJrl}l3 Su '53DD())"'{A SctOOiJrl}l3 Su OA9ri1DX l)>X
-1lD13"{X01D J)>OOcDD 3rlct0~1))0cDDl3li 11 ct011DX 5LtDDOcD1))13ri 5Ltl ~X11DTII.t"{g001 ~
l.t 119 01 5001 5(1) Snri

~Dlt00}1AD

Al.ll 3WAOWILUVIV VEl :S:HXdV :::3 UE>A

;'I

"U:Jjf:JJ'JJ:JQn J:JpUF!Uf:J UJ:JSF!cJ UOA

[IJF!ZUn :JUf:J f!Fip 'J:JifF!p UJ:Jpuos ':JpJnM U;J_JnF![If:JJnp UJ:JpUF! wnz SfQ :Jpug
W:JUf:J UOA J:JSF!cJ :JUf:JpU:J'JJ! f!Fip 'J:JifF!p Jlf:JfU Ulf[!.l :J)(J.f!JS :JUf:JS J:JQFJ 'UJ:JSF!cJ
SnFJ Jlf:JJS:JQ /IdS SF!p pun 'Jif:JFJW:J'JJS;J_J !Fl)f Wll ff:JS W:JUf:J J!W JS! 1/!lf:JS SllG

5kDDOll~l3w Skl UTI~lD13!

3 AklD

snDD<Jl~J skA?TI(l)i\OTI3W sk1 ~%1lDTik~goau

tu:n:ou 1 : 2, 1: 3, 1:4, ... , 1: v-1,3

B) aA.M xm xata xav6va Botoxovtm o tEtota ":n:aoa Myov" (irrational) oxtoT] !1-ta~u tOU, WOt ouyxXQL!-LEVa OtoLXELa tolJ JlQLXO!-LEV01J tT] yA.woOa Ava
avaA.oyouv !!OVOV EV !1-EQH JlQO 01JYXXQL!-LEVa OtoLXLa tolJ JlQLXO!!EV01J tT]<;
yA.wooa<; B, ta o:n:ota !1- tT] OELQ<i tou<; avaA.oyouv !!6vo EV !1-EQH :n:QO 6.A.A.a ouyXEXQL!-LEVa OtoLXba t01J JlQLXO!-LEV01J tT]<; y/..wooa<; A, ta o:n:ota XaL :n:aA.L !1- tT]
OHQU to1J<; avaA.oyouv !!OVO EV !1-EQEL JlQO<; aA.A.a 01JYXEXQL!-LEVa OtOLXELa t01J JlQLXO!-LEV01J tTJ<; yA.wooa<; B, x.o.x., ttm wot va VO!!L!!O:n:oLo'U!!8a va tovtoou!l
tT]V YYVi] aOlJ!!!A-EtQLa Jl01J 1JCjJLOtataL !!Eta~U tWV 0!-tOAOywv OtOLXELWV Jl01J
ouv8ttouv to mQLEXO!!Evo Mo yA.woowv.
Eav n EmotiJ!lTJ tTJ<; MEtacpoaon<; 6v MBH u:n:6'\jJTJ tTJ<; amt<; n<; Mo aA.i]8L<;, :n:avta Sa ava!laoa tT]V xaoa!ltA.a nQi "a!!Etacpoaotwv M~Ewv", 6:n:w<; A..x. to AATJVLx6 cpLAOUflO, to ayyA.Lx6 course, to yQ!lavLx6 gemUtlich, to LtaA.Lx6 chiaroscuro, to
w:n:avLx6 duende, to :n:oowyaA.Lx6 saudade, to Q01J!!aVLX6 dor, to QWOLX6
oT3biBT.fHBbiifx..A.n., M~Ewv 6T]A.a6i] :n:ou xata xav6va ouv6tovtm !1- LOtOQLxoxouA.touoaA.LxE<; otLY!-LE<; tou xa8txaotov 8vLxou A.~LA.oytou 4 , "ayvowvta<;" taut6XQOva 6tL "a!!Etacpoaot" !lJlOQEL va Eivm xm XLAL<i6<; aA.A.<; A.t~n<;, nov XQTJOL!!O:n:oLOuvtm xa8 !1-EQa a:n:6 t01J<; :n:avt<; Of xa8 yA.wooa XWQLOta XaL Jl01J to
!1-:n:Q<iy!-lato avtixouo!la tou<; u:n:<iQXH xov6QLxa :n:avtou. TEtOL<; A.t~EL<; Eivm A..x.
tO LOJlaVLXO Qi]!la venir, Jl01J OT]!!aL VEL tT]V ":n:QO XUJtOLOV (!!OVODQO!!TJ) XLVT]OT]" XaL
3 ngBA.. A..x. ta Jtaolyvwma 1tUQU6ELY~-tata to1J LtaALXOU 01JOLaonxou /a scala 1tQO~ ta YEQ!-LUVLXU 01Jowonxa die Treppe I der Leiter, xm twv EAATJVLxwv QTJ!-l<ltwv gtQw 1 yvwQi~w 1 cnima~-tm. JtQO~ to
ayyA.Lx6 Ql]~-ta to knowxm to LonavLx6 Ql]~-ta saberaqJ' Evo~. xm JtQO~ m Ql]~-tma tTl~ raA.A.Lxl]~ sa voir
I connaftre, tTl~ ItaA.Lxl]~ sapere I conoscere xm tTl~ fEQ!-LUVLxl]~ wissen I kennen aqJ' ngou.
4 ngo~ <TJV xmEu8uvoTJ auwu tou ngoBA.TJ~-tano~-tou BA.. tTJV ngooyyLOTJ wu MLxal]A. BAKHTINE, Le
marxisme et Ia philosophie du Iangage, oEA.. 37 EJt.: Les mots sont tisses d'une mult itude de fils
ideologiques et servent de trame a toutes Ies relations socia/es dans tous Ies domaines. II est done clair
que Ie mot sera toujours I 'indicateur Ie plus sensible de toutes /es transformations sociales, m~me Ia oil
e/les ne font encore que poindre, oil e//es n 'ont pas encore pris forme, Ia oil e//es n 'ont pas encore
ouvert Ia voie a des systemes ideologiques structures et bien formes. Le mot consti tue Ie milieu dans
/equel se produisent de Ientes accumulations quantitatives de changements qui n'ont pas encore eu /e
temps d'acquerir une nouvelle qualite ideo/ogique, qui n 'ont pas encore eu /e temps d'engendrer une
forme ideo/ogique nouvelle et ache vee. Le mot est capable d'enregistrer Ies phases transitoires Ies plus
infimes, Ies plus ephemeres, des changements sociaux.

128

6ZI

"131C]3"f'(3J;>X1"{Dl1 DlD DJOlCO Lt DJDD"liltD '91

-em ..5011\00?d:>, Cto1 DJ38Ltog Lt1 1D1]3A.1X .. OA.3TI903d:>, 01119 mx 1DA.]3J;}:].l0d Cto1 53JD
-miltD 511 91CD DJTI 11919 ';}JfJUOd Sm J;>X1"{Dl1 DlD 31011\J;>l.C 1D13~J;>Od:m131i A.39J;}UOd

n1i~o 9X1"{"{DJ... 01 S0"{?1.53X1Y~M

9uv

m13~JD1C ctolC ~0191A.Xm1.e mx ~J1qmu

9uv

1Dl3~JD1C CtolC ~0191AX1D1C ~~Dl31i MOA.JOXD19 A.39 53J01CO 10 'r>X101DJ1A.D AfJ[d mx

[;}[dS 513~?"{ 10 OA.91i MOXOJ;>lCCl 5?1ClD 53DDq>"{J... SuD 11919 'J;>X1"{J...J...n DlD ~ J;>X1A.DTI03J...

nw SLtA.d:>Jn mMO~J;>od:>n131i A39 fJ){df 1 upds 513~?"{ 5?X19LtCloD 10

.LtoltA.JX Lt1ioCl9Jd:>1in

A.U1 1DX 13A.JDTIUD ClOlC ';}J{U;}A D1i~O 9X1"{Dl1 01 31i 31011\J;>l.C 1D13~J;>Od:m131i A.39 ClOlC

:iH:iVd<I>Vl3W :iHl HWHHIII3 NHH :iV:iHlVJ :iHN3WliNOW3W :iHl H)!JlVWHVHOdll H

"bEv MEta~Qa~ovtm At~EL~";

On this view, the process of using a word in a novel situation involves comparing
current experiences with past experiences and judging whether they are similar
enough to call for the same linguistic coding.

Charles J. Fillmore 1

llEil1H TlllOTA HON KOLMO l1EN EINAI AllOt\ YTO, 0V ELVal EJtLOl]c; a:n6/...uto
xm to 6-n "6Ev !1Etacpga~ovtm /...~uc;" ~. yLa va to avtwtQf'ljJoU!lE: otov tow
~a8116, o:nou !!Etacpga~ovtm /...~uc;, u:nagxouv xm Excpgaouc;, Ol]AOU!!EVa, xm:aoxEuc;, OO!lfc; x./...:n. ouvacp~ - !lE !!La /...~1]: XEL!1EVa - :nou Mv !1Etacpga~ovtm. H
OOUl]OlX~ fXqJQUOl] EUXUQWttac; tack sa mycketOEV WOOUVU!!EL a:no/...1Jtwc; JtQOc; nc;
YEQ!!UVLxc; danke schon I vie/en Dank I besten Dank 1 ich bedanke mich 1 danke sehr,
EVW JtAl]OlU~El UQXEtU XOvta Otl]V l tUAlX~ grazie tantel] EJtLOl]c; OOUl]OlX~ fXqJQUOl]
var sa god OEV Ol]!lULVEl 6,n to JWQa"XaAW, to por favor, to bitte, ta prego I per
piacere, to please xm to s' if vous plait ota EAAl]VLxa, w:navLxa, YEQ!lUVLxa, Ltaf...Lxa, ayyf...Lxa xm ya/...hxa avttotmxal] EAAl]VLx~ EUX~ xaMJVvxra OEv !!Etacpga~Etm

FILLMORE, Scenes-and-Frames Semantics, OEA. 57.

130

TIOLO ATIOA YTO EINAI TO OTI "HN META<!JPAZONTAI

AEEI~";

ma yEQ!-1-avLxa !!6vo we; gute Nacht, a'AM xm avaMywc; tT]c; wgac;, xata tT]V onota
X<pQa~tm, we; guten Abend r] we; ich wUnsche dir (euch I Ihnen) einen noch
schOneren Abend an6 tT]V a'AATJ !-1-EQLa TJ yEQ!-1-aVLXi] EX<pQaOT] guten Morgen Ov !-1-ta<pQa~nm we; *xaA.6 JTQW'C, *bon matin, *buon mattino, xm *buena manana ota EAATJVLxa, ya'AALxa, Lta'ALxa xm WJtavLxa avttotoLxa, 6L6n an'Aouotata one; HQTJ!-1-EvEc; y'Awooc; m tunm amot OEV unaoxouv.
3xLvwvtac; an6 to tAutato - to onoto ELvm xm to an'Aouotato - naoa6LY!la
tT]c; YEQ!-1-avLxi]c; x<pgaoT]c; guten Morgen xm a<pou anox/..doa!-1- tLc; ano'Autwc; woMva!-1-Ec; !-1-Eta<pgaouc; tT]c; o tooQLc; y'Awooc;, muor] m !!Eta<pQaouc; amc; 6v
'UltUQXO'IJV- xm 0V 'IJJtUQXOUV, aXQLBwc; mu6r] "OEV 'Ayovtm" - 8a JtOU!-1- 6n T] !-1-ta<pQaOT] tTJc; OEOO!!EVTJc; x<poaoT]c; one; LQTJ!!EVc; y'Awooc; EL vm xaA.rJI.lEQa,
bonjour, buon giomo xm buen dfa I buenos dias avttotmxa av, 6!-twc;, !-1-Eta<pga~a!-t
nc; EX<pQaouc; xaAT]!-1-EQa, bonjour, buon giomo xm buen dfa I buenos dfas ota yEQ!-1-avLxa, (!-taA'Aov) 0V 8a (Em)/..ya!l guten Morgen, a/..Aa guten Tag.
Kat6mv twv avwtQw !!JtOQOU!-1-, JtLOtQ<povtac; OtTJV Ev mLX<pa'At6L tou naQ6vtoc;
XE<pa/..atou t8Loa EQWtT]OT], va JtOU!-1- OtL 0V ELVaL to 6n 0V !!Eta<pga~ovtm M!;uc;
dvm xan naoanavw xm oumwbwc; 6La<poQnx6. L\Ev !!Eta<pga~ovtm mmxda ow8tovta xaeauta to JtQLXO!!Evo !!Lac; !-1-E!-1-0VW!!EVTJc; y'Awooac;2 xm touto bL6n TJ !-tta<pQaOTJ we; Myoc; 6v avaytm oto mtn6o tTJc; Exaotot !-1-E!-1-0VW!!EVTJc; y'Awooac;, a'AM
oto mtn6o twv XH!-1-Evwv - TJ 6 x<pgaoT], 'A.x . guten Tag anotAEL XEL!!Evo 3.
IlQOtoU El;EtaOO'IJ!!E tL aXQLBwc; dvm XEL!-1-EVO, !!JtOQOU!-1- va mavaMBOU!-t t6oo
ad solemnitatem 6oo xm ad probationem to aQxLxwc; t8v al;tw!-1-a 6n !!6vov xd!!EVa !-1-Eta<pQa~ovtm, ta 6 XEL!-1-EVa ywwvtm 6XL !!6vov !! y'Awomxa !!Eoa, a'AM
xm !!E tT] Bor]8ua El;wy'AwooLxwv !-1-Eowv4

2 TIQ(3/... l:L OXETLXE [.lE TOU O(JOV~ (Begriffe) avruttU~EL LOU POPPER, Die offene Gesellschaft, OEA. 26 El't.
3 TIQ(3f... COSERIU, Falsche und richtige Fragestellungen in der Vbersetzungstheorie, OEA. 20.
4 TIQ(3A. ltaQOXUTW, XE(jl. 2.2.1.2.1.2.

131

at

In translation the dialectic

unison and plurality is dramatically at
work . In one sense, each act of translation is an endeavour to abolish
multiplici ty and to bring different world-pictures back into perfect
congruence. In another sense, it is an attempt to reinvent the shape of
meaning, to find and justify an alternate statement. The craft of the
translator is(... ) deeply ambivalent: it is exercised in a radical tension
between impulses to facsimile and impulses to appropriate recreation .

George Steiner'

IIEI~H

0 OPOL KEIMENO (text/texte/Text/testo/reKCT) avi]XEL OtoUs mo EUQELs, avmxtous xm ttEQoyEvds 8~Ef...Lw6Ls 6gous tlJs rt...wooof...oytas, to mQLX6~vo xm lJ cpuon tou onotou 6Ev ~Jtogouv va xf...Ewtouv E~ of...oxf...i]gou oto
Jtf...a(OLO VOs OQLO~OU, ~Las XaL l] 8WQl]tLXi] Jtagaywyi], JtOU JtQOXaf...dtaL EX ~OVlJs
tlls unag~Ews tou, tvm xata ~aon UQnxiJs ~ogcpiJs 2 xm ayEL owgxws ~6vo o
6Latunwon a~Lw~atwv 3 , to tt axQL~ws tvm "xEt~Evo", dvm xaf...utEQa, JtQotou
ogwtd, va JtEQLygacpEL IlgoE~ayyEf...nxa ~ogou~E va nou~E E6w 6tL to xa8E xd~Evo aJtOtEAEl a) ~OQCjlW~a UJtOXEl~EVO OE XWQOXQOVLXEs EJtLOQUOELs, UJtO tl]V EVVOLa OtL xat' avayXl]V EVtUOOtaL OE OQLO~EVO XOLVWVLOXOUAtoUQaf...LXO JtEQL~af...-

I
2
3

STEINER, After Babel, aet... 235.

BA.. GADA MER, Wahrheit und Methode, t. II, aet... 330 Ell.
TIQBA.. MOCKAJI'CKM!, TpaMMaTHKa TeKCTa, GEA. 7 Elt. ' KNOBLOCH, Zum Status und zur Geschichte
des Textbegri!Ts, aet... 68 Elt.

132

TI EINAI KEIMENO;
"Aov xata tl] any~i] tl]~ yvwi]~ tou, xm B) ~6gcpw~a y"Awamx6, 6rrou avnxatorrtQL~ovtm m LOLOtQOJtLE~ twv xa0xaatov y"AwaaLxwv auatn~atwv xm xav6vwv 4

Otav yLvetm Myo~ JtEQL xn~vou, "Aa~BavEtm rravtotE urr6\)Jl] n auyxEXQL~vn

xmvwvLxi] c5Laataan tou l::Lc5ou~5 xm 0Lyovtm Mo XUQLW~ rr"AEUQ~ tou: JtQWtoV, 6n
~OQEL va ELvm rrgocpOQLX6 i] ygam6 6 xm, OEUtEQov, 6n arrotEAEL rragayovta tl]~
Emxo LvwvLaxi]~ c5Lac5LxaaLa~ 7 . H EmxoLvwvLa yLVEtm ~ow xn~v_CQ_v, rrouavta"A"Aaaaovtm ~nal;u EXELvwv rrou Em0u~ouv va Emxmvwvi]aouv (~Etal;u tou o~LAl]ti]
xm tou axgoati], ~nal;u tou auyyQacpa xm tou avayvwatn) 8 . H xtaan tou xn~
vou ~OQEL va JtOLXLAAEL, xaew~ 1JJtUQX01JV ~OVOAEXtLXU XEL~Eva - "A.x. to Emcpwvn~a axaxovxa! - xm XEL~Eva arrotE"Aou~Eva arr6 t6~ou~ BLB"ALwv - "A.x. to ~u0wt6Qn~a tou Marcel Proust 'A Ia recherche du temps perduurr' ami] tl] 0EWQl]Ol] to xl::L~Evo rr"Anma~EL tnv vvma tl]~ yJcwamxrj~ Jr:Qd!;TJ~ (speech act 1 Sprechakt) 9 . Ta XEL~Eva ~ogouv EJtLOl]~ va ELvm t6ao "~ovo"AoyLxa" i] "c5La"AoyLxa", 6ao xm "xa0aQW~ y"Awamxa" i] " ~nxta" (avaMyw~ tou av JtEQLxouv xm a"A"AE~ ~ogcp~ EmxmvwvLa~)10. Bamx6 OtoLXELO xa0E XEL~EV01J ELVaL l] El;ato~LXElJOl] xm- 6mQ xm to
aut6 - n amagxna i] rr"AnQ6tnta tou: au~cpwva ~E tou~ M.A.K. Halliday xm R.
Hassan to XEL~Evo is used in linguistics to refer to any passage, spoken or written, of
whatever length, that does fonn a unified whole 11

ng~t.. .

nr; AaUV6[!Vt; arr6 tTJV "avat..uon LOU /..6you" arr6\IJtt; LOU KRESS, Linguistic Processes in
Sociocultural Practice, OEA. 12: There are likely to be problems at any time, arising out of unresolved
differences in the individual's discursive history, the individual's present discursive location and the
context of discourses in interactions. That difference is the motor that produces texts. Every text arises
out of a particular problematic. Texts are therefore manifestations of discourses and the meanings of
discourses, and the sites of attempts to resolve particular problems.
0~/... HARTUNG, Sprachliche Kommunikation und Gesellschaft, OEA. 19: Texte haben stets eine konkrete
gesel/schaftliche Existenz ZIMMERMANN, Die Antizipation mog/icher Rezipientenreaktionen a/s Prinzip
der Kommunikation, OEA. 135: Texte stellen das fundamenta/e gesel/schaftliche Faktum.- Og~f... JtEQmtQW HEINEMANN, Textlinguistik heute, OEA. 219: Niche mehr der Text selbst und seine syntaktische oder
semantische Struktur bilden nun den Ansatzpunkt textlinguistischer Beschreibungen, sondem die den Text
fundierenden praktisch-kommunikativen Tiitigkeiten, wobei diese natlirlich (... ) nur erkliirbar werden aus
libergreifenden sozia/en und gesellschaftlichen Zusammenhiingen.
0~/... axgwr; EVbHxnxa VAN DUK, Textwissenschaft, OEA. 221 rn. MACKELDEY, AJ/tagssprachliche Dialoge,
OEA. II. - fla w Q6f..o tTJt; "rrQOqJOQtx6tT)tar;" ("Sprachlichkeit") xm w; ''yQOJtt6tT)Lat;" ("Schriftlichkeit")
twv XEt[!fvwv ~A. GADAMER, Wahrheit und Methode, t. I, otf... 393 rn.
OQ~A. HEINEMANN I VIEHWEGER, Textlinguistik, OEA. 50 Err. WAWRZYNIAK , Einflihrung in die
Textwissenschaft, OEA. 7 KALLMA YER I MEYER-HERMANN, Textlinguistik, OEA. 245: ein "Text" ist die
Gesamtmenge der in einer kommunikativen Interaktion auftretenden kommunikativen Signa/e. B~ma

0 OQW[!Ot; aUt6t; ELVm 1:000 EUQUt;, JtOU OU[!Jl:EQLAO[!~VH Xm [!T) YAWOOLXCt EJtLXOLVWVLOXCt 01\[!0LO (XELQOVO[!lEt;, ocpugly[!ata, VEU[!ata x.f..rr.).
8 Bf... JlEOHTEB, Inner Speech and the Process of Grammatical Generation of Utterances, o1... 15.
9 OQ~A. HEINEMANN IVIEHWEGER, Textlingi'Jistik, OEA. 55 m., 99 rn. 104m.
10 OQ~A. VATER, Einflihrung in die Textlinguistik, OEA. 16.
II HALLIDAY I HASSAN, Cohesion in English, OEA. I rn., 7, 293: A text is best regarded as a semantic unit: a
unit not of fonn but of meaningto xEl[!EVO bv arrotEAEl YQO[![!anxll, at..Aa OT)[!amof..oytxt\ EVOtT)ta, T]
orrola wr; 6/..ov 8wQOUf!EVT] oxnl~ttm f!E va El;wyf..womx6 ouyxEl[!Evo.- ng~f... rnloT]<; KLIMONOW,
Uber/egungen zu einigen dellnitorisr;hen Kriterien des Textbegriffs, OEA. 183. fta tov AGRICOLA, TextTextaktanten- lnfonnationskem, OEA. II, tbt6tT]ta tOU XH[!EVOU E[vm xm T] OXELLXt\ El;atO[!LXEUOt\ lOU.

133

ta avaOELXVUEl oA.oxA.Y]QWr-tva 12 Kat6mv toutou ~OQOUr-tE va 8Ewgi]oour-tE an6

naoY]~ nA.Euga~ avtanoxgLv6r-tEVlJ ota EJtLOtYJr-tOvLxa JtQ6.Yr-tata r-tLa tQLttit 6L6.XQLOlJ twv XELr-tvwv OE a) yA.womx6. XELr-tEVa (ouvo6Eu6r-tEVa navtotE an6 nagayA.woOLXa otmzda) B) E~wyA.womx6. XELr-tEva (6nw~ A..x. ta x6r-tL~) xm y) r-tLxt6. XELr-tEva
(6nou, aA.A.ou xugwgzouv ta yA.womx6. xm aAA.ou ta E~wyA.wooLxa otmxLa) 13
H JtQOYJYlJ8ELoa JtEQLygacpit OEv anavt6., 6r-tw~, oto tL t:ivm XELr-tEVO it, avtwtQ6cpw~, oto tL &v Eivm XELr-tEVO. H ouyzgovl] KElr-tEvoyA.woooA.oyta ~EXLV6. an6 tl] 80YJ 6u OEV anotEA.ouv xat' avayxl]v XELr-tEva 6A.E~ Ol OELQ~ it axoA.ou8LE~ yA.womxwv EXqJQaOEWV OUtE, qJUOLXa, x6.8E OELQ6. iJ aXOAOU8La JtQOtaOEWV ~ aVE~aQtittW~
navtotE tou 6tl r-tLa xm r-t6vl] A.t~l] r-tJtOQEL, 6nw~ EAEX8YJ, va anotEAEL XELr-tEVO. OL
BaoLx~ ngoUno8oEL~ yLa tl]V unaQ~ll XELr-tvou ELvm Mo ~:a) lJ EOWtEQLxit ouvozi], 6.A.A.w~ o ELQr-t6~ (cohesion I Kohasion), nou avacpQEtm otou~ ouvtEAOUr-tEvou~
ouozEtwr-tou~ OtT] 6or-tit EmcpavELa~ 14 , xm B) lJ OELQ6. twv JtQot6.oEwv 15 -::: ar-tcp6tEQE~ OE E~aQtWVtm an6 to ELOO~ tou XElr-tfVOU. TIQEJtEl va Or-tOAOyY]8EL, wot6oo, 6tL
OLUXWQLOr-t6~ an6 naoY]~ an61j!Ew~ oacpit~ r-tEta~u XELr-tvwv xm r-tlJ-XELr-tvwv 6Ev
~oQEL va EmtEux8L, OL6tL acp' EV6~ r-tEV dvm E~aLQEtLxa MoxoA.o va 6or-tl]8EL oELg6. it axoA.oueta ngotaoEwv, 6nou r-tEta~u twv ngotaoEwv ea EAAELJtEL to onoLo6itnotE OUVEXLLXO OtolXELO, Xal acp' EtfQOU UJt6.QXOUV OElQf~ it aXOAOU8LE~ JtQOtaOEWV, 6nou nag6. tY]V unaQ~ll ouvExtLxwv otOLXELwv, OEV ~ogour-tE ~ outE xav Evmo8l]nx6. ~ va 8EwgitoowE 6tL 6w8touv ELQr-t6 16.
To XELr-tEVO, 6.ga, ~OQEL xat' aoxitv va EAEYX8EL xm va xawvoY]8EL an6 tY] oxom6.
_:rou JtQOtamxou r-tOVtfAOU, xm OY] w~ xaVOVlXit axoA.oueta JtQOtaOEWV OUVOEOr-tfVWV
r-tEta~u tou~ r-tE oxoEL~ OLanQotamx~. EnEL6it, 6r-tw~, ota 6L6.cpoga xdr-tEva oL av6.A.oyE~ oxoEL~ 6Ev avamuooovtm r-t6vo r-tEta~u yELtoVEuouowv ngotaoEwv, aA.A-6. xm

12
13
14

rJgBJ.. MACKELDEY, Alltagssprachliche Dialoge, OEA. II KRAFT, Comics lesen, OEA. 131.
BJ.. HAUSENBLAS, Zu einigen Grundfragen der Texttheorie, oEA. 148.
BJ.. ISENBERG, Der Begriff "Text" in der Sprachtheorie, oEA. I: eine kohiirente Fo/ge von Siitzen, wie

sie in der sprachlichen Kommunikation Verwendung finden BRINKER, Zur Gegenstandsbestimmung

und Aufgabenste/lung der Textlinguistik, OEA. 3: eine kohiirente Fo/ge von sprachlichen Zeichen (...),
die nicht in eine andere (umfassendere) sprachliche Einheit eingebettet ist. - rJgBJ.. EJtLOT]<;
wAWRZYNIAK, Einftihrung in die Textwissenschati, oEi. 54.
IS rJgBJ.. ISENBERG, Einige arundbegriffe ftir eine Jinguistische Texttheorie, OEA. 126 EJt., 6n:ou OI.UA(
JtEQl Theorie der sequentiellen Textkonstitution.
16 rJgBJ.. SCHERNER, Sprache alsText, OEA. 146.

134

"81 "'(3D '1jf!lj:JSUJSSflri1XJ.L ')!fiG NV A

"1r3 St "'(3D 'Jjf!lj:JSUJSSflr\JXJ.L ')!fiG NVA
pp ""(30 '1jf!lj:JSUJSSflri1XJ.L ')!fiG NVA
:VV ""(30 '>f!JS!n'lU!{1XJ.L '"M393A\H31A I NNVW3NI3H
"(~olr .\(rtoqooxrli i\lt13TI1311rJlrrirw \(rloqooxnrll.t OQ31rJll3 91Di\Cl.Q oo31Q"(I.trlnX 010 11Q1Di\13 o11.t9Mt3:
pp ""(30 '>[!1Sfn'lU!f1XJ.L '"M393A\H31A I NNVW3NI3H "'(~Oil
"1!3 6 ""(30 'UJlj:J.fpdSJ[) U[ UJ[I[P,ll?J
'HOH.Lsvno o J3XDD Jtf!O UliA n.o1 513cftQ1rD Suo \(x111o)!- m 1s 1:30 ';]1/JPOWJX;J.L ;Jlj:>SfJS!n'lun
'31HIV"M I HJI109 ""(~ i\q:JTIOQOOXDTI i\(!)1 .. DJ0010J.001r, lt1 D1j - zp "'(3D 'Jjf!lj:JSU;JSSflr\JX;J.L ')!fiG NV A
(..s!UllPJlP;Jlll!;)Zl/uul, 1jJOW;JW WJ;)l 'duo!,) ..SI.trl\(1\rl 5\(oi\1 :l"Qoxnrl,
S1.t11.tx\(eoun i\lt1QlrD MOil(lODi\D n.o:u '513m;noo:u M01~flDOilll Di\ 1\n.o~Jfll.ti\n.o 119 n.o1 i\DO~l! '5130"QildJ
-x3 53"("(1) 3rt 'i\n.oqJQol!n n.ol 'Oi\3TIJ3x ow J39lt1o:uort1ol.toX MoX? n.o:u 'S13D"Qolbx3 S3i\~TI(l)i\on3rt /\(low
-1enxu"n snooq:>"(l- S1.t1 sno\(ax 10 i\(l)i\~rl13x Ltooq9 l!n i\lt1 "Qmx \tQ131!3 .. 4::~s 1 1uuwds, 1x9 '..A!l!ulloJt,
1Di\j3 5?TIOQOOXDTI-Oi\3TI13X 10 'm L8 ""(30 '>[!JSfn'lu![Jx;u ;J[p U[ 'luruq_n)U!?J '"113.1VA i\01 3TI Di\(l)iJJTI(l:S:

Z
ZZ
lZ

oz
61

81

L1

.1D131JV'{lJOmc 'ACD30J;>1001C A()Jonoeno-yoxn ACD1 npAlni03 AltlD 0"'{90 9X11Amilto

lJ11C 13~}lJlC A391), 1D13~}13Xo A39 119 131?801Cit- cz:llf!O UUA it01 lJ}AO"'{OOO AU1 3ri
nAmdlri').o 'I,!9D"'{lt9 '5voo(J)y/.. 5111 5111o/J,oX o 'J;}q;mTJJQ;}~lpTJJdS J;}P - 51),wnodlm
-3ri 0 lJ}OlCO AU1lJ1A 'ltOlJl901C 38J;)X 4WJ30p1001t tWJ09rh0001t Uri ti(l)1 11rft13ypoV1t f1 (!
:no300?1 mA13 m9r;no
J;>110XlJ19 m 5owrioJ;>odln13ri no1 .. Lto0991ClJ, Alt1 J;>llJX :A.CDA9Anxooxnri 5m3ol),oX
130J;>g 1D1J3"'{31X319 lJ}OlJX19m9 5m Ltonod>J;>Bri Lt 119 3ri().Ol.C nA 5mo} 13().3l1103U
zzA()J10nrilto lJ"'{OA'fO lJ031(}-0it3 lJA3riJ;>lD1dln Lt91,! 30 53}0nrilto 5noo?ri }l.C3 3ri
-it011CJ;>Ait0 ACD101CO ACD11),TI009Ait0 lt1 'ACD11),lOllJA.it9 5mi A()JX100CD"'{A ACD1 OAJ3X3 500
-?ri 01 AitO~J;>n3xomnxnAn '(U;JJ;JfJ~;JJUJ) llomo!J,yxoyo J (U;}J;JfnJJSUO)[) f1of1ri9q Lt mx
(U;JJ;}fS!fTJJ;JU;J[)) 11oll3XJtt3/.. Lt '(U;}J;)!J>[;)f;JS) !J,/..oy11t3 Lt '(U;}SSTJ[snv) l1r/t13ypovu Lt mAp
itOlC '101itlJ 53A9AlJXOOXlJri 10 :A.CDA?TI13X l),it3XOlJllJX( -lJA.lJ) A.lt11),ri.\110 lJOJ;llC J;)AlJ AitOlC
-?0111C3 ' 1z.. MDA9AlJX A()JX1lD1llJriltXOlJl3ri A()JX1A0"'{01DlJrilto, 1011), 'ACDA9AlJXOOXlJri
5m3ol),oX 5lt1 m9 5310l.Co 10 'ACDA?ri13X ACD1 5owril),oA 5?ri09 5?X1A0"'{01Dnrilto 5?X11CDO
-Lt-yxo-yo mAp 5?1nn 5?ri09ooxnrioA3ri13X 10 no1 J;)Wril),ri1 DA?ri10X3x.\no no319X103ri
mx 009 'oA3ripx o-yoA'fO 01 oo91131?8D191,lrio9ooxnri 5()Jenx '5?ri09ooxnri 53'0X10l.C
3TiitOX010fl ACDA?TI13X lJ931C11C3 lJOOdJJ;>1Q lJlD 1DX lJA3ripx lJOOdJJ;>19 lJl::S: "ozit01 I),X19
lt1 91ClJ 00319"'{ltrinX 0931C}l.C3 30 53A3TI()J1AlJ1ClJ '5?riog 530319X103ri '530319X1Q13 5ool.C
130?XO A31),rio9l,!X1"'{0 'I,!X1A3A mri 13d>J;>OA1031C 5()J"'{l.ClJ mx 59X113Xo 1DA13 .. l,!riogoox
-lJri, 5009 0 119 13A1lJTIUO 031C9 .61ACD30J;ll001C lJ}8it0"'{0XlJ 1), J;l0130 lJ1TI 91ClJ 1lJlA(}.O"'{
-3l01ClJ '53AJ3X3 mx 5CD1C9 '5?1nn mx 11919 '(U;JJnJ)fnJJSOJ>i!W) 59rioqoox1ri 511 5ool.C
5m30?811An 5o.\(}.3~ o1oi),A.\ A'f0"'{310l.Cn A39 5?rio9ooxnri 10 51,!dloori 5m3c1L91ClJ 91CV
"5130J;l1001COOXlJri 5300dJJ;j1Q '(U[d~;}JOJ>[TJW) ti(l)ti9ti'lJXOOXVri ACDA?TIOA3"'{ ACD1
'A()J1AOit0113"'{ J;l0130 mri 3ri 1D1AOAJ;)llJX (lXgluglp}lUlgqO) 5lJ13AlJdl11C3 itOA?TI13X itOA
-?ri10X3XAit0 it01 '1011,! '5130J;>l001C 51191ClJ :51),.\CD.\)JA.)J 51,!X110lJOdllJO)JlC 5ltl lJ10lJX19lJ19
Lt1 3ri 5mdl ow m1AOX0? 'no1 ()~umngpgg dfUQOf~,) ..n}onrilto I),X1"'{0, Alt1 A'f0"'{3l01ClJ
mx nOA?ri13X no1 5?rioq 531X(}.ri 5?X1A0"'{01onrilto 10 5m 1lJlAO'fAX13QlJAlJ nol.C '5?1ctn
5?rioqooxnri 10 .81 (u;)JnJ>[nJJSOJ>[TJW-JX;).L) tt(J)rioqooxvri-ott3ri13X 5lt~lJlA'fO 0"'{?1Aori
nA? 3A13190l.C :llf!a uuA v ungJ. o 'Am11,llOA3 L1A()Jx1.\o-yo10nrilto ACDO?lnon3 'f~Dl3ri
~ON3J'll3)[ IVNI3 Il

VOV-f.1EWcp()a0{.1aTO~: 0Ac; OL OHQEc; iJ aXOAO'U8Lc; JtQOLUOWV, JtO'U xaQaXtTjQLsO'UV

xavovLxc; rrQoUrro8ouc;, xavovLxa ouotanxa ~EQlJ, xavovLxa arroteA.Eo~ata, xavovLxc; LOL6tTJtc; x.A:rr. ~Lac; oA.LxiJc; rrQay~anxijc; xmaotaoTJc;, avtLxaeLotavtm ~
~La JtQ6taOTj, JtO'U XaQaXtTjQLSEL tl]V HQTj~fVl] OALX'ij JtQay~atLXij XataotaOTj.

Arr6 tLc; ~LXQOOo~c; wu ~nacpQao~atoc; - arr6 nc; 6o~c; rrQotaowv xm OHQWV iJ

axoA.ou8Lwv, onA.aoij - OTJ~LO'UQyouvtm OLaooxLxa oA.ova ~yaA.utQc; xu~vLxc;
VOtTjtc;, OL 0:1tOLc; JtQOOtleVtUl -tO OQ86 8a 'ijtav va Aya~ "rrQOOaQ~6sovtm" one; rrQonyou~evc; touc;, xm OLa tTJc; rrQoo8oewc; touc; autijc; oA.oxATJQWvovtm rrQWta o ~eyaA.Ec; xa.L xat6m v o oA.ova ~eyaA.1ltEQc; OTJ~amoA.oyLxc; V6tTJtc;, we;
Oto'U OtO tfAOc; aQ8QWVtUl Tj ~aXQOOO~ij tO'U O'UVOALXOU XH~EVO'U iJ tO XEi{.1EVOfJ{.1a (Text-Thema) 24 , 6rrwc; Aynm, xm JtO'U yLa ~V tl]V KH~VOYAWOOOAOyLa 0V
dvm aA.A.o arr6 ~La ~axQorrQ6taon mL ouyxXQL~vou emrr6ou acpmQoewc;25 , yLa
0 tTJV EmotiJ~TJ tl]c; MetacpQaOTJc; 0V ~OQd va dvm UAAO arr6 to ~EtacpQao~a
xd~vo-8~a, to orroLo arrotAL to on~do XXLvijoewc; xm tQ~ano~ou 6A.wv twv
~tacpQamoA.oyLxoxL~voy A.womxwv Quvwv xm rrou oev rrQrru va to ouyxou~
~ tov ouvtaxnxijc; xataywyijc; 6Qo "8~a" tTJc; ouAA.n'lj!nc; tou Vilem Mathesius xm
tTJc; LXOA.ijc; tTJc; ilQayac; rrQL AELrovoytx1]~ nooonnx1]~ TTJ~ JCQ6WOTJ~ (funktionale
Satzperspektive ij, 6rrwc; eCvm yvwot6tQl], Thema-Rhema-G/iederung) 26 . OL ~~o
vw~vec; OTJ~aoLoA.oyLxc; ev6tl]tc; twv 6Lacp6Qwv emrr6wv oxtLsovtm oto ~eta
cpQao~a ~ tTJ "8~ALWOTJ JtATJQOqJOQLa"27 wu xu~vou-8~awc; O ttmo Ba8~6,
tOOt n XOLV'ij OXEOTJ XL~EVO'U-8~atac; OAWV tWV ~QWV to'U ~EtaqJQUO~atoc; va
LOXUH we; XaQaXtl]QLOtLXO Ol]~ELO tl]c; XH~VOOTj~aOLOAOYLXiJc; O'UVOXiJc;28 .
.
24 llQ~A. VAN DIJK, Textwissenschaft, OE:\.. 45, 50 30JIKOBCKI1:H/ll,ErJIOB, K OIIHC8HH10 CMbiCJia
CBH3HOfO TeKCTa, OEA. 35.
25 vAN DJJK , Textwissenschaft, OEA. 50: eine Makroproposition auf einem bestimmten Abstraktionsniveau.
26 Q<; yvwm:6v, aUWJX.()Va ~ tT] <JUA.A.lliJnl amitY. TJ "a~la ~aOOaEW<;" ("Mineilungswen") !J,W<; :n:Q6LaOTJ<; ag8Q<iNEtm OE 6fu !-lfgn: mo "8~ta" ("Thema"), rrou a:n:otE:\.El tTJV "acpEtT]QLa t T]<; rrQ6ta OTJ<;" ("Ausgangspunkt

der Aussage"), xm mo "Q~!J,U" ("Rhema"), :n:ou a:n:otE:\.El tov ":n:ugljva tT]<; :n:Q6taoT]<;" ("Kern der Aussage").
27 ng~A.. AGRICOLA, Textelemente und Textstrukturen , aEA.. 221: Der Begritf Text- Thema enthiilt die
wesentlichen inhalts- und strukturbestimmenden Informationen des Gesamttextes in konzentrierter,
abstrakter Form KALLMEYER I MEYER -H ERMANN, Textlinguistik, OEA. 253: Das Text-Thema ist ein
inhaltlich-thematisch Ubergreifendes Baumuster, das die gesamte Gest<Jit des Textes betritn.
28 Euowxa, A.om6v, 0 BRINKER, Zum Textbegriff in der heutigen Linguistik, OE:\.. 21, OQL~EL to XtL!J,EVO
W<; CWtEtUY!J,EVO aUVOAO JtQOtCWEWV (...) OUVCfO!J,EVWV !J,Eta~U toU<; !J,E AOYLXOOT]!J,UOLOAOYLXE<; OXE-

OEL<; E:rt[ tT] JtQOO:rtnxlj CO!J,ljOEW<; 8E!J,UHXOU XEL!J,EVLXOU 8E!J,EALOU.

136

Tl EINAI KEIMENO;

,_

LlEOO!J,EVY]<; t'Y] OXEOEW<; JtOll ll<plotatal !J,Eta~u Emoti]!J,Y]<; t'Y]<; MnacpgaOY]<; Xal
(KEL!J.EVO-)rAwoooA.oyLac;, EL!J.aOtE t'Y]<; yvW!J.YJ<; 6n EV 6'lj!u toll EQWti]!J,atoc; "tL dvm xd!J.Evo;" Ell8uc; EV OllVEXda ea ngmL va EA.Ey~Oll!J.E nc; 6Uo XUQLE<; xatEll8uvouc; noll axoA.ollBEL YJ OUYXQOVYJ KEL!J,EvoyA.woooA.oyLa: t'Y] ovaT1'/f.Wn>c~ rwv yA.waaciJvxm toV EJWWLVWVWUO JTQOaavaTOAWf.lO.
a) H KEL!J.EvoyA.woooA.oyLa noll xatEll8uvEtm ngoc; t'Y] OllOtY]!J.anxi] twv yA.woowv
JtQOEXll'lj!E, W<; yvwot6v, an6 toV XQLtLX6 OllVOllaO!J,O t'Y]<; LlO!J,LXi]<; rAwoooA.oyla<;
!J.E t'Y] fEvEnxi]-MnaOXYJ!J.atwnxi] fQa!J.!J,anxi]. ilLa t'Y]<; aox'Y]8ELOYJ<; vtOVYJ<;
XQL tLXi]<; OtoV JtEQLOQLO!J,O tWV OllVWXtLXWV EQEllVWV OXEOOV aJtOXAELOtLXU Oto
mLm6o t'Y]<; nQ6taoY]<; ano6ELX8YJXE 6n YJ ng6o<pOQYJ XQiJOYJ twv avtWVll!J.LWV
(pronomina) E~aQtatm an6 6QOll<; toll ollyXEL!J.EV01J_ (context), TJ mLXQ<itua twv
onoLwv 6Ev ELvm YJ ng6tao'Y], aA.A.a !J.EyaA.utEQE<; XH!J.EVLX<; Ev6tY]tEc; yLallt6 6Ev
d vm xa86A.oll Oll!!JttW!J.anx6 6n m 6QOL E!J,<pavloEw<; twv avtWVll!J.LWV we; nagay6vtWV Oll!J,~CXAAOVtWV Ot'Y]V XatCXOXElli] XH!J,EVWV EXOllV nEQUOEL i]OY] OtO
corpus OQLO!J.WV tOll XH!J.EVOll: tm, OU!J.<pwvo.. !J.E va "llJtEQ<pQaonx6" 29 - i]toL
llmQ~aLvovta t'Y]V nQ6taoY]- OQLO!J.6, xd!J.EVO Elvm "YJ OLa OllVEXOU<; xm a6Laxon'Y]<; JtQ008i]XY]<; XQLXWV Ot'Y]V aA.llOLOa tWV CXVtWVll!J,LWV CXXOAOll8La yA.WOOLXWV
Evoti]twv" 30, ngay!J,a to onoLo OYJ!J.aLva 6n ta xd!J,EVa anotEA.ouv OO!J.LXE<; Ev6tY]tE<; 6!J.OLE<; !J.EV xata wv tuno !J.E nc; ngotaoac;, aA.A.a EllQUtEQE<; amwv. H
ano'lj!YJ allti], wot6oo, 6n ta xd!J.Eva xmaoxEllatovtm 6nwc; axQL~wc; xataoxwatovtm m M~H<; xm m nQotaoac;, OY]A.a6i] 6La toll olloti]!J,atoc; twv xav6vwv, !J,E toll<; onololl<; Qll8!J.Ltnm Y] yA.wooa, otEQEL an6 toV OQLO!J,O tOll XH!J,EVOll
t'Y]V mL8ll!J,Y]ti] xa8ag6t'Y]ta, xa8' 6oov va XEL!J,EVO ngoxuma !J,<iA.A.ov an6 tov
OllVOllaO!J,6 otmxdwv JtEQLEXO!J.EVOll naga an6 t'Y] XQiJOYJ ollyxEXQL!J.Evwv ollvtaxnxwv !J,EOWV EJtLtEU~EW<; HQ!J,OU Xal OUVOXi]<;. Yn' ami] t'Y]V EVVOLa to XEL!J,EVO
OEv nauH va xa8ogLtnm anoxA.ELonxa an6 toll<; yQa!J.!J.anxouc; xav6vE<;, ax6!J.CX Xal av OtOV OQLO!J,O toll W<; ELQ!J,LXi]<; 01JVEXtLXi]<; CXXOAOll8La<; JtQOtUOEWV 31
JtQOOtE8d Xal 01JVEXtL!J,Y]8d to anav tWV JtOLXLAWV OY]!J,CXOLOAOYLXWV OXEOEWV 32 ,

29 fLU 'ta O'WLXELU Jt01J 01JV8E'WUV "ultEQ(jJQUOTLXOUs;" (transphrastisch) OQLO!!OUs; 'W1J XEL!-LEV01J j3A.. GORETZKI, Aspekte der linguistischen Behandlung von Texten, aeA.. 145.
30 BA.. HARWEG, Pronomina unq Textkonstitution, aeA.. 148: Text ist ein durch ununterbrochene pronominale
Verkettung konstituiertes Nacheinander sprachlicher Einheiten.- BA.. JtEQULTEQW KALVERKAMPER,
Orientierung zur Textlinguistik, aeA.. 12.
31 BA.. HELBIG, Zu Problemen der linguistischen Beschreibung des Dialogs im Deutschen, aeA.. 66.- I1Qj3A..
RIESER, On the Development of Textgrammar, aeA.. 9: Implicity provided coherence information

necessary e.g. for time reference, local reference, maintenance of quantitative and qualitative standards,
the observation of cause and event relations, and for the insertion of the missing parts into elliptical
constructions could not be reconstructed by interpretative text grammatical models then.
32 I1Qj3A. lT]V avaA.uaT] to1J VAN DIJK, Some Aspects of Text Grammars, OEA. 123,206, o orrolos; 8EWQE[
to XEL!-LEVO ws; 00!!1\ EltL(jJUVELas; Jt01J "OLUXL~ElUL" XUL amoA.oyElmL UltOlT] OT]!!UOLOAOYLX!\ !-LUXLU 00!!1\, JtOU OEV ELVUL JtUQU !!LU U(jJT]QT]!-LEVT] AOYLX!\ 00!!1\, T] OJtO[a !!JtOQEL va 8EWQT]8EL ws; TO JtAUVO 'W1J
xEL~ttvou. LTJ!!Hli>vnm arrA.ws; 6n 11 "!!UXLa OO!!T\" ev JtQOXEL!-LEVW XQTJOL!!OJtOLelTm otaqJOQenxa arr6
U1Jl0 JtOU OT]!!ULVEl T] "deep structure" TT]s; fevenxTjs;-METUOXTJ!!UlLOTLXT\t; fQU!!!!UlLXT\s;.

137

AHWUQy(a "CWV XH!J-EVWV. H A.mougy(a amij xa80QL~H xm xaQaX"CTJQL~H "CO cL6oc;

"CT]c; cJtLXOLVWVLaxijc; rnacpijc;, JtO'U 8EAH va c!-lJtcOWOH OLa W'U XH!J,EVO'U 0 1tO!-lJt6c;
owv OEX"CTJ, xm 6La "CTJc; cv Myw rnacpijc; anox1:6. w XcL!J-cVO "v6T]~-ta" cmxmvwvLax633. NO!J,L~OW OWL 0 OQW~J,6c; W'U XH!J,EVO'U JtO'U JtQO"CcLVHal a:rt6 WV Siegfried J.
Schmidt 34 - : xEif.lE VO Eivm xa8E E!,;WTEQtXEVf.lEVo yJtwamx6 avaranx6 armxEio
f.lWr; JTQCt!;1Jr; Emxotvwviar; OE eva Emxmvwvwx6 nmxvi& OQCtOEWV xm EVEQYEtwv, xa8E avaranx6 arotxEio T1Jr;, D7JJtaorj, nov Eivm nooaavaroJtwf.1evo 8Ef.1anxa
xm nov EmTEAEi avayvwQiatf.11J Emxmvwvwxrj Jtarovoyia, rjrm xa8E avaranx6
arotxEio T1Jr; nov vnoaramwva avayvwQiatf.lO nooaJtExnx6 35 ovvaf.1tX6 - l;cxLvwvac; an6 <pLAOOO<pLXEc; 8c!J,cALWOHc; wu Aou6oBtxou Wittgenstein 36 , cLVm JtQOO<pogoc; xm XQYJonx6c; L6twc; yta nc; avayxcc; TJc; Emmt'l~-tTJc; TJc; MnacpgaoT]c;, 6L6n
6w 1:ou 6o8vwc; OQW!J-OU cw6.ynm o 6goc; "Text-in-Funktion," ijwL 6LaA.oyLx6
"xcL!J-cVO cv AH"Cougyta", o onotoc; cl;atQH "CTJV cmxoLvwvLaxij anoowA.ijnou EXH
to XcL!J-cVO "CTJc; !J-c"C6.<pgaoT]c;37 , aAA.Ct. xm 6L6"CL w XcL!J-cVO ngoocyyt~nm we; 6La6Lxaota nagaywyijc; cmxmvwvtac; xm OXL we; :rtaQYJY!J-EVO ngo'C6v t'l6TJ O'UV"CcA.w8LoT]c; cmxmvwvtac; 38 . To XcL!J-cVO "x6.vH" "Ba~n" ng6.y~J,aw va 1-l LA ijoouv.

33 81.. US OXEtLXES avacpOQESl:OU BRINKER, Linguistische Textanalyse, OEA. 14 rn.

34 SCHMIDT, Texttheorie, OEA. ISO.
35 fLa US AEYO!!EVES JrQOOAfXTLXE~ 00/).f~ (1/lokutionsstrukturen) JtQ~A. HEINEMANN I VIEHWEGER,
Textlinguistik, OEA. 104m.
36 81.. WITTGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, un' aQLB~-t. 7, 23, OEA. 241,250, 6nou ytvnm A6yos JtEQL y}.waao:n:myviwv(Sprachspiele).
37 llQ~A. REISZ/ VERMEER , Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie, OEA. 88 m . - llQ~A. El1LOl1S DE BEAU GRANDE I DRESSLER , Einflihrung in die Textlinguistik, OEA. 3, 190 MICHEL, Texte und
Sti/normen als Rege/n oder als Madelle?, OEA. 14 GROSSE, Texttypen, OEA. 20 KALLMA YER I MEYERHERMANN, Textlinguistik, OEA. 243.
38 llQ~A. HEINEMANN, Textlinguistik heute, oel.. 219: Texte interessieren nicht mehr nur als fertige Produkte

(. .. ), die dann syntaktisch und I oder semantisch zu ana/ysieren sind, sondern sie werden a/s Elemente
umfassender Handlungen untersucht, a/s Instrumente zur Durchsetzung konkreter kommunikativer und
sozialer Sprecher-Intentionen.- llQf\1.. m to11c; EHLICH, Zum Textbegritt; OEA. 13m., 17, o onoto:; BEWQEL
TO XEL!!EVO Wt; El1LXOLVWVLUXT] EV6"tT]W l1UQUMT]AT]l1QOS TT] YAWOOLXrl JtQUl;T], an6 1:1']V Ol10LU WOTOOO DLaXQLVEtaL nooonxa, DL6n 11 MArl YAWOOLXT] l1QUl;T]1tEQLAU~VEL xma xav6va !!LU 1tQOTUOT], EVW tO XL !lVO anotel.d ev6TT]W Ul1Ql1QOTmnxr]. H anoqxxmonxr] bLacpoQ6. !!Etasll xeL!lfvou xm yl.womxr]c; JtQasllS yxatm 010 6n mo XEL!!EVO m ~-tETacpoQES JtAT]QOcpoQL<ilv x.m !!11VWUTWV an610v l10!!1t6 mov bEXTTI
JtUQOUO LU~OUV QWY!lfS: 10 XL!!EVO bEV OU!!1tUQOUOLU~EtaL !!E 10V l10!!1t0 XaL TO DEXTT]10U, !! tOV O!!LAT]lrl xm wv axQOmr] wu, ai.J.a amovo~-td<UL vavn xm Twv Mo.

138

6I
'j?j Z ''(30 'J;JA;JN Ul?l{J ;JJ!?[SUI?J.L J;JJJ;Jfi '31VAO j7j7

T .. IT omwd:J
-3x 010 '(l)1'QXDilmr '(g (;;sn /l{:JnRiq;;o) 5(l)3JJ~oX J031f u!;;lsu;;~hl!A\ n.oxJIJoqn.ov n.o1 5ncltQlfD 511 D1J
1 ''(30 'uO!Jl?tsuu.i.r ur ;;ju_?ppuro:J '3GNV~D!W38 3G
viZ ''(30 'l;JA;JN Ul?l{J ;JJ!J{SUI?J.L J;JJJ;)fi '31VAO ''(IJClU
'1'1'1 ng1on ,lfn. 01D'(J;ldl3X 010 5nri 5no~oltmilDlf 5~X113Xo 511 ''(8
'6 Z ''(30 'i,J{J{[dxg JX;J.L I? Sf U;Jl{;\\ '.ll3W3li\\ I GNVKLSAN ''(8

zv
I j7

Ov
6

1717 13X01))1Ut A39 DJTIXWt90D1

no~ol Lt 119

(g mx '(..uomnctupu,) ..5~/..olionDOOl, mx (..uonu[sUUJl,) ..5l.wnocb1))13li,

~~D13li '5lwnocb1))13W 5lt1 5Ltli~W113: 5Lt1 530?1DD JOX103li M0"08 5am9 ~ '(;}:JU;}[UA
-OJ;}l;}4) 5m3A?8D00313 ~ 5nJliDMQOD1AD 5~A131Dl 5lt1 mx (;}:lU;}[UA!nb;}) 5DJliDA
-0,90D1 5lt1Lt9fJD19 5lt1 ~~m3'1i 51))oocbm9 010~110x 3lilLOD())080D DAm/.. 9X1A3li13X(l)~3 n'li
-Lt9A 3D mx MA?'Iinx 0,01 X3nlilt9A 3D n'lilt9A 01 Dl"{DcbDl)) 3lilLOD~liowX19DA 3'1i~oool'1i
A39 119 (D 13AJDliltD A(l)"{"{l)) ~~D13li 91lLV '~lDDOcDD13li lL01 5ltD())A/.. (5ltDJ38U103.!0/..03A3
mx) Ltli~Ali Ltw 5ltA?lilL3Xlt80lD 5Lt1 mx D?cbno/../..lLD 0,01 5ltD())A/.. lLOA?li13X lL01Dli())D
OlD 5ltA?TI13831DlDX 5lt1 :5ltD())A/.. A())913 0~9 5(l)3D1))09113"{U"{"{D "-9~.001 5(!) D13Al))cD113
AUlD 1D13~9DAD 5(!)19 1DX 0(!)3~?"{ A(l)1 UD~OX U1 91D 1D13~JOO 5(!)19 'lLOA?li13X/..lLD
~OX1"{DOlL01 "{lLOX01A(l)A10X lLOA?lilL3X1913~3 l))OUlDlLD 59A3 591A3 5ltDJ38D3"{31 5DJDDX

-19D19DliD3"{?101D 9X1liDAlL9 A~X0~3 , WX 5(!) Dlilt9A lLOA?li13X lL01 X3 01 ~9D"{U9131?"{fl

DA .01DJD"{l "-?8UcDDO/..D1XD 01 9hlD 3D DD?li Dlilt9A lLOA?li13X 0,01 X3 0113~)1(l)13li11AD
DA 13"{J3cDO 5~1DDOcDD13li

'z 17 UO!J1?nJfS ::Jl[J Uf UO 1JUf01l Sf ::JS[::J J!?l[M pu!? JOj p;:,sn 1JUf::Jq

::JJF A::JlfJ JFlfM l[J!M SAFM :Y!JFW::JJs;\s Uf s;:,ppUfO:Y Afll?UOfJU::JJUf .. UF;)W, s11UflfJ JFlfM lf:YflfM
Uf UO{J1?Jn1J!]UOJ :Y[1J;)J1?JJS 1? S1? - ;}pUUJ~nU;}8. ;}p U;}QO'M lL01 UD(l)l~1D19 lt1 l))lDX - DA3li
-9A1DcDMlLD D1 )30(!)38 5(l)JAD1D 5~1DDOcDD13li 0 11919 '01~01 1DX . 1179li013 A9X1031(l)D3
131?8D19 DA 131?01 AltX/..l))AD ,wx lLOl 5owli~oA '5ow'li~oA 5DJOlt13cbn 5DDD())"{/.. 5lt1
lLOA?linx 0,01 X3 lL01 ltDlt190X/..lLD ~X1D(l)A/.. Lt1 l))WX ' 017 ss;)usnopsumun JO Wl?;)JJS DA? 3D
5D1A9 '5~1DDOcDD13li 0 13D)l(l)13li11W DA 3Xp lLOl DlDli~"{f)OOl DlD DA9ADX 9X111101
-AlLD l))WX mMO"{pcbo 'mnliD1))ocbn13li noocb1))19 mD 1D1A())lADAlLD lLOl 'lt8"9"{ m 'UlUD;}
D.L .65(l)3D?801lL ~3 J38XDAlLD DA J30011i 11'9 3li 1DX J38X3"{ DA 1D1J311DlD 11'9 3li )31
-000001 '1D13/..?"{ 11'9 AD19 'AO"{"{l))li 'l))"{"{D '1D1J30M3 11'9 5001 ~"{Of)DOD111AD ,lDX 13~
-1))101D1 'm13/..?"{ 11'9 AD191X9 '5?cDDD 1DAJ3Dlilt9A lLOA?li13X lL01 X3 0.1 ' U1D())A/..DAD lL01
Dli3891D 9X1D(l)A/.. 01 91D 5(l)J0lLX l))"{"{D 'lLOA?li13X 0,01 A())1DD/..03~313 A(l)09cDD19 A(l)1
nliD3"{?10lD 3101Dl))X3 01 91D 5())"{1D 1X9 1D11))10D~3 13D())111031 ltDl))l A3 nlilt9A lLOA?li
-13X 0,01 X3 011191v LtlD())A/..nw-5(l)?cbno/../..lLD ltD?XD Ltw 13XDJOlL3AD 01DJO(l)38 ~x1/..o"{
-D19DDJ3809 (l)0?1(l)AD lt '1))1lLD8DX DA3lipx DlD Dlilt9A 01 AlLO~)l01.\3 '9038D1D 1DX 9X
-1A3li13X11AD mAp n'lilt9A 911J:no/.. 01 53J01o 511

m/.. '53JO(l)38 5?X11D1"{Dlioocb 53oocb1))19

10 0,019 J3X3: 'U1D())A/..DAD A01 1DX OA3lipx OlD DD3lil))AD 1D13DD~11DAD lLOl UDD091))19
~1xon10, Alt1 "'"o~AX139DAn O,Ol A(l)09 ltD~ox 3li "9"{"{D 'O,OA?li13X 0,o1 1))X11moLt1xnonX

~.\3/../..3 MO~AX139DAD 0,01 A(l)09 ltD~OX 3li 1D13~3Altli03 DA 1DX 1D13~J/../..3D001 DA 131

-?01 A39 (~U!UU;}W lX;}l) Dlilt9A A011~X001 lLOA?li13X lL01 X3 01 (l)0?1(l)AD A(l)1 A1191D)I

:oN:H'li3J! IVNB Il

Les ambiguites du langage pratique ne sont rien a cote de celles du langage

litteraire. Les premieres sont en effet reductibles par Ia situation dans laquelle e/les
apparaissent: que/que chose hors de Ia phrase Ia plus ambigue, un contexte, un
geste, un souvenir, nous dit comment if faut Ia com prendre, si nous voulons utiliser
pratiquement /'information qu 'el/e est chargee de nous transmettre: c'est Ia
contingence qui fait un sens clair. Rien de tel avec / 'a:uvre: L'a:uvre est pournous
sans contingence, et c'est meme peut-etre ce qui Ia definit /e mieux: l'a:uvre n 'est
entouree, designee, protegee, dirigee par aucune situation, aucune vie pratique
n 'est Ia pour nous dire /e sens qu 'if faut lui donner; el/e a toujours que/que chose de
citationnel : en elle I 'ambiguite est toute pure : si prolixe soit-elle, elle possede
que/que chose de Ia concision pythique, paroles conformes a un premier code (Ia
Pythie ne divaguait pas) et cependant ouverte a plusieurs sens, car e/les etaient
prononcees hors de toute situation - sinon Ia situation meme de I 'ambiguite :
/'a:uvre est toujours en situation prophetique.

Roland Barthes

I EnAM<I>OTEPirMOI THr IIPAKTIKHr fAQnAr- ~-tat; OLa~c~aLWVH o Roland

Barthes ow ~-t6LO ~-tar; - , eav avyxodJovv :n:oo~ n~ aoowri~ TTJ~ y"Awaaa~ r1}~
cpt"Ao"Aoytx1}~, &v eivm ri:n:or. Ot flV 6vrw~ flJr:OQovv, ~ aUo n avay6flVO, va
fl8QflTJVv8ovv a:n:6 n~ e!;wreotx~ exeiv~ :n:eowraa~. v:n:6 n~ o:n:oi~ flcpavi~o
vrat e:n:i axTJv1}~. Y:n:aox :n:avra xanri exei :n:ao6v, yvow & a:n:6 TTJV :n:Uov e:n:aflcporeoi~ovaa cpoaaTJ wowx6wvo, xa:n:ow aicpVTJ~ avvvcpm v6flVa, xa:n:ot~ XQOvof,li~. xtv1}at:t~. xa:n:ow t:v8vfl1}flara :n:ov fla~ Uve fl ri ro6:n:o :n:oi:n:t:t rt:"Atxa va
TTJV VV01}00Vfl, t:av 8AOVfl va XOTJOflOJr:01}00Vfl :n:oaxnxa TTJV Jr:ATJQOcpOQia,

BARTHES, Critique et verite, OEA. 54.

140

1171
J;Jp U;Jl{;JJSJ;}A S!1p pun J{;}l{U;J)iue)JJ;JA J;Jp l!W ;Junu)l;J)/;Jfl ;Jfp JZJ;JfnZ Jl{:J{U JJQl{;})/ ffunqoJdJii
J;}l{:JfOS nz 'U;JSsnw U;JqOJdJ;} )/JpU.f!JS ;Jf!;}JJnJOA ;}J;}SUn ;}1/!1 JfM UJ;J_JOS 'U;JjJ!J)/;Jq ffunpJffi J;}];}JS
Uf 1Jl1MU;J)/;J[) J;Jp lUOZfJOH J;}P JS! l!;}l{Jl{l1;\\ UJ :()iunZFlWL{:JSJ;JAlUOZ!JOH,) .. Aro1A9~100 uoo.3A<)JX.\cw,
j7

'Z6 ''(30 'I '1 ';JpOlfPW pun l!;Jl{Jl{l1;\\ '~3WVOV9 ''(9

Snri 9ADY90lJ AOlO uq~ UDADri~D11f3 ~xmXo u1 ''(H
snri ~x1q 1DAJ3 uonoch1)l13ri H

]3'(DXOlfD '! ! ''(30 'I '1 ' ;JpOl[J;JW pun J!;}l{Jl{l1;\\ '~3WVOV9 0 11'9 D1A ' D1A9'( D'('(1)l3ri '1D113X90ll

suoAnod snou :;)lS!U;)AU;)8. Soronw o 13?'( ctou 91ctx:> 5(()0~'(1 13(),X01 - Somri~oA cto1
uom9m13ri )/Od:>x:>'(3 3ri- ctO'('(l! ~a ~oA3ripx uonod:>)/13ri soou o1o m13A.?'( 11' 9 cto19x
-19 13A)/X XlA ctOA?ri13XOOl.C ~9Xl'(ll9 'OA3ri)3X llDX>Od:>)/13ri Sool.C 01 Xl138~'(Xl ,10 )38(()13X10
x:>A ctOA?rinxool.C 'n~JX>l.C x:>A 13~)/g All1 x:>A mx "19JAXm1C, o1o cto1llrl<y>A/..ll1 5~1ct3Allrio3
-5~1DX>Od:>Xl13ri 0 "13AXJO, XlA XllU191XlM9 3ri 13~)/10ri (),'(Ol.C 011 .J38ll'()11C3 XlA ~ 1Xl1
-3~JOU1001Cct XlA XlJDct8UD)/1.C 131C?Ol.C ctOl.C llch.Ol.C)/ ~ UD?8 Xl101)/X 3rl 1Xl13~J1ctXll A39 5(()ri9
All'(l.C '9x1101ooenx mAoA.)/onl.C '5(()A?riol.C3 'A3ri J3'(3101.Cn ~1ct3Allrio3-~wnod:>n13ri cto1
SXllAO~JOO 0 p(S;}UUfSJX;}.L S;}p iium{J;}MJ;}J;}P;}!J\\) S.OJOM3 110A;ntmc 1101 X3 S/11 ilD1Al
-(l.d:WA.Ol3 AUlD 'J;)WUPUD 0 13AJX>rlll011.C3 5(()19 '1Xl1AOA<y>1Xlri(()DA3 ~1ct3Altri03-~1DX>Od:>
-Xl13ri ct01 Snclt91CX> 10 mx Snclt?XD 10 119 13AJx:>rillo 0319 ' ctOA?ri13X cto1 cto191 cto1 Lto
-lt9AXl1XlX 13AJX>rllto OA3ri)3X ltox:>Od:>)/13ri 5001 X>A? )30AA3J1 0.1 '"9X100101, Xl0~1XX>OX>X
13X? A39 ctOA?ri13X ltox:>Od:>)/13ri 5001 ct01 ltolt9AX>1XlX ll \SX>JOOlDI Sl.t1 Xl131)/0X11C3 AUlD
1Xl13A)/AXl 'X>?91 5(() mx S009 5(() \,ltox:>Od:>)/13ri, lt (!)A3 .ct01 X>?d:>x:>oA.A.cto ct01 ltD?8 lt1ltA
-JXXl13riX> '3riX>A?'( ne '5(!)9(()1Xlri0131C X>Jrl Sool.C 5(()30JOXA.cto nrilt1~~ S<y>'(l.CXl )3'(3101CXl A39
OA3ri)3X UDX>Od:>)/l3ri 5001 X>A? 'DO)/ 'J30M3 J1 0.1 ~1ct3Altrio3-~1DX>Od:>X>13ri ct01 513099
-113 5110 '13D<yl11.C1031C UD)/l.C A3 '~ Xl1U191~39 UlD 13'(?1 A3 1Xl13'()3d:>O 'MOD~'(1ri XlA XllXlri
-1..)/0l.C "13~)/g, ~ "13A)/X, Sltonod:>)/13ri Smri OA3rlJ3X 01119 0.1 nrionod:>)/13ri 01 :oA3ripx
OA?riDX>Od:>Xl13ri 011X>X 1X>A)3 OA3ripx 'Scto/..9'( S<y>g10XX> Sct0191 Scto1 mA. '9X11ltd:>OOII
z.S~xuilcboou S13Dl)JlD103l 91t11 J3yn ::11
-Ol]3.0 9X1AX310AOY 01 OAO~ O.L 'MfJrlD10310cbri.ol3 A(l)l ilDJJlDJ03l il ill(I..O ~111.0 1VAJ3
1101 SilAJ3X3 Saw] Ailyu 'Sro3Dl)JlD103l nou~qDmo S91x3 1VlAOO~cbx3 (I.Ocb.o '.oD9 VlD
-J3Ylt m.ori~OA 3D 1))111.0 V1A9Y Vll)JlX10A.O WAJ3110lt wx pyy.o '(oe(l.rt A(I.03101.0 S.oJe
-11IJ Sill Arolprfuoily.oo.ou J03l m) .ox1q(}Jx 9x1Xo.o AVA~ Soou A3ri MJOArocbrii1D 11ou
A(IJAJ3X3 ~3 101~ mu2 s.o1e11IJ Sil1 mil1 9 Ax11u ~x1Arox.oy il1 9 u.o Jlu.ox mApu 1n
-~emq 'o.{o~ 9X1AXno.{oy OlWAJ3 A.O wx S~MlOA10XD ODQ 3q S(}JA3AA3 - Sro3~J3rlD
-oou nou~qDmo 113Al)J WAJ3 1101 ~cb11 .ODI10~Jonocbrf.ou3 il :9xuoqorfDiloX Jlu.ox
VlAl)Jlt 13X~103lt o,.{o~ 9X1AXno.{oy O.L '3rii10D(}Jq 1101 .OA 3rii10YJ3cbo .oriil9A Jl 131 S.orf
.OA WX 13[}ri~O.Ol .OA (}Jq3 Wl3XO~ A3q ~ro~ ~X11X.OOl .O]riri.O)f 'UDV1DJ03l A3ero~~ .O]ri
-ri.ox J313Ailqou 01 A3q WX 1Vl3~JltD.OOOlt 01 Mq WX J31X13qoymx.oq 01 Mq WX 13~
-]X101D103lt 01 A3q o,.{o~ O.L '1101 .OJD110 Aill 01901 003l(I..Y.OX AOll)Jl.OX 13~J001qDOOlt
mx .OJOUO il S(}J[}1ox.o ilAJ3X3 1VAJ3 .OA ~111.0 1101 p1il191q1 il mmyprf ::1q SroDJ 'Aro
-J3X10lD A3ero~~ ArolA(I.Olo.ortoo.ourii1D wx ArolA9A.oX,.\mDoou S(}JynA.ou 1VlJ30nD
S.ori m.{ o.{o~ O.L '13XOl)Jl11 A3q .orf.{pou 0101~1 '110AO~ (I..OX1AXno.{oy 1101 ]031 '.OO(}Jl
'110A~ri13XOOIJ 'VlA(I..OlO.Orioo.ourii1D V1 WX VlAOAl)JXA111DOOl Vl 91.0 Wl~1AA3A .Ori
-il9A OlX3y]cbri.oA.O WX S~cb.OD O.L '13D(}Jq.Ol3ri S.ori .OA ilA~riD1lOOcb113 WAJ3 .0]010 Aill

VIONNt! 'VEVWH~

'omwm

XO!-lVO JtQEJtH Es OQW~-to'\J va dvm navta xm navtou " to Low", to mQLX6~-tvo tnr;
~-tEt<i<pQaonr; OEV ELvm 6uvat6v va ava<pQttm o ~-tLa xm ~-t6vn yA.wooa avn8twr;,
!-tUAWta, JtQEJtH va UJtEQ~ULVH tl']V xa8~-tLU 1-lE!--LOVW!-lEVl'] yA.ci:Jooa 7, va avaOHXVUtm 0 'UJtEQ!!OVOYAWdOLXO JtQLEXO!-LEV0 8 .
IlQOXH!-lEVO'U Va ax8oU~-t OE auto to UJtEQ!-LOVOYAWOOLXO JtQLEXO!-LEVO, JtO'U UJtQ~aLvu- !! tnv EyEA.Lavr] vvoLa tnr; UJtEQ~aonr;, r]toL &a avv8acw~- ta xa8xaotov
JtEQLEX6~-tva twv ~-t~-tovw~-tvwv yA.woowv, JtQEmL va EsEtaoowE OLa ~Qaxwv Ex
to'U o'\Jvtyyur; tour; tQHt; ~amxo'\Jr; tUJtO'Ut; to'U YAWOOLXOU JtEQLEXO!-LEVOU: tO OT]!JE{O,
tl'] OT}!Jaaia 9 XaL tl']V EVVOta, OL OJtOLOL aJtOtEAOUV nr; tQHr; OtoL~UOEr; tOU VOrJ~-tator;
xm m onoLOL d vm ouvat6v va E~-t<pavU;ovtm taut6XQOva OE 6A.a ta XL~-tva.
Evw n OTJ!Jaaia (meaning rj sense I Bedeutung) dvm to JtEQLEXO!-LEVO nou OLOEtm O
~-tLa x<pQaon navtot xat' avayxnv ~-toa otn !-LE~-tovw~-tvn yA.wooa, xm on anoxA.ELonxa OLa tnr; !!E!-LOVW~-tvnr; yA.wooar; xa8autr]v 10, to OTJ!JEiO (sign I Bezeichnung)
ava<pEQEtaL Otl']V EXUOtot OQW!-tEVl'] OXEOl'] !-LE tl']V "JtQUY!!UtLXOtl']ta": l]toL Otl']V

Vber/ief"erung, aus der wir kommen. Der Horizont der Gegenwart bildet sich also gar niche ohne die
Vergangenheit. Es gibt so wenig einen Gegenwartshorizont fUr sich, wie es historische Horizonte gibt,
die man zu gewinnen hiitte. Vielmehr ist Verstehen immer der Vorgang der Verschmelzung solcher
vermeintlich sich seiender Horizonte, i}wt: OTT/V noanwnx6r71ra o ooi~ovrac; rov nao6vroc; eewoeirm 6n OXT/Jlari~erat aevawc;. acp' 71c; ouyJ11}c; 6A.ot Jlac; nonet va <Aiyxovf1E, 6A.ot Jlac; nonn va boXLJl.a~ovw anavorwc; uc; nooxaraA.I}lf!etc; Jl.ac;. :Ee rrowv A.eyxo. oe rrow DOXLJl.aoia &v evraooovrm ev rA.n 71 ovvaVTT/OT/ J1f ro naoeA.86v xm 71 xarav6T/OT/ r71c; naoaboo71c;. :Erov i&o fl.LXQ6 {3a8f1.6,
onov vcpiorarat wrootx6c; ooi~ovrac;. rov onoio ea noene va xaraxr1joovf1E, vcpiararm xm ooi~o
vrac; rov nao6vroc; xa8avr6v. noUw uaUov n xarav6non el;axoA.ov8ei va eivat n btabtxaoia rnc:
OVYYWVfVOllC: TETOLWV Dri8ev vnaQXTWV OQL1;6VTWV. 0L EJtLOT]fJ.CtVOW; avljxouv O'WV Gadamer.
6 BENVENISTE, Problemes de linguistique generale, t. I, oel... 63.
7 ngf:ll... FOLENA, Vo/garizzare e tradurre, ael... 4: Le /ingue non sono estranee fra foro, rna apriori, e a
prescindere da ogni rapporto storico, affini in cia che vog/iono dire.
8 81... COSERIU, Falsche und richtige Fragestellungen in der Vbersetzungstheorie , ael... 20.

9 LXOltLtJ.Wc; XQT)OL!J.OltOLOUf.lf EOW, ana xm Otl)V avaltt'Usll t(J)V axol..ou8ouo<i:Jv fVOti}tWV, tl) Hsll
"ontJ.aola" avtl tTJc; A.el;nc; "v6ntJ.a", l'lt6n to "v6ntJ.a", 6vrac; euglltego tl)c; ontJ.aolac;, oxeMv ngooeyyl~EL- av l'lev tautl~nm xt61..ac; nc; JtLO noi..Atc; cpogtc; !J.E - tl)V "evvow".
10 ngf:\1... GADAMER, Wahrheit und Methode, t. II, OEA. 197: Sprache beruht of"fenbar darauf, daB Worte
ihrer bestimmten Bedeutung zum Trotz keine Eindeutigkeit haben, sondern eine schwankende
Bedeutungsbreite besitzen, und gerade dieses Schwan ken macht die eigentlimfiche Waghalsigkeit des
Sprechens aus, i}toL: 71 yA.wooa {3aoi~erat noocpavwc; oro 6n ot A.EI;etc;, naoa uc; xa8oQLOf1Evec; rove;
omwoiec;, &v bw8rovv oacpl}vew xm xa8ao6r71ra, aUa iva XVJ1.atV6}1fvo, aora8c; evooc; OT/JlGotwv avrl} De T/ aora8ew OVVLOTcl TO QT//;LXEAW8ov TOV Ofl.LAfiV.

142

LHMEIO, LHMA}:!A, ENNOIA

EXCWtot OQLOr,tEV'Y] OXEO'Y], JtO'\J '\JqJLOtatm r,tEtal;u aqJ' EV6c; r,ttac; yf...wootxi]c; EXqJQaOr]t; xm a<r' tgou v6c; El;wyA.wootxou "ngayr,tatoc;" (Sache) i] r,ttac; El;wyA.womxi]c;
"xataotao'Y]c; ngayr,tatwv" (Sachverhalt") i] v6c; El;wyA.wootxou "ngayr,tanxou"
('Tatbestand)- ovvA6vn ELmLv: r,ttal;u aqJ' v6c; r,ttac; yA.womxi]c; xqJgao'Y]c; xm
aqJ' EtEQO'\J amou JtO'\J O'Y]r,taLVEL Xt6c; yA.wooac; 'Y] EXqJQaO'Y] auti] 11 To Or]r,tELO rLJtOQEL
va avtLOtOLXd o r,tLa O'Y]r,tao(a t'Y]c; yA.wooac;, r,toA.ov6n touto 6v Lvm anaQaLtr]to,
r,ttac; xm otT] yA.wooa, xt6c; t'Y]c; "xugtoA.El;Lac;", un<iQXEL xm 'Yl "r,tnaqJDQa"l2_
H rt'Yl avayxaonxi] our,tmwo'Y] O'Y]r,tELO'\J xm Or]r,tao(ac; Er,tqJa(vnm one; El;i]c; Mo
or,ta6c; naga6Lyr,tatwv:
i) (o 6,n aqJOQa to l;wyA.womx6 "ngayr,ta" xa8aut6): ta Qi]r,tata-o'Y]r,tda cpiQW
(EAA.), to bring (ayyA..), porter(yaAA..), zu bringen (YEQr,t.), portare (LtaA..), traer
(LOJt.) XaL HeCTH I IIpHHOCHTh (QWO.), EVW EXO'IJV JtOAAEt; XaL OLaqJOQEt; O'Y]r,taOLEt;,
nov 6ta twv avayxa(wv Or]r,taowA.oytxwv avn8owv xm avnnagaBoA.wv 6taxg(vovtm XaL OQL08toUVtaL Otr]V xa8 yA.wooa XWQLOta,
- Ev6txnxa avaqJEQOUr,t 6tt ota ayyA.txa A.r,t "to bring a thing home to
someone", 6tav 8A.ovr,t "va 6woovr,t O xanotov va xataA.aBEL xan" ota
yaAA.txa A.r,t "porter Ia main sur quelq'un", 6tav "OEQVOW xaJtOLov" ota
YEQr,tavtxa AEr,t "jemanden urns Leben zu bringen", 6tav "oxotWVO'\Jr,tf xaJtOLov" ota ttaA.txa Mr,t "portare in lungo", 6tav xan "tgaBaEL o r,taxgoc;" ota
wnavtxa A.r,t "traer y llevar a uno", 6tav "xoutOOrLJtOA.Euour,t xanOLov" xm
ota gwootxa, tA.oc;, Mr,t "rrpHHOCHTh cqacThe", 6tav 'Yl tUXTJ r,tac; "EvvoE("rLJtOQouv '\JJtO 0'\JYXEXQLr,tEVEt; JtQOUJto8oLc; va OT]r,taVO'\JV 0 OAEt; tLt; YAWOOEt; aXQL-

Bwc; to (ow ngayr,ta:

- A.x. ota ayyhxa rLJtOQOUr,t va nour,t "To bring to an end" xm va r,tEtaqJgaoov!-1-E ota EAATJVtxa "<PQw He; ngac;" ota yaA.A.txa r,tnogour,t va nour,t
"porter le deuil" xm va r,tEtaqJgaoour,t ota EAA'Y]Vtxa "qJogaw nv8oc;" ota
yEQr,tavtxa !-t1tOQOUr,t va nour,t "das Geld bringt Zinsen" xm va r,tEtaqJgaoour,t ota EAA'YJVLxa "ta XQi]r,tata qJgvouv t6xo" ota ttaA.txa rLJtOQOUr,t va nour,t "portare prove" xm va r,tEtaqJQaoovr,t ota EAA'YJVLxa "<PEQVW ano6dl;Lc;"
ota wnavtxa rLJtOQOUr,t va nour,t "traer el dinero" xm va r,tEtaqJgaoour,t ota
EAATJVtxa "<rQvw XQi]r,tata" xm ota gwotxa, tA.oc;, r,tnogour,t va nou!-1-
"HocHTh Tpayp" xm va r,tEtaqJgaoovr,t ota EAATJVLXa "qJogaw nv8oc;".
ii) (o 6,n aqJoQa tT]V El;wyA.womxi] "xataotaoT] ngayr,tatwv" xa8ami]v i] to l;wyA.womx6 "ngayr,tanx6" xa8am6): to ngayr,tanx6 yyov6c; 6tt to VQ6 otT] Sa-

II OQ~A. GADAMER, Wahrheit und Methode, t. II, OEA. 197.

12 OQ~A.. COSERIU, Einftihrung in die Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, OEI... 262 EJt. - OQ~A.. JtEQattEQW
BENVENISTE, Problemes de linguistique generate, t. I, a1... 64: Cette langue est configuree dans son
ensemble et en tant que totalite. EJ/e est en outre organisee comme agencement de "signes" distincts et
distinctifs, susceptibles eux-m~mes de se decomposer en unites inferieures ou de se grouper en unites
complexes. OL mwn~avow; Elvm bLxE<; ~a<;.

143

xnxa f!E'tacpgas6f!EVO <J'ta EAAT]VLXa "EOW aXOllf,lJLa~" (J'ta l<JJLaVLXa (!)~ "aqui se
hace pie", i]wL XllQWA.Exnxa f!Hacpgas6f!Evo o1a EA"-TJvLxa "Eow xava~ n66L"
Xal, 'tEAO~, <J'ta QW<JLXa W~ "rroqyBCTBOBaT'Ih ,U:HO IIO.D: HOraMH",.i]'tOL XllQlOAEX'tlxa f!Hacpgas6f!EVO <J'ta EAAT]VLXa "xw ~ll86 xa'tw an' 'ta JLOOLa".
H vvow (concept I Sinn) Etvm w LOLaL'tEQO, w all8Evnx6 mQLEXOf!EVO Ev6~ XELf!EVOll i] f!La~ XELf!EVLxi]r; EVO'tT]'tat;, Ecp' 6oov w EV Myw mQLEXOf!EVO OEv <Jllf!JLLmEL,
i]LOLOEV 'tam(snm, f!E 'tT] <JT]f,la<J(a xm w "<JT]f!ELO 13 . H Ef!JLElQLa f!a~ <JXE'tlXa f!E LO 'tL
d vm vvma, ELvm xa8T]f!EQL vi]: f!OA.ov6n w A.E~Lx6 mQLEXOf!EVO xanOLwv A.E~Ewv i]
ExcpgaoEwv fLU~ ELVm yvwo16 xm Olxdo, OEV dvm A.tyE~ Ol cpog~, onou ~QWXOf!a
<J'tE <JLT]V avayxn va QW'ti]<JOllf!E 'tL "Evvoouv" all'tE~ oL A.E~EL~ i] Excpgaoa~ xm wuw, 6L6n- Evaw8nnxa oxEMv- avnA.af!~av6f!a<J'tE 6n n vv0la <J'tTJ OEOOf!EVTJ nEgtmwon llmg~atva w <JT]f!ELO xm 'tTJ <JT]f!ao(a LOll OLaXQLVOf!EVTJ an6 w JLEQLEXOf!Ev6 LOll~ 14 'Eva avx6ow A..z., EX't6~ 'tTJ~ <JT]f!aota~ LOll, i]tOl Ex't6~ LOll (ngawa'tLxou) yqov6w~ 6n ano'tEAELl:m an6 A.E~EL~ xm JLQO'taow; EXOll<JE~ <JT]f!aota, OLa8'tEL xm 'tTJV LOWL'tEQTJ, tT]V all8Evnxi] vv0la tOll, i]wL am6 noll JLQEJLEL va xmaA.a~Ollf!E yw va ELvm w avxoow avx6ow xm va EXJLAT]Qw8d o oxon6~ 'tTJ~ "unag~i]~" LOll owv x6<Jf!O LOll Myoll 15 'Yo'tEQa an6 w nagaOELYf!a am6 JLQEJLEL va wvw8E( 6n (TJ) EVVOla, f!OA.ov6n an6 yA.womxi]s; an6\j!EW~ llcp(m;mm f!OVO OE XELf!Eva, f!JLOQd va f!ELaq>EQ8Et xm OE aA.A.olls;, f!TJ yA.womxou~ 'tQ6JLolls; ExcpgaoEws;- w
f!ll8wt6QT]f!a A..x. LOll Robert Musil Die Verwirrungen des Zoglings TofleBxm TJ XLVT]f!aWygacpLxi] rawta LOll Volker Sch!Ondorff Der junge TorleB (f!JLOQEL va) EXOllV
'tT]V LOLa XOLVi] EVVOla. H EQW'tT]OT], T] anaVLT]OT], T] llJL68EOT], T] ELxao(a, T] Ola'tayi], 'tO
naQa6uy[!a, o xmQEnof,l6s;, n ng6oxA.non, n nagaxA.non, n 6Lantowon, n av't(QQTJOTJ, T] aJLOXQl<JT], T] aJLOO'tQOcpi], T] JLQOOQT]OT] X.t.6. aJLOtEAOUV xa'tT]YOQLE~ ('tT]~) EVvo tas; Xal W EX 'tOU'tOll XaLT]YOQLE ('tWV) XELf!EVWV.

13 nQ~A- COSERIU, Einflihrung in die Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, OEA. 263.

14 nQ~A- GADAMER, Wahrheit und Methode, 1. II, OEA. 197: Die Bedeutung eines Wortes hat nichts mit
den realpsychischen Vorstellungsbildem zu tun, die sich beim Gebrauch eines Wortes einstellen.

15 n Q~A- VASQUEZ A YORA, Inrroducci6n a Ia traductologia, OEA. 260: Ia explicaci6n de Ia literalidad tiene
que ver pnicticamente con todos los aspectos de Ia teoria de Ia traducci6n, comenzando con Ia teoria
saussuruana del "signa". De ella se desprende que .Ia superficie conceptual de las palabras difiere de una
a otra lengua. A/If se inicia Ia dicotomia de "idea" y "palabra". El corolario de esa dicotomia es que se
debe traducir Ia idea, Ia situaci6n, no Ia palabra.

144

2.2.1.2.1.1

HAnoatol.~ tou MEtacpgaat~ EV ~XEGEL

ngo~ t~v Tgta6a "~~~do, ~~~aata, 'Evvota"
Though you see the sun now, the physical object to be inferred from
your seeing existed eight minutes ago; if, in the intervening minutes, the
sun had gone out, you would still be seeing exactly what you are seeing.
We cannot therefore identify the physical sun with what we see.

Bertrand Russell 1

AN, LYM<I>QNA ME THN APXIKH UJt68wl] !J.W;, "!J.ftU(j)QaOT] XEL!J.EVOU" OT]!J.aLVH

x<pQaOT] tou JtQLXO!J.EVOU v6c; ouyxXQL!J.EVOU, El;ato!J.LXEU!J.EVOU XEL!J.EVOU o
OLa<poQ<; yf...wooc;, OLa<pognxc; an6 l'TJ yf...wooa, Ol'TJV onota to XEL!J.EVo aut6 Lvm
XJt<pQaO!J.EVO - OT]f...aoi] ouvtl'awvo -, t6t !!JtOQOU!J. va wxugw80U!J.E, JtQOI;ayyf...nxa i]OTJ oto OTJ!J.ELO am6, 6n TJ an6 yf...wooLxi]c; an61j!wc; OQW!J.EVTJ anootof...i]
toU !J.fta<pgaoti] 0V ELVaL to va /;avaOWOEL !J.E 1a !J.EOa !J.La<; af...f...T]<; yf...wooac; tT]V lOLa
OrJf..i.aaia, af...f...a to va mavanoowoEL to lOLO" OrJf..l.io xm tT]v lOLa iwow tou XEL!J.Evou2. H anoo1of...i] mni] ytvnm JtQO~AT]!J.a, xm ~-t<lf...wta JtQ6~f...T]~-ta JtQlJtf...oxo- OXL

RUSSELL, Human Knowledge, OEA. 204.

2 Evvodtm 6n TJ "rot66ool)" ami) xm' ooolav dvm oxEnxi) i), xal..mEQa, <mM OXEblao[.la, nou (!!JtOQEl
va) !!Etaf3Cli..A.EtaL, xa!l' 6oov cl;aQtatm JtavtotE rot6 to XQ6vo JtQ~A. HElD EGGER, Sein und Zeit, OEA.
235: Der Entwurf' eines Sinnes von Sein Uberhaupt kann sich im Horizont der Zeit vol/ziehen, i)tm: TJ EX-

145

cSoxl) /lW~ ewoia~ rov xa86A.ov Eivm t-mooei va reA.etw8ei 116vo 11iaa arov ooil;ovra rov xo6vov.- B}..
mgartEQW GADAMER. Wahrheit und Methode, t . II, OEA. 153: Die Aufgabe des Vbersetzers rnuB (... )
irnrner die sein, niche das Gesagte abzubilden, sondem sich in Richtung des Gesagten, d.h. in seinern Sinn,
einzustel/en, urn in die Rich tung seines eigenen Sagens das zu Sagende zu Ubercragen, lil]}.atn\: TJ wwaroA.I) rov 11fracpoaar1) :n:ohrn (... ) va eivat mivrore avrl): 6XL va a:n:nxovian ra A.exetvra, aA.A.a va aroacpei noo~ TTJV xareVBvvOTJ rwv A.ex8ivrwv, !)rot :n:oo~ TTJV xarev8vvOTJ TTJ~ ewoia~ rov~. nooxeL!livov va
11eracpion ra A.ex8TJa611eva noo~ TTJV xarev8vvOTJ rov aTO/lLXov, rov O!xov rov Uyn v. OL rnLOTJf.l6.vow;
elvm liLXE<; [.la<;.- TIQ~A . , rnloT)<;, FOLENA, Volgarizzare e tradurre, oe}.. X: La scoria del tradurre carica
di aporie e di fortissirne tensioni interne. Net pensiero di San Gerolarno, che rappresenca quanta di piu
profondo sia staco prodotto sui tradurre fino all 'eta rnodema, sono cornpresenti istanze antitetiche: if
rispetto del testa sacra, in cui tutto rnysteriurn, anche l'ordine delle parole, rna insierne Ia necessita di
interpretarlo, di cornrnunicame if sensa e non /e parole. OL UJtoyQa!Lf.llOEL<; avrjxouv OE E[.l6.<;.
3 kE mxela 8EOlJ - XE(jl. 3.1 - ylvetm Myo<; yw 1:TJ 8ewgla tou Aeov6.gliou Bloomffeld xm tTJ<; kXOAl\<;
wu JtEQl anoxAELOf.lOU an6<TJ n.wooo}.oyla tou 6gou "meaning" ("OTJ/laaia " /"VOTJ!la '), aqJ' TJ<; ony~
[.ti}<; 0 YAWOOOAOYO<; liEV [.lltOQ[ va OQ[OEL 1:a "meanings" T) JtEQ[ LOXUO<; aJtOXAL01:LX6. XaL [.lOVOV tT)<;
}.ey6[.lEVTJ<; "common knowledge" 6.nO\jlTJ wu Bloomfield f.lltOQEl va XQTJOLf.lOJtOLTJ8El w<; OTJ[.lElo EXXLvrjoew<; twv naQa<T)Qi}oewv [.la<; otT)V rragouoa ev6tT)ta.
4 LUf.l(jlWVa f.l tov MaQtlvo HEIDEGGER, Vortriige und Aufsiitze, OEA. 281, das Wesen der Wahrheit ist
die Lichtung ftir das Sichverbergen.

146

2.2.1.2.1.1. 1

HL~~amoAoyLx~ xm ~ Ovo~amoAoyLx~
~aa~ t~~ MEtacpgaa~~
The supposition of common sense and naive realism, that we see the actual physical
object, is very hard to reconcile with the scientific view that our perception occurs
somewhat later than the emission of light by the object.

Bertrand Russell

SET AZONT A~ TO EN AOfQ TIPOBAHMA an6 T'I]V JtAEllQtl TOll O'l][,tELOll XaL T'l]c;

r]6n avungw EXT8donc; 6Lacpogac; [tETal;u O'l]f,lELOll xm on[tao[ac; 8a xLvn8ou!!E ngoc; T'I]V xmu8llVO'I] noll JtQOTELVH o EllyEvwc; Coseriu, OU[,tcpwva [,t TOV ono[o
TO JtQ6BA'I][,la T'l]c; [,tE"ttlqJQaO'I]c; bEV ELVaL TO nwc; [,tE"taqJQtl~Oll[,t "t'I]V "ttlb r) 1'1] 6Lva
O'l][,tao[a [tLac; yA.wooac;, aA.M TO nwc; ovo[tti~OWE llJt6 nc; amc; Ollv8r)xc; T'I]V ami]
"XaLtlO"taO'I] JtQay[,ttl"tWV" rJ TO am6 "ngay[,ta"tlXO" 0 [,tlaV tlAA'I] yA.wooa 2. 0 [,tE"tacpQaOTr)c;, mo[tvwc;, xa1a TOv !!Yt:XA.o 8EwQnnx6 xLvdm [tOVl[twc; o Mo cpaouc;:
Xa"ttl JtQWTOV, XLVEL"taL OT/f.WOWAOYUUI, O"taV Xa"taVOEl"ta O'l][,tEla TOll JtQWTOTUJtOll XH[,tEVOll, XaL, Xa"ta bEUTEQOV, XlVEL"taL OVOf.WOWAOYUUl, OLaV blaJtlOTWVH
nc; llJtaQXTEc; aV"tlOTOlXlEc; TWV O'l][,tElWV TOll JtQWTOTUJtOll XH[,tEVOll O"t'I]V "tlAA'I]"

I
2

RUSSELL, The Analysis of Matter, <JEA. 155.

Q<; ltQO<; aut6 ~A.. EltL<Jl]<; LADMIRAL, Traduire, <JEA. 17.

147

dvat, OJtW 8oa!l JtQO/;ayyAttxa W urc68011 Qyao(a, V1AW aAA11' Xat y) OL

011!-taOl 0V !ffiOQOUV va !l1a<pQa~OV1at, OLO"tl /; OQLO!lOU, JtQW10V, avayOV"tat 0
!lla Xat !!OVO !lla yA.wooa, 0111V OJtOla Xat aviJxouv, Xat, 0U1QOV, aJtAW JtQLYQaqJOV1at, ll10L S11YOUV1at avaA.1J"tLXa5
AvaA1J1LXE s11YllOH - Jtl!lAW arco<puyo1J!l OW 111 A./;11 "EQ!l11VEl" - 1WV
mi, !-1-EQOU 011!-taotwv, rcou arcav1wv1m 0111 yA.wooa, 0111v orcoi,a avnxouv, lffiOQOU!l !!EV va V10Jtl001J!!E 01a Otacpoga A/;txa n Ott JtOLXlA avnrcaga~OALXE A/;tXOAOYl, !l 1110tacpoQa, 6!-tW, 6n 11 !lE"ta<pQaOTJ, W xl!lvo, 6v dvat ou1 1../;tx6
ou1 avnnaQa~oA.txn 1../;txol..oytxn rcgay!la1la. Ka1a 1TJ yvOTJ 1TJ !l1a<pQa011,
W xL!lvou, ot 6tacpoQ OTJ!laOL 1TJ yA.wooa acpnTJQLa At10uQyouv !l6vo
01TJV JtQW1TJ an6 tt Mo naQanavw !lVTJ08lo cpaoEL: ol:TJ OTJ!laotoA.oytxn. Arc6
1TJ OtLY!lll Jt01J 0 !l1acpQa01ll 8a Xa1aVOiJOL 1a 011!-1-Ela 101J XEL!!EV01J, 01JiffiQL<pQO!lVO W O!lLATJ1ll 111 yA.wooa a<pE"tTJQLa, 10 OW!la 1wv OTJ!laotwv 10u JtQW101unou (L 1) 6taA.unm, 6t6n ot 011!-tao( xouv rcMov arcoxw6txu8l 01TJ OU1QTJ
cpa0111TJ !lE"ta<pQaOTJ (: 1TJV OVO!laOLOAOYLXll) 0 !l1a<pQa01iJ, 01JiffiQLqJQO!!VO
W O!lLATJ1ll 1TJ YAWOOa acpl/;EW, ava~TJ1a OTJ!laOl 1TJ YAWOOa amiJ (L2) Jt01J
va avacpQOV1at 010 lOLO 1JJtO !lE"ta<pQaOTJ OTJ!lElO, JtQOXH!lEV01J va avaxWOLXUOL
10 XEl!lV0 6 llaQaLTJQOU!l, !!ana A6yta, 6n TJ yQa!l!lll rcou VWVL 10 L1 !! 10 L2
(vat 18A.ao!lEVTJ xm 6tQxnm avayxaonxa arc6 10 OTJ!!ElO "OTJ!lELo". Au16 ow~a(vt, nQav 1wv n6TJ X18v1wv, xm yta aA.A.ov va A6yo: ot per definitionem
ava<pQO!lV 0 !lla Xat !!OVTJ yA.wooa OTJ!laOl - iJ, XaAU1Qa, V01TJ1 011!-1-UOLWV
- 0V AH101JQYOUV !lEOa 010 1JJtO !l1acpgao11 XEl!lEVO W 01a8QE, ana W xa8aga
AU8Q !l1a~ATJ1E, TJ 0 xa8!!La arc6 tl EV A6yw V01TJ1E OTJ!laotwv lffiOQEL va
OtaXQL~w8L XWQL01a W JtQO 1TJV ouoi,a 1TJ L1 Ota 101J AEYX01J 1WV 8WQTJtLXW
anLQWV rcga/;Ewv O!ltA.ta L1, 010 JtlJt6o 1TJ rcaytW!!EV11 yA.wooa xa8au16,

BA.. COSERJU, Falsche und richtige Fragestellungen in der Obersetzungstheorie, OEA. 21 , oU[.Uj)wva [.I.E tov
onolo Obersetzung ist implizite Semasiologie und Onomasiologie, jedoch Semasio/ogie und
Onomasiologie der Texte, nicht der Sprachen. - BA.. rnlol']<; BALDINGER, Semasio/ogie und
Onomasiologie im zweisprachigen Wonerbuch, oeA.. 384 rn. POTIIER, Linguistique generale, OEA. 45 rn.
4 HElD EGGER, Was heiBt Den ken?, OEA. 83: "ursrpiinglich bewohnte Bedeutung des Wones ".
5 nQ~A . IRMEN, Bedeutungsumfang und Bedeutung im ObersetzungsprozeB, OEA. 144.
6 rw nA.Elova ~A. Barbara KIPFER, Investigating an Onomasiological Approach to Dictionary Material,
OEA. 55 rn.
3

148

6Pl
.. orml!o, Ol1DAJ3 .. n]on11l!D, l! n.ou9 'S3AJ3X3 S130<))11l1o3u 10 mx MoXol)urt 1191q sro1Df131 'DA9ADX J?m)!

'53101\A~ 1DX npriltD 9:U:D J?X11D13'(XO:U:D 1DlJ3'(3101!D CLOA~ri13X ctOl OA3ri9X310

-31! OA3ri9Q1QD13ri 5(l)3DJ?OffiD13ri Sltl D1Q 01 (J.. 1DX .3ri').0'(1riO AD19 '1D1AOQJQD13ri A3QLDA9ADX J?l'OX- 53}DDriltD 10 .3ri').0'(1riO A(!)1DDriltD A(l)1 (l)D~ri (g ... J?X1l'OriADO:U:, 'S(!)'(:U:D

'l,l ..S13DJ?wmnx S~x1mriJ..no:u:, m1AOA }nril.to 11DlAOA(!)13ril.to A(!)1Dnril.to A(l)1 (l)D~ri (n

:uwwns lt1<f)O:U: mri 3rictoo[,lonXm3 DA '3rictO~JriOA '3ri').ooo:u:ri (l)0~1(l)AD A(l)1 A11!91D)I
'ctOA~ri13X ctO:U:')-101(!)01!

no1 ctOA~rioX3103:U: no1 Sl.tol.tA(!)A10XD13ri Slt1 mnril,lXo l,l nAnJ..o9 S(!)'(:U:D A').0'(310:U:D
S(!)enx A(!)1Dnril.to A(l)1l,l10A3 A(l)1 5~1lt'(gm3ri 53038').3'(3 10 'SI.tonoffiJ?13ri Sl.t1 (l)D~ri
1D1J3A(l)A10XD13ri ctO:U: 'ct0A~ri13X Cl01 OA3ri9X3103:U: OlD ActOXl}AD JA3Qct0 ,1!3 119 1DAJ3
o1lt9M3: noAJ?ong Sl,lx1138D13ri11An - Snri Sl,tlD(l)AJ.. J?X1mriuenw m 9:u:n - Sl.t1

mq

:m:rVdii>VBW :iHl H:iVI!> H)(IJOVOEVWONO H IV)( H)(IJOVOEVWH:i H

~ EVO~EV~ XQ~a~ t~~ L~~aata~

Entgegen allen Verkehrungen hat das Ubersetzen seinen Grund im Verstehen
und vorzugsweise nicht im Theoretischen. Es bewegt sicht al/ein in sprach/ichen
Verhaltensmustem, es reagiert auch nicht zuverliissig in spracheigenen
Reflexen, ihm steht das Unabgegrenzte often.
Fritz Paepcke'

YXON BIALTIKH "H KAI Ef!ITIOAAIH ANArNQLH nuv TQLO.>V 008EVTWV a/;LWj..taTWV TlJt; nQonyn8Etont; oou~-tat; L vm xan naQanavw an6 ~~mo 6n 8a xav
TOUt; j..tOVlj..I.Wt; XaLQO<plJAUXTOUVTEt; 8LaOWTEt; 011 !-ll]V a/.../...a xm ayQ1JJtV01Jt; l]QUXAlt;
TlJt; "woouva~-tLat;" va xQauyaoow OTEVTOQdwt;: "Ioou o ~-tout...wxt6t; TQ6not;, I-I.E
wv onoLo Qyw JtQoona8ouv va Em~a/...ouv TlJV woouva~-tLa 6ooL Myw xm OLavoLa
Tl]V XaTES1JTEAL~01JV!" H EJtL~E~Al]j..I.EVl] Vl]qJUALa xm JtQOOEXTLXi] - TOlJAaXLOTOV
Mo cpoQt;! - avayvwon Twv a/;Lw~-tatwv TlJt; oou~-tat; ~-tat;, OEv ~-tat; ayH, 6~-twt;, xa86/...ou OTl] YEVLXi], UV'U OQLWV XaL UVE'U OQWV <pEVUXl] Tl]t; L0001JVUj..l.lUt;, af...Aa OTl]V xa-

I
2

PAEPCKE, Textverstehen - TextUbersetzen - Ubersetzungskritik, aEA.. 132.

BA.. JAKOBSON, On Linguistic Aspects of Translation, passim. - TIEQl tT]<; "woliuva~tla<; EV liLacpoQ<i"
!)A. EXTEVW JtaQOXUtW, OW XECjl. 3.2.3.

150

KAI TIAAI H "IW~ YNAMIA";- H LHMALIA KAI H rENOMEN H XPHLH THL LHMALIAL
1:6. Jakobson "wobvvap,ia V btacpooa" ("equivalence in difference ')2 xm O'tlJV xa1:6.
Coseriu - EV 'tl] JtQ6.1;H 'taU'tOOT]!..ll] [! 'tl]V JtQOlJYOU[!EVl] - "wobvvap,ia TOV 01]{1iov"
("Aquivalenz in der Bezeichnung') 3 H oxton wo6uva[!Lac; [!E'ta1;1J 1:wv Ol][!aOLWV nc; yA.wooac; a<pE'tl]QLac; xm 1:wv onllamwv nc; yA.wooac; acpL1;wc; ELvm [!6A.Lc; Ellllan, 6L6'tL EV ngoxH[!Evw 6v xwo1l[!8a ow xwgo nc; Avnnaga~oA.Lxr]c; nwoooA.oy(ac;4, aAA.6. EXOU[! va XUVOU[! [! EAEYX'tE<; LOOOUVa[!l<; 1:600 OW EJtlJt00 OU'{XXQL[!EVWV xm 1; agzr]c; OQLO[!EVWV XaLaOL6.0WV, 600 xm OW EJtLJt00 OUYXEXQL[!EVWV xm 1; agzr]c; OQLO[!EVWV OUYXH[!EVWV, JtOU ava<pEQOV'taL 0 avaA.oy(<; Ol][!ElWV ngoc; Ol]!lla xm6mv wuwu, xa1:6. 'tlJ 6LanLo1:wo11 xm 1:116LaxgL~wo11 1:wv avaA.oyLwv (nou ea !lac; JtE'tQJtav (owe; un6 auo't11Q01Jc; 6gouc; va llLArJOOU[! yvLx6.
xm xa8oA.Lx6. JtEQL Loo6uva[!Lac;), JtQEJtH va OLaxgLvow [!La1;1J OTJ(laaiw; xm yVOf1VTJ~ xo1}a1J~ rr1~ OTJ(laaia~5 , 660[!Evou 61:L w cpmv6[!VO avno1:g6cpwc; av6.A.oyc; 0111laoLc; va XQ110L[!OJtmo1Jv'tm xm6. 6wcpognx6 'tQ6Jto o 6L6.<pogc; yA.wooEc;
x6.8 6.A.A.o nag6. on6.vw Lvm 6 .
Ta ax6A.ouea naga6ELYllULa nagmWEVLm yLa va 6LaOa<pl]vLa8L 11 ng61:ao11 ami]:
i) To AAlJVLX6 "EV't6.1;a", nou Ol][!a(va OU[!<pwvLa, ELvm !lEV 01:a yQ[!aVLX6. "in
Ordnung", nA.nv 6[!wc; 6v w [!La<pg6.l;ow ma L'taA.Lx6. *"in ordine", o1:a ayyA.Lx6. *"in order" xm o1:a wnavLx6. *"en arden", aA.A.6. "in regola", "all right" xm
"sta buena" av'tLOLmxa. - To AAlJVLX6 "xQL[!a!" ~QlOXH o1:a yaAA.Lx6. xm 1:a YQ[!aVLX6. 1:11v xa1:6. Ol][!aoLa wo61Jvall11 [!E't6.<pgaor] wu: "dommage!" xm
"schade!" av1:Lomxa AE[!, 6[!wc;, "what a pity!", "que Iastima" 7 , "que pena"8 , "ce
piicat", xm "che peccato"9 o1:a ayyA.Lx6., 1:a wnavLx6., 1:a nogwyaA.Lx6., 1:a goullavLx6. xm 1:a L'taA.Lx6. av1:Lomxa. - To AA11VLX6 "ac; uyELav" we; xcpgao11 JtQOn6owc; llELacpg6.l;nm o1:a LLaALx6. "alia salute" xm o1:a yaAA.Lx6. "a votre sante'',
aA.ACI. o1:a ayyA.Lx6. AE[! "good health" xm OXL *"in health", xm o1:a yQ[!aVLX6.
anA.wc; "Gesundheit" xm OXL *"in Gesundheit".
ii) ~'ta yQ[!avLx6. 11 an6XQL011 ow xa8111lEQLV6 "danke" (= "EUXaQLO'tW") dvm
"keine Ursache", nou 11 xa1:6. A.s11 011[!ao(a 1:11c; E(vm "xa[![!La a<pOQilrJ". Am6 w
"keine Ursache" 6v [!La<pg6.l;nm, cpumx6., o1:a AA11VLX6. we; *"xa[![!La acpogllrJ", o1:a yaA.A.Lx6. we; *"aucune cause" xm o1:a L'taA.Lx6. we; *"nessuna causa", aA.A.6.
we; "1:LJto'ta" 10, "pas de quoi" xm "non c'e di che" 11 avnowLxwc;. - O[!o(wc; 11 YEQ-

3 COSERIU, Falsche und richtige Fragestellungen in der Ubersetzungstheorie, oEA.. 23 rn.

4 0EQL H] OXEOEOl AvtlJtaQaj30ALXrJ D.woooA.oyla xm MElU(/JQUOT] j3A..JtaQUXU'tOl, OW XE<p. 3.2.2.1.
- BA.. EJtLOTJ KOLLER, Aquiva/enz in kontrastiver Linguistik und Ubersetzungswissenschaft, OEA.. 69 EJt.
5 fLa 'tTJ oxenxr] 8EwQla 1:ou Aouboj3txou Wittgenstein j3A.. w mxElo xEcpaA.mo uJt' aQ L8~. 3.1 .3.
6 0Qj3A.. COSERIU, Falsche und richtige Fragestellungen in der Ubersetzungstheorie, oEA.. 23.
7 To "what a pity!" xm w "que lastima" txouv 'tTJ OTJ~aota wu *"1:( ou~6vow!".
8 'EXEL 'tT] OT]~ao[a 1:01! *"'tL ltOVO!".
9 To "ce piicat" xm w "che peccato" txouv 'tTJ OTJ~ao la wu *"1:[ a~aQ"tla!".
10 MEQLXE (/JOQE, ~UAW'tU, UXO'll~E XUL 'tT]V UltOXQLOT] "1:0 8E6".
II MEQLXE qJOQE, ~aA.ww, axou~E xm 'tTJV aJt6XQWTJ "rna Le pare?".

151

OLaOJtU'taL XUQLV LOU Q~!!aLOc; tradire, LO OJtOLO JtQWLOtaywc; EXEL !lEV tl] Ol]!!ao(a wu ngoDibw I verraten, ana o1a L'taA.Lxa on!latvEL anarw I betrilgen, yLau16 xm nv EAAlJVLX~ ng61aon wu nagaody!!a6c; !lac; n !!ELa<pgatou!!E owo1a
we; "sua moglie lo tradisce".
iv) Y nagxouv, BEBatwc; xm OL JtEQLmwoELc; OLaXQLnx~c; EUXEQdac; EJtLA.oy~c; !!E'ta~u
ouvmwv !!E'ta<pgaonxwv anoMoEwv xm og8wv !!Eta<pgaoEwv, 6nwc; A..x.n JtEQLJt'tWOlJ wu EA.A.nvLxou "<puoLxa", w onoto !!ELa<pQatEm og8a o1a ayyA.Lxa xm
o1a yEQ!lavLxa we; "naturally" xm "natUrlich" aVLLotmxa dvm ouvm6v, BBma,
va !!ELa<pgaod ota L'taA.Lxa xm ota wnavLxa we; "naturalmente" xm va Etvm
aJtOOEX't~ l] !lE'tU<pQaon am~ (j)UOLX~ O!!Wc; OEV ea dvm, OLOtL l] OQ~ aJtOOOOl] dvm "si capisce che" o1a LtaA.Lxa xm "claro esta que"~ "desde luego" ota wnavLxa.
v) Evw m 'EAA.nwc; JtQOLL!!Ouv va A.EvE nv tx<pgaon "aongo-!laugo" !!E n oELQ<X
au1~ 1wv A.E~Ewv - xan nou axoA.ou8ouv, at<pvnc; xm OL fEQ!!av6<pwvoL:
"schwarz-weiB"- OL AyyM<pWVOL, OL lonav6<pWVOL, OL raA.M<pWVOL, OL ILaA.o(
xm oL Powavm aA.A<Xtouv tl] OELQ<X 1wv A.E~ewv ngoo8voVLac;, !!<XA.Lo'ta o xa8vac; xm w OLx6 wu evwnx6 "xm", xm A.yov1ac; "black and white", "blanco y
negro", "noir et blanc", "bianco e nero", xm "alb ~i negru" aV'tLO'tOLXa.
vi)O fQ!lav6c; A.ta: "Ich bin in Deutschland am Mai 1958 geboren" tvac; Ayyf...oc; 8a
!!HE<pQate w xd!!evo au16 we; e~~c;: "I was born in May 1958 in Germany". LW
nagaOELY!!<X !lac; JtaQaLlJQOU!l !!Lav evaAA.ay~ 1wv !!JtQ68etwv wmxwv xm
XQOVLXWV JtQOOOLOQLO!!WV an6 LO JtQW101UJtO OLO !!EtU<pQaO!la VW yLa LOV
fQ!laV6 0 t6noc; <paLVELaL 6n aJtOLAL Ol]!laVtLX01QOJtAl]QO(j)OQLaXO O'tOLXELO
ev ouyxgtoEL ngoc; wv XQ6vo, yLam6 xm ngoaooEL wv oxenx6 emQQlJ!lanx6
ngoooLoQ~0!!6, yLa wv AyyA.o wxua axQLBwc; w av1L8ew.
Ka16m v twv avw1Qw !!JtOQOU!l va JtOU!! 6n t6oo 1a Ol]!lLOU!1Va ow xd!!evo
wu JtQWLO'tunou "ngay!lanxa" 6oo xm OL "ngay!lanxtc; xmao1aoELc;", nou av'tLo'tOLXOUV 0 ama 1a "ngay!laLLXa", 0V dvm aULOVOl]tO 6n JtQEJtEL va aJt01AOUV
ovo!lat6!!eva "ngay!lanxa" xm ovo!lat6!!evec; "ngay!lanxtc; xmao1aoac;" xm
ow !!EL<X<pgao!la, xm wuw OL6n n !!EL<X<pgaon !!JtOQet !lEV va agxtta - xwgtc; au16

12 'H, EV JtOOT] JtEQLJt'tWOEL, "OEV EJtLTQEJtHaL T]

152

Elool)o~".

KAI IIAAI H"IWHNAMIA";- H LHMALIA KAI H fENOMENH XPHLH THL LHMALIAL

va dvm an6A.mo!- [!e TTJ ouvi]8T] xa8T][LIOQ~vi] neQ~mwo~oA.oyta, nou anavTaTm oe
6/...ec; nc; yA.womxc; XOLVOTT]W;, ana BeBatwc; xa8e aAA.o JTaQ<i Tef...e~WVH exd aUTO
OT][LaLVH 6n T] [LeL<icpQUOT] Oev [LEVH XOAAT][LEVT] OLO nwc; [LeLUcpQa~eLUl A..x. LO "XQL[LU!" i] LO " kein Eingang" Twv [!6/...~c; JTQOTJYTJ8vTwv naQaOHy[LaTwv [Lac;.
11QWTUQX~Xi]c; OT][LUOLac; OTOLXELO y~a TT] [LeLUcpQaOT] eLVUl LO va [LlTOQIOL 0 [LeLUcpQaOTi]c;, JTQWLOV, va X~VeLTal aveTa OTT]V emXQUTHa Mo LOUAUXLOLOV yA.womxwv
XO~VOTi]TWV, OeUTIOQOV, va YVWQL~H i], xaf...UTeQa, va avayVWQL~H La OUOTanx.a
OLOLXda Twv exaoToTe OT]f...Ou[!vwv " nQay[Lanxwv" JTT]yatvovTac; nQa an6 nc;
x.OLvc; vvOLec; (lessens communs) 13 xm , TQLLOV, va OTJ[LELWVEL, i]w~ va avaxaA.UmEL Ta OT][LeLU TWV XUOTOT "lTQUY[LaL ~XWV" TOOO OTT] yf...wooa acpeTT]QLac; 000 X.Ul
OTTJ yA.wooa acpt~ewc;, JTQOX~[!vou va dvm oe 8oT] va Oo[Li]OEL avaA.oyec; "nQay[LaT~xc; xmaOLaoHc;" XQTJO~[LOJTO~WVTac; La [LEOa JTOU LOU JTUQEXOUV U[LqJOTQc; 0~
yA.wooec; eQyaotac; wu 14
llLXWc; aA.f...o 0V eLVUl OUVT]8LO[LEVT] JTQLJ1LWOT] va OUVaVTU[L XeL[!EVa 6nwc; "Ta
<i[!cp~a TT]c; OQOO~Qac; vuxTwvouv unooxoe~c;" 15 , "What clashes here of wills gen
wonts, oystrygods gaggin fishygods! " 16 , "HecKa3aHHOe, cHHee, He2KHoe ... /THx MOH
Kpaii nocne 6yph, nocne rpo3" 17, "Schwarze Milch der Frtihe wir trinken sie abends" 18 ,
"Es Ia memoria y no recuerdo nada" 19 MnoQOU[L, ev w'IJTOLc;, va cpavTaowU[L TL evvoouv Ta XL[LVa ama Xal va Ta [LELUqJQUOOU[L, av XaLEXOU[L LOUc; IOJTL [LEQOUc;
OQOUc; JTOU JTQ~xouv (A..x. Cxf.lcpta, gaggin, HeCK838HHOe, Milch, memoria), o~6n oev
ea ava~T]Ti]OOU[L TT]V ~OOOUVU[!LU TT]c; OT][LUOLac; TWV OQWV, aA.A.a, xma Ta lTQOIOX.Te8vTa, TT]V "LOOOUVa[LLa V O~acpOQa" i] TT]V "LOOOUVa[LLa TOU OT][LeLOU".
Me Ta emf...ey[!va naQabdy[Lma LOU naQ6vLOc; xecpaA.atou 8/...ou[-te, ex.T6c; Twv
a/.../...wv, va 0L~01J[L 6n T] JTOLXLAT] lTQOOAT]\jJT],Xal T] EX TaUTT]c; JTQOX.af...o'IJ[LVT] OtacpoQOTQOJTT] Xal O~acpOQOTUJTT] O~a[LOQqJWOT] TT]c; JTQay[LaLLX.OTT]Tac; 0 xa8[-l~a yf...wooa
XWQLOTa, T] OlTOLa JTQOX.aAL acpe'Ux.Twc; nc; O~acpoQc; i] aJTOXALO~c; OW JTLJT00 TT]c;

13 Asl1;,EL 1:ov x6rro va ava<pEQ80U[l.E Ol:TJV arro'lj!TJ wu Antonio GRAMSCI, Notes critiques sur une
tentative de manuel populaire de sociologie, OEA. 304 EJt.: Les elements principaux du sens commun
SOnt foumis par Jes religions- OL OltOLEt; 8QT]OXELEt;, OT][l.ELOHEOV, 1lltllQsav avxa8EV 1:0 XEVl:QO EJtEsEQyaolat; 'tllt; Exaowl:E xuQLUQXTJt; u:\wA.oylat; - (, .. ) Le sens commun n 'est pas une conception unique,
identique dans Je temps et dans l'espace: c'est Je "folklore" de Ia philosophie et, comme le folklore, il
presence des formes innombrables: son trait fondamental et Je plus caracteristique est d'etre (meme au
niveau de chaque cerveau) une conception fragmentaire, incoherence, inconsequence, conforme a Ia
situation sociale et culturelle de Ia multitude dont il est Ia philosophie.
14 DQBA.. FOLENA, Volgarizzare e tradurre, oEA.. 5: La traduzione e una forma fondata sull'arbitrarieta e sulla
bipolarita del segno linguistico, cioe sulla tensione fra i due funtivi, nel sensa che solo il significato e
trasmissibile in Jingue e anche in certa misura in sistemi semiotici diversi mediante nuovi significanti, in
base a/ principia della non equivalenza delle singole unita costitutive, e della equivalenza complessiva dei
messaggi (equivalenza non signitlca identita, neppure peril sensa) nei codici diversi.
IS Nlxot; ErfONOnOYAOL, Ilotr/1-lara [To {3oofto reayovot rife; aycbr17c;], 1:. B., OEA. 104.
16 James JOYCE, Finnegans Wake, oEA.. 4 .
!7 Cepre:ii ECEHHH, If36paHHbie CTHXOT6opeHHH H II03Mbl, OEA. 248.
!8 Paul CELAN, Das dichterische Werk [Die Todesfuge], oEA.. 120.
19 Octavio PAZ, Selected Poems [ Onlculo], oEA.. 60.

153

P~l

pz ..'(30 ';J[JO;Jlj)Si/UnZJ;JSJ;JQ[} J;Jp Uf U;Ji/Un[/;JJS;Ji/rJJj ;J'J[Jlj:Jf.l pun ;Jlj:JSfrJ:l 'f1HI3:S0) '"(\JOI.l

QZ

-~X mA. DJDDrillD S(l)l(),'(Ol.CD npirlnx 131?8D19 A.3<;? Cl01 SllA.13X3 SDDD<)'}'(A Sill nrlll'()901

01 mA. 1Dl13X901 :S130~1001 S?X113XD 10 13clt13'( A.ClOX? ~ODlt O'(W 38~X 119A.O'(Ori
'ClOl UDC),'( ~1X3Q01D DJd:>ltcjt013'(1 ~X111101A.Cl0 ~lDX '(!)10? '~ ~X1'(08DX A.Ul Dri9XD
nag nX? A.3<;? Clou 13Xo~uCl nrilt'(g9ou n ..q OA.9ri '1'(~1 mx ~xultCJ(l)38 'ltonod:>~l3ri Lt1~
'('9TX '~10DOd:>Dl3ri ClOl Cl01XJ10A.3 '),OX10D(l)'(A ClOl UDCl31~010113 A.Ul3TI 3113 'SDJAO'(
-od:> A S~X1110XA.Cl~ Slt1 mnriA.~q1q D10 ~A.Cld:>ooou A.ltl 3rl 3113 'S(l)3D').d:> Slto~lt A.<)')X1~3'(
A.<)')X1<;?13 ~ A.<)')X1A.3A. lto~oX Ul3ri X'( 3113) 01901 0'('(~ A.Ol3TI 3113 A.DA.? A.Ol3ri 3113 D'(9
1DlA.OA.').'( mx 1DlA.0~11(l)l3TI11A.D S(l)ri9 A.lt'(lt 'nonu~ 1DA.13 S<)')X11ltO(l)3-8 ClOJ3rllto ').OA.
-10X ClOl S(l)30?0Cl3A.D DJDDX1QD1<;? Ul ~lDX A.Cl011t'),X001 A.9XCll Cl01 DlDTI~'()001 D.L
j10~riCl~ Ol?XD "'~ODlt (ClOl D10C),OA Dl mA.) 1DA.

-13 A.3<_;> Cl01 'pQJq 9X1<;?UClOD 9XCl'(A. ').'(01 01130M3 A.3<_;> 't Jrl(l)r/t I mA. 13~'(1TI A.Dl9 'S9A.
-ltgCJON SOA.?rilt10101UQ13A.Cl0 mx S910(l)0 S13A.DX- S3rilto9ri0 mx S3Xlt9rl0 S13~?'(pQJq s(l) ~x1<_;>ltCloo n10 mx pi/JJq s(l) ~x1A.LtgooA. n10 ml3~~od:>n13rl JOJfl 1 pu;uq ldurud

1 Jrlrorh

01 <)')A.3 (q mx .(SS;}Uff;}UO ''(A.A.n) 5p7~rM.oriJ031 oA.9'(- S91Cln mx- 13A.~x

A.Dl9 'S9A.DX103riy 0 D'('(~ 1DX (J!;]){WlJSUff[ 'ri03A.) 5p1~XJAOriJ031t 13'(1TIO A.Dl9 'S9A.DTI
-03J 0 13~Jl3XOClD DA.3TI').O'(lt<;? D'('(~ (A. .~ood:>mq A.3 SnJriDA.Cl<_;>OD1 Sltl ltDA.Cl8(),31DX A.ltl
Soou SoA.3ri').OA.1X DJX101011A.D lt~?'( ~mx A.ltl 91D 13A.')-3d:> ClOlt mx LtoltA.99

f S9ri'(D1

13A.JDrilto ClOlt 'uo!Sfnd 009 A.Ol13').31D010113 'JfS?P oriDA.').QOD1 SLt1 9X1~3'( 01 Soou
13DJOXA.Cl0 A.3 9X11U8D1 S(l)lt~X DO~lXDODX 13X? 'lt~?'( S(l) 'Cl01 mx lj.rlao 13A.JDrllto Cl01
'q;][J.l 009 A.Ol130<)')<;?01D DA. mA. 'S~10DOd:>Dl3TI SO'('(~A. 0 '~X1'('(DA D10 (1'(~1 1DX)

pn;)J.f A.Ol SmA.o~~od:>nl3rl '11919 .mx110A.? DA.11t<)')08A.D ~xmm3Xon m mx nrl9xn

A.Cl0~~300U13 '1Dl3A.JDd:> 11'9 ,ltD 'S?OOd:>mq S?X1'(DOClOl'(ClOX 10 (g .SS;}USnOfXUlJ ~

UJ;]:JUO:J S13~?'( S11 3ri ~X1'(AAD D10 ~10(!)0 A.Dl9<;?1<;?01D D8 (101 009 A.DA.? ';}pnJ;?[nbU[

009 A.Ol 3DU9A.113 'ilUfA!JJS UlJWnlj JO ;]:JJO] ilU!AfJP ;]ljJ SlJ U;])[lJJ 'SS;]UJUlJSlJ;}[dUn

1 SS;}USS;][JS;]J JO

ilU!f;};}] u 13A.Jnrllto ClOlt 'SS;}UfSlJ;}Un 009 A.Ol 13D<)')qoun DA. mA.

'(0691) ilufpUlJJSJ;]pun UlJWnH ilU[UJ;]:JUO:J AlJSSf[ UV ;))[:l01 UljOf ClOl ClOAO? ClOl S~10
-nod:>nl3ri SO'('(~A. o (n :mnriA.13qnonu .. ~x1DD'(X, ~x1CJ3rl 39 ').09I ' ClOJ3rllto ').OA.1ox
(101101~ '(10191 '),OX1013TI(l)3A C),OX110DOd:>Dl3ri (101 U030'),3A.D UA.3ri'),0'(31A.Cl0 S3DD<)'}'(A_

SClOO?ri

113 Suo

A.<)')1DDrllto A.<)')DCl003d:>mq S<)')Q(l)1'(3TI38 A.(l)l D19 Lt10 Slt1 S~~onuc;t

S~l 910XD 01100U'(1X3 'DlDriD?'(3101D ~1U801D '~lltD '~lDOO DDClOA~ODlt DlUl

m LZ '"(3D '5o.{9V 59X1All'((303N 'H)IVUWVVVdVX aoaod:J9w1ax a0153DiXfJYJ 5pcpJuroanEf 91m 5!x

-1AU'((Ef 5D?N 5llllJ13A~JV pX1lDDad)'{)l3JIIJ DriU1?"(31i 9X11U"(1AD~3 01 '"(g (lOriD13AX>Q (l01Dri?9 013ri l,JX113X:S: l Z

' 1 z5(1)3~1cb'O 'ODDC!J'{A lt 13X?O'O:U: rt01 rtO:U: 'OD?ri '013ri 531D'Orilto 53?A 1'0X 'OA3ric;tO'{ltQ D?A
101? 5'01AC!JAOrt01riltq '5m3~1cb'O 'ODDC!J'{A lt10 'Oli\Oc;tXD1 'OlD '01DDrilto ~1'0X 13~9riODD
-oo:u: o1mx (:mHUfiOfi.L:JWHUE: 1 ~unutp[JU:J 1 JUnJdW;J 1 ~U!MOJJoq) 013Apq Sm 1'013~10
-13XD13ri 01 'oprilto OA3ric;tO'{ltQ oXDri1:U:3 01 5'010U13cb'O 'ODDC!J'{ Alt19:U:D 13A~fjri'O'{'OO'O:U:
Sl,l1DDOcbD13ri o :SnDDC!J'{A Slt1 lt10~oX rtOD?ri rt01 ~X1AO'{ Lt19:U:D 130?cb'01Q A3Q rto:U: ~10
-nocb'013ri rtOD?ri rt01 ltDDOQ11A'O ~X1AO'{ lt 13A19 lt1 '531lt19X11'0riADO:U: 53AO'{~A'O 5m3~
-1cbn 'ODDC!J'{A lt10 Ac;t08DDriOAO 'OA 5?1'0MQ ltri 5111'0X 5D10lt13cD'O 5DDDC!J'{A Slt1 nprilto
'010(1)AA~ '01 91!'0 1'01~M3A n,o:u: 'S01nri~'{goo:u: rt01 ltDc;t'{- ~1X3QO:U:'O ScpX1A3A .. S~A'Ol
-mq Sno?1(1)3A, 1oX?ri mx- ~A1omooo:u: Alt.L (c;to1Ao1X n,o1 mlt19X11DriAno:u: Lt mA13 11
- c;t01A01X D1013:u:ri3 ADX MOX? A3Q Srto1 lt'{?ri '0111'01A- Ac;tOOAAD n,o:u: 531lt19A10X S?x
-10D(I)'{A 30 ..1A91X, oprilto 01 X'{ Sm:u:9) oprilto OA?ri10X3XArtD 1'0X OA?riD100 Soo:u: 130
-?XD i\3 '01U19X11'0riADO:U: ltA?ri10X3XArtD 1'0X ltA?riD100 13Acpcboorimq A3Q 1'0X prioq A3Q
rtO:U: SltApX3 5DDDC!J'{A Slt1 'D1A9'{ '0'{'(,"1:) 3ri '~ oprilto OA?ri10X3XArtD 1'0X OA?riD100 0101!
~VEVWH~

ml H~HdX HN3WON:1J H IV)! VEVWH~ H- :.. VIWVNA.Vml, H IVV!l IV)!

ta ~la~oQa E~wyJ.wamxa Ltmxda xm ~ EvoExo~Ev~

LuyxQoua~ L~~dou xm Evvoia~ xata t~ Mna~Qaa~

Verstehen ist zuniichst ein intuitiver Vorgang, bei dem das BewuBtsein
des Lesers durch die Textsignale gesteuert wird. Beim Lesen tritt er in
neue Sinnhorizonte ein, von denen er annehmen dart, daB sie seinen
eigenen Horizont erweitem werden. Dam it dies aber geschieht, sol/en
die vorhandenen VorversUindnisse eingeschriinkt, aber zug/eich auch
potenziert werden, denn nur auf der Basis des mir schon Bekannten
konnen sich mir die neuen Sinnhorizonte erschlieBen, das zuniichst
Befremdende im Text wird in einer "Horizontverschme/zung"
(Gadamer) allmiihlich vertraut.
Radegundis Stolze'

ITEII'!H, OITQL Hl'!H EITANEIAHMMENQL EXEI AEX0EI, !J,E'W<pQatOWt Ol']!J,E(a

xm vvm<; ava<pQO!J,Va a xd!J,EVa, :n:g:n:n va OL'\JXQLV(aou~-t w<; :n:goc; 'tl'J
A.a tougyLa 1wv XH~J,vwv 6n:

a) Ta xL!J,Va 6v AH10'\JQyouv ~-t6vo ~-taw 10'\J yA.wamxou 10'\J<; :rtQLXO~-tvou, aA.A.a xm !J,EOW 'tl']<; '\JJtOVOOU!J,EV'Y]<;, auzva a:n:OXEXQ'IJ!J,!J,EV'Y]<; xm EV 1tUO'Y]1tEQL1tLWOH

STOLZE, Grundlagen der Textilbersetzung, OEA. 134.

156

H AEITOYPriA TQN KEIMENQN LTH META<I>PALH

OUVJtay6~J,EV11 OXE011 toll JtQO YEVLXW LOXUOllOE V011tLXE aQXE 2 , JtQO

1:11 yevLxi] yvwo11 toll av8QWJtOll JtEQL 1:wv ngay~J,<'nwv toll XOOIJ.Oll, JtQO tov Ollvi]811 QOll 1:wv llJto8oewv, JtQO yvw!J.E xm an6'ljJEL avmpEQO!J.EVE o1:a "ngayIJ.a'ta" xm, ev yvu, JtQO nao11 A.oyi] xm <puoew el;wyf...womxou nagayov'tE
i] - yw va XQ110L!J.OJtoLi]oowe 1:ov 6go toll Coseriu- el;WyAwaavui avyxeif1eva3 .
~)

Ta XEL!J.EVa ELVUL, JtL011, 6uvm6v va OXELLsOV'taL !J.E ana XEL!J.EVa, xm 0111J.E

XEL!J.EVa yvwo1:a 01:11v xa8xaotov yf...womxi] xmv61:111:a 4 Av ow~aooll!J.E to xei!J.EVO "EAAU", tO m8av6tQO ELVUL va xawf...<i~Oll!J,E OtL EWOEL'taL 11 XWQa EXELV11
JtOll ~QLOXELUL 01:11 NonoavatoALXi] EllQWJt11, xm OllYXEXQL!J.EVa 01:0 v6no UXQO
1:11 BaA.xavLxi] Xegoovi]ooll, xm eivm yvwo1:i] !J.E to 6vo~J,a am6. Av IJ.a axouoollv va <pwvasowe to xEL!J.EVo "EA.A.a-EA.A<i", o A.A.11va axgoati] ~J,a ea xa'taf...<i~EL 6n avmpeQ6~J,aO't oe xan LOLattEQa EAA11VLx6 (a JtOU!J.E oe xanoLo yxof...
JtOll JtEtuXE ae aV'tLJta/...6 1:1) 11 e8vLxi] O!J,Ma no6oo<paLQOll 1:11 Ef...f...<iOa)5 .

y) Ta xd!J,Eva Lvm, 'tEAO, 6wm6v va A.mollgyow 6XL ~J,6vo W a1Jo1:111J.a 0111J.ELWV, af...A.a xm W "ngay!J.atLX61:11'ta" JtEQL amou, O!J.W, oe mxda 801'], A.iyo nagaxatw6.
OA.a all'ta m ogil;u xm 1:a xa8oQtsEL avell ELEQOll to 0111J.ELO. Ta 0111J.da "i]A.Lo" xm
"<peyyaQL" A..x. oev XQEL<isov'tm LOLat'teQov OQLO!J-6, 6L6n dvm oa<pi] xm el;ato~J,L
xell!J.EVa xm OL6U oto "<pllOLXO !J,a OllYXEL!J,EVO" YVWQLSOll!J.E !J.OVOV vav 1]AW xm
~J,6vo tva cpeyy6.Qt (ayyf.... sun I moon, yaf...A.. solei/ I June, YEQ!J.. Sonne I Mond, QWO.
coJIHII,e 1 JiyHa (MecJIII,) x.A.n.). Otav 6La~asowe to XEL!J.Evo 'TevaQl'J ~J.iJva xA.a.C>elle
xat 1-tiJ 'gw't~ <peyyagL" i] - to av1:i8e1:6 toll - "To yEvagLanxo <pEyyaQL dvm yLa
xf...a6o" 7, xa'taf...a~atvOll!J.E an6 to u<po xm an6 1:11 yevLxi] !J.a yvwo11 JtEQL 1:wv
JtQay~J,a'tWV toll XOO!J,Oll 6n JtQOXEL'taL yw JtaQOL!J.LE, xm aga W JtaQOL!J,LE JtQEJtEL
va to aVU!J,E'tWJtLOOll!J,E Xata 't111J.E'tU<pQa011 tOll 0111J.ELOll "<peyyagL", to OJtOLO EV
JtQOXEL!J,EVW 011!J,aLVEL to "oMyLO!J,O <peyyaQL", 't11V "navoEA11VO"- XUL 0110llO-'tQEL
!J,EQE JtQLV XUL OllO-'tQEL !J,EQE !J,ELU t11V JtaVOEA11VO.
2

DQ~A.. HElD EGGER, Was heiBt Denken, aEA.. 10: Dem Den ken eignet das Riitselvol/e, daB es selber in
sein eigenes Licht gebracht wird, freilich nur dann, wenn es und solange es ein Den ken ist und sich
davon frei halt, auf einem Riisonieren liber die Ratio zu beharren, ltoU :rravmtEl6n TJ axt1jJTJ civat atvty1J-anx1) Xa IJ-VOTTJQUMTJ~ xara TO
cpwri~CTa a:rt6 Xa IJ-f TO OtXO TTJ~ TO cpw~ IJ-OVO, {3c{3aiw~. Xa
ccp' 6aov civm axt1jJTJ xat cvxaowntrat va mtiJ-EVct va &avo<irat navw am A.oytx6 A.6yo (ratio).
COSERIU, Determinacion y entomo, aEA.. 49 m.- DQ~A.. ltEQULTEQW QVALE, Better Translate than Never,
aEA.. 216: In the process of establishing the linguistic performance, arange of cognitive and non-cognitive
components are involved. The process is taking place in an extra-linguistic context. This context finds a
compressed or condensed expression in words and sentences, according to the conventions (design,
grammar) of language. The verbal expression is being conveyed with a cenain amount of confidence in
successful communication. At least one is confident that one's own tribe will understand their own lingo.
DQ~A.. LADMIRAL, Traduire, aEA.. 17m.
n~A.. tl]V ltUQUTl\Ql]Ol] Tl]t; ~WQ08Eat; McCARTHY' Language Development in Children, OEA. 499: There
is a tremendous psychological gap which has to be bridged between the mere utterance of the phonetic form
of a word and the symbolic or representational use of that word in an appropriate situation.
BA.. XE<p. 2.2.2.1.
BA.. llAITAZA<I>EIPOITOYAO, llE(!tavvaywr nwaatxfir; 'Y).T}r; xai 'EOifiWV rov 'EAA'flVlXOvAaov,
OEA. 347.

on

4
5

6
7

157

xa OLOLXELa va dvm axgwr; arragaL1TJ1TJ, ... avarr6cpeux1T] 10. Erraoij, 6j.twt;, 1a axa~6j.tVa tl xm;a ouvmaywyij 8WQOUj.tVa Wt; YEVWLOUQYU LOU XLj.l,EVOU ~wyf...womxa
010LXELa avacpEQOVLaL 011] yf...wooa LOU JrQW101UJ10U, T] orro(a 0V AELLOUQY( arrf...wr;
Wt; xa8aga OQyaVLX6 OU01T]j.ta OT]j.tLWOWt;, tl10L rragaywyijr; OT]j.tELWV, aAA.a XaL Wt;
M01UJ1W01]1T]t; "rrgayj.tanx61T]Wt;", xm j.l,UALOW Oa LOAj.tOUOaj.t va JrOUj.t 6XL j.tOVO
1TJt; "rrgayj.tanxijr; rrgayj.tanx61T]1at;", af...M xm 1TJt; "cpav1aoLaxijr; iJ ow~of...Lxijr;
rrgayj.ta1LX61T]1at;", XaTCt 11] j.t1CtcpQaOT] EV6t; XHj.tEVOU UJ1CtQXL T] J1QlrrLWOT] va avaCj)U~ ouyxgouoT] j.tLa~u OTJj.tdou xm ewoLar;. Am6 !AJtOQEL va ou~d L6Lwr; o Mo
JrQLJ11WOLt;: a) 6-rav 1a OLa LOU OT]j.tlOU OT]j.tLOUj.tVa JrQUYj.taTa rrLLEAOUV xa0ama
OLacpogenxr; ou~of...Lxr; A.mougyLer; onr; mL j.tEQour; yA.wooLxr; xow61T]1t; xm ~)
61av rragayOV1t; LOU XHj.tEVOU 10U J1QWL01UJ10U, rrou avacpEQOV1aL 0 j.t(a j.t6VO
yf...wooa, 0V JU1AOUV arrf...ffit; XaL j.t6VO f...mougy(a OT]j.tLWOWt;, af...M WU16XQOVa
xm XaTU0E(av AHLOUQy(a XOUj.t~OALOj.tOU 11 . ~E rraQ6j.tOLt; JrEQLJ11WOLt; 0 j.tLacpga01tlt; rrgbm va arrocpao(~n 1L ea xga-cijon: 10 OT]j.t(o tl1YIV wma; Av arrocpao(on
urrQ 1TJt; ewoLar;, ea rrgrrn xa-c' avayxT]v va aUa~n LO OTJj.tdo av arrocpao(on
UJrEQ LOU OT]j.tElOU, Oa J1QEJ1L va OT]AWOH X16t; LOU XHj.tEVOU 1T]t; j.tLCtcpQaOT]t;- 0
urroOTJ!llWOTJ, oe aOLxij OTJj.tdwon, o mLj.t1Qo oxof...Lwv, iJ af...A.ou - 61L 01TJ yA.womxij
xmv61111a wu rrgw101urrou LO OEOOj.tvo OT]j.tLo xn af...f...TJ wma.
Ta ax6A.ouea rragaodyj.ta1a OLacpw1L~ouv nr; ev Myw JtQLmwonr;:
i) To xf...a<JLX61EQO rragaoayj.ta xa1avoijoewr; 1T]t; V0X6j.tV1]t; OUYXQOUOT]t; OT]j.l,ELou XaL WO(at; Wt; JtQOt; 11] OUj.t~OALXtl AEL10UQy(a 1WV OT]j.tELWV OLLt; m( j.tEQOUt;
yf...wooer; arro1),e( LO ~euyor; "aorrgo 1 j.taugo". ~nr; mo rrof...Mr; yf...womxr; xoLv61TJ1t; LO "aorrgo" OUVOELm j.t 1T]V emuxta xm 11] xaga, VW LO "j.taugo" OT]j.ta(vn rrv0or; xm A.urrT]. Erruoij, wo16oo, OLTJV KLva OTJ!lElO rrv0our; oev dvm LO

8 BA.. ltaQUn<lVW, XE(j). 2.2.1 .2 .1 . 1.1 .

9 TIQ~f.. MESCHONNIC, Epistemologie de l'ecriture et Poetique de Ia traduction, oEI.. 308 en., xm w; m-

Ql "langue-culture" an61j!H<; tou ouyyQaqJEa.

10 TIQ~f.. LADM1RAL, Traduire, OEI.. 17 Elt.: Non seulement if peut etre diffici/e d'abstraire Ia parole de
/'auteur de Ia langue-source au sein de Jaque/le elle a trouve sa formulation, mais surtout Ia solidarite de
chaque langue avec tout un contexte culture/ fait apparaftre Ia necessite d'integrer Ia theorie de Ia
traduction Ia perspective extra-Jinguistiaue (ou ''para-linguistique") d'une anthropo/ogie. OL ElttOTJ-

!J.UVOEL<; avljxouv OE E!J.U<;.

II TIQ~f.. BATESON, Mind and Nature, aef.. 45 Elt.

158

6s;I
'Ulit3]DOrllt(/JJ 13il.iJrlDOJJ1C '!>66! itOl OlDitOA(\.\1 ii.OlUil.?rl(l)rJJJX '~1.itJJ Sorl ~DJJOtDJ;ll3rl

'!>917 ''(30 'II

H l
Zl

'1 ';I)(JdA\ d)f;IWWlJSd[) 'lJSOIN lJ;JQO~

n5~o.vA.A.3<P o 5(1) puow J;}P itol mx uy.vx91YH lt 5(1) ;}Uuos

;}!P no1 l.wDod:n;>13ri lu 3ri 3xuwpt(l)13ri11AD 5DJOM3 mx noJ3riuo uonooxt\').o

u 'DriUJOlt (l)t\9"{ A3 0113~"910itoODlt no1r: ').018ctriDODlt Do~uxDoDX no1 mx ctOA?ri

-oq3q ~nnD uo(l)11tJ031t Auw .(').OX1A3ooD 5ctOA?A 'puow J;}P rio3t\) ltAIJ.Y3D lt mAp
510100 o mx (').OM"{ue 5noA?A ';}uuos ;}fP rio3t\) 501'(~ o mAp 5101, u z1S!J!SO pun
ll;)QO}l itOl DriU)Olt 5?itcDO"{Dt\3ri Ol:S: '(DXJDMJ..) ~Xit"{U8 1DAJ3 ;}Un{ fJ{

S{S[

nsn:w

1 llA~'(3D lt

mx (5D01A"9) 59X1A3DOD 1DAJ3f!;}{OS ;}{ 1 501'(~ o 0"{"(."9J 01 mx DAU"{"{'il

AOl mt\ '101? .5itOA?J.. ').OX1Ditcb it01 O"{Ogri').D 13A)t\ DA J3001tri - "91D10(1)X DOD<)J"{t\
"91ri38DX AU1 "900cDD itOlt '101~ 'DJOOl-.UlDX ~X1DD(I)"{t\ - 50A?l-. 9X11DririDot\ O.L (!!
'5(1)cD90lD11AD mx ',,OOltD"9, D10M? AU1 "9X1~3i\1X DlD 13').AX13Q
-DAD 113A<)J13riuo .. oo').Dri, opriuo 01 :nopriuo ct0138J1AD no1uo~oX 3ri mx 5Dri ~o
-(l)llt)031t AUlD "9"{"{D 'it0)3riUD UD~OX ~X11300cDD1Q 3ri OA9ri 1X9 "9X1~3A1X DlD )310
-DOcDD13ri DO '.,59AD0it0 500').Dri '"91"{it01t DO').Dri '10ri90Q 100')-Dri 'D11JltD DO').Dri
:nori (1)0')-t\ DO').Dri 1DAJ3 D"{O,, OA3ri)3X 9X1Al.t"{"{3 01 ' .. OOltD"9, 01 "9"{"{D ' .. OO').Dri,
H~Vdii>Vl3W

HH N5N3:WJ3)[ N5l V!JdAOli3:V H

xm Emat~~~ t~~ MnacpQaa~~

(... )for referring to any system of linguistic choice- the easiest being
collections of words, but also including chaises of grammatical rules
or grammatical categories- that can get associated with prototypical
instances of scenes.

Charles J. Fillmore 1

N ITPQTOIL NA fl!EYKPINIL0EI OTI 01 EflQ XQTJOL!-tOJrOLOU!lEVOl OQOl "EVVEVOT]!-tEVa", "W~-tLATJ~-tEva" xm "ExrrEcpQao~-tltva" av-twwLxouv otou~ YEQ~-tavLxou~
6Qou~ "Gemeintes", "Gesprochenes I Gesagtes" xm "AusgedrUcktes", m orroi,m
arravtwvtm on~ rrEQL yA.wooa~ cpLA.ooocpLxE~ rrQOOEyyi,ou~ wu Heidegger xm wu
Gadamer2 xm on~ yA.woooA.oyLXE~ !-tEAEtE~ wu Coseriu 3 'YotEQa arr6 tl]V arraQaLtT]tl] UU1TJ OLEUXQLVLOl] XQLVEtaL avayxai,a l] JrQOOcpuyi] OE !!EQLXU OlOVEL acpOQLOnxa rraQa6dy~-tata, rrou ea ~-ta~ EmtQE'ljJouv va OLamotwoou~-tE rroLa OXEOlJ ucpi.otatm ~-tEta~u twv avw1EQW 6Qwv xm tl]~ EmotiJ~-tlJ~ tl]~ MEtacpQaol]~:

I
2
3

FILLMORE, Scenes-and-Frames Semantics, aE:\.. 63.

HEIDEGGER, Unterwegs zur Sprache, passim GADAMER, Wahrheit und Methode, t. I xm II, passim.
COSERIU, Einftihrung in die Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, passim.

160

I9I
pUIJ 'uomnou;1p ';):JU;)J;)};) H :JufUIJ;1W S1! tf11s 01 S! 1111J1 'UO!PUnJ S1! ;11nmsuo:1 J;1lJ1;11i01lJ:l!lJMJO ffll 'SU0!1llf;1J
1U;)J;1)J!P }0 )/JOA11;1U II tfq U0!1llnJ!S ;11J1./0 S;)Jn]ll;)j :1!1S!niJU!f-IIJ1X<J <Jlj1 01 P<J1:J<JUUO:J <Jq 01 UAIOIJS S! ;;J:JUIJJ;)1Jn
<Jlj1 (" "") S1X<J1UO:J U!IJ1!A\ :m

8 '{30 '0961-0[6/ 'U!II1f.lfi 1li<JJ[) U! S:J!1S!niiU!1 {IIJ<JU<J[) 'SNIHO~ "'{~Oll

"1X<J1 UO:J <J1li!JdOJddll S1! Uf X<J[dWO:J <Jlj1 JO S1U<JUOdWO:J UA\0

S1! S<JfpUIIIJ lj:Jli;;J S:JJJUIIW<JS p Ull 'tflJdliJIJO:J!X<Jf 'JIIWWIIJ/l 'S:J!J<JUOIJd pUll 'SU0!1li{<JJ fllnJX<JJ}O X<J[dWO:J II Sll
p<JpJII:i<JJ <Jq o1 s1 cJilufUII<JW 119 '61 -x3o 's:J!1UIIW<JS JO <Jnb!UIJ:J<J.L <JIJ.L 'H.L~I:I ~r no1 Luttom;> Alu -x~au

!:;

"181 "'{30 'AJ;1f:JOS U! <J:illnliull]

pu11 tfJ!fliUOSJ;)J 'H.L~B ~ r -x~ .SDJODX1QD1Q S~X1ACllA1ox Slu Soo~rl Sro noo<!J'{/..lu 3TIJ;>13'{3r1 DA 13AJ31
-0011 'ClO'{'{J;> ~3 '91ClD1j "A1<Jf:JOS Uf S;1Af;1SW;11Jl ilUJU!lllU!IIW SUOSJ;)d JO SS<J:JOJd i/UJA!f ;11J1 U! p;1pp;1qW<J
tf[d;1;1p mq 'spunos pull S11Jil!S Jllfn:J!JJlld JO 1U;1WUOJJAU;1 Uli1[1!M AfUO 10u p<JpOf;1JU! Af<J111W!1U! 1DAJ3
.. s~U!Ull;JW, Dl119 '(! "'{30 'f;f;-0[6/ 'M0;11J.l :l!JS!nilun JO S!SdOUAS V 'H.L~I:I ~ r Cl01 Luft91LD Alu

"'{@ll V

"9 DX101011i\"O .."BJ;)dO 14~!1 .. mx jlO"B;)Q, S(T) S0.01(,l.D"OOcD"91311l.t U10<)1i\A"Oi\"O 01\(T)cD

-9'(). J..n

i\010 "9M3J.. O.OlC "01"0111,1.801"0 "01 311 i\').0810XAC1.0 "01\ A').0001C11 A"010A"919 "91

-"OX 31').0 -119131C Sn11nA S01101 S0101C1;>X A9i\"0811C 138'0 "08 - .."B(;)OZJ"BZ, l.t~?'( Lt 9A
-"OlCOJ i\010 1"0X .. BZZ;)[[;)Q, U~?'( l.t 9'("011 i\010 "9M3J.. O.OlC 'S0'(?1 'mn111,l.8D1"0AC1.0 D.L(!!!
,SI,l. '(01C11C3 1X9 A"O 'S?X1031(T)~3
S<;>'(lC"O mA13 .. olSO~"BJJ;).:I, mx ..l"Bf, S31X10l011A"O 10 o.o1C9 '"9X1'("011 nw .. Sow
-C1.0A')."OlA31C"OX3V, 1"0X "9X1'(J..J.."O "010 .. 1X"9cD"OO"OX, i\(T)3~?'( i\<)1X1i\U'('(3 A(T)1 UD"OOcD
-"91311lt1 SooJ.C s(T) 13A"911ltD11C3 Sn11nA S0'('("9 S01oJ.C"9x 13ool.Cl1 (T)1"9X-(T)A"91C D191D.L (H
. v"OX101011A"O ..BA(;)S, / ..;)nbsoq, 1"0X .. PJB.M_, S13~?'( S11 91C"O 1"011\').011\
-A3J.. o.oJ.C 'mn111,1.9om n191 m 3101A"91C A0.08<)11A nA Soi\(T)cD9ADJ.CDI SOA?11(T)A011311 SoA?11
-C1.3X11101"0~3 0 1"0X S9A"01103J SOA?11(T)A011311 SOA?11C1.3X11101"0~3 0 13i\1"0fl110.0 A39

(g 119

1"0X '"OX101D11A"O ..BA(;)S, / ..;)nbsoq, 1"0X .. p[B .M., S13~?'( 10 A').O/I.i\3J.. 0.01 O.OlC "01"0111,1.801"0
"01 "9X11300cD"019 1"013i\"9fl11"0'(11A"O 'SOi\(T)cD9A"OlCOJ SOA?11(T)A0113ri 38"9X 0 1"0X S(T)1C9 'S9A
-"01103J SOA?11(T)A011311 38"9X 0 ("0 119 3110.0~139 "OA 3110.0'(?8 11"01A \,Oi\?11(T)A011311, U~?'(
Lt1 311o.o~1AO.L "OA(T)cD9A"OlCDJ OA?11(T)A011311 i\010 .. BA(;)S, mx .. ;)nbsoq, S13~?'( 10 1\').0A
- A3J.. ClOlC "01"0111,1.801"0 "01 311 S(T)3~"91 S(,l.1Cl"O Slt1 1"01\13 A39 '91\"01103] OA?11(T)A011311 i\010
..PJB .M. .. l.t~?'( Lt "9M3J.. o.oJ.C 'mn111,l.8D1"0 ml,l.9131C3 mx "9'('("0 - ..BAJ;)S, mx .. ;)nbsoq,..SOD"99, 01 mJ.. S13~?'( 0').9131?8"019(,l.X1A"01COJ l.t l,l.9131C3 OA9111X9 01').011"0)1 i"9X1A"01CD1
"OlD 131D"OOcD"Ol311"0A 13001Crl i\39 (..SOD"99, =) .. p[B .M., U~?'( (,l.X1A"01103J..l.t 119138D100.XD1
"OA S010J.C"9X 13001C1i 'Sn11 S91"011A139"00"01C (T)0?1(T)A"O 0.01 S0'(?11 01101 OlD S"Oli\OA?W
.. wn"Bg, 010 1"0X .. ZJOH, 010 1"0130?cD"OA"O

(nnd) U~?'( "01911,1. "9X19A"O'(A1cD "010 'S0'(?1 'mX ... p[B.M_, 010 1"0X 009 .. ZJOH, OlD 00
-9113X101011A"O O.OlC (S{Oq I pOOM) l.t~?'( "0111 1"01"911\"0l.C"O "9X1'('("0A "010 1"0X "9X1'(AA"O "010
... pJB.M., mx .. wnBg, .. zJOH, S13~?'( S?X1An11o3J.. Suo A').OX101D11A"O o.oJ.C 'S13~?'( S?X11
-300cD"019 S1301 ACLOX0"91CC1. "9X1XOC1.011"0X "9X19UC1.00 '"9X1AU'('(3 "010 119 311')-00Ul"OO"Oll

~X1~M.DYi\ 1dJ

~;ma:Jn.o1

nnd

unpo

nnd

~u~u

~Sl;)lli

U"BWJO

~O){S

~x1yy.v.{

~x1gun.oo

S!OQ

~Jl

S!OQ
;)JQJ"B

p~ll

pOOM
;);)Jl
pOOM
~x1yM.v

~XM.Vri03A

~XMUY3

Z[OH

0'(').~

PJB .M.
wnBg

SOD"99
0011\?9

:.. pJB.M., 1nx .. wnBg,

.. zJOH, S13~?'( S?X1A"011o3J.. 10 S3DD<)1'(J.. S300cD"919 3D m1A0').3X1~3'( S<;>J.C 311').09 Sy (!
~H~Vd<I>Vl3W

ml HWH!W131V)! VN3W~Vd<l>3ll)!3 'VN3WHVIW15 'VN3WHON3NN3

w~ noay{larwv nov O'f/{letwvovv itat O'f/{laivovv.

To tL moe~llata ea llttaooeouv Otl']llt6.cpQaon tl']~ "-Esll~ aut~~ xm o:nmaob~not UAAl'J~ A.tl;nc;, d;aQtatm
anoxA.ewnxa an6 to tL awe~llata llEtaOLOovtm an6 tn yA.wooa noll A.aA.d xm
OlllAEL, avacpEQOllEVl'] XQllntlxa ~ llnoA.av8av6vtw~ o realia7, twv onoLwv o aQl8ll6~ tLVL oto anHQO, xm 6.Qa dvm JtQaxnxw~ aMvato va JtQOOyyw8d an6 tov
llttacpQaot~- an6 tov ooob~rwt JtQOLXWllEVO xm llnxav6evta llttacpQaot~ .
H llttUcpQaon, w~ xa8aQ6. yA.wooLx~ tEXVlx~. acpoQa JtQWtll6vtw~ - noll llJt6 OllyxEXQlllEV~ ouve~x~ llJtOQEL va onllaLvL: anoxA.Ewnxa - ta yA.womxa, OXl ta
El;wyA.wooLxa llEOa toll A.aA.dv xm OlllA.dv. Auto bev Ol'JllaLvL tLJtOt aA.A.o naQa
to 6n avtlXELllEVo tn~ llEtacpQaon~ xat' aQx~v bv dvm t a evvevonllva, aA.M ta
WlllAl']llEVa 0 XUJtOLO XtLllEVO' JtL0~ 0 WlllAl']llEVO dvm llOVO O,tl EXH XcpQa08d
Ola tn~ A.LtollQyouon~ onllewbonxa yA.woon~. avnxdllvo tn~ Emot~lln~ tn~ MtacpQaon~ dvm ra 'XJCcpQa0{1EVa 0 'Xi{1VO W{1LA'f/{1EVa OTOLXia T'f/t;
yJ.waaar:; 8 ta realia xm ta VVvonllva, w~ naQayovt~ tn~ yA.wooa~. Ov llttacpQatovtm, ... bev llJtoQouv va llttacpQaotouv llJtOQouv anA.w~ va 01']A.w8ouv ~.
otnv lltllXEOtQll JtEQLntwon, va JtQlYQacpouv 9.

naming, as relations between part of an utterance and part of its environment as formalised in a context of
situation, and one sort of function; among many others, attributable to certain words.
7 Na llll 1\La<pEUyEL <m6 tl]V ngoooxt\ !lO\; 6n oL Ellw XQTJOL!lOJtOLOU!lEVE\; M~EL\; "ngaylla" xm "realia" avayovtm OtT] AmLvLxl] M~TJ "res".
8 ngj3A. POPPER, Die beiden Grundprobleme der Erkenntnistheorie, OEA. 242: Erkenntnisse konnen nur
durch Siitze dargestellt werden, nicht durch Begriffe.
9 ngj3A. COSERIU, Falsche und richtige Fragestellungen in der Ubersetzungstheorie, OEA. 29.

162

2.2.2.1

HrAwaaa (I)~ ITQay~atL%0t~ta

xm ~ Emat~~~ t~~ MEta~Qaa~~

La verite et Ia realite n 'ant jamais que des rapports superficiels entres el/es.
La verite est une expression ; el/e a un commencement qui est doute, et un
fin qui est verification. Mais Ia realite est ce qu 'elle est, c 'est-a-dire qu 'elle
se refuse ou se derobe a toute expression; on ne sait ni oil elle fin it.

Paul Valery '

A !~lA I~XYOYN KAI riA TH f AQnA, 6tav ota bLacpoga XEl!lEVa bEV El;avtA.ELtm Otr] OY]!lHObOtLXi] AHtOUQy(a tr]~, aA.M. !l ta JtOLXlAa realia, Jt01J EJtLOtQat'\JH, XQYJOL!lOJtOLEL tm w~ realitas, w~ ngayf1artx6r7]ra 6Y]A.a6i]2 fLa va !lLA.i]oou!l
XWQL~ JtEQLOtQOqJE~, Sa JtOU!l 6tL yLa to O!lLAOUV 1JJtOXl!lVO aVU!lEOa Otr] yA.wooa
xm tr]V ngay!laux6tr]ta ucpLotatm - OU!lq>wva !l tr]V xcpgaor] tou AL!lLA.iou
Benveniste- adequation complete, nA.rjQ7J~ avvaqJEW, xae 6oov to yA.waoLx6 OY]!lELO anoxaA.UJttH xm bLataOOH tr]V JtQay!latLXOtr]ta i], !lUAAOV - JtUAL xata tov
AL!llALO Benveniste- ro yA.waatx6 07Jf1E{o Eivat 7J ngayf1artx6r7]ra 3

I
2

VALERY, (Euvres, t. 2, OEI... 453.

BE~alwt;, 6nws; wxugl~Etm xm o BAREL, Le paradoxe et le systeme, oEI.. 313, a Ia limite on peut dire
que Ia relation n 'est pas entre le reel et sa representation, mais est une relation du reel a Jui-m~me, une
pratique quasi autoreferentiel/e.
3 BENVENISTE, Problemes de linguistique generale, 1. I, oEI.. 52: [Le signe] est cette realite. - 81.. JtEQmtEQW SAPIR, Selected Writings of Edward Sapir in Language, Culture, and Personality, o1. ..209: In a

163

!!Eva Wt; av'tLXEl!!EVO 'tl]t; JtQUSl]t; 'tOU O!!LAELV, Wt; "JtQay!la'tLXO'tl]ta", 6l]A.a6ij,
JtEQL tl]t; ono(at; ytvnm (o) Myot;. L'tLt; JtEQLmffiout; autt; 6Ev JtQEJtH va !!E'tacpQal;ou!!E ta yAW<J<JLXU <J'tOLXELa EUV Em8U!!OU!!E va 6La'tl]Qtl<JO'U!!E <J'tl] !!E'tUcpQa<Jl] ta EXU<JtotE E!!<paVLl;O!!EVa OlJ!!ELa, JtQEJtEL va 6EX6!!a<JtE ta EV Myw
yA.wooLxa otmxda wt; "OlJ!!ELW!!EVlJ JtQay!lanx6tl]ta".
~)

H yA.ffiooa !!JtOQd va AHtoUQYtl<JH 01Jf1EWbonxaxm tauwxQ6vwt; "avf1JfTWf1anxa", un6 tl]V vvma 6tL JtEQLYQ<icpu xm 1t1 xaQaXtlJQLl;H tov O!!LAlJti!.

LWV "IIawuxa" A..x. tou Iwavvou Kov6uA<ixlJ, xd!!EVO !!E unmEtvouoa yA.womxij
AOYLXtl xa8aQEUOU<Jat;, JtEQLEXE'taL JtA.ij8ot; XQl]'tLXWV an6 6LaAEX'tOU EX<pOQWV, L6i.wt;
6mv o O!!ffivw.ot; ijQwat; O!!LA.d. A uta nou Mu- ta W!-HAlJ!!EVa I EXJtE<pQa<J!!Eva- o
tlQWat; !!HacpQal;ovtm UVEU E'tEQOU' EXELVO JtOU 6EV !!JtOQEL va !!EtacpQa<Jtd JtO'tE dVaL 'tO "XQl]tLX6" <JtOLXELO tl]t; O!!LALat; 'tOU tlQWa 6, XL at; EJtLtEAEL to <JtOLXELO am6
ouyxEXQLI-!EVlJ xm OlJ~--tavnxij A.uwuQyta ~--toa ow un6 ~--tEtacpQa<Jl] xd~--tEVO 7 : va naQ<iyu ij, xaA.UtEQa, va JtQOXaAEL <JU<JXE"CL<JHt; 1-!E<Ja <J'tO <Jffi~--ta 'tOU XH~--tEVOU, nt; OJtOLEt; ta !lEAl] tl]t; EAAl]VLXl'](; yA.womxijt; xmv6tl]tat; nt; ouv6ouv Xat' EU8Ei.av OXL ~--t6vo

6
7

sense, the network of cultural patterns of a civilisation is indexed in the language which expresses that
civilisation.(...) Language is a guide to "social reality". Though language is not ordinarily thought of as of
essential interest to the students of social science, it powerfully conditions all our thinking about social
problems and processes. Human beings do not Jive in the objective world alone, nor alone in the world
of social activity as ordinarily understood, but are very much at the mercy of the particular language
which has become the medium of expression for their society. (.. .) The fact of the matter is that the "real
world" is to a large extent unconsciously built up on the language habits of the group. No two languages
are ever efficiently similar to be considered as representing the same social reality. The worlds in which
different societies Jive are distinct worlds, not merely the same world with different labels attached.
neQl 111<,; o:n:olac; ~!... nouywytxa minima ow a~towc; m6~evo xecpat..mo 111<; JtaQOU011<; ev61111a<;.
LU~cpwva ~E 10 lio~tx6 ElttXOLVWVtax6 ~OV'tEAO 101! Jakobson Ot El;11 ~aotxo( JtUQUYOV'tE<;, JtOU xaeoQl~ouv 111 yt..womxi] emxmvwvla, Elvm: 10 yA.waatx6nEQt{3aUov (context), 10 J.triVVJ.ta (message), o
noJ.tn6r; rov J.LTJVVJ.taror; (addresser), o c5exrTJr; rov J.LTJvVJ.taror; (addressee), o c5iavA.or; (contact), xm o
xwc5txar; (code). Ot AH'tOUQylE<; 111<; yf..<i:Jooac;, JtOU UV1W10LXOUV 010 yt..womx6 am6 ~OV'tEAO, Elvm
Ot ax6t..ou8es;: 11 avacpoQtxrj (referential), 11lTOtTJrtxrj (poetic), 11 f3twJ.tartxrj (anotive), 11 f3oVATJTtXrj
(conative), 11 cpartxrj I macptxrj (phatic) xm 111-tETayA.waatxrj (metalingual).
To UUTO WXUEL, C(JUOLXa, xm yw 1U "XOQcptanxa", ULC(JV11<;, lOU KWVO'tUV!LVOU 0E010X11 Xat ytU 1U
"aytaoot<ilnxa"wu L1QU111 Avaomo1..1..11, xm yw 61..<; nc; "tlitw~anxs;" i] an61ituf..xwu EXCIJOQE.
H t..nwuQyla ami] ouvlmmm oE 6,n o Aoulio~lxos; Hjelmslev ovo~a~n "connotation" xm o Euyvws; Coseriu "Evokation".

164

!;91
"1C3 08Z "'{30 'Jjlll{JSU;}SSf!tllp!UdS ;}Uf;}W;}fi/IV ;}fp Uf l'iUnJl{flJU!::J 'nni3SO::> J;>X113XO -xg .5DOO<!J'{.I.
5nrr1 DJ3X10lO J;>X1.I.O'{od>n. DJOM3ltlJ;>ln.iln.a ;1.3 mo 1311.J31DlDX m1J.19X1ond>mg IJ. mx i\(l)l\!1011.10X II.<!JX
100(l)'{J.. i\(l)l l,!liog \!X1'{niln.Ol'{O.OX01i\(l)i\10X 11.1J.1o S311.31i9ADII.D Sgilod>mg nXJ..g'{3 mll.l9X11Dli(l)o10D1Q
IJ. 'npX1o10 J;>X100(l)'{J.. n.o1X?'{D1g 91CD 3o mx oil<!JX 9X1d>noJ..(l)3J.. 010 ml3il?d>DII.n mll.19X11Co1mg H 6
"lC'{"X DOO<!J'{A it111QllflOD 'DOO<!J'{.I. it111AUYY3 X'{ :5(l)30)0X
-mg D)J..iln.ol13'{ )3'{3111!3 n.o:J.C 'n.o19911C3 (lOX1101illl.1xnonX 59A3 5(l)3ol,!oX 51J.l mg m1J.1911.3 \!1D3<;11 5(1)
MO~Jln.Dl 11.1J.1 II.<!JOO(I)'{J.. 11.(1)'{'{1;> 5?11l.'{11io 10 mx 009 51J.l 5?11l.'{111o 10 0091 mx m1J.1911.3 1,!1mg1 5(1) J;>X10
-ow1 peo1mli1J.Xo 1peunog nX? noO<!J-xJ.. 310:J.CI,!gmolo (l)i\?linxool i\31DlJ30;\. ..noo<!J'{A 1,!x1o0101, 5ti s

),llODX1Q, A01 009113A1Drilto ~X1ADri03A DlO (..J;)l4;)!"M,) .. o31X1d, 119 CWA?riOQ3V

.. nl01AD11C i\Cl)1 q>ri1l001C o31X1d Sn.o1 Sn.0"{9 ,l.CV, :n.Oll,t"{DX AltlO 13?"{ DA 590D3A
0 1DX CI.OXO~l.C CI.010~X 1X~XAD1C DA? ,0 1D131j~X DA 1X~ODACI.3~ DA? 3riCI.OlC?"{)- 531"{
-CI.DMD mA. DQ~"{"{tl AltlO ~AXn.o AD19X03 CI.Ol.C 'o31XJd g~"{D01D1):{ D101AD11C CI.O'(~A
-3ri n.o1 Sn.o?-xx Sc;toAf331Q n.o1mx n.o1xno1n.ov noq>Xno3lJ Altw c;torio13o c;tox1cboow
-DlDX CI.011,tXom- 0861 01 91"0 CI.O"{CI.Ol901ltli\[ DlOCf.l)l C\.01 D1cbDOA010"{3A D1ri 3:{
nprilto Ltonocb~13ri 91CI. D1 5001 130?XD A3 5D10lt13cbD DOD(!)"{ A Lt1 3ri 5310M?
5310ri90D1 A0101X~"{CI.01131?8D1Q 5(1)3~1cbD DOD(!)"{ A lt A0091C ~1DX 01 91"0 1"01~10"0~3
A0"{9 01 AOD9 .enx 'mOM? Alt1mx oprilto o1mx Ltonocb~13ri Ltw 31in.oo1,tolt1mq
DA 3ric;torin.em3 A~3 'l,t1x1cb3 S1"{9ri mA13 '1W1! mx 'D10lo Lt '5/.wl.triJrlouv SLt1- c;toriou
-1"{01 n.o1mx Aq>3Q1 A(l)1 D100lD1 Altw Slt"{?l01D10V o 3D(l)Q?l!ri3 mx 3xltel,tA.lto13 n.ou
009 oriMq>rio A01 3ri 513oc;tXA.n.o 1D1A.c;t0AOCI.01riltq ltri DA D1A- D031()-"{DX l,t 'Sltoltri1ri
SLt1 53Q1rieng 531q>ou Suo m1p"{1AD~3 Ltonocb~13ri Lt 'Slt1 D1rilton.-xo1 Altw mx Sno
-Oq>"'{A. Slt1 D1AOCI.0113"{ l,tX11DlDDODl!DAD AltlD 1D13A~AD '5(l)ri9 11'9 30 .l,tlDMQ 1DA]3
Ltonocb~13ri Lt 'OQ3111C3 SLt1 9X110Q013rilto 01 ~oocbn A3ri 11'9 3D mx '(l)A?ri13xoou A3:
..mlt19X11DriAD01 UA?ri(l)13rilto, lt1 5(l)O?riD 13Aqll!CI.101D 119
mOM? Alt1 91CI. .. pxumovovuv,.w, - SLt1 A(l)11,t101Q1 A(!)l10"{ A(l)11DX Sn1riLton.-x
-ou SLt1 'A(l)1AA.muoA.o-x A(l)1 'Sn1A(l)cborio SLt1 'c;torien.o n.o1 'A(l)1~ri(l)oXoXLt A(l)1 mq
- 5(l)A90X01CI.Dl 1DX 1)X110q013ril.to 130I,tA.on.Ol13"{ DA '5lt011C3 'poouri DOD(!)"{ A H (A.
S~oocbDAD DlU19A10X l,tX1DD(l)"{A 3101D~X3 AUlD
1D1A(),O"{DX001! C\.01 '5130113XDCI.D 53A3ric;t0"{31113 Aq>rioq (l)A9"'( A3 A(l)1 D1Q S1191D 1DX
009 ' 6 5(1)3~1cbD 5DDDq>"'(A. Slt1 l,trioq l,tX1DDcbmq lt11DX l,tX11Dri(l)OlDD1Q 'l,tX110lD1Q lt1
91"0 00911"01~10"0~3 'lt~~Ol! AUlD pf3XC1.3111!3 DA pool!ri 91CI.D 0091 ~lDX 01 .DX()-01
-Dll C\.01 .. ~xultox, Dl DAU"'("'(tl, AOlD A(),O"'(DXOOl! C\.01 ~1CI.D 3ri DlDril,tA.03A3 D10ri90Dl!
AOlD1X~"{CI.01 'D1Q1 D11X9 AD 'Smlt19A10X Sl,tX1DD(l)"'(A (l)A9"'( A3 Sl,t1 lt"'(?ri DlD A(),O"'(DX
-001 DA C\.01 'Dri(l)1Q1 DA? l,t 01X3"'(~1Q D1ri 5(1)3~1cbD DDD(!)"'(A ltlO 5(1)11,t11DOD1CD 3ri(),OOg
nA 131?01 (ne) 'nrionocb~13ri ow Sn10M3 Slt1 LtoLto1,t1mq Lt 130?cbD1QA3 Snri A~3:
lj,,{ortovooou Sq>"'(l!D ~"{"{D 'ltonocb~13ri m13A.~onu A3Q 5?1n.n 513Dq>111031 Su:r
(n.oA.oc;togrl3qA.nw n.o1 SltQ"'(11X3W Slt1 A(l)A?rinx Aq>xuun."'(nxoun A(l)l
5DDO(!)"'(A Sl,tX1ADri03A. Slt1 l,t A(l)A?ri13X Aq>X1131jOriOA Aq>A11AD~n.g A(l)1 5DDD(!)"'(A Sl,tx
-1Alt"'("{3 Slt1 X-"'() 85DDD(!)"'(A ..SI,tx100101, Smri Sn.ocbc;t c;tOX1DD(l)"'(A n.o1 mnriA.?"'(l! D1 3ri
mx DQ3111C3 ~X1DD(l)"{A D1 3ri 1DX MOc;tXD1 ~1CI.D D1 A(l)A?riCI.OOlt1 Aql1AO"'(DAD A(l).l Lt1
-l,to)l Sn.oxoc;to.L Sn.ow lt"'(n.oq9un. Alt13ri no319x1qnmx ~"'("'(D 'lt1l,tO)I Alt13ri Sq>X1A3A.

:iH:iVd<I>V!3W :iH! HWHHlll3 H IV)! V!H!O)!I!VWJVdll :iCl V:iWVJ H

xa Xal tamoxg6vwc; "f1ETaYAWamxa". H JtEQLJttWOTJ auti] ava6ELXVUEtaL 6tav

i) 6La XUL taUtoXQ6vwc; JtEQL OUYXEXQL~EVWV avtL8EOEWV ~oa OE ~La Xal
~ova6Lxi] yA.ffiooa, XUL ii) 6La Xal taUtoXQOVWt; JtEQL ouyXEXQL~EVWV ~OQ<:pWV ~E
oa OE ~La xm ~ova6Lxi] yA.wooa.
~LAU~E

Ax. to LonavLx6 xEL~Evo No Io trae sino que Io lleva, 6Ev ~OQEL va ~Etacpgaotd mota Ota LtaALXU, 6L6tL T) LtaALXi] yA.ffiooa 6EV yvwgLtEL tl)V avtL8EOT) ~Eta/;u tWV QT)~U
tWV "traer" xm "llevar" to am6 LOXUEL xm yLa to, rnLonc; wnavLx6, xEL~Evo Ganareis
pero no vencereis, 6L6tL ota LtaA.Lxa un<'LQXEL ~6vo tO Qi]~a "vincere", nou on~aLvu
xm "xEQ6Ltw" xm "vLxw" avtL8na ota EAATJVLxa n ~Etacpgaon tou EV A6yw xu~vou
ELVUL EcpLXti]: ()a XEQcSian~, aUa &v ()a VX~OE~. LtLc; JtEQLJttWOELt; autc;, ~E~aLa, 0
~Etacpgaoti]c;, JtQOXEL~EVOU va 6Latl)Qi]OEL OtO ~EtU<:pQaO~a XaL to OT)~ElO XaL tl)V EVVOLa toU JtQWtotUJtOU, JtQO~aLVEL xm:a ta JtQOTJYTJ8vta EltE OE avaA.UtLXEt; ESTJYtlOELt;
tWV OT)~aaLWV, JtOU E~cpavLtovtaL OtT) ~E~OVW~EVT) yA.ffiooa, EltE OE aJtO~L~i]OELt;.

166

2.2.2.1.1

Mtta~Qaa~ xm MetayAwamx~
Attt01JQyta t~~ Awaaa~

Die Ausschaltung dessen, was eine Sprache Uber ihr zweckmii/3iges Fungieren als
ein ZCichen-Zeug hinaus "ist'', also die SelbstUberwindung der Sprache durch ein
System kUnstlicher, eindeutig definierter Symbole, dieses Ideal der Aufkliirung
des achtzehnten und zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts stellte also insofem die idea/e
Sprache dar, a/s ihm das All des WiBbaren, das Sein als die absolut verfligbare
Gegenstiindlichkeit, entspriiche. Es kann auch niche einmal a/s ein grundsiitzlicher Einwand gelten, daB keine solche mathematische Zeichensprache
ohne eine in ihre Konventionen einflihrende Sprache gedacht werden kann.
Dies Problem einer "Metasprache" mag unauflosbar sein, wei/ es einen iterativen ProzeB einschlieBt, aber die Unvollendbarkeit dieses Prozesses sagt niches
gegen die grundsiitzliche Anerkennung des Ideals, dem er sich niihert.

Hans-Georg Gadamer 1

AOriKH t.IA~PINEI, Q~ rNmTON , Mo YAWOOlXa mtneoa: TYJ cpvatxrj rj avnxt:tfleVtxrj y}.waaa (object-language I Jangage objectif I Objektsprache
1 Iinguaggio oggettivo I o6BeKTHBHaR pelfb) xm n flHayAwaaa (metalanguage I
~YfXPONH

GADA MER, Wahrheit und Methode, t. I, oEA.. 418, i[rm: TJ avaaJWOTJ exEivou nov "Eivm "J.u a yA.waaa ntoa an6 TTJ ax6mJ.lTJAELtovQyia TTJ~ w~ OTJJ.lELDnm yviov , T}auevntof3aOTJ6Qa TTJ~ yA.dJaaa~ J.lfOWEv6~
avat1)J,lato~ tEXVTJtdJv, oow!-lfvwv xm EvtEA.w~ anoaacpTJVLi:JJ,ltfvwv av!l{36A.wv, aur6 to tc5avtx6, 8t).w va
nw, rov L!wcpwnOJ.lOV rov /Sou xm rov 20ov mwva ea anotEA.ovaE TTJV u5avtx1) yA.waaa, av 1-lJfOQOUOE va OTOLXTJ8Ei J.lf TO aVJ,lJraV taU 6uvar6v ELDfVat, J.lf 6,n fLYat XUL VJrclQXEL ~ aJrOAVT~ 6La8tfatJ.l0~ avrtXfLJ.lEVLx6~ x6aJ.lo~. E.SW &v WXVEL TJ a;twJ.lauxov xaQaxri)Qa avtiQQTJOTJ 6n J.lW thaw J.la8T}-

167

tou<; terminos, OL onotOL ~nogouv va xatavoneouv, ~6vo E<p' 6oov tuyxavELyvwot6<; 0 XatatE8L~EVO<; Ot'Yj <pUOLXl) yf..wooa OQLO~O<; tOU<; 6 , artOtEAOUV CtVEU tEQOU ~Etayf..woo<; 7 . OL 6La<pOQ<; fga~~anx<; t...x. ag8gwvouv ~tayf..wooLxa ouotl)~ata ~E tov t6wv axgL~w<; tQ6rto, onou ELvm ~tayf..wooLxa ouotl)~ata n ~a
en~atLXTJ ogof..oyta, 'YJ yf..wooa t'Yj<; AoyLxl)s; Emoti}~n<; 'XaL to ~EVtEAYE<pELO rtQLOClL'XO OUOt'Yj~a tWV X'YJ~L'XWV OtOLXELWV.
H 6Laxgwn ~tal;u ~La<; cpumxl)s; yf..wooas;, l)toL ~we; yf..wooa<; ngoU<pwta~EV'YJ<;,
ClEClO~EV'YJ<; X tWV rtQOtEQWV XaL 6uva~V'Yj<; va rtQLYQa<pL, XaL ~La<; ~tayf..wooa<; ,
~E t'Yj ~oi}8aa t'Yj<; OrtOLa<; 0 av8gwrto<; ELVaL OE 8on OXL ~6vo va ~Lf..l)OH 0 rtQW'tO
ErtLrt60 yLa XMOLa <pumxl) yf..wooa, af..Aa XaL va 't'YJV EQUVTJOL OE ~a8o<;, OUvtf..o8'YjxE yLa rtQWt'YJ <poga oto xwgo t'YJ<; nwooof..oyta<;, avtLXEL~vo Q'\Jvn<; t'YJ<; onota<;

3
4
5
6

{tanxl) 01Jf.lEWyJ.waaa eivm a6Vvarov va emvo1]8d, eav&v xet y{va c5exr1) ex rwv :n:gorigwv flW
naaywytxl) yJ.waaa fl 6J.e~ T1J~ n~ OV/1{36aeu;. To :n:Q6{3J.1)fla avr6 :n:eg{ "!1rayJ.dJaaa~" flli:OQd va eivm
aJ.vro, mac51) :n:goV:n:oBtm flW c5w&xaaia, o Qv8tJ.6~ T1J~ o:n:oia~ tJ.6J.t~ v:n:e(J{3aivet ro f31)1-w 01JfJ.twr6v.
Aoxirw~ avrov, 6/).w~. ro 1111 reJ.aWatfJ.O T1J~ ev J.6yw &a&xaaia~ &v Met rmore xara Til~ xar' agxl)v
avayvwQt01J~ rov tc5avtxov, oro o:n:oio xarareivn. - Ot agm<ilcrw; crto xel~vo d vm btxes; ~as;.
0 6gos; "~Etay/..<ilcrcra" dvm d;ocp8a/..~ws; wcpa/..~1\vos; 6nws; crta ya/../..txa br v 'UJtOQXEL "metalangue",
ana "metalangage", !\taL xm crta EI..I..T]vtxa bEv 8a engrnEva vnagxEL "~nayl..waaa", a/..1..6 "~E8o~L
I..La", ~La XUL ~E80~LALU ELVUL UXQL~W ELJtELV O,tL XUQUXtT]QL~EtaL W "~Etayf..<ilacra": J.6yo~ lf(}{
Tl)~ yJ.waaa~. "Mnayf..waaa", EOV 'Ult~QXE, 8a ~taV XUVOVLXO ~la a/..f..T] y/..<ilcrcra EvtEf..<ilc; bta(jlOQEtLX~
we; crul..f..T]'ljJT] XUL we; O'Ucrla an6 tT]V ~bT] 'UltOQXO'UCJU, JtayLW~EVT] XUL O~LAOU~EVT] y/..waaa. - EJtELb~ 0
wcpa/..~1\voc; 6goc; EXEL, bvcrtvxwc;, EmxQat~aEL o/..oxi..T]gwnxa aw xwgo tTJc; EI..I..T]vtx~c; mwtT]~OVL
x~c; XOLVOtT]tUI;, 8a ~taV OTOJtO va EltL~EVO'U~E OTOV OQ86 OQO "~E80~t/..la", ytaut6 XUL, JtQOc; UJtO(jlUy~ JtaQd;TJy~crEwv, XQTJOL~onowu~E wv 6go " ~EtayA.<ilcraa".
llg~/.. . EVbELXtLXO LYONS, Semantics, t. I, crr/... I 0.
~XEtLXO ~E tT] bLOXQLCJT] XUL tT] XQ~OT] tT]t; OtT] CJT]~acrto/..oy LX~ CJUAAT]\jlT] tT]c; aA.T]8Elac; ~/... t OOLXELO XE<pa/..mo atov TARSKI , The Semantic Conception of Truth and the Foundations of Semantics.
GADA MER, Wahrheit und Methode, t . II, crE/... 50 BUSZMANN, Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft, OEI.. . 486.
Tl Eltat "tenninus" ~ac; to btacracpT]Vl~EL ~E axga ani..OtT]ta o GADAMER , Wahrheit und Methode, t. I,
aEI... 4I9: Ein Wort, dessen Bedeutung eindeutig eingegrenzt ist, sofem es einen definierten Begriff
meint, bT]I..ab~: fl{a A;17, 11 amwaia T1J~ o:n:oia~ :n:eQtoQi~erat t rot, wan: va c51]J.wvet xan a:n:oJ.vrw~
aacpt~, ecp' 6aov /1 Tl) OeOO/).EVI) Ai;l) evvoeiTat OQLOflEVO~ OV'fXX(}tfJ.EVO~ 6go~.
rig~/.. . LYONS, Semantics, t. I, crEI... I 0 , cru~cpwva ~E wv onolov the terms object-language and
metalanguage are coir relative, in the sense that the one depends upon the other. (.. .) we have to use
language to talk about or describe language. Instead of using a given language, reflexively, in order to
describe itself, we can employ one language to describe another. In this case, we may say that the
language being described is the object-language and the language which is used to make the descriptive
statements is the metalanguage.

168

69I
'08 ''(3D 'Jl[:J'IJJdSI[:J'IJj')(;)f11:l ''()011 1
'PI;}!JWOOI8 ctol S~'(oX:r Slu .. n).\0'(01Dnr1lwooxmi,
lu mx .. n)A0'(01Dnr1LWOOX1r1, lll3r1J;>X1l3XD 'LZ'l ''(3D 'J!l[dOSOf!l[dl[:J'IJJdS 'NOI'oiiS rtOlUDft'(l;>AD AUl ''(8 'l1

'861 ''1!3 681 ''(3D 'SnWS!A!J!SOcl UJI[:JS!:lO[ W! SWJ[QOJdSJ!Jl[ll['IJJrt SJp JJI[:J!l[:JSJ[)JJp Q['IJI[JJUU! :Jun[[JJS Jll[!
pun J!;}l[ll['IJ/rt lap UO!J!U!}JQ Jl[:JS!JU'IJWJS Sp(SJ'IJl 'J.VHGN39fU ftOl 01r1)XOQ QX1l10X CtoA?r113X ftOl (lOl
-ltD ,1!3 Ol 1DX 'L'l''(3D 'S:J!JU'IJWJS JO SUO!JUpunoj Jl[J puu lJlnlJ.JO UO!JdJ:JUO:J :J!JU'IJWJS Jl[J. '!)[S~V1. ''(8 11
'61 ''(3D '>(!JS!n:lun J!P U! :lUnllJ{lJU!::J '9Nil.N08 1 ''(3D 'AlOJlJL
069 ''(3D 'lJJnlJ. JO AlOJlJL 'IJ jO JU![JnQ '3)[dJ~)[ ''()011 0 1

:J!JS!n:lun ( -OUI[J?I} U! SUO!J:JJl!Q 'S3Jo'.IAH ,'13

'Z!;t ''(3D
'J:lJJ:l'1.1.3l'oll'oiOG LL ''(3D 'J! ljdOSO[!lJdlj:J'IJJdS 'NOI'oi!S 9SL ''(3D 'SJ:J'IJ:l JljJ OJ JnlJ. 'NOSGIAVG ''()011 6
'L'l ''(30 ' J{.lOJljJSUO!J'IJWlOJUJ lJp UJffunpUJ!t\U\f pun UJff'IJ[pUnl[)
'~31dd3 -~3A 3l'ol '(galt .5DJDDX1f?DU; S(lxmAroA 10'X11t3 S(l1rogwa yD 5xm1 (l1lloll1DoDu (W'X1onro~:J
ao1 DDD(!Jy/.. ll Sro ~qn'(llq 'JJJJ)(sua!J'IJJf!Unwwo)f JJU!J sJJJLpuqoJfi uJuJJJXJ sJp Jlf:J'IJJdS J!P Sro Suo

-)1!3 1lJl3tDJ;>i'J.\1i'J3lt noD<!J'(ADl3r1l1 (;}!lO;}ljlSUO!lUWJO.JUJ) Sn]i'lro:JE) A<!J1i'lotboi'Jll'(U )0311 Slll oi'l<!JX 013:

-roX 'I 5lul,lDUJOl!OA9319UlD mx 130~J...ll90 13X? mx 'll0ll9A'00'01! ~A'0911! 5~10.'0 ~3 All1

mx D11D1oon All1 'D1rlllort"{Ol! 1n1rlllmcbrln All19rl9ng 0"{'9l..3rl 3o 13~1o01o3u n1ouo ll
'5ll1 D1l..O"{ooo ll A3ri1'0AJ3 5'000CTJ"{l..'013rl 5~x1J...O"{OOOro"{J... 5ll1 opX101D 9X11D10ll1X'OO
-'OX 00311'0191 010c;LX O.L 'z 1'000CTJ"{A ~X1A3ri13X11A'O A'0101!'9X 3rl '9X113XD A(l)A?ri13X01!rt
A(l)A9"{"{3 A0101X'9"{0.01 Oc;t9 c;t~'013rl 'OJA(l)A10X11!3 AU1131!?('l111!3 '0]01!0 ll ''OOOCTJ"{A
~x1Aorlll1011!3 ~x1913 mAp 'nJl..o"{ooorou llw m1p1ouorl1olloX nou 'nDDCTJ"{l.. H
5ll1 ~Dll9A'Ol'OX llmx 009 5llDCTJAl.. 5~X1AOrlll1011!3 5ll1 OOCTJX 010 llongo
-901! U13A'9U 0091 5?1UA0.303 50.01 '1)1,\, 591A'Ol! '019 ~'01'9 3XU9Ac;t"{OX0.319 A<lJ101!0 A(l)1
'019 'A<lJ1'9rlll1DrtD ACTJX1"{0grlrto 1'0X ACTJ00(l)"{A'013rlllollri9Q ll10 '0101l..?rl '01 A'O"{'O)?Arto
d"BUJU:) J!Opn~ rt011'0X S!J.IOW .M.. S;)p"B!D 0.01 'pj:Sl"B.L p;)lJIV 0.01 5ro10rtX 5310'0J...03 10
119 5~XO'O ~3 5CTJ"{l!'O 3rlrtOA'9rlll011!3 'OA 1300'J11!1031! ll0'91! A3 3rlc;t0903XO'O 5'0 '5'00DCTJ"{l..
-m3rl 5ll1 5011! 01mx 1101 '9X11ll"{J.A'0~3 3rlo.oo~M303 'OA mAp A39 5nrl 59l!OXD ~9131!3.
11 ACTJODro"{J... 5n1XOD031 5lloll"{X9"{0 5mrlllollrl99 ll10 3rlo.oJ...~"{'Ol'OX 31001 '101? rt09?1!
-11!3 rt00?1(l)A'O 5'0D00'J"{A'013rl 5mrl ~ '101~ 5'lJDDCfJ'(kOl3ri-'lJl3ri 5'01rl '5'0DD())"{l..'013rl
5D?A 5mrlllo~ox ll1o D93ri9J...n '5noDCTJ"{l.. 5ll1 5~1o.n '0139~"{'0 All13rlnoo1oo DA 39 rtOA?rl
-13X001! .5'0rl 5~oll1~~(1.0 5ll1 'OOOCTJ"{A ~X1A3ri13X11A'O 30 5ll1UA9rl91!'0 1'0131?01 'OOOCTJ"{A
-'013rlll '5'0DD())"{J...'013rl 5rto1 5~X19 5ll1 '9"{"{'0 '5noOCTJ"{l.. 5~X1A3ri13X11A'O 5nrl 5~x19 5ll1
1X9 '0101"{'9rl 1'0X 'A(l)30'91001! ACTJX1AO"{ A(l)1 5'0139U"{'O 5ll1 9rl0100 A01 '01J... 31D'Orl903cD
-'019A3 A'019 '11919 ''010'0rlllo 5())"{1!'0 ~X113XO ArtOX? ..'OOD())"{J...'Ol3rl, 1'0X ..'OOOCTJ"{l.. ~X1A
-3r113X11A'O, 100910 P!Sl"B.L A013rl 'OArocbrl').~ 01 5rto1 '01DrtO All1 '900cD'O 11'9 3D 31011130
50.01 ').~'013rl ArtOO?cD'019 A39 5'000())"{J...'013rl 5ll11'0X 5'00001"{ J... 5~X10rtcb 5ll1 5'0Art30? 5ll1
'OA'Ol..o9 mmx 5DM30? 5ll1 OA3rlJ3X1lA'O 01 'll1301'019'0 mx '01'01A3 13"{?1 A3 mAp 5no
-O<))"{J... 5ll1llr1~1011!3U119 ''01'0)?! 'rtOA?rl093V 6op"{'Ol..03- 01DllOX0').9 5roX9~3 91rt'01J...
1'0X- 9X11UO(l)39 OJ'OXA'OA'O 011).01 5001! 01 3rlrt01?9'019 A39 A'O 1'0X 'Orl9X'O ' OOOCTJ"{A ~X
-1oncb ll1 5oou 13D?Xo A3 5DJ39llyo 5ll1103u 3rlo.oo~"{1rl nA ow 13A')."{OX0.319 5nrl 5())"{1!'0
.'010(1)39 5'0J39ll"{'0 1031! '0101!'9X 5ll1 UA9rl 91!'0 1'013A'91!3Art0 119 13A1Drlllo A39 910.'0
'9"{"{'0 '5mll19X1mr1J...nou 5ll1 norlo9x no1 0.009 rtOA?r110X3xJ...no ll~onu'). All1 3rlrtOA())1~'0
nA 5JoroX '5nooCTJ"{l.. 5~x1A3ri13X11A'O 5ll1 Aro3o'9ocbx3 Aro1 '0139~"{'0 All1 mJ... 3rlo.oo~"{1rl
'OA A3rl131!?0111!3 5'9r1 ll010X'919 ~X113Xo H 85300CTJ"{J... 5?X1ortcb 10 'A91DroAJ... 5ro 'mAp
~v:mlVJ

ml VIJdA0li3V H)[J~WV1Vl3W IV)[ H~Vd<I>Vl3W

tunou "X eivat aA178i~. ecp' 6aovp" rnnbr] o OQLO!l6~ aut6~ xm to ouvo/..o twv wobuva!!LWV, nou ouvrnayetm, :rtQE:rtH va negaotouv xm va ano8nxeu8ouv oto agxeto !!La~ !letayt..wooa~. emt..Eyetm to ou!!Bot..o p, yLa va Ol]!!UVH !!Lav onmabr]:rtote
AOYLXrJ JtQOtaOl] !lEOa OtO :rtf..aLOLO tl]~ avtLXH!lVLXrJ~ !!a~ y/..ci:Jooa~ IS, aOXEtW~ toU
tL dvm top, aoxetw~ tl]~ ovtoA.oyLxr]~ tou taut6tl]ta~. aoxtw~ xm tou tg6nou, !!E
toV OJtOLOV Sa Ola:rtwtw8et Otl top dvm 6vtw~ p 16 EX toUtOU ouvayetm 6n 6/..e~
ol A.oylx~ ngotaoH~, nou Olatunwvovtm otn <puoLxr] yt..wooa, :rtQE:rtH va Olatunwvovtm xm otnv exaotot oxenxr] !letayt..wooa r], 6neg xm to aut6, n <puolxr] yt..wooa ngrnn va !leta<pgal;etal oe !letayt..wooa Etol, wote va anoteA.d otmxeto tl]~.
H <Pt).oaocpia rwv I&arwv rAwaadw (Philosophie der idea/en Sprachen), nou ouvbEetm ngwttotw~ !! ta ov6!lata twv Frege, Russel, Wittgenstein, Carnap xm
Tarski, OU!!J'tEQlAa!!BavH OtO corpus tl]~ 17 - EV avn8oH JtQO~ tl] <PLAOOOcpia rwv
Kavovoubv rAwaawv (Philosophie der norma/en Sprachen), n onota Ol]!!HWtov
ava<pgetm otn yA.wooLxr] avaA.uon nou ngotdvetm on~ <Pt).oaocptxi~ EQevve~
(Phi/osophische Untersuchungen) tou AouboBtxou Wittgenstein 18 - 6/..e~ n~ HOlXE~
yt..wooe~ !lal;t !!to !letayt..woolx6 tou~ ont..ootaow. L yevlx~ yQa!l!!E~ !lJtOQOU!l
va :rtOU!l 6n n <I>LA.ooo<pta twv Ibwtwv rt..woowv aoxot..dtm, t6oo otov to!la tl]~
avat..uon~ 6oo xm otov to!la tl]~ 8ewgta~, !! tnv u<pwta!lVl] r] avantuoo6!lVl]
oxeon !letal;u xmvci:Jv yt..woowv xm xataoxeuao!lvwv yt..woowv xm oe 6,tl a<poga
tl]V (ava)nagaotanxr] A.ntougyta tou~. tl] A.Htougyta tou~ exdvn, r]tol, nou avaCJlEQtm ota ngay!lata xm Otl] yvwmxr] ut..n twv yt..woowv 19. TigaxtlxoL Mym em-

14 BA.. cvbwmxa xm cv axtau !! tT] YQ~-tavLxi] rnwtTJ!!OVLKr] yA.waaa n~ Qyaalt; tou BENES, Nominalisierungstendenzen in der deutschen wissenschaftlichen Fachsprache, passim Die sprachliche
Kondensation im heutigen deutschen Fachsti/, passim xm Syntaktische Besonderheiten der deutschen
wissenschaftlichen Fachsprache, passim.
15 H ltQOtaOTJ "To XL6vL dvm aanQo" clvm axQLBw~ tot aA.n8i];, otav to XLOVL dvm aanQo: bnA.abi] to

X clvm aA.net~. axQLBw~ tot, otav p- onou X clvm to ovo~-ta tT]~ A.oyLxi]~ JtQ6taan~ (l!ctayA.<i>aaa)
xm p dvm TJ lbw TJ A.oyLxi] nQotaaT] (otT] cpumxi] yA.waaa). BA.. tT] axmxi] avaA.uaT] ano tov WEGST,
Die semantische Einheit,

aA.. 5 m.

16 llQBA.. tT]V ltQOOEYYWTJ tou SIMON, Sprachphilosophie, OcA. 76 rn.

17 [La I!LU OUVOlttLXi], ltAT]V EYXUQT] ltQOOEYYWTJ tT]t; <l>LA.oaocpla~ t(l)V lbcatwv nwaawv BA.. SINNREICH
[rnL~-t.]. Zur Philosophie der idea/en Sprachen, ~ xl~-tcva twv Quine, Tarsl<i, Martin, Hempel xm Camap.
18 rw tTJ axcnxi] DLUXQWTJ BA.. SCHNELLE, Sprachphilosophie und Linguistik, aA.. 17m.
19 llQBA.. GADAMER, Wahrheit und Methode, t. I, OA. 419: Ein Terminus ist immer etwas Klinstliches,
sofem entweder das Wort se/bst klinstlich gebildet oder- der hiiufigere Fall- ein bereits im Gebrauch
befindliches Wort aus der Fiille und Breite seiner Bedeutungsbezlige herausgeschnitten und auf einen

170

TLI
"6 ..(30 ')(fJSfn!Iuf1 pun JfljdOSOf!ljdlj:Jf!JdS '3T13NH:::>S ..,(IJOU Z

zz '(3D

'JfljdOSOf!ljdlj:Jf!JdS 'NOWIS 08 "'(30 ')(f1Sfn!Iuf1 pun JfljdOSOf!ljdlj:Jf!JdS ' 3113NH:::>S "'(f)01llJAOJ3'(1llJ1j ZZ

"6L "'(3D ')(fJS!n!Iuf1 pun JfljdOSOf!ljdlj:Jf!JdS ' 3113NH:::>S "'(!I I Z
"L9 "'(3D ')(!JS!n!Iuf1 pun JfljdOSOf!ljdlj:JliJdS '3113NH:::>S "'(f)OU OZ
"IW09 IIOA9ri01a0emt 5911.3 D10MJ i\UW 59X3i\U1f? OlD 1DBf?Jf?01tD 1DX i\(1)309XD
Sl.t1 MfJX1/..oyowmil.to 11.ro1 5oe~tyu 01 91tD m1puoouv '13o!taX i\3 1D13XDJ0113 l.tg!lnou 'l.t!'in moupx
- l.toro11tJ03u l.tOno9ei.tAI![) 1.t - n J3 911.t11.Xn ou9a1 3rl J3eo1wrll.tXo 13XJI.t!'in 1.t mqJ 1.t 31J3 5!trl/..1lo 5/.t
,<fJlJ '91/.ti\Xn 011lpX 3l0li\p1t 1DAJ3 SnU{W.ldl 3epx 0 :~glJ'(U9 'pJfM JiJJJJiJJSJj UUfSSJJfJ!JJfi UJJWWJJSJQ

A.<YJX1Ao"{01DnrlllD MDA.~rlll1ol.Comrlllwcw (Mn1) 5~Aorlondn 5l.l1 roo~rl 5cto1 c;t~m3rl

1D1A.O~J13XDctD DA. 131?01C 5~cboorl 5~X1DDro"{A 5300cb~19 10 DDDcp"{A U1Cct1901C A.UlD

~91313: . n:A.ro3~?"{ 5ctOO~TIJ1C3 i\(1)1 5~X11Dnct9MD 5lt1 OJ931C OlD 1DX OD9 ctOJi\.0"{1~3"{
cto1 oocpX

ow 0091 53JlD1oon 10 mx 53JrlltDct"{Ol.C 153JrlltD1cbrln 10 A.C).08cb13"{Dl.CD DA.

ctOA.~TI13X001C 'OJDXADA.D 1DA.J3 OD9 'OA.9TI 009113A.J"{X01CD DA. J3XOD .~rl09 U11DX lt~
-~"{ lt1 ~oocbn 11'9 30 DOO(!)"{A UA.3TI9A3"{ ~A.10X A.U191CD ~X1~10 13A.J"{X01CD DA. ltxA~A.D

1DA.J3 i\39 'lt1Cct1901C ct00~13 ct3A.~ J38010U1XDODX DA. pool.Crl DA. mA DOO(!)"{A D1W
"zzDDO(!)"{A ~x1913 A.ltlD ltA.~rlonct3XDD1DX A.U191CD
'5lt"{c;t 5~X100ro"{A 5130~8D13TI101~ '5130~0cbD13TI131C~0111C3 - 5ltonocbx~ 5c;tof)10XD
5lt1 01CC),1 9X10D(l)"{i\ 3101D~X3 i\01 3rl D1U19TI10UOA.D1DX I D1U19X11UOA.D1DX U03rl~
A.U1 5D1A.0~9MD mx 'A.~1ctD8DX DOO(!)"{A ~X1913 lt mx 009 ~1UOA.D1DX 5cpo3Xct3 00
- 91 9x1913 A.o1 mA 5D1A.9 - 5cpenx 'A.cpcboorl A.cpx1ooro"{A Aro"{w oc;t9 A.ro1 ').~D13rl ().01
-ltgD"{003rl ~i\11 A.Ol.C901UD~8 13A.~grlD"{DlDX 5DOO(!)"{A 5ltl.Cct1901C 5lt1 ~cboorllt .D1U1
-9rl10ltOA.D1DX 1mlt19X11UOA.D1DX ~x11lt101C01D1XD"{3 '5roA.90X01ctD1 'mx D13fJJOXD ~1

-DM9U031()-"{DA3rllt1131~8D19 DOO(!)"{A UA.~rl0nct3XOD1DX lt 'D13fJJOXD roi\.9"{ i\3 A.U1 3TI

no3rl~ ltA.3rl939MO mlt19rl10ltoA.nmx 1mlt19X11ltoA.D1DX ~X11lt10l.C01D1A3rl mrl 91CD

mx 'A.cpxAnA.n Acpxuxnol.C ltch.ct"{~X 5oo1C ltA.3rl9~1"{0lDA.D0001C 5cpxom9 'n13f)Joxn

A.D1rl 91CD 1D13~JOU1XDODX DOO(!)"{A ~X1913 lt (!)i\'3: 5ct01 DJA0ct0113"{ ~XD1A.(l)A.10X11C3
~1ltrlct811C3 ~ UA.3TI()-0"{3111C3 AUlD mx 5ltomo~OD1C(DA.D) 5lt1 D13fJJOXD A.UlD 1D1A.O~J1C

-01A.3 5~oocbm9 A.cpcboorl Acpx1ooro"{A A.(!)D1380llA.rl roo~lroA.n 51"{9rl A.(!)101 A.ro1 ().~D13rl
53A.3TI~1D1cbct 10 , z(WJOjq:>TJJdspJTJpUTJJS) 5JJDfXfJ"(A 511A}rlro1A.JJ1t ~ 5~03(j1Jl.D ~ 5111tfU
-901t 5lt1 ~cboorllt1 mx (WJOJq:>eJdsJ)[nJJsuo)[) 5Doorpytt 511A}rlovnaxomJJx 5lt1 ~cb
-oorlltl '(WJoJq:>eJdsq:>e:J) 5JJoorpytt s~x1q1a 5ltl ~cboorllt1 :ltrl~1011C3 ~x1Ao"{oooro"{A

- A.~1ctD 30 OA.9ri 3TI(),OlD1001031C DA. mA- A.U1 5ool.C 130~10DMO i\3 5DOO(!)"{A 5~cboorl
513013rlctOA.JOXD19 DA. 3TI(),0001Crl 'ctOA9"{ (),011CD0A 5~cbOOTI30 OA.9TI1DX ~X11D13"{X01CD
1D13A.J31X3 D~TI019X1A.OTIU1D11C3 01D1()-0ct3 A.OlD mx ~"{"{D '9X1A0"{000(l)"{i\ A.OlD OA.9TI
1X9 '(1)990D1C i\3 roeo~013 'DJOl.CO lt '5ltOct"{~A.D 5~X100(l)"{i\ 5lt1 DJODX19D19 U1 ~lD)I

.ocP3DDCfJ"(). (U;:}q:>TJJdSJ>[nJJSUO )[) 53t\}r/Dvn3'KD

-JJl.JJ'K 511 1DX (U;:}q:>TJJdS ;:}Jj;:}fJU;:}W;][fJ;]J) 5?'K1riD1AOAD'K 511 '(U;:}q:>TJJdSUf;:}W;:}[)) 5?A10'K
511 53"{9 5cp"{3cbrom mx ~X113Xocto 130~101COrl1oltoX DA. 13o~oo1Crl DA. :13A.Jnrllto 5ro1
-(),"{Ol.CD A.OA.3TI9ct3A.UTI0383TI 0319 ' .. ~ro~ ~X100ro"{A ~X1101"{DOct0"{1C ~"{119, 130~~ DA.
130~0o1Crl DA. mA 'J380DTI1013001C 5ro1A.939 13X~ DJcb000"{1<1> roi\.9"{ i\3 lt 5rol.C9 M000~1

&Yn15VJ &Hl YIJdAOW!V H)!E&1lVJYl3W IV)! H&Yd<I>Yl3W

tTJ~ [.tEta-[.tEtayf..wooa~26 . H oxmx~ 6La6Lxaota extef..e[tm oe tQH~ 6LaXQLtc; cpaon~:

a) LtO mtmoo tT]c; avnxH[.tEVLX~~ yf..wooa~, OtT] ~aoT] ~youv, 11 xoLv~ yf..wooa tQOcpo6otd nQwtamaxa tT]V n6Lx~ yf..wooa, acpou JtQOT]you~-tvwc; 11 LOLa xn, m[OTJ~ mQwtaoLaxa, tQocpo6otT]8et an6 tT]V - [.tEtayf..womx~ - xataoxeuao[.tVTJ
yf..wooof..oyLx~ yf..wooa, taL wote va LOQuEtm oxoTJ macp~~ [.tEta~u tou exaotote XQTJOL[.tOJtOLOU[.tEVO'U HOLxou 6QO'U xm to'U E[.tltQay[.tatou avnxQUO[.tat6~ to'U.
~)

H anavtW[.tEVTJ ow avwtato [.tEta-[.tetayf..wmx6 mtneoo JtQ6t'UltTJ yf..wooa ouvaQtatm OLaQxwc; [.tE tT]V unoxatw aut~~ E'UQLOX6[.tEVTJ xataoxeuao~-tvn yf..woooA.oyLx~ yf..wooa 11 OLaQx~~ Qoi] JtATJQOcpoQLWv an6 tT]v nQ6t'UltTJ yf..wooa nQo~ tTJV
xataoxeuao[.tEVTJ yf..wooof..oyLxi] yf..wooa, i]tm o 6w~-t6~ tT]c; OLaQxou~ ouvaQtT]OTJ~ tWV Mo [.tOQqJWV yf..wooa~, OqJELAEtaL OE [.tLaV ava11 a[.tcpLOQO[.tT] OXT][.tanxi]
~-tn<icpQaoT] yf..wooLxou uf..Lxou an6 xm JtQO~ xm tTJ [.tLa xm tT]V af..f..TJ yf..wooa.

y) Amueeta~ an6 tnv JtQ6tunT] yf..wooa tl]c; uneQOO[.ti]c; XOQTJYELtm yf..wooLx6 uf..Lx6
otTJV n6Lxi] yf..wooa tTJ~ ~aoT]c;, taL wote va mLtuyxavetm- neQwtamaxa navtw~!- 11 ev E'UQutatT] evvo[a eewQOU[.tEVTJ xatavonnx6tl]ta I xataVOTJOL[.t6tT]ta 27

L 6,tL 0 acpOQU ta O'UV'UqJaLVO[.tEVa to'U qJOQ[.taQLO[.tatoc; tT]c; yf..wooac; [.tltOQOU[.tE

va 'UJt08oO'U[.t a) [.tLa OLaQX~ a[.tcpLOQO[.tT] OXT][.tanxi] [.ttacpQa<JT], JtO'U EmtAELtm
[.tta~u JtQ6t'UltTJ~ yf..wooa~ xm xataoxuao~-tVTJ~ yf..wooa~. xm ~) tT]v E'UQUtEQTJ
6uvati] xataVOTJ'tOtT]'ta I xataVOTJOL[.tOtT]'ta, nov JtQoxumn, JtQL<Jtamaxa [.LEV

24 llg~t... ALTHAUS I HENNE I WIEGAND, Lex ikon der Gennanistischen Linguistik, aet... 90: Die Sprach-

funktion der Darstellung wird so vollig gekliirt: a/s Ergebnis liege ein konstruktsprachlich fonnu/iertes
Modell der Darste/lungsfunktion sowie eine schematisch gewinnbare Ubersetzung in standardsprachlicher
Fonn vor: die linguistische Konstruktsprache (als Metasprache der Umgangssprache) ist eine Theorie der
Darstellungsfunktion der Umgangssprache. Aufgrund der schematischen Ubersetzbarkeit fungiert die
Standardsprache a/s Metasprache der Konstruktsprache und garantiert somit die Verstiindlichkeit und
Durchschaubarkeit des Mode/Is; sie ist dann aber auch Meta-Metasprache der Umgangssprache. Zugleich
wird getorden, die Standardsprache salle den Teilen und Verwendungsbereichen der Umgangssprache
entsprechen (d.h. ftir diese ersetzbar sein), aus denen sie entwicke/t wurde. Damit enthiilt die Umgangssprache in dieser Darstellung ihre Meta-Metasprachen in der Klasse ihrer potentie/1 moglichen (und im
wei ten Sinne prinzipie/1 unmittelbar verstiindlichen) Sondersprachf01men.
25 llg~t... SCHNELLE, Sprachphi/osophie und Linguistik, aef... 14, xm GUIRAUD, La Semantique, aet... 94 m .
26 llg~t... ALTHAUS I HENNE I WIEGAND, Lex ikon derGennanistischen Linguistik, aet... 90.
27 llg~t.. . SCHNELLE, Sprachphilosophie und Linguistik, aet... 91.

172

LI
S-grl3 30 1\ClOX\(.\Xl 5130JTITIXlOAOltc1. 10 ";}JSSJJppTJ JljJ OJ JIJJddTJ UIJ ~U!)/IJW A/QIJWnSJJd Sf Jlj pUTJ
:uofJIJ:JfUnWWO:J JO UMOpJ(TJJJQ JljJJUJAJJd 01 ~UfAJJ JQ OSJIJ AIJW Jlj Jnfl ";}~IJn~UIJ/ JO UOfJ:JUnJ 'JAfXJljJJ
JO ':JfJSfn~U!/IJJJW JljJ JO Jsn ~UfJfiJW AJJTJJJ:J Sf
pJOM JljJ s:Jsn

X JI

'suTJJW Jf JTJljM Wflj SJfSIJ

puTJ .. uTJf/TJPJdfnbsJs,.

"WJOJ 1J Sf Jf lj:JfljM JO UOfSSJJdXJ JljJ JO ~UfUIJJW JljJ S1J JO Jq~noq; JQ AI/IJWJOU pJnOM

JIJljM 01 U1Jtj1 JJljJIJJ j/JSJf WJOj JljJ OJ pJJJJJfP JQ pJnOljS UO!JUJJJIJ JIJljJ WJOj JIJJn:JfUIJd 1J JO JUJWAOJdWJ
JfJJOd Jlj1.JO UIJd JUIJUOdWf UIJ JQ AIJW Jf pUTJ 'J~1Jn~UIJ/IJ1JW puTJ J~1Jn~U1]/-JJJ{qo UJJMJJQ UOfJJUfJSfp
dJIJljS 1J AITJJp OJ J~IJn~UIJ/ JO JSn ATJpAJJAJ JljJ Uf J/QfSSOd SAIJM/IJ JOU Sf Jf :pJJ:JJUUOJ AJJSO/:J JJIJ UOfJ:JUnj
:JfJJOQ

Jlj1 puTJ :JfJSfniU!IIJJJW Jlj111JtjJ JJS OJ UOfXJljJJ J/11f/ SJJfnbJJ J[ :13dJ"\)OA SOJOlCO 0 '!;!; "'(30 ' I "l
AOlo 3TI(lOtJ03d:lnAn Sn .. SolxroJ\IO'(Xil.X,. Sl!~?'( Sm3\J'("9X S~loroA,\. Su1 S~rlood:ln ~3
"9!; "'(30 'JljJTJJdS JJP Jf~O/OljJASd 'NNVW~OH "'(\JOU Z

'SJfJUTJWJS 'sNOA 1

"!;Z "'(30 'JJIJJfJUiJ~ JnbfJS!n}iU!/ Jp SJUJWiJ/:;1 '1.3NI.L~VW X'( "'(\JOU I

"[!; "'(30 ' I "l 'SJfJUIJWJS 'SNOA1 "'(\JOU 0

ozz "'(30 'JJIJJi}UiJ~ JnbfJSfn~U!/ Jp SfiJSS:iJ 'NOS80)1Vf 6Z

"W!SSIJd '1/IJ}//JP

"\JX1A3A xg Snoo!)"l'(A Su1 S01

-XlTIO)OXJrlood:l ClOl ~X1lllTIU'(\JOOlC AUl m,\. 176 "'(30 'Jff1Sfn~Uf1 pun JfljdOSO/!tjdtj:JTJJdS '3113NH::>S "'(l:)OU 8Z

-ow SJTJ dTJUJTJ:J ~unJljTJJJ:ii pun Jlj:JTJJdS JJTJWJO.:l ~3013NH::>SONVA\

-9ri1DX ~X11013'{X01D ~'{'{D 'DA3TIJ3X11AD ~X1DDOO'{AD13ri Ct0'{9EJDX Al),OOOdm A39 5130

-~1001 53A3TI903tDX3 31010~X3 10 119 1D13~1A10M31V .. ~013EJ113 ~ 9X110D10Ct0 1DAJ3
S9,{a~ lt~?'{

H, 1DX u:SolXroJqoyxax 13A1Drilto 1.1,, :mnriA.139DOD1 DEJCt0'{9XD DlD

Xl 50019 '5l.t~?'{ Smrl 9ri01olt1xnonX 9X1AO'{od>oorl A01 ~

1 mx OA3ri9X31031 01 3ri

~X113Xo S31ood>ool.t'{1C 10 53'(9 mx S13o~1ooo3 10 53'{9 '5lto11C3 'mAp no~1xnonX (),OX

-1DDOO'{AD13TI."9"1"X .. nADX? ltOl.tl<!l03 mri 5<!)'{1CD <!)A3 .00~19 30 DA D'{39~ A3V, ~ .. ~~X
-11X3'{010CtX oog~'{X3 01 DA '531CJ3 CtOlC 91CtV, ~ .. ~5pOM3 1,L, CtOlC()-1 0,01 513D~Od>X3
X'{ 5001C9 'zlt'{l), ~X1DDOO'{AD13ri1D113101COTI1DltoX DA 01 91CD 0'{'{~ 3101C1113A1Dflrino
A39 'lAoopril.to 01091031C30 -l),'{OlC 0111C3 5oo 9X111CO- 0'{'{~ 0101C~X ~DOD<!)'( A D191
Alt1 MOA1DflD'{DlDX A0101X~'{(t01119 ~ '101~ 'Al),0101COri1DltOX 119 'DX19<!JX 0191 A01
Al),0101COri1DltoX 119 Al),OEJ001Dfl3flD190'{lt'{'{D DA 131?01C 39 100319tDTID 'J3101COX1900X
-OlCD 01 5lt1X?9 39 0 'nrinA~ri DA? J3101COX1900X 591ri01C A3TI 0 (t01C9 '5130<!)11C1031C 511
53'{9 3:r "5lt1 ~ooooeo~ l.t ~1DA(t9 01D1D19DX ne A3Q 5ooy'{~ 'ooenfl91C(t 9X1DDOO'(AD13ri
90Dgoo J311D1CD no1g l),OA103TIUEJDX 0,01 A<!)XADAD A001~103Q0013X1010 ltolt1?0l.t1C
-n~3 SoolC 5noD<!J'(A 5lt1lto~oX l.t nri9xn ~1nn mx 119 nOA?riOQ39 'AOOA9'{0DDOO'{A. A001
~ A<!)X1A001X3'{lt 1\001 'A<!JX1AO'{ 1\001 'A<!)X11DriltEJDri A001 D10?X DlO ~X11013'{X01CD OA

-3TI9XD10(t3 013'{DA03 9X1AOrilt1011C3 9'{1CD 13'{3101CD A3Q '5101(),01 1\3 'DDD<!)'(AD13TI

"o~X1DDOO'{AD13ri

1DAJ3 '01901 A01Q1 A01 ~lDX 513D~od>X3 5?X1DDOO'{A Al),0101COri1DltOX 119 ~ '01X3'{~1Q
~ DDD<!)'{A D1Q1 Alt1 Al),01010ri1DltoX (S~lllyvyooou 10 'D031l),'{DX '~) 5?1U'{1TIOMD

10 'SJOlO::>OIJ;)lU! 10 119 MODC).3EJU'(DlC3 DA 1DAJ3 D1AO(t0113'{ ~X1XOD10001 lt A00101CO

1\001 'Dlnri~AOOtDX3 D.L 6z5DDD<!)'{A 1031C 50A9'{ 13A1A DA (t0A?TI13X001C 1D1J3101COTI1D
-l.toX (t01C DOD<!)'{ A lt10 101~ 'DX1Q<!)X AOlD 131\J31D1DX (t01C '5DDD<!)'{A 5lt1 n 1A.On0113'{
lt UA13X3 'uosqO){Bf UBWO~ ~lDX '1DA13 SVDDC!JYA SlllVJAOilOl13Y ~xworoy,{Vl3W
8zDDD<!J'(A lt1tn1901 Alt1 5oo1 no
-D<!)'{A. ~A1ox Alt191CD 5lt'{c;t 5~X1DDOO'{A. ~oo Lt191en '5001AD1C mx ~xunrlA.13Q01Cn Alt'{lC
~Vn15VJ

ml VlldA.OlBV H)!Jn1JVJV!3i'l IV)! H~Vd$Vl3.i'l

PLl
m 9'>Z "'(30 'S(lxuromtug DJtJroile '0)(3 '(gou 9
"ctOl D)ODr1l10 li.13cf1J).Xo01C D/1. ctOII.?r113XOOlC 'SolDr1(lAli.r1 5911.3 0)3X1010 38J;lX 1D13'('(WDOD1C O)Ol.CO
01 Soou '31oul,lguo mx oo9 Sowr1(lAli.r1 cto1 l,lct3xomnx ll.li.1131t?0111t3 ctou li.O(l)fi.J;>/..oo li. oo911D11.J3 Sox1g
-())X o ctOlC9 'nriM(lrlmx 5DX19t!>X Scwo9 Scto1 3r1 Sli.D)l.C3 J38Xct3111t3 011. pool.Cr1 SD)'(1r1o mx SooO()l'( /.. 1).~
D13r1li.010XJ;l1Q \lXD1DOQDODlC li. '9Z "'(30 ';J[IJl;JU;Jii;Jnb{lS{nilu!f ;Jp S}U;JW?f;f '.l3NI.l~YII\l II.013r1lJfl.(l)dJr11).& '>
m II "'(30 '] 1 'S:>{JU11W;JS 'SNOA1 '(gOU !?

9.. (" .. ) 5~1 1().01 531u19191 5~x1A.0'{01DnriltD 51191'0 5310lfr;>X 131~8'019,

13AJnriltD aou 'ltolt9A113 ~X1DD(l)"{A'013ri 5(!) 59A11 aoo~13 ct3Ar;> mx 3101Ar;>lf 1'013Ar;>g
-rin"{X3 nA poolfri 1mA J3 1 nri~o 9x1139MD 0111919 01C).01 mx 'nDDc;J"{ A. 31o1~9mouo
mAp nA poolfri 5c;>X1"{31 nDDc;>"{A.m3ri 119 1311C).xoou (l)0~1(l)An A(l)1 "'m9wx r;>"{"{D

'J38X3'{ 'OA 08Cl3"{;JX1~lto 5(l)DJ 1'0A '5'01U19191 5lt1 'OJDClOl'0 AU1 ~I mx i\~1ctnenx 'OJD
-aoonu Alt1 5oou 5(!) r;>onu 5mlt19191 5mri 5nJDctoonu 9rieng 01 5oou 5(!) A(l)XJQ(l)X
LtmoxA.C).D lt lto319X11AnriltD 13AJngoun nA 31Dc;J '1D1~ 53ri1DJrien9m9 mAJ3 531u19191
53DJ3A3'{113 UD10XAC).D 5001 3101Dr)X3 511 91'0 5~'{'{01 119 3TIC).09D1AO"{'OA'O i\.'0 '0031D
-;J03XDct9 1'013AJA 91ctn nrilt"{g90lf 0.1 LtmoxA.C).D lt1 mA. 5139(!)1Dct013 5c;>"{31A3 ~ 5;JX
-11AnriltD oo319A.1"{ mAp ctou 531u19191 511 '1"{1)1 '53AJ3X3 mx 5~X11AnriltD mAp ctou
'53X19(!)X 10 1'01AC).01010TI1DUOX '01010 'OlD 'A(l)11)TIU1DctD A(!)X'01A(l)A10X113 i\.(!)1 ~ A(!) X

2.2.3

ITQoJtAaa~o( KeL~Evou ~
KL~eva ev ITQoJtAaa~atL
Das Gespriich ist ein Vorgang der Verstiindigung.
Hans-Georg Gadamer 1

H-

OI1Q2 EIMME- E:::APTH2:H TH2: METM>PA2:H2: an6 XEl[!EVa XaL OXl an6

yA.waae~, OlJf!ULVH 6n n f!Etacpgaon w~ 6La6Lxao(a xm w~ ngo'C6v Myou 6ev

anotEAEL xa8agi] yA.wooLxi] JtQU~lJ, 6e6o[!vou 6tl ta XElf!EVa 6ev JtEQLxouv [!6vo
YAWOOlXtl UAl]2. H aQ8QWOl] EVO~ XEl[!EVOU 0 [,tla yA.ci:Jooa Ola<pOQEtlXi] aJt6 tl]
yA.waaa, Otl]V OJtOLa UQXlXW~ OUVtaz8l]XE, JtAl]V tl]~ [!Etacpoga~ tWV YAWOOlXWV
OtOlXElWV toU XH[!EVOU autOU JtQOi.iJt08EtEl XaL tl]V xataVOl]Ol] 3 , tl]V xafl.i] i]tOl

GADAMER,

Wahrheit und Methode, t . !, OEA. 389.

Ac; 8U[iT]80U[if EbW tT]V XOfi\jJJi bLatUJtWOT] tOU Eugen io COSERIU, Bedeutung und Bezeichnung im
Lichte der strukturellen Semantik, OEA. 116: Texte enthalten gerade nicht nur Sprachliches ~A. mloT]c;
tT]V JtQOOEYYLOTJ tOU TYMOCZKO, Translation and Meaning, OEA. 30. - [La tT] OXEtLXlj JtQO~AT][iUtLXlj
~A. xm KOLLER, Einflihrung in die Vbersetzungswissenschaft, OEA. 183 EJt.
Na 8U[iT]80U[iE EbW tT]V arr6cpaVOT] tOU Martin HElD EGGER, Sein und Zeit, OEA. 161: Rede ist die Artiku/ation der Verstiindlichkeit, tOUtEOtLV: .1.6yo;- EiVat T/ CtQ8QWOT/ TT/;- xaraVOT/OT/;-. 2:to [6LO JtVEU[ia

175

ME OEOO[!EVO tOV ouva[!LXO xaQaxti]Qa to'U XEL[!EVO'U YJ OUYXQOVYJ KEL[!EV08EWQLa

JtQOOEYYL~EL to XELf!EVO 6XL we; xa8aQwc; yA.waaLxi] ev6tT}ta, aA.A.&.. we; xt:i~J-eVO ev AEL-

rovQyia5 i], xaA.utEQa, we; avvo?..o D1JAOV~J-vwv ev AELTOVQyia (AuBerungsmenge-inFunktion). Av to auvoA.o twv OYJA.owtvwv anoxone an6 tYJ A.ntouQyLa, nou emteA.Ei., xaA.Ei.tm :rcQo:rc?..aa~J-6(' XELIJ-EVOV r) xei~J-eVO EV :rcQo:rcJ..aa/),ar (Textformular). L'lEOO[!EVO'U, 6[-twc;, 6n ev JtQOXELf!EVW o 6Qoc; "auvoA.o OYJAO'Uf!Evwv ev A.ntouQya" oev
evm aQxouvtwc; aaqJi]c;, av&..yxYJ n&..aa va avaA.&..~owe tYJ OL6.XQWYJ f!Etal;u token I
Vorkommen xm type/Typ7 , OtYJV onoa JtQOE~YJ o Charles Peirce 8 . 0 any/),t6rv:rco~
r) IJ-eQOWJCO~ (token) EXtEAELtaL OE auyXEXQl[!EVO XQOVLXO OYJ[!ELO xm OE OQW[!EVOV
t6no9 0 oJ..6rv:rco~ (type) !AJtOQEL va EXOT}AWVEtaL OltOtEOTJltOtE xm OltO'UOTJltOtE XaL
ae nA.i]8oc; auv6A.wv OYJA.owtvwv 10. ~tYJV mgmwaYJ tou any[!L6tunou yvetm Myoc; yLa xei~J-eVO a:rcaQn~61J-eVO a:rc6 D1JAOVf..leVa (TextauBerung) YJ JtEQLlttWOYJ tou
OAOt'UltO'U ELVaL EXELVYJ, OtljV OltOLa X'UQLWc; avtaltOXQLVEtaL tO JCQO~ IJ-eHJ<pQa01]
Xet/),eVO (Text). AA.A.&.. xm OE auti]V ax6[!a tT}V tEAE'UtaLa JtEQLlttWOT}, tO "XEL[!EVO"
oev Ei.vm ouvat6v va anoxond an6 tYJ A.enouQya nou mneA.Ei., xm an6 tYJV xat&..ataaT}, [!EOa OtT}V OltOLa aQ8QWVEtaL II.
H xgauyi] aneA.maac; "xA.i]aYJ!", nou ~yaLVEL an6 to at6[!a veag&..c; xm 6.JtELQYJc;
oOT}you, yLa va qJavegwan tYJ auvtnna tYJc; nag&..vO[!YJc; at&..8[!E'UOYJc; tau autoxLvi]-

xLVEltm xm o Hans-Georg GADAMER, Wahrheit und Methode, t. I, GEA. 389: Das Gespriich ist ein
Vorgang der Verstiindigung, bT]I..alili: o &aA.oyo" eivm ow&xaaia xaravOijaEW".
81... S.J . SCHMIDT, Texttheorie, GEA. 126 EJt., ISO VON FRANK, Das Sag bare und das Unsagbare, passim
~1... EJtLGTJ<; KOLLER, Eintlihrung in die Obersetzungswissenschaft, GEl... 183.
8/... avwtEQW XECjJ. 2.2.1.2.
EmH~a~E rnltT]bE<; tov Ti<>TJ MxL~o GtTJV ELxovoyga<pla 6go "ngonl..ao~6<;", bL6tL anoblbu EJtaXQL~<il<; tT] 8EOGT] tOU XEL~EVOU W<; auv6/..ou bT]AOU~EVWV EXt6<; tOU JtAaLGlOU tT]<; EJtLtEA01J~EVTJ<; aJt6 au ta l..mougyla<;.
fLa tT] bLOXQWT] ~A. EVbELXtLXCt LYONS, Semantics, t . I , GEA. 13 EJt.
PEIRCE, Collected Papers, 4 .537 xm 2.245.
LYONS, Semantics, t . I, oEA.. 13 EJt.: The relationship between tokens and types will be referred to as
one of instantiation; tokens, we will say, instantiate their type. (... ) Tokens are unique physical entities,
located at a particular place in space or time. They are identified as tokens of the same type by virtue of

4
5

8
9

10

their similarity with other unique physical entities and by virtue of their conformity to the type that
they instantiate.
no~A.. HLAVSA, Towards a Definition of the Text, OEA. 41.

II Na bLEUXQLVLo8El, navtw<;, 6n tTJV xm:aotaOT], ~eaa otTJV onola ag8Q<ilvEtm 1:0 xEl~vo, tTJ ~AEJtOWE ~6vo w<; tlm:o xmaotaoEw<; xm 6XL w<; ouyxEXQL~VTJ xmaotaOT] xoovLx<il<; xm wmx<il<; ngoobwgw~EVT].

176

LLI

11nrim;ry:u:oo:u: i\3 DA3ri13X l}. 'OA3TI(),O'(U9 91'0 DA3ri9~110D:U:D DA3TI13X 1X9 1'0X 3 ri rt 0 ~
-l)OcDDl3ri DA3TI13X 0A9ri13'(g1 i\3119 13(),AX1390:U:D 01010 01 nriA.l)O:U: '5(l)3~1rDD
'ODD{!)'(A UlD rtOAgTI13X 5')-0riDD'(:U:OO:U: 5(),0X11300cD'019 3D MODl}.A.lt90 DA A(),OOO:U:ri
'531AOrt0113'( 5rt01 (),~D13rl 5?X11300cD'019 A')-0'(31113 i\'019 '5D10U13cD'O 'ODD{!)'(A UlD
rt0Agrl13X 10riDD'(:U:OO:U: 10riUD91rt'01119 13(),AX1390:U:D DTIA139l)OD:U: 91rt'O 9'(119 OJ.
.. ;}sn;}U!;}ABJlU! no ;}J!B[msnumJlU! UO{P;}(U! 1nod, :l}.A.nlMD Ltw 13cDl)ClA.
511 (),01 5901'01A 0 '5(l)1A9 '1'0X - ,)n;}lJOp 'lnof lBd S;}JQ:J{d Xn;}p !OW Z;}JlS!U!WpB, - DO
-?rill AU1 ..513D?A3, 0().913rltl)OA. rt01 Di\ rt01 901'01A. 01 91'0 13l)1U~ n.o:u: l}.i\38DD i\01 3rl1'0X
13A1DgrirtD 0191 OJ. .. uO!lBU~!SSB, 5(!>'(1'0 l}. ";}ll!BJBdWOJ ~ UO!lBU~!SSB, '5UD113 '1'0A13
DTIA139l)OD:U: 0031().39 OlD ..5ltDl}.'(X, 5lt1 UDDOcDl)13ri l}.X1'('('0A lt ... UO!lU;}ABllUOJ, 5(!>'(1'0
l,l .. uonu;}ABJluo:> gp IBQJ;}A s~:>o1d, 1'0"-13 nriA.n9l)on:u: Ol(!>o:u: o1D .. 5uDl}.'(x, 5Lt1 ltDnocb
-l)13rl

x'! 'l}.X1'('(DA. H 5uDnocbl)13ri 5Lt1 oA3ri13X11An 5LtD113 n.oA?rinx n.o1 9riDn'(:u:oo:u:

i\01 3rirtOAl)X DA 3TI(),OOO:u:ri ' ..513Dl}.'(X, 511 3rl DriA139l)OD:U: "-?809 (l)Ogl(l)i\'0 01 3TirtODl}.1
-nox l)'('(D .. oA3ri13X, 019:u:n l,l9D'(lt9 3rin.oA.(),cb AD 'l)1Clxnri om nrll,lg DA? O'(W 3rirtoA.(),cb
AV .. nA3ri13X, 31911'01AOA1A 'OA3ripx DA3ri9~110'01'0 A(l)AgTirtO'(U9 A(l)l X3 '01 .UDD1Dl)1
- nx 5(!>X1AooX mx 5(!>xmo1lti\?ri1Clx3xA.n.D Altl 91'0 nril}.g DA? l)l'OX mx (l)lD? 3rl(l08MClx
- nrlo:u:n DA 3rlrt0'(13cbo '5'01U19ADX1 5l}.x11onocbn13ri 5lt1 OA3TI13X11AD 01 3rl'f0801oo:u:
DA '5(l)ri9 '3TI(),Orirt8113 i\ V 5uD(l)1l)riA.no:u: (5l}.x11onocbn13rl) 5lt1 '5omri0?'(31113 ((),OX
-11DDOcDD13ri) rt01 OA3ripX11A'O i\(),0'(3101'0 '01010 '01 ' Di\3TI(),O'(UQ 91'0 DA3ri9~110'0:U:'O
Di\3ripx - DA3ri(),O'(UQ 91'0 'Oi\3TI9~110'01'0 DA3ripx 13~l)OcDD13ri '(l)A9'( (l)l (!>X1Drtcb '5l}.1D
-DOcDD13TI 0 A(l)3Dl)1D'Ol'OX rt0i\90X 1'0X rtOl91 5(l)3r!L9:U:U 9:U:D i\(l)Agri10X3xArtO Ltr!L9A3:

!.. A(l)Agri13X 5')-0TID'O'(:U:OO:U:, l}. .. DA3ri13X, ' .. DA

- 3ri(),O'(lt9 91'0 DA3ri9~110D:U:D DA3TI13X,- 5l}.wnocbD13rl o 13~l)ClcDD13rl 5(!>g1ClXD 11 :3rl
-().08U1(l)ODAD 5n 1X 'DA3ri13X 5(!>X1A3A 13~l)OcDD13ri 5l}.wnocb'013rl o 119 5nril)1U191'0g
-3g lt1 Al}.riA.11D 5oo:u: 3rin.oo1o3rlnon:u: 5v n.oA?ri13X nriA.1399:u:n. 9X11rt113'(310:u:n m
-DriA139DOD:U: (l)Ogl(l)A'O O(),Q 'OlD 1'0X .. uol}.'(X, lt~?'(

H oA3rlJ3U 1'01\13 'rtOcDl)OAOX19 (),OX

-113XD rt01 U009113 lt i\0 5oo:u: A019:U:D 138U1(l)03 5l}.1U'(3rl113 59X110DX19 310:U:l}.9D010
o 3101Al):U: 13"-19 n.o:u: .. uol}.'(x, Ltolt1Al):U:D

H uoTJo!hu?

Il VW~VVllOdll N3. VN3.WIDI H. A.ON3.WI3.)!

~U1A3ri13u 13'(310:u:n '5lt1 n.o1

IOW~VVllOdll

xaL ~EUtEQOtayd~ MEta~Qaan~

We may(. .. ) contrast a linguistic translation, which is legitimate, and a
cultural translation or adaptation. which is not. This is because we believe
in the significance or the historical events and situations just as they
occured. It is the job or the pastor and teacher, not or the translator, to
make the cultural adaptation.

Eugene A. Nida '

AAKQNIKH AITANTH~H HO EPQTHMA TO"\J TLTAO"\J f.Lvm OLrtAi]:

a) ~-tLacpQa~01J!-t, JtQOXEL!-tEVO"\J va 8ECJO"\J!-t CJ JtLXOLVWVLa vav JtO!-tJLO art6 Trj

yAci:Jaaa acpHTJQLW; xm vav OEXTTJ CJLT] yAci:Jaaa acp(1;wc;, xm B) ~-ttacpga~o1J!-LE, JtQOXEL~-tvou va xmaan]aou~ yvwaTi] CJE vav OEXTTJ CJTTJ yA6JCJCJa acp(l;Ewc; TTJV rnLxmvwv(a JtOU "\JJtUQXH ava~ECJa CJ vav JtO~-tJLO XaL (J vav OEXTT] CJTT] yAcJJCJCJa acpELT]QLac;2.
0 6xTT]c; CJTTJ yMJCJCJa acp(l;Ewc; CJTT]V ~Ev rtQLiHTJ mg(mwCJT] E~cpav(~nm we; JtQWTmayc; "\JJtOXEL~VO TT]c; ~-tL<icpQaCJT]c;, CJTT] 0 61J1QT] we; 01J1Q01ayc; "\JJtOXEL~EVO

I
2

NIDA, Toward a Science of Translating, aef... 134.

flQBf... STEINER, After Babel, aef... 45: Any model or communic;ation is at the same time a model of
translation, ora vertical or horizontal transfer or significance.

178

6LI
m l s;t "'{30 'UO!Jll{SUIJJL J;>p :1!-fO;JfJL U:lUf:lW;J:/ff!J J:lU!:l :lJU:lW:lfE/ '.UI3803N l)lK1l.3XO "'{8 s;
"13

"'{30 ':lUnZJ;JSJ;JqQ J;>p ;)W:l[qOJd :1lj:JS!JS!n:luf7 'SOI13NM0)1 I M311IG "'{I:JOll

"08 "'{30 ':l[IJJf)Uf)fi ;,nb!JS!n:lU!f ;,p SfiJSSEf 'NOS80)1Vf "'{I:JOll

~x1A"OQ mmx ~x1ql.uwo m ~x1tl.l.tgooA nw 53A?rionodm1311 53oc;wooomi 311 o.ool.C

-c;t)I Slt1 A<!JAO"'ft"OX A<!JX1oo.cb Aro1 nqA~tl.mwol.C ~xuo1oo.01 l.t x'Y.. Sro1C9 'Sro3~JchXJ

voocpyJ.. /11.0 ~no~;m 1XJ13M)(jfl.3llXJ rwll VJ/..oyomrlJ..voll 3ri AW30l)Ochm3rl XJt1.3rlJ3X ( q

mx ."Ollt19A10X ~X100ro'{tl.l.tArocD90(1)0 lt1 0.0'{98

-"OX "Oi\91\"0X ~l"OX 130?cD"01Qi\3 A3Q O.Ol.C UJAO'{Ol"011A"OOlC 13X?1031C "OJOl.CO l.t '~X1'{"011
"010 U91D'{O.L 501AO?V 0.01 AroAO? Aro1ltonocb~1311 l.t X'{ Sro1C9 'nJAO'{Ol"011Anol.C
~'{l.C1Q MOX? SroA9"(0.3 31910 '513o~wmq 53A11C<!J08A"OA"Ol.C AC).01X01C"O mx So.o1
S~AroAmnx Sl.t1 So.oo9 So.01 MOAJ"0)031!0. 'SnJOlt13cD"O SnOO<!J'{tl. Sl.t1 Sml.t19A1ox
5~X100ro'{A Sl.t1 53XA~A"O 5?X1l010U1X"OO"OX ~ 5130~10"0l"OX 5?X1lD10U1X"OO"OX 91"0
"OD?111"01A(!JM3A 1191\0'{011 '~10."0 "OA311px "01 .SXJJOU13chXJ voocpy/.. UlO "1)'!<1913 IJ.rl
mx 009 "1)'!<1913 0091 1XJ13tl.(l(jil3llXJ !lOll VJ/..OyOlvriJ..XJoll 3rl ti.W30l)OchXJ13rl XJt1.3rlJ3X (A

.5"0JOUA"(O.OS: 5lt1 5ow11ti.~1M~ 0.01ltonocb~1311 ~X1QA"O'{'{O l.t X'{ 5rol.C9 '5ro3~JcD"O

5nDD<!J"(A 5lt1 mlt19A1ox Alt1 "OD311~ ~oocbn A3Q o.ol.C u~x 3ri ~X113Xo 53Joocboolt'{l.C
5?'{1C"O 5"0lA(!J'{3lOlC"O '5ro3~JcD"O 5"00D(!)'{ ASlt1 5l.tlD(!)AA"OA"O o ~ 5~l"OOOX"O o ~X1lUOA
13)~'{'{0.0 "Oi\ J300l.C11 O.Ol.C 53/\J3X3 91"0 5130~lO"Ol"OX 5?X"01i\(l)i\10X1lC3 5?X1l300cD
-mq AroO?lOOl.C i\(1)1 X3 AC).O"(X"OA"Oli\"0 '130(!)11C103l.C l.to~l.C i\3 '5<!J8"0X "OJA0'{01"011tl.nol.C
mAOc;tOA1"0X 5(!)'{311\3 i\"0111 i\'),01XOlC"O 'i\C).080"00cD"Ol311 ne O.OlC ~11A110 lt1 91"0 1"0X
'Ac:toeonocbnl311 A"O .5lt1 5?138~Mo 5umx 53xA~An 5u '53Jxoqoool.C Suo "OA3119A
-10X01C"Oli\"O '5UJOl.tl3cD"O 5"000(!)'{A )lt1 "Ollt19A10X ~X100ro'{A lt10 5{!lti."Ol0l(I)Ol.C 1"011\
-OAC).80.31C"O i\009 ,8"0X 'U111D~OcD"Ol3ri lt111"0AJ3 W~UO!l!U!J~p J~d O.Ol.C 1"0X5XJJOU13chXJ
XJOocpyJ.. UlO "1)'!<1913 1XJl3tl.(l(jil3llXJ !lOll VJ/..oyomri/..XJOll 3rl ti.W30l)OchXJ13rl XJA3rlJ3X

(g

-~X1XOO.Ol "OlD 4::lSOS: O.OJOU1M'{lC C),OX101X3'{l.t

C),OX1A"Orio3A 59A3 5ro3o~oX 53JAl.tqo 10 X'{ Sro1C9 '5ro3~JcD"O 5"000(!J'{A 5lt1 OA311J3X
30 l.t111o~ocbnl311mx ~l"01D"Ol"OX11A"O 1"0AJ3 'o.o1c;t01 X3 5ro 'o.ol.C mx SXJJOU13chXJ vo

-ocpyJ.. 11.10 l)X1913 1XJ13M)()il3llXJ tl.391lOll VJ/..oyomrlJ..voll 3rl tl.ro3ol)ochm3rl XJA3rlJ3X (n

:>i\(1)30~0cD"Ol311 "OA311J3X A(!)Q

-13 i\(1)0~0031 3110.0AJOX"01Q "Oi\ 311c;tooomi '5UJOUl3cD"O "OOO(!J'{A l.t1 91"0 ~X1l300cD"01Q
'"OOO(!)'{A U"('{~ i\"0111 30 OA?1103cD"Ol311 OA311J3X "OA? 311 ~X113XO v..A(!J100cDOOl.t'{l.C "011(!)0,
5(1.) ~ .. "OJOOcDOOl.t'{l.C, Sro l.tonocb~1311lt1 3rio.oo~oro38 A"O mx '5ro3~JcD"O "OOO(!)'{A l.t10
mx 5nJol.tl3cbn noo<rJ'Y..A l.tw o.o1 n1Ao'{ow11Ano1C ~x113Xo Lt1 mx o.oA?1113X o.oA3119~
-nocbnl311 o.o150QJ3 01 5n11 ~oocbnAn Sro 311o.o~?'Y..11C3 c;tol.Coxo o.o111An AV suonoro~1
-3~ 5~1 C),OlCOXO 0.01130~) U111C31"013AJA U010X~1Q (1)0?1(1)1\"0 l.t 119 911CU'{1li\"O 1"01\J'il
"(f![.IrJpUO:J;;JS ;;JUO{Znp
-TJJJ I :1unZJ;;JSJ;;JQflJ.IlPUnJf;;JS 1 ;;JJf-epuo:J;;JS UOfJ:Jnp-eJJ 1 UOfJYfSUTJJJ JfJ-epuo:J;;JS) ti.CfJA
-XJl003lil39 ti.W30l)OchXJ13rlmx (YfJT!WfJd ;;JUOfZnpYJJ 1 :1unzJ;;JSJ;;JQflJJlWfJd 1 ;;JJfYWfJd
UOfJ:JnpYJJ IUO!Jf![SUTJJJ AJTJW{Jd) ti.CfJAXJlOlWOll ti.W30l)OchXJ13ri '),~"01311

'5ro30(!)1lC
-1031! 5lt1 5roti.9'{"0A"O '311o.oAJOX"01Q "OA 131!?0111!3 5n11 O.Ol.C n11tl.~ol.C '5l.tonocb~1311 Sl.t1
:il3:iVdi!>Vl3:W :ii3JVlOd3lA3V JV)J :rJ3JVlOl1ldU - :3W.\OZVdi!>Vl3W OJOV OIOU VIJ

cra EVVOLa 'tElVH 8WQ11'tLXW CJ'tO amLQO, E!lEl ea agxw80U!l 66> CJ !lEQLXU !lOVO
xm axQW xaQaX't11QLCJnxa crxenxa naga6ELy11aa 8. OL erE noAAE yA.<i:JcrcrE cruv'taY!lEVE o611yLE XQi]crEW Ev6 nA.ex'tgovLxou unoA.oywTi] i] 11 rnLcr11 ere nA.La6a
yA.wcrcr<i:Jv cruv'tnay!lEVlJ xm 'tUJ'tW!lEV11 rnavw 01:11 crucrxeuacrLa JtEQLyQa<pi] 'tWV crucr'tanx<i:Jv xm 'tWV L6Lo'ti]'twv !lEQLx<i:Jv a6<i:Jv 'tQO(jJl!lWV (6nw muesli, com flakes,
chips X.AJ't.) xa8<i:J Jtl011 Xal 'ta 'tOUAUXLCJ'tOV CJ 'tQH yA.<i:JcrCJE (YEQ!laVLXU, ayyA.Lxa xm yaA.A.Lxa) cruvTnay!lEVa cruvo6eunxa xEL!lEva 1:wv ngo'C6v'twv xA.amxi] !lOUmxi], nou nagaya n YEQ!lavLxi] 6wxoyga<pLxi] nmgELa Deutsche Grammophon,
anotEAOUV autOXQll!la J'tQW'tO'tayE( !lE'ta(jJQUCJEL, 6L6'tL YXaLVLU~OUV EJ'tLXOLVWV(a
!1Eta~u EVO no!lJLOU an6 1:11 yA.<i:Jcrcra a<pELr]QLa (wu "nagaywyou" cr'ta naga6ELy!la'ta !la) xm V6 6Ex1:11 crn yA.<i:Jcrcra a<pL~EW (wu aA.A.o6anou "xmavaA.wi]" cr'ta
naga6ELY!la'ta !la). To L6LO LCJXUH xm yLa 'tl]V J'tQlJ't'tWCJ11, 6nou o AQ!lUV'tO NnEyxo
Magav1:6va JtLCJXEJ't'tE'taL 't11V EA.M6a XaL 6LvL an' U8(a !lE'ta6LM!lEV11 CJUVEVtEU~ll CJ XUJ'tOLO EAAl]VLXO t11A0J't'tLXO xavaAL' 11 EJ'tLXOLVWVLa, J'tOU EYXaLVLU~E'taL
!lE'ta~u 1:ou 6LUCJ11!10U no6ocr<pmQLCJ'ti] xm wu AA11VLxou 't11AEOnnxou xmvou !1ECJW
EVO wnavo11a8ou !lELa<pgacr'ti] 16LEQ!llJVEa, ogL~EL ngw'to'tayi] !1'ta<pgacr11. IlgwLO'tayi] eLvm, 'tEAO, xm n A.ey6!1EV11 "mwn11Qa !1E'ta<pgacr11": o wnav6, nou rnwxEmELm nv IloA.wvLa xm nou xmEXH !lEV crLOLXELa 'tll IloA.wvLXi], aA.A.a OXL ere tE'tOLO ~a8116, <i:Jcr't va !lJ'tOQEL va emxoLvwvEL U!lECJa xm XWQL 6ucrxEQHE !1 WU
IlOAWVOU, J'tQW'ta CJXll!la'tl~H CJ't11 !lll'tQLXi] LOU yA.<i:Jcrcra aut6 J'tOU 8EAH va mL, Xa't6J'tLV 'tO !lE'ta<pQU~H "!lECJa LOU" CJ'tl]V ~EV11 yA.<i:Jcrcra XaL EJ'tH'ta 'tO EX<pEQH CJ'ta J'tOAWVLxa crnv 'tAutaLa au1:i] negLmwcr11 o no!lJLO an6 1:11 yA.<i:Jcrcra a<pEL11QLa xm o !lE'ta<pgacr'ti] CJ'tll yA.<i:Jcrcra a<pL~EW ELvm Eva xm w aut6 ng6crwno.
En( 1:11 BacrH LOU l60U LOU !lE'ta<pQa~O!lEVOU XH!1EVOU XaL 1:11 CJXE'tLXtl !1 am6
JtQay!la'tOAOy(a La naga6dY!la'ta 'tWV Xa'tl]YOQLWV a) XaL 6) LOU J'tQOl'JYOU!lEVOU XE<pa-

6 Bl.. JAKOBSON, On Linguistic Aspects of Translation, <J1.. 233 ~/.. mlcrT]c; ava/.unx6nga KELLY,
The True Interpreter, <J1.. I, 25 .
7 B/.. GADA MER, Wahrheit und Methode, t. I, crEI.. 389m.: Ubersetzung ist das Gespriich des Dolmetschers
mit der Gegenseite und das eigene mit dem Dolmetscher.
8 flg~/.. toV <JXELLXOltQO~I.T]~ancr~6 LOU NIDA, A Framework for the Analysis and Evaluation of Theories
of Translation, <JEI.. 78: Within the structure of a unified theory of translation it would be possible to deal
with all the factors that are involved in and influence the nature of translation. These could be assigned
their proper roles and their significance for the process of translating could be properly weighted on a
number of sliding scales, depending in several cases on the extralinguistic factors involved.

180

l8I
"LS6l, '861, ;Jj1P!.IQWU:) 'Sl;JlJdOSOJ!IM :)!JrJJ:JOS;JlcJ ;llJ.l. 'Gl3HOH:JS "IN I N3AV~ 3r I )1~1)1 "S"D "'(8 Pl
"9861t 'Q661z Di\~6\f, 'UU9~03@ OIIJ~IIDWMO)[ II(J~
5((J3fJI}(/) ?a3ll 'AOdV)I AOl.LHd)IAOV ClOl').L "'(8 1

(Jltp vtt;nlovarbm3rllt~z DJY[/1{) '(lllnJrJU WnJ;JJ ;JG)

"V86[ OlJOd 'S;JA[l!5UO!) Ol!j13 UDDOd:ll.Jl3ri1DX \IA0'(1l!3 'SrJW;JOcJ 'SOS.LIH S!UUUA "'(H Zl

"Z861 l[JOA M;JN

'oj1u;JU!:UUW ouupn1

1;l;l.Jv::mw

uuUJJON llonodY~mrlmx \l.I.0'(1l!3 'sW;JOcJ 'INllOSVd O[OUd J;l!d "'(H 11

"L861 DA\16V 'llD)ODU D~lD10\{ llDDOdYQ13rl 'DII.3ri

-J3)[ D'('(V, mx Sroalg-Jf}3V lAWY)f 11.01311 ilX9rlmv H "(101(}n riDODU nol DJI..oyocbaow 'IIOdll "J"8 "'(H 01

"6961, 'SL61 ,
U!UW WU :UnJl[UUJ,j 'J;Jlj:)UWJ;JW!3 IJU)IUDDOcbQ13rl 'SU;Jlj:Jl.l!W S;}p ;}!ffOJOIJdlOW 'ddO~d J!W!PUIA "'(H

-(Y)Ol! 1X>A13 ne '3ri'),ogoou ne 'DJOl!O AUlD 'UO'DOd:J'I/13ri u 'SUA?riitOX10 SU1 Sit01C<!)09A'D

Sito1 Sit0'{9 Soou Sro3oJoxmq S1!1ri3qito it3A'I/ mx itOOJ ~3 m13A()-9it3lC'D itou '().038 it01
it0A9'{ it01 'l/1l!OXO U19li'D ~d:J'DOJ 'DJA.V AU1 3riitOO~O(Y)39 AV ~d:J'DOJ 'DJA.V U13'{310l!'D
it01()-01 nriA.13q'l/onu 0031D?A.0'DA3 01 mx '1/'{'{'D 'oo319riuomq 0.1 suonod:J'I!13ri S().oA.
-'Dl0031it3q 3q 310'{'{'1/ 'S().OA.'DlOl(Y)Ol! A3ri 310'{'{'1/ OA3ri13X11A'D 13'{310l!'D OA3riJ3X 91it'D
011X>X 'DA? it0li9 'S130<!)ll!103l! MOXO'I/l!it ''DlU19XU3XOitO (),Ori9'Dfl ().O'{Ucftit 1X>l'DlDJd:Jit
Suonod:J'I!Bri Su1 ').Ouoxo mx itOA?ri13x uonod:J'I!13ri Soou it01 Sitoq13 0-~'Dl3ri ~q13li3:
S130'1/0d:J'Dl3ri S13A.'Dl0031it3q 'DlU1~gD1d:JrinAn A().0'{310lC'D 'nX
-101DJ1A'D 'I/X1'{'Dl1'DlD U91D'{O.l SoMO?V it01 AroA.o? A(Y)1UO'DOdJ'I/13ri UlD mx SnJO'DA.
-'{itOS: Su1 SomriA.'I/11\it~ it01 uonod:J'I!13ri ~x1qAD'{'{O AUlD m1AOO?d:JnAn itou 'itOJ'D'{
-ndJ3x So1A9onu it01 (A. mx (g A<p1ooA.umx Aro1 nmriA.J3qnonu m SOJA.O'{omriA.nou
91it'D 3ri S~X113Xo Su1mx itOA?ri13X itOA3ri9':lnod:Jnl3ri it01 Sitoq13 it01130'I/9 U11li3:
111 'I/X1'{A.A.n mo 'I/X1AU'{'{3'DJnXon 'Dl9li'D PJd!JOLPS w mx U;}AB"M
3:r ')[J!)I sn Sito1 9un Arod:J9oo'{1<1> A<px1moxroooou Aro1 Aro111rionuooun AmA?ri
-(Y)l(Y)O A(Y)11X>X ! 'I/X1AU'{'{3 'DlD 'I/X1A1l'D'{ 'Dl9li'D UX91038 OAJ1A'DlDA(Y))I A019li'D itOO
-'1!)1 itOJ1Uoxnov it01U it01 (5ro3DI).<f> ?03IJ) runreu WnJ;}J da it01 S130'I/Od:Jnl3ri 10 mx
''I/X10itd:J '1X>A13 S13A.'Dl6031it3V "z: 1'I/X1'{'DA0100l! 'DlD 'I/X1AU'{'{3 'Dl 9lC'D S;}A(u:'JUO) Ol!'il3:
A019lC'D it0011d UM'I/1J it01 Aro1'1/riU10l! S~A.0'{11C3 Sm1i mx 11 'I/X1'{A.A.n mo 'I/X1'{'Dl1'Dl
9lC'D O'i!U;}U!UBW OUBPOl A011X>X ;};)jV:JBW UBWJON A01 9lC'D !U!(OS'Bd O(O'Bd J;)!d it01
ArolJ?riU10IJ Aro1 S130'I/Od:Jnl3ri 10 mx mA13 S13A.'Dl0031it3Q Srou9 '01 'I/X1AU'{'{3 mo UOJO
-'DU'D?lD10V AU1 9lC'D mx 6'1/X1Anrio3A. nw J;)4:J'BWJ;}W!3: (l'B)I A019li'D (1101()11rfXJoXJIJ
IWl UJAO'(O(iJOOW H) HXE:fJX:J fJHJOrroc{Jdoyy l!OOU itOOUriN'D'{S: ~1UOA'D1q itOO<!)O itO
-J'Dd:JitOOX it01 itOA.0? ().OX10'D'{X it01UO'DOd:J'I/13ri U1X>A13 'SU01l!3 'S~A.'Dl0031it3V ~x111'{
- ou ~A931q u1 A').Oood:Jn itOU Su1 S3Q1'{3o Suo 30it31ooriuq A011X>X 'I/X1'{'Dl1 mo 3onod:J
-?13ri A01 '9MOX Su1 9X11DroAA.nAn 0113o<po3riUA3 nA mA. 'll:J!fqqnddN nnqJo3riUd:J3
U itOl! mx itOJOUl'DOOX'D itOArod:J9oroo A01li<!)A3 d:J<pomuriOOXJ '{~'DX1W o 'I/X1ooroo
nw 30UA<pd:Jx3 itou 'SoA.9'{ o 13'{31oun Suonod:J1113ri S().oA.moo31it3q uoro1l!J03ll
"Aro3o'I/Od:Jm3ri A<pA.'DlOl(Y)Ol! S130<!)1l!103li 'DlUOOJM'DA'D A').0'{310lC'D ~'DX1010JM'D
'1/XWOq 'Dl1X>X 'I/X1qltitoo 'Dl ''I/X1A.ugooA 'DlD S3A?riO'DOd:J'Dl3ri S30').0000uri 3ri itOOl!'). )I
Su1 A<!)AO'{'{'DX A<px1oitd:J Aro1 nqA'I/A.nuoou ~XUD10it01 AUlD mx 'I/X1XOit01 nw 4:>sos: itO
-JOUli\it'{l! ().OX101X3'{U ().OX1Anrio3A. S9A3 Sro3o~oX S3JA.ltqo Suo mMOO?d:JnAn itou 'itOJ'D'(
:mEVd<!JV13W :rJ3JVlOd3lA311 IV)! :rJ3JVlOHHU- :3WA.OZVd<!JV13W OJOV 01011 VIJ

Z8l

sz ''{30 'mypXn ?V'' lfA.roA.

-DD'f3 :trl 'VXIJDOf/? J?.lpup 5noXJW :tD 10tl'friDVOdm.l3W '(llf/VV !JO.l ?Oriyvm JO 'AOJJ!VId<l> [DlO!p))! 81
'OZ!; ''{30 '50QJJYY3', 5/!.l 5VJDUY""3', 5/!.l noQpttng 5piJ3L 5!JOXOV7V 5/J.113D
-JiJ"A-3', mttoxlfrloQf/3', 5~o.lJ?W" ltxlfomv lfttm)f If ?V" ltxlfomv J?1VYVIJ H. lfdmiJJ VJkV:. H, ''{8 L 1
'LV ''{30 'II anb!J~Od IJf JnOd '::>INNOH::>S3V< 06 ''{30 'apot[Jaws~unzJaS.Iaqo pun dAUXaL 'ZSI3~ ''{~OU 91
I ''{30 'UOfJIJfSUIJlLJO a:JfPIJld PUIJ A.loatJL alJ.L '~3!IY JJ VaiN A(l)l OAO? 53q<;J13r11.1Ar1 01 ''{~ A(l)'{'{"l) 11AV !;I
'l!3

;vrlprJorh

1D" ro~~ttrorh fiXD1J q1 norllfarorh lf-1 ?W

'1DD, I}Df '13ttf}lD

11D7tl. DDUt!UI}~ !Dit Di!U(Jf}rlwu !Dit Dm3tl.'3.x

'9anorJ no1 mkg q1 ,up

?91D1t]3 a~ 1x Sq1vow nor! root;ttl. 539~1VX

'93J q1 nori9U3iW roX2

'10riaroll1ri3(}111U3ilnO royxt;tx
ll!!Jl aovy aro9~1onrl qup mrloolfourJorh Q-0
nor! JD13r/lf}y711tp 5mot;t)[ 71f!
'ilU(JO?tl.lt~f .vorollUf} 1D" ilU(Jf}rl1ouf ?9 o/tl.'3.,

ao1Q-D noJA.p 5noog ~f nori?onoulfur

131}0itf1 ?rf

f?l l(yltr/1 norl1y~rh3u f?1 Q-OU '1rJXD1J

1D" 'v~vo"l"il amot;t)[ 5qou nor! {JarocfJ

norlalfyvrh3x alf.la!!Jr/11} 1D"

5oapu 1D"

frff ,Uf 1DlltDlDJitDUf

1oyyou .'3rl5?1~tOfiJY(J ]O aDOU(Jiti}(JU'(Uf J1 '31ot;t)[

p '009ll Z

nor! v~99 'F nor! orolltlfVMP '3101})[ '19 Q-:I

'[101(1-D P3J p11tf P1(tD
DJOU1roo 1102 ur-o .nor! {!Xnr/1 y1wnottn 1oyyou

.. no1 93(} f?1 ,up 1t91(tD 1ti.13Xo~UI} it9

DJOU1rog, norii}Xnr/1 ttlf-10 It'( wnou
7oyyou 31tDOf}1DlDDitDUf nor/ D111t~lt'3,,

nor/ D~991Dit nor/ D9JUOp Dtlfrff 5rorfo,,

noriJ001X'(]O itDiti}(JU'(U '1fiXD1J

'(}01(1-D ao1n ao1 rlrpyvoo3rJV. nourpooou

rlrpyv03rJV. no1S91tl. 9
a30!Jotl.lti!nx aq1 vrlrJ '9JfiDV !J015qrlyvn.

qup lt3i!OD09J93Up 319U9 '9JnDV p15qriyDJll

,Q A<nllwnoffi'913W

ctOA.A.T'{101f> ')I C\01 lwnoffi'913W

' OOU8')-0V OA110DW AOl 9llD '1;)X1ADTI03A. DlD ct0'{)18: Sltl UDDOffi'1;)13TI

Lt1101~ '[;JQ!QJ;JL[Jn1 ltl1DX orictAqJ03I 01A.V, A019llD '1;)X1A11D'{ DlD S~ffiDOJ SnJA.V Slt1
Ltonom'1;)13ri Lt1 ~9D'{lt9 'w;JuOfSJ;JA weJU~fnA mx nf lJJJlJS lJf/Q!fi Lt1 mA. mx 13')-Xm SqJg
-10XD 0191 01 .DX101DJ1AD 5lwnoffi'1;)13TI 5')-0AD10031Cl39 1DX 5')-0AD101(l)0ll D1DTIAJ39
'1;)X1DD'{X 3TI 3TIClOA'1;)X DA 3TictOX? ()J93 119 3TictOAJDTIUD11t3 ' 81 ctOA.A.1'{10<1> D1DqJ)I ct01

"DX1JDOg~ x,>l <?ll"9, UD099llD ~X1AU'{'{303A UlD 1DX L 1D1AOX~TI09!3 A(l)1UDDOffi'1;)13TI

~X1AU'{'{3 AUlD 91ClDV Cl01 ').OTI'{DcfL ct01J01 ct01 OA3ripx 01 3TictOD?8DODll ').0100ll

5DJDDTIUD 5~X11301D~3 sndJO:) 9X1'{DOct01'{ClOX 5(1) 5(l)3~JmD DDD()J'{A

riA IIOIO AOfO META<!JPAZOYME;- IIPQTOTAfEII KAI l!EYTEPOTAfEII META<!JPAIEII

'A vaara, KV(!tc, awa6v ftc, 0 eeoc; fi,OV, au

av bcarasac; .navrac; rove; txeeaivovrac; fi,Ot

Jtaraiwc;, oo6vrac; aJtaerwWv avvirenpac;.
Tov Kveiov ~ aWTI]Qia, xai i.ni rov ).a6v aov
~ cvAoyia aov.

l:~XW,

fwxf3i.l:wac ftC, ei fi,OV. ftari eav

XTVJCI]Occ; rove; oxreovc; fi,OV.
aay6vw
TWV aacf3wv ra raaxwcc;.

ra

En( wv avw"tEQW, acp~vovac; xma !!EQoc; Til ~-tnacpgaolJ wu "KuQLE" 6La "tou
Jt01J aJtO"tEAEL "tO E~Qa"(x6 !!1JOLLXO OVO~-ta "t01J 8wu, 8a JtEQLOQW"tOU!!E OE
Mo ~-t6vo ox6A.La:
"fLUX~E",

a) ~w otxo 2 "tTJc; ~-tnacpgaol]c; wv o 6La~a~ou~-tE: KvQtE, r:i brkYJOvverwav ol

eA.if3ovd~ JIE; To t6LO axQL~c.i>c; 6w~a~01J!!E xm O"tlJ Vulgata 19 : Domine quid
multiplicati sunt qui tribulant me. 0 Kc.i>mac; <l>QLAtyyoc; !!E"tacpQa~H w oxEnx6
xwg(o: lloao, dJ rwxf3i, :rcA.-Yfevvav ol oxrQoi fA.Ovf xm o MaQ"ttvoc; Aou8TJQOc; 20 :
Ach HERR, wie sind meiner Feinde so vie/(. .. )!
OL 0 xm lJ Vulgata JtQOXQLvow "tlJV EWOLa "8/..,L~w": I ()Ai{Jovr~ I xm I tribulant I.
"8/..,(~w" O"ta EAATJVLxa OlJ~-taLvn xugtwc; "mE~w", "o"tEVOXWQc.i>", "EvoxA.c.i>",
"(xam)A.unc.i>"2 L "tribulo" o"ta A.mtvLxa OTJ~-taLvEL ~-tnal;u aHwv xm "8A.t~w" 22 T6oo
o <l>QLALyyoc; 6oo xm o Aou8l]Qoc; ~-tnacpQa~ow w "8/..,(~w" !!E "tlJV Ex6ox~ wu "Et~-tm
Evav"ttoc;": ~""COLo !-LEV <l>QLAtyyoc; "oi oxgoL ~-tou!", o 6E Aou8l]Qoc; "meiner Feinde".

"J:v DE, KvQtE, avuA.l}:rtrwQ

f.IOV el. To t6w axQL~c.i>c; 6La~a~01J!!E xm O"tlJ Vulgata: tu autem Domine suspector
meus es. 0 Kc.i>o"tac; <l>QLAtyyoc; ~-tnacpga~n "tO oxEnx6 XWQto: "Of.tw~ Ef.IEVa
aa:rcioa f.IOV xai oo;a f.IOV (. .. ) eav 'oat, xm 0 MaQ"ttvoc; Aou8l]QOc;: Aber du,

~) L""CO O"tLXO 4 "tl]c; !!E"tUCflQUOTJc; "t(I)V 0' 6ta~a~01J!!E:

HERR, bist der Schild ft.ir mich.

Ot EWmEc; "avnMmwg" xm "suspector" ow JtQ<ino ~Euyoc; dvm "tam60TJ!!Ec; xm

Ol]!!ULV01JV "tOY "1JJtfQUOJtLO"t~"2 3, 6nwc; "talJ""COOl]!!Ec; ELVUL - we; E!!JtQCLY!!U"ta avnXQUO!!a""CU "tlJc; Ewmac; "ungaomol)" - xm m AEl;uc; "aont6a" xm "(der) Schild"
ow 6Eu"tEQo ~Euyoc;.

19
20
21
22

BA.. Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft Stuttgan, Biblia Sacra iuxta vu/gatam versionem, editio minor, oEA.. 772.
BA.. Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft Stuttgan, Lutherbibel erkliin, oEA.. 820.
nQBA.. LID DEL I SCOTI I KQNLTANTIN!t.OY, Miya Ael;txov n'jt; ')).rjvtXfjt; TJ..waa"f}t;, t . 2, OEA..488 EJt.
nQBA.. GAFFIOT, Dictionnaire Latin Fran9ais, oEA.. 1599: "tribulo ( ... ):presser avec Ia herse; [fig.]:
oppresser, tourmenter".

23 nQBA.. LIDDEL I SCOTI I KQNLTANTIN!t.OY, Miya Ael;txov rfjt; 'EUrjvtxfjt; TJ..waO"f}t;, t . I , OEA. 254,
xm GAFFIOT, Dictionnaire Latin Fran98is, oEA.. 1528.

183

La traduction scolaire n 'est jamais une fin en soi, mais toujours un moyen.
Jean Delisle 1

xm 1'1] 01J"CQOLayi] !-1-HUcpQaOT) 'UJtUQXEL xm EVa

1QLw eLoo~ !A-LacpgaoT)~. xa8aga 1XVLx6, nou 6ev urt'I]Q1L xavevav an6 wu~
Mo yvwowu~ oxonou~. yLa wu~ onoLou~ yLvnm !A-La !-1-HacpgaoT): ng6xenm yLa 1'11
AYO!A-EVTJ "!-tE1acpgaoT) 01TJV 1a~T) wu oxoA.ELou" i] "!-1-Hacpgao'l] ow !A-U8TJ!-ta". Ov1w~,
w ELoo~ au161'1]~ !A-LacpgaoT)~ 6ev un<lQX~L o1J1e yLa va 1e8ouv oe emxmvwvLa !-1-Em~u wu~ eva~ no!A-Jt6~ an61TJ yA.wooa acp1TJQLa~ xm eva~ OEX1TJ~ 01TJ yA.wooa acpL~e
w~. o1J1e yLa va xmao1EL yvwo1i] oe evav OEX1TJ aLTJ yA.wooa acpL~ew~ '11 emxmvwvLa
nou eyxmvLal;e1m ava!-1-wa oe vav no!-1-Jt6 xm oe vav ox1TJ 01TJ yA.wooa acpHTJQLa~.
L1TJV JtEQLJt"CWOTJ ami] o ngo~ ov aneu81Jve1m '11 !A-1acpgaoT) (MoxaA.o~ i] xa8TJYTJ1TJ~
i], ev naoT) JtEQLmwoa, OLOQ8w1i]~), oev 1TJV exa xav avayx'l], Ot6n xa1a xav6va xa1EXH 1'1] yA.wooa acpL~EW~ XaAU1Qa xm 0 !A-EyaA.U1QO {3a8o~ art610V !A-1acpgao1i] .
.Aga 0 JtL'XOLVWVLax6~ O'XOJt6~ 1'1]~ !-tE1U(j)QaOT)~ 01T)V 1U~T) V"CCJtll;1aL aJtO'XAELO"CL'XU
01TJV mL 16nou 6taxgLBwoT) 1wv y A.wootxwv txavo1i]1wv wu !A-E"Cacpgao1i]2

I
2

KTm: AITO THN ITPQTOTAfH

DELISLE, L 'analyse du discours comme methode de traduction, aEA.. 41.

fiQ~A . ERDEI, Zum Problem des Ubersetzens im Fremdsprachenunterricht, OEA. 225 rn.

184

~81

"A01AiJrl1311 AI)JX1AX310AO'( DJ'(DXDDql($ ill 3rl A9($3Xo 1lJ13~JUW15lJDfX!J'(A

5U1DJYDXDD($1($ U 119 llr/tll'(JlAD AUlD 13Dit.-lilqo 13XiJ A01AiJrl13X AI)JX11DUOX Aml UDU'(iJrlDOlJlt U 1lJX DJAX

"'(gou

-310.-loy Uw 1Dl3AJ($ 1!011 ilDrxbrliJ H :m Or "'(30 'UDI!3($JDUXg 1DX DDDI)JYJ 'H)!YUWYVYdYX 1100cxD910
-10X 110ll.uftO:UVl!.\o'(l;J;\D ;\Ul roo~l1003lt "'(fJOU - ~9 "'(30 ';JjnJSl.P,punJ{;JS l;}p Jlj:J{JJ;JJUnU;JLj:JfJJdspW;}l!l Wf
9 "'(30 'U;J:iunqnLJ:YSJ;JWfOG- U;Jiunq(J ;}[TJn:iU[[l;}JII[ 'S3MOH-31138 "'(gOU
U;J:iunqnLJ:JSJ;}WfOG '!HYM ."1!3

"IV "'(30 'UO[J:JnpTJlJ

"91

;Jp ;JpOLJJf/W ;JWWO:J SJnO:JS[p np ;JSA)fJUfJ,1 '31SI13G

"'(30 ' UO[J:JnpVlJ fJ[lnS S;JJnU;JAnQ "1/;}Z];JSJ;JQ(J pun U;}lj;}JSJ;JA]X;J.L '.130~0:1 / 3)!:::>d3Yd

"'(gOU (

!;Slwnocb~131i Sc;wA.D101(l)OlC Slu D0~1XDODX 010 1D1AOA}OX01.CD1i\D 0.01 '~9D'{U9 'DA31i

-px 31i :uonocb~131i ucboo10}1An mx D1380.3 3o So.oA.9'{D19 S(toA1o3nuenx 31i mx n1i9xn
~ (t0191AXmu (tOX19mu 59A3 SuollA.9'{orion S31A.ll9o 31i ~ S?A.mMo 5?xuo.3xnnoncb
31i 1DX ~'{'{D ' UUUW SUWOlU. 0.01 ~ SlU;)A_ a A\ 0.01 'Slli\cb}D 'A.i?IUA [nUd 0.01DA3ri}3X ~X
-1AX310AO'{ 3ri OA91i 1X9 D}3'{0XO D10 Sllonocb~131i 5130~XOD 1D1AOA}ADA 'SroA?ri01.C3 '91
-DM9 ADl~ D0 (n}cDDOAO'{U'{'{D ~X1001.Cri3 AU1 A(tOOOcDD 0.01 '5nA}10.00 5130~ocbm31i
10 A(I,0'{310l.CD uo30}D~3 'Sroo1 ~x19nAori) SpA.moo310.39 ~X11013'{X01.Cn A993Xo mA13
Aro?mrlrinoA. AroOO<Jl'{A.OA3~ S?'{OXo 53oocb~19 Su ~ mo~1011Aoocb m 'np'{oXo mo Sro
-30~0cDD13ri 5130~XOD 10 119}38X3'{ DA- jSD}OOl.CD A01~~ 1DA}3119A0'{01i - 13(1,311103ll
suonocb~13ri Su1 9uoxo AO'{W A01 31}3 ADA? A01 Soou 31}3 mMo~91ionooou- iU913
Sro nA31ipx m-nA3ri}3X m 'O.OA?1i13X 0.01 S0913 o191.CD ~x11ro3oXouo. 1D13~}ooenx A39
Sllonocb~13ri Sll1 S9uoxo o 119 91lloAnmx 13A}A. u9~ 13X? 119AO'{OW 3no.oo~oA1m A01
nA 3ri(toool.Cri 'S13o~10nmx S?xuo1g 5?A1ox 9un m13A.~mx A39 Su1 S9uoxo o (I,Ocbn
'll~~1 AU10 Sllonocb~13ri Sll1 lloro11.C}031.C AU10 mx 101? '5090~?19 ~X1AO'{ ~X11XD01.C
mx ~'{l.CD u 1Dl3XO}og 3101A~u nmriri~'{19 mo.w S<Jlx1A.o'{ m A993Xo nw 30 Srouo
op;)fpu U! O!P!PBJlUO:) ~one-ox
mA13 ll~~1 All10 llonocb~13ri ll ' 17Sll1 ~1ll19101.C ~nA.uo ~X1AooX llA?ri0939 u1 ~mx mx
0191 OA?1i10X3XA.o.o A010 AU1 3ri DArocbri(I,O }38UA0'{01~D DA mA. 1D1}3'{3111.C3 S(J)'{l.CD
(9 ~'{'{D '5130~10DlDX 5?X1101) 53101.C~X 91.CD M01l,C(I,X001.C 0.01 '5(\,0l.COXO }3130Ul.C0.~3
A39 Somn~enn (tOX1'{oXo o.o1 m3xo~19 ll1 ~mx uonocb~13rl u (A. 'Srorl9 '~91313 rSu1
91.Coxo 01 3rlo.o~1oroAA. A009 , cb3 OA9rl ~wroo m1pA.o'{o1~n Sllonocb~13rl Smrl mll1
-9101 ll (g 'no~ 'mx 9uoxo oA3rl9xro19113 S~1o.n ,19 A01 Soou 1D13A(t80.3mx Suonocb
Sll1 50913 31010~X3 01 (n :513clqxo 5380.0'{9XD 10 MOA.~ S~ri nrloDO?l.Crio.o 01
910.-o Soon ol:);)fpu U! O!l:)!PUJlUO:) lloro11.C}031 llri'{D8cb<Jl~3}3'{3101.CD 'Srorl9 '01(tO.L
-~13rl

AOI3VOX! AOl H2Vl NHH H!Vd<llVl3W H

dLOQ8iliaEwv Jtou Em~EQOV'tm aE Aut~

Ego enim non solum fateor, sed Iibera voce profiteor me in
interpretatione Graecorum absque scripturus sanctis, ubi et
verborum ordo misterium est, non verbum e verbo sed sensum
exprimere de sensu.

A.ywc; IEQWVUJ.toc; 1

0 META<I>PALMA EINAI, OilQL EAEX0H, eva Xel!!EVO nou EXH ouvtax8d OU!!cpwva !! 10uc; xav6v~:c; 'tlJ<; y/...<.Oooac; acptl;~:wc; xm nou avO. n6.oa O'tLY!!~ !!JtOQd
va ~:A.~:yx8d we; ngoc; 'tl'JV OQ86'tl]'t6. 10u xm va OLOQ8w8d a/.../...6. 't6oo o /...~:yxoc; 6oo
xm 1J OL6Q8wo~ 10u av~xouv, ~:v n6.ol] JtQLJt'tWOL, O'tlJ ocpatQa 10u 6uva't6v y~:v
o8m xm 01] av6.yov'tm O XQOVLX~ O'tLY!!~ !!Hay~:vo'tQl] we; JtQO<; 10 xg6vo i'mgaywy~c; 10u. Anag6.ygaml] nQo'Un68wl], n6.v'tw<;, yw 'tlJV m!!An ~6.oavo 10u !!E'tacpQ6.0!!a10<; xm 'tlJV ~:vo~:x6!!EV1J 6L6Q8wo~ 10u ano't~:A.d n !!OVL!!lJ 6uvm6'tl]'ta 10u
!!Hacpgao't~ va ava'tQEXEL avO. n6.oa O'tLY!!~ 't6oo 010 xd!!EVO tl]<; y/...<.Oooac; acpE'tlJQtac; 6oo xm 010 xd!!EVO 'tl'J<; y/...<.Oooac; acptl;~:wc;. OL !!E't' /...~:yxov OLOQ8<.0oLc;, nou
av6.yov'tm O'tlJ 6uva!!LXO't1J'ta 'tlJ<; "!!E't6.cpQa01]<;" xm nou anooxonouv JtQW'tLO'tW<;
O'tl] ~EA'tLWOl] 101J JtQO.LOV10<; 'tl]t;, EmcpEQOV'tal L't a) EnL 'tl] ~6.0H OUYXQLOEW<; 't01J
JtQW'tO'tunou !!E 10 !!E't6.cpQaO!!a (on6't, x6.QLV HOLx'\Jo~:wc;, !!Jl:OQEL va ytvH Myoc;
nEQL xa8aQ~~ f.,I.T6.cpQaOTJ~) d 't ~) XWQL<; avaOQO!!~ 010 JtQW'tO'tUJtO (OJtO't EXOlJ!!E

I Saint JEROME, Liber de optime genere interpretandi, OEA.. I 3.

186

nEPI EAErXOY TQN

METM>PA~EQN

KAI TQN

t.IOP0Q~EQN

nOY Eni<I>EPONTAI

~E

AYTH

va XUVOU!-Uo !!E to cpm VO!!EVO TTJ~ OLOVfi f.,lTCtqJ()aOrj~) 1 OtTjV JtEQlJttWOTj TTJ~ OLOVEl
!-1-EtUcpQaOTj~ OL OLOQ8WOEL~ EJtEQXOVtm dtt: i) m( TTJ ~UOEL ouyxQ(Ot:W~ to'U !!EtacpQUO!!ato~ !! tTJ !!EtUcpQaOTj to'U JtQWtotUJtOU 0 tQltTj yf...wooa dt ii) XWQl~ Xa!!!!la anof...Utw~ ouyxQLOTJ, af...A' anf...w~ ~aoL Twv xav6vwv tTJ~ yf...wooa~ acpLl;t:w~.
H 6uvar6tT}ta t:A.yxou xm 6L6Q8WOTJ~ rou !!ttacpQaO!!ato~ tovLl;EL to 6uva!!LX6
xaQaxti]Qa tTJ~ !!EtacpQaOTJ~ w~ 6La6Lxao(a~. Eva AY!!EVO xm m8av6v OLOQ8W!!Evo xd!!t:vo dvm !!EtacpQaOTJ, oxL JtL6i] JtQoxmjJE ~aoL xanmwv JtQoxa8oQLO!!Evwv xm t:l;wyt:vwv w~ JtQO~ to ouotTJ!!a tTJ~ yA.wooa~ acpLl;t:w~ XQLtTJQLwv, af...Aa
mL6i] ATOVQYi w~ f.,lTacpoaan !!EOa oto ouotTJ!!a tTJ~ yf...wooa~ acpLl;Ew~ 2
Ev O'UVXE(a ea OWOO'\J!!E va JtaQUOELY!!a EMyxou !-1-EtUcpQaOTj~ xm OLOQ8WOWV 0
!!EtacpQaOTj - JtaQaOELY!!a JtO'U JtQOEQXttm an6 TO 'EQyo t:V6~ !!yaA.ocpuou~ av6Q6~.
0 Goethe JtQl ta~ OUO!!U~ tou ~(ou to'U !!ttEcpQaOE, W~ yvwot6v, Ota YEQ!!aVLXa !!
tTJ ~oi]8na tou ~L~f...L08T}xaQLou TOU xm xa8TJYTJtiJ tTJ~ E>wA.oy(a~ xm tTJ~ <I>Lf...of...oy(a~
oTo Jtt:QLwvwo rravmwti]!!LO tTJ~ Xaf...ATJ~ Friedrich Wilhelm Riemer (1774-1845) 21
t:Af...TJvLxa OTJ!!OtLxa TQayou6La xovta~ XQTJOL!!onmi]oL xata ~aoTJ TTJV- xm OTTJV
moxi] TTJ~ ax6!!a! -naoLyvwoTTJ ouf...f...oyi] tou Kf...au6Lou Fauriel. 'Eva an6 auta i]tav
xm to ax6A.ou8o tQayou6L [Tov L'rioywv]3, to onoLo avnyQacpowt: t6oo oro JtQWt6Tuno 6oo xm OtTjV tALXi] XOOXiJ TTJ~ !!ttUcpQaOTj~ TO'U !!EYUAOU YQ!!aVOU JtOLTjti]:
K' av T(l 0SQ{3evta WVQXSvaav,
Ta :nfjQav &.Q(3av{w;,

'0 ~dQyw~ slvat ~wvravo~,

IIaa6.oat~ Mv 1/JrJcpaa
"Oaov xwvi~ovv ra f3ovv6.,

TOVQXOV~ fl~ :JrQOOXVVOVftSV.

[[ ilftSV va ArJflSQta~WftSV,
"O:nov cpw}..s6.~ovv }..vxot.
~rai~ XWQat~ ax}..6.{3ot xawtxovv

Sind Gefilde tlirkisch worden

Sonst Besitz der Albanesen;
Stergios ist noch am Leben,
Keines Pascha 's achtet er.
Und so lang' es scheint hier oben
Beugen wird den TUrk en nicht.
Setzet Eure Vorhut dahin,
Wo die WOlle nistend hecken!
Seider Sclave Stadtbewohner!

('~wv~ Xaft:JrOV~ flE wv~ TOVQXOV~)

XwQat~ }..ayxaota x' eQrJfttai~

"Exovv ra :na}..}..rJx6.Qta.
IlaQaftf: TovQxov~, flf: OrJQta
KaA(JtsQa va ~OVflSV.

10

Stadtbezirk ist unsem Braven

Wlister Fe/sen Klippenspalte.
Eh' als mit den TUrk en Ieben,
Lieber mit den wi/den Thieren!

Axof...ou8EL To nQwto oxt:oLao!!a xm TJ Tt:f...Lxi] t:xooxiJ tTJ~ !!EtacpQaOTJ~ tou tQayouowu

an6 tov Goethe4 Arr6 tTJ OUyXQLOTJ twv Mo XH!-1-EVWV OLaJtLOtWVO'U!!E t6oo tov ~a8!!6
t:Myxou 6oo xm to EUQO~ twv yvo!!vwv an6 wv !-1-Eyaf...o JtOLTJtiJ OLOQ8wot:wv:
fta 1:ouc; 6gouc; xaeagl) {!Emicpgaal] xm otovfi wracpgaal] ~A. REISZ I VERMEER, Grundlegung einer
al/gemeinen Translationstheorie, o1... I0.
2 ng~t... TOURY, In Search of a Theory of' Translation, o1... 43 m ., 47.
3 Bt... FAURIEL, Chants populaires de Ia Grece modeme, 1:. I, agL8!!. 24.
4 Bf... A.navra Goethe O'tl]V nEQLWVU1!11 t\xl\oon <nc; Ba'C!!CtQ!]c; (Weimarer Ausgabe), 1:. 3, o1... 429 m.

187

Wo die WOlfe Wache stehen!

Wo die WOlfe nistend hecken!

Moge doch in ihren Stiidten

Sclavenvolk sich giltlich thun!

Seider Sclave Stadtbewohner!

10

Stadtbezirk ist unsern Braven

WUster Felsen Klippenspalte.

Wilster Felsen Klippenspalte.

Eh als mit den TUrk en Ieben,

Eh' als mit den TUrk en Ieben,

Mit den Thieren sey gelebt!

Lieber mit den wilden Thieren!

188

Olldl ~Od3W

l6l
TZTZ'Z 'cb3X (l)O?Wlii.D ''(H
'Zvl ''(3D 'AJO;)Ijj_ UO{JU[SUUJ]. :iU{Ij:JU;)J_ 'll3::>M V:l

Snn '),OliD1l'DliU"(g001

(1,01

Z
l

019J!1D 01'DlCt3"(31 01 AJ1.0D?"(3101'D

ne 'i\(l)li'),Ml)i\CtD i\(1)1 1'DX lO'al'B 5U1 'My>ooclm13li i\(1)1 S13D<;)111031 SuD 1'D1i\Oi\<;)1D11
-'D19 5(1)19 'SllD'DOcDJ!13li Slt1 531"(0XDCt9 10 5omlii}.Oi\ l}.liOi\01'D 5(1) UD'DOcDJ!13li lt Sl}.x
-1Aoy Sl.t1 'D19 138D'D"(31D001 'Di\ 1'D131?'{t)001 npX3i\etD i\'.3: StJ.D'DOcDJ!13W 5Ll1 5ulil}.lD

v Slt1 'D19 Sn1li'DM90D11'DX SuonocbJ!13li

-113: 5lt11'DX Sn1AO'{ODD(l)'{J 51}.X1'{ognonl11i\

(g 1'DX '51}.x1Aoy Slt1 mx S'D1cDOD0'{1<1> 5lt1 'S'D1A0'{01D'Dlill:r 5Ll1 'D19 Somlil}.oi\ mx Suo
-'DOcDJ!13li (n S13D?XD Suo 'Di\3li903cD'Di\'D nmli?8 i\').OA19 ne <;)93 ' i\01<;)01 J!l'D)I "U'{'{'I!
i\'D1li 3D 'DDD<;l'{A 'D1li 91'D i\'),Oi\031 CtOl i\(l)1J!TIUOi\ i\(l)11'DX J!'{'{'D \:i\(l)]3liUD i\(1)1 5(l)lD
-11(1)01 S(),Oli013 S3li\OX?MD Set01 i\CtOD'),3i\X1i\'D 'Di\ i\').08'DlD001 'I!'{'{'D ''DliD'DOcDJ!13li
OlD 101\?liU'{'{OXDOOl 1\CtOi\?li i\39 CtOl J\(l)i\13X3 i\<;)lD'DOcD'D13li i\(1)1 '),~'D13li 1'DX OD9
i\<;)X11U0(l)38 i\(l)l '),~'Dl3li OD9l 1'D13i\<;)931li3 'D1i\(l)cDOliO J!O'Dl 0'{'{'9 38J!X CtOl9 ''Dl'Dli

-?e- i\9).oou 5(1) mx n1onx19m9 5(1) uonocbJ!l3n u191n (1)0')-A J!X1i\3Amx mo1nx

'Dl'Dli?8 i\CtODI}.'{OXD'Dl'D 5nli 'D8 i\(l)1'D'{'DcD3X VlHlON3. HlAV HlVlAdA3. NHl

.. Jqil,u punos 1, us;}op 1/, ,10 ASWfiJAI 'p;}UfUfdX;}un Af;)J;}fd

-WO:J

JniJ

'A[plO[ ;)ljJ OJ :iU[pJO:>:JU sp;);):JOJd JU;)WSS;}SSU Al!fUnb UO!JUJSl/1JJ].

slwnam~l3W su1

513DJAA3Doon 5303l~AA3

A baser meaning has been read into these characters the literal sense of
which decency can safely scarcely hint.

James Joyce 1

0 TZO'Vl:!ANO MOTO MA}; llAPXEI rrA.i]8oc; EQE8LO!!<'mov, yLa va xmarrwm;ou!-1-E !-1-E aut6 rrou t..tynm "v6n!!a" xm rrou m( mwvE<; arraoxot..d xm 8a El;axot..ou8d va arraoxot..d <pLI..oo6cpouc; xm yf..woooMyouc;, mu6i) 6Ev EXEL ~QE8d- outE ITQO~AEmtm oto OQat6 !!EAAOV va ~QE8EL - to XAELO( rrou 8a to sEXAELOWOEL xm
8a !!U<; avo(l;EL tl}V ITOQta to'U !!'UOtl}QlO'U to'U. 8a to ITUQUXU!-1-'\jJO'U!!E ITQO<; OtLY!-1-iJV
tO !-tOtO aut6 xm- !!TJ arro<pEuyovta<; xa86/..ou, 6!-lw<;, to rrmyvLti:>OE<; tou ucpouc;
tO'U - ea sEXLVi)OO'U!!E tl}V avacpoga !-1-U<; OtO "v6n!!a" !-1-E xatL Lowe; 1JJ[EQ~OALX6 OtT}
QU!!TJ wu youotou tou, at..M rrtga we; rrQa owot6! Tcvtxa noon,.uiJ- !!a<; Eso!!ol..oyELtm o Aou6o~Lxoc; Wittgenstein 2 - TTJV miOTJI..lT/ ayyA.txrj ixDoaTJ rw; Bi(3A.ov an6
TT/ f.1EracpoaaTJ rov Aov8TJQOV ara yeof.1avtxa. Ot ayyA.m f.1eracpoaar~ eixav rirow
ae(3aaf.16 yw ro xeif.1evo, ware, 6rav &v (3ya~av VOTJf.la, JCQOUf.lOVaav va ro acprjaovv axarav6TJTO. Evw o J\ov8TJQO~ f.1Qtx~ cpoQ~ &aaroicpet ro VOTJf.la, yw va

I James JOYCE, Finnegans Wake, OEA. 33.

WITIGENSTEIN, AcpOQWf.lOi xm E/;OJ-tOAoyljan~, u:n:'
OEA. 163m.

192

UQl9~-t. 807, ~-tETC!CjlQUOl] Kwonj M. Kw~a(ou,

META<I>PALH KAI NORMA

ratou't!;et an~ c5txi~ rov tc5it:~. Ax. 6rav o AoveTJQO~ f.lt:Tacpoa~t:t TTJV nooacpdJVTJOTJ
rov AoxayyiA.ov arTJ Maoia, Ave Maria gratia plena, XQTJOLf.lOJrott:i f.ltaV ayooaia
ixcpoaaTJ nov woc5vvaf.ld navw xarw f.lt: 'Teta aov Maoia, xova6 f.lOV". 'Exa an6A.uto OLXLO o Wittgenstein, touMxLotov W JtQO to aJtO'tEAEO~-ta 'tl] j,tE'tacpQaOl]
toU OU'{XEXQLj,tEVOU XWQLOU - 'ta EAULi]QLa 'tl] ~OUA.i]OEW toU j,tEYUAOU ~Laj,taQ'tU
QOj,lEVOU 'ta ayv001J~E JtA.i]QW! 'OV'tW l] j,lELUqJQaOl] toU OXELLXOU XWQLOU aJt6 toV
Aou8l]QO- "GegrliBet seyst du, Holdselige"3 - 8WLtEL JtQOOEyyLOT], XOLVW "x6AAl]~-ta", VEUQU XaL EUXUj,tOU yuVaLXO aJt6 EQWLL<'iEa 'tl] maLOa4 !. ..
~o~aoa 't<i.>Qa! EQw1a1m: To EV Myw 1-lf'tUcpQao~-ta 1ou Aou8i]Qou EXEL v6l]j,ta, xm
EUV VaL, JtOLU l] OXEOl] toU VOi]j,ta'tO toU j,tE to EX toU JtQWto'tUJtOU VOl]j,ta; (JtQOOOXiJ! ~-tE to Ex tou JtQWto'tunou v6l]~-ta, 6XL ~-tE to v6l]~-ta tou JtQWto'tunou ...) Eav to Ex
tou JtQWto'tunou v6l]~-ta ELVUL MoxoA.o, O'tQLcpv6, "axmav6l]to", aj,tcpLOTJ!-tO, noA.u-,
Ol]j,tO, JtOLO 8a ELVUL to EVa JtOU 8a JtQOXQL8EL, WO'tE va aJtO'tEAEL "VOj,lLj,tl]" j,tELUcpQaoi] tou;
ELVUL EV'tEAEL VOT]j,la; YJtUQXH VOl]j,ta; YJtUQXH EVa VOl]j,ta; TI61E ELVUL
aA.l]8E xm n61E tjJEU<'iE to I va v6l]~-ta, xm JtW ~-tnacpQatnm lJ aA.i]eaa i] lJ 1-lll
aA.i]8ELU 'tOU; 0 aQL8~6 'tWV EQW'tl]j,lU'tWV 1-lJtOQEL, qJUOLXU, va au1;l]8EL XL UAAO LOLW EVO\jJlJ 1ou xav6va 6n we understand the meaning of the sentences, the
semantics of the language5 - , aA.A.a a JtEQLOQLOtoUj,lE 01a i]<'il] <'iLa1unw8v1a.
'Evtova xm mQELLXa JtEQL "meaning-problem" O'tlJ nwoooA.oyta j,tLAl]oav o
Leonard Bloomfield xm OL ona<'io( tou AEYO~-tEvou A~-tEQLxavLxou ~Oj,lLO~-tou, EJtl]QEaOj,tEVOL aJt6 toV aUO'tl]QO 8ELLXLOj,tO 'tWV 1-tJtl]Xa~LOQLO'tWV XaL 'tWV 1-tlJXaVLOLLXWV \j)UXOAOYWV (XUQLW tou A.P. Weiss xm tou ~L~A.lou tou Theoretical Basis of Human
Behavior, 1929)6 XaL acpOOLWj,lEVOL O'tl] j,tE8o<'ioA.oyLa XaL 'tl] <'iO~LXi] aVUAUOl]. EJtEL()ij, au~-tcpwva ~-tE tov A~-tEQLxavLx6 ~o~-tLo~-t6, lJ yA.wooa, W aaoa unoxa1aomwv
aJtaVLi]OEWV OE JtOLXLAa, EX LOU JtEQL~UAAOVLO JtQOXaAOUj,lEVa EQE8LOj,laLa, aJtO'tEAEL j,tEQO 'tl] av8QWJtLVl] OU!-lJtEQLqJOQU, T] JtQooyywi] 'tl] 1-tJtOQEL va ytvELm ~-t6vo
!-tE 8Enxwnx6 1 ~-tTJxavL01Lx6 1Q6Jto. H yA.wooa, W Ex wuwu, JtEQLOQLtnm O'tTJV

3 Av EsEtUOOUI-lE 1"11 f.lEtUCfiQU011 TOU ~L'tyXEVO'tULVELOU XWQlOU XUL 8EArJOOUI-lE va "U:7tEQ8Ef,latlOOWE",

ea :7tOUf.lE 6n 11 f.lEtUcpQU011 TOU "Holdselige" Ota EAA11VLX<i OLa TOU "XQU06 f.lOU", XWQl<; va Elvm A.aveaof,lEV1'] (xa86.><; a:n:oOLOEL TO V011f.lU f.lEOa OE VO!-(L!-(U, OUtW<; EL:n:Elv, :n:A.alow), Elvm f.lUAAOV owf3anxrj "yA.uxa f.lOU" Elvm 11 mo axgala xm "yA.uxouA.a f.lOU"11 mo OE!!vrJ EAA11VLxrj a:n:66oo11 t 11<; ev Myw
xA.11nxrj<; :n:goocpwv,o11<;.
4 To :n:A.rjQE<; xwglo, :n:ou Elvm "XaiQE, xexaQLtW!-(Evrr 6 XUQLO<; f!Eta ooii, EUAOyt]f!EVl] oiJ v yuvm1;Lv" (Kara Aovxav, A', 28), o AoU611QO<; to f.lEtacpQ<i~EL w<; "GegrtiBet seyst du, Holdselige, der Herr
ist mit dir, du Gebenedeiete unter den Weibern". - H ayyA.Lxrj f!EtCtcpQa011 (anglica authentica), t11V
o:n:ola mmvel o Wittgenstein EXEL w<; EsiJ<;: "Hail, thou that an highly favoured, the Lord is with thee:
blessed an thou among women". - BA.. Novum Testamentum Tetraglotton, OEA. 220-1.
S BA.. DOWNES, Language and Society, OEA. 12.
6 ~Uf.lcpwva f.lE tl]V avtlA.111J!11 twv OUf.l:ltEQLcpoQwt<i>v, o:n:oworj:n:ote avacpoga Ot11V av8Q<i>mV1'] ogaot11QL6t11ta xm Ef.l:ltELQla :n:gt:n:n va excpga~nm Es oA.oxA.rjgou f.lE 6gou<; - ouv<if.lELtouA<lxwt ov - ouoxen~6f.lEvou<; fiE cpmv6f.lEVa, :n:ou f.l:ltOQEl va ta :n:aQat11QrJOEL o o:n:oLOoorj:n:ote oe OEOOf.lEVO xwgo xm oe
OEOOf.lEVO XQOVO, 0 OE EOWTEQLX6<; f.lOVOAOyo<;, OL xaee A.oyrj<; OXE1j!EL<;, OL V011tLXE<; ELXOVE<;, ta ouvmo8rjf,lata xm ta ouvacprj OEV a:7tOtEAOUV :7taQ<i EXcpQUOEL<; TOU OUQf.lOU, avtWTOLXOUOE<; OE OLUcpOQE<;
XLvrJOEL<; TOU OWf,lato<; ~A. BLOOMFIELD, Language, OEA. 28, 142.

193

tO OJtOLO, JtQOXH[-lEVOU va to avaAUCJH, to JtQOCJEyyt1;EL CJUYXQOVLXU (Otanxa) JtQOCJOLOQL1;ovtac; nc; f-lOVa6Ec; xm ta mtnE6a tl']c; avaA.uonc; f-lE XQLtijQLa mgmwc; tumxu. ME tl']V xatat[-ll']Ol1 tou ExaototE avnngoownEunxou corpus yA.womxou uA.Lxou
oE cMxwta ouotanxa otOlxda xm f-lE tnv tal;LV6f-ll10l1 twv otOlXEtwv autwv oE xatl']YOQtEc; EmtuyxavEtm 11 avaA.uo11 tl']c; yA.womxijc; 6o[-tiJc; xm xa8(otatm Ef-lcpavijc; o
g6A.oc; tou xa8Ev6c; OtOlxdou xwgwta f-lEOa ota nA.ai,ma tou yA.womxou ouotl'j[-tatoc;. LE 6,n acpoga tl] f-lEtacpgaon Ol ouvHocpogc; tou Af-lEQLxavLxou I10f-lWf-lOU, xu glwc; A.Oyw tl']c; xat' al;tw[-la ngo~A.m6[-tEVl']c; 8Enxwnxijc; I f-lllxavwnxijc; ngoonA.aOl']c; tl']c; yA.wooac;, nou JtEQLOQt1;H tl]V EQEUVa otl'] f-lOQcpi] xm oto A.cy6[-lEVo "l1Xl1tLX6"
mi,m6o tl']c; yA.wooac;, i]toL anA.wc; oto mtnE6o tl']c; xcpgaol']c;, cvw tamoxgova Esootgaxt1;H an6 tl'] yA.womxij noA.mi,a to JtEQLEXOf-lEVO, dvm [-taA.A.ov mvLXQEc;, OL6n o
avaA.unx6c; aywvac; OLEl;ayEtm Es oA.oxA.ijgou xm, we; OLaOLxao(a, cl;avtA.dtm otl']V
EmcpavHaxij 6Laotaol'] tou yA.wooLxou cpmvo[-tvou, XWQtc; nagaA.A.ijA.wc; va avaA.a[-l~avttm xav JtQOCJJta8Ha OUOLaonxijc; OLHCJ61JCJEWc; OE aut6.
na tOV Bloomfield, ouyxEXQL[-lEVa, to "meaning" Otl']V ngay[-lanx6tl']ta OEV ~QLOXE
tm [-lEOa Otl] yA.wooa, aA.A.a XELtm EXt6c; yA.woonc;, EV JtUCJl'] JtEQLJttWCJH OE OEV Ol'][-laLVH tLJtOtE aA.A.o naga EJtLXOlVWVLaxc; AHtoUQYLEc;- OUOEJtOtE yA.womx6 JtEQLEXO[-lEVO i] Ol'][-taCJtEc; yA.womxwv OO[-lWV7. Kat6mv toUtoU to "meaning" a:rtOXAELEtaL Ql]ta
an6 tl'] yA.wooa, 6L6n "the meanings cannot be defined in terms of our science"8 xm
OLOtL '11 axQL~ijc; JtEQLygacpij tOU "meaning" ea ijtav ouvatij [-lOVO "by a wellnigh
omniscient observer", 6:rtEQOl][-latvH an6 av8gwno OXL [-t6vo navtoyvwotl'], aA.M xm
an6A.uto xawxo tllc; yvwonc; wu EswtEQLxou x6o[-tou 9 mH6i], 6[-twc;, xan ttow dvm navtEA.wc; aMvato, 11 rA.woooA.oyi,a EXH XQoc; va "start from forms and not from
meaning" 10 aA.A.a "if the forms [Evv. of words] are phonemically different, we suppose
that their meanings also are different" 11 . Tiaga tauta ax6[-ll1 xm o Bloomfield avayvwQL1;H 6tL to "meaning" dvm anagaygamoc; nagayovtac; twv yA.womxwv I yA.wooo7 H !JEYUATJ ltQO<Jq>OQ<i lOU Bloomfield yxmm OVOI!(j)l~l\tT]lU 01:0 Yf:'(OV6r;, 01:lll 1:0 <JUVOAlXO EQYO toU
X01:E01:T]OE 1:T) fA.waooA.oy[a OU<JtT)Ql\ Eltl01:l\!!TJ, lU liE JtOQLO!!OTU lOU <JWE8EOOV- mJ!!<jXllVO !!E 1:T)V WQaia
lilan\nw<JT] t ou JOOS, Readings in Linguistics, crEA.. 31 - t T) "X<iQW tT)r;, OEQlYQOqJlxl\r; rA.wcrcroA.oyiar;".
8 BLOOMFIELD, Language, OEA. 167.
9 BLOOMFIELD, Language, OEA. 162.
10 BLOOMFIELD, Meaning, <JEA. 102.
II BLOOMFIELD, Language, OEA. 145.

194

META<I>PALH KAI NORMA

A.oyLxwv !-ta<; Quvwv, 6L6n xwg(r; v611!-ta 6v !-1-JtOQOU!-t va "decide whether two
uttered forms are the 'same' or 'different'" 12 To !-lJtAOU!-t(jlllA6Lav6 " meaningproblem", n:avtwr;, avxu1jJ - V0!-1-L~OW - an:6 tllv atQrttll artaLtllOll tou
Bloomfield xm twv JtQL aut6v yA.woooMywv yLa auOtllQ<i !-lllXavwnxi] avUQnxi]
6LatUJtWOll OAWV tWV "01']!-1-UOLWV" XaL tllV S auti]r; tllr; OtUOll JtQOXUAOU!-1-EVll 6uomot(a tou an:vavn Otll Lll!-1-UOLOA.oy(a 13 . 0 Bloomfield l;toxwwvtar; an:6 to n:A.i]8or;
tWV 011!-tUOLWV to'U OQO'U "meaning" Otll nwoooA.oy(a 14 , E!-1-HV ota8Qa JtQOOXOAAll!-1-EVO otov - !-tJtllXU~LOQLOnxa AYXO!-lvov- 6go "meaning of a linguistic form" wr;
"the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response which it calls forth in the
hearer" 15 , xm tov tautw !-'-"the situation and the responses to it" 16, !-'-"a recurrent
stimulus- reaction feature which corresponds to a form" 17, 611!-lLOUQywvtar; xat' aut6v tov tQ6rto oMxA.llQll oxoA.iJ onr; tal;Hr; tou A!-tEQLxavLxou NttoXQLrtnBw!-lou 18 .
TitrtOlellOiJ !-1-U tLVaL OtL OL U!!EQLXUVOL OtQOUXtoUQUAWtr; WtQU(jlllOUV VaVtLOV tou "meaning" i], V n:ao11 JtQLJttWOH, 611!-1-LOUQYllOav to AYO!-tVO "meaningproblem", 6XL 6L6n ayvoouoav i] n:agayvwgL~av tllV mxmvwvwxi] ALtougy(a tnr;
yA.wooar; 19, aA.A.a 6L6n- (owr;, !-1-<iA.wta, aut6r; va dvm xm o !-lOVa6Lx6r; Myor; -, !-'-
660!-tEVll tllV xataotaoll n:gay!-1-<itwv OtllV mwtiJ!-1-11 tllr; rAwoooA.oy(ar; tllr; moxi]r;
tour;, 8wgouoav aMvatll tnv axgL~i] xm V6AXi] JtQLyQa<pi] tllr; yA.wooar; xm
tllV 8Ewgouoav aMvatll, t6oo mu6i], QUvwvtar; tov t0!-1-Ea tllr; n;aga6ooLaxi]r;
Lll!-1-UOLOA.oy(ar;, avaxaA.umav on:ag<iy!-lata an:A.wr; an:oon:ao!-lva 6La tllr; B(ar; an:6
!A-ll JtUA118UOL!-l JtQOtaOH JtOLXLAWV <pLAOOO<pLXWV OUOtll!-l<itwv20, 6oo xm JtH6i] agvouvtav va 6cx8ouv 6n to "meaning" an:ottoA.d QyaA.do 111 auotllQiJr; yA.woooA.oyLxi]r; avaA.uo11r;. H V A.6yw aQVllOll tou "meaning" 6v Lvm n:aga "an
application of the principle of working from the more knowable to the less
knowable"21 A6yoL !-t866ou O'UVEtHVUV, aga, WOt 11 U!-1-EQLXUVLXi] OtQO'UXtOUQUAL-

12 BLOOMFIELD, Language, oEA. 77.- fLa 10 6n o Bloomfield liEv ayvod EV1EAW 1ov 6oo " meaning", BA..
Evliwmxa FRIES, Meaning and Linguistic Analysis, OEA. 59. L10V Bloomfield UOXEl, EV JtUOT] 1tEOL1t1WOEL, T] yVWOT] 6n m liLUqJOOE !!OVUiiE ELVUL liW<:pOOEHXE !!E1Ul;1i 101!' 10 1L UV1L1tOOOW1tEU01JV arr6
OTJ!!UOWAOYLX~ arr61jJEW m liwxoloH amE, umoBalvn xm' am6v 1a 6ow <TJ nwoooA.oyla.
13 noBA.. BLOOMFIELD, Language, OEA. 140.- LUvO\jJT] 1WV xomx<ilv OtUOEWV aJtEVUV"tl 01T] 8ewola 101!
Bloomfield B"- 010 RP~EBA, Ilpo6neMa rjJopMbi If co,ll.ep)l(aHHH CHHTaKCH'leCKHX e,ll.HHHL{ B
rpaKTOBKe ,ll.ecKpHnTH6HcTOB If "MeHTaJIHCTOB", OEA. 99 Elt.
14 'Exouv EV10mo8el5 11iLacpooenxr OTJ!!aolE 10u 6QOu "meaning", OTJ!!UOLE yLa H orrolE liev EXEL BoeSel ax6!!a xow6 rraQOVO!!Uot~ BA.. ABRAHAM, What is the Theory of Meaning about?, oEA.. 231 rn.
15 BLOOMFIELD, Language, OEA. 139.
16 BLOOMFIELD, Language, OEA. 158 BA.. EltLOT] BLOOMFIELD, Meaning, OEA. 102.
17 BLOOMFIELD, Language, OEA. 158.
18 noBA.. WELLS, Meaning and Use, oEA. 242.
19 0 MEIER, Das zero-Problem in der Linguistik, OEA. 32, mml1;,n1ov !!1tA01J!!qJT]Aiiwv6 6oo "meaning"
!!E 101! 6oou "Kommunikationsabsicht" xm "Kommunikationseffekt" TJ liE RP~EBA, Ilpo6neMa
rjJOpMbl If CO,ll.ep)l(8HlfH ClfHT8KCH'leCKlfX e,ll.HHHL{ B Tp8KTOBKe ,ll.eCKPlfllTH6HCTOB If "MeHT8JllfCTOB",

oEA. 100, wu1l~H 10v lliwv 6Qo !!E wv 6Qo 101! Meier "kommunikativer Funktion".
20 noBA.. MOLLER, Sprachwissenschaft aufneuen Wegen, oEA. 22.
21 BA.. HILL, Introduction to Linguistic Structures, oEA. 3.

195

Ev JtUOT] JtEQlJttWOEl, O!J,W, xm EV OXEOEl JtQO tO avwtEQW !J,VT]08v "meaningproblem" !tJtOQOU!J,E va owxQLVOlJ!tE xovOQLXa Mo otQOUX'tOUQaA.wnxc; taoHc;: a)
tT]V EXJtQOOWJtOU!J,EVTJ art6 tov Charles Carpenter Fries, o ono(oc; OEV EVOlacpQEtm
xa86Aou yLa tT]V EvaAA.axnxit ouvat6tT]ta !J,Etal;u "no use of meaning whatever, and
any and all uses of meaning"23 , aA.M EQEuva tT] "oT]~taota" art6 !J,EQlXE an6\j!El (xuQtwc; OE we; "structural meaning")24 ,. xm ~) tT]V EXrtQoowrcou!J,EVTJ art6 wuc; Zellig
Harris25 , Noam Chomsky xm R.B. Lees, Ol OJtOlOl ~T]tOUV toV EsOOtQaXlO!J,O tT] OT]~taotac; an6 tT]V EmXQUtEla tT]c; rAwoooA.oy(ac;. H JtEQL voi]~tatoc; JtQO~ATJ!J,Utlxit yvwQl~El w arcoxoQucpw~ta tTJc; OtT] yvwotit aOT]!J,UOLaxit (asemantic) owturtWOTJ tou
Chomsky 6n to "v6T]~ta" arcotEA.d 6Qo rtEQlAT]rttlx6 yLa on6itrtotE yA.woooA.oyLxwc;
ayvwow26 xm otT] oaQxaonxit 6LartlOtWOTJ 6n to EQWtTJ~ta xata rc6oo !tJtOQOU!J,E va
xataQtlOOlJ!tE yQa!J,!J,atlXit XWQl avacpOQU Oto "VOT]!J,U", ClEV CllUcpEQEl xa86Aou art6
tO EQWtT]!J,U Xata JtOOO !J,JtOQOU!J,E va xataQtlOOlJ!tE YQU!J,!J,atlxit XWQl avacpOQU OtO
XQW!J,a tWV !J,UAAlWV 'tOlJ O!J,lAT]tij27 . A!J,cp6tEQE Ol tUOEl ouyxALVOlJV OtT] 8EWQT]tlXit
urc68EOTJ 6n i) to v6T]~ta 6Ev anotEA.d outE !tJtOQd va anotEAEOEl tT] ~<loT] tT]c; yA.woooA.oyLxitc; avaAUOT], ii) 6n ta CllUcpOQa yAWOOlXW ClT]AOU!J,EVa (= EXcpQUOEl) avaA.uovtm axQL~wc; ~t6vo oto rtE6to tT]c; 6o~titc;, xm iii) 6tl m 6LacpoQc;, rcou avacpQovtm oto v6T]!J,a, xatavoouvtm !J,OQcplxa, 6T]A.aoi] owvE~tTJnxa it 6o~tLxa ouyxA.wT]
rtaQatT]Qdtm xm we; rtQoc; tT]V rtQaxtLxit 6LartlOtWOTJ 6n avacpoQa oto v6T]~ta JtQEJtEl

22 8/.. 'tT]V XQL'tLXi] 'tOU AEAEB, JlHHTBHCTH'feCKHH MOAeiiH'f3M K8K AeT)TM8HH38IJ,HH H8YKH 0 H3biKe, 0A.
24 Jt., 27, 34.
23 8/.. FRIES, Meaning and Linguistic Analysis, ael.. 60.
24 8/.. axenxa W XOQU<pa(o EQYO WU FRIES, The Structure of English, xm HI'>LXO'tQa 'tO XV'tQLX6 xerpa/.mo "Meaning or Fonn". - rw 'tTJ OT]~aala 1ou Fries xm wu tgyou wu j3/.. HELBIG, Geschichte der
neueren Sprachwissenschaft, ael.. 235 EJt.
25 1\.x. yw WV HARRIS, Methods in Structural Linguistics, OEA. 5 - O'tT] 8(j3/.o lOU A~EQLXUVLXOU I'tQOUX'tOUQUALO~OU - , j3aaLxi] anoawl.i] <T]c; llEQLYQUqJLxi]c; nwaool.oylac; Elvm TJ yvwaT] <1\c; "distribution
or arrangement within the flow of speech of some parts or features relatively to each other". Kma 10v
Harris 6/.ec; OL yl.waaec; ~ogouv va JtEQLygarpow "in tenns of a distributional structure, i.e. in tenns
of the occurence of parts( ... ) relatively to other parts" T] be EV /.6yw JtEQLyQarpi] Elvm Jtl.i]QTJc; "without
intrusion of other features such as history or meaning" j3/.. HARRIS, Distributional Structure, ael.. 146.
26 8/.. CHOMSKY, Syntactic Structures, OEA. 93, 103 EJt.
27 8/.. CHOMSKY, Syntactic Structures, OEA. 93. - 8/.. 'tT]V XQL'tLXi] lOU JAKOBSON, Boas' View of
Grammatical Meaning, OEA. 139 EJt. one; Stone; wu Chomsky.

196

META$PA~H

KAI NOHMA

va yLvtm, 6tav ng6xntm va 6gmw8L n uqnotU!AVlJ Loo6uva11La it OLa<poga !!Eta~u Mo onA.owvwv. IlQmtgw xmv6 on!ldo twv Mo avacpQ8wci:>v taowv dvm n
ano'tj!it tou~ on to vonrw JtQEJtH va E~OOtQaxw8L an6 tnv mLxgatna tl]~ rA.woooA.oyLa~ oxL yLa Myou~ cpLA.oompLxou~. aA.M yLa Myou~ xaeaga !l8o6oA.oyLxou~ 2 s.
Ilgoowmxit 11a~ ano'tj!l], OXL !!OVO o 6,n acpoga tl] rA.woooA.oyLa, aA.M xm O 6,n
acpoga n~ ~aoL~O!!EV~ otn rA.woooA.oyLa Emotit!lll tl]~ MEtacpgaon~ xm !!Etacpgaon w~ avayvwon xm 6La6LxaoLa !!Etacpoga~ onA.owvwv an6 tl]v Exaotot yA.ci:>ooa
a<ptl]QLa~ otnv Exaotot yA.ci:>ooa acpL~Ew~. to v6n!la dvm 6go~ anagayganto~ to
VOl]!la JtQEJtH, EVtoUtOL~, va EyxA.dEtm xm va OUVtl]QdtaL OtL~ JtOLXLA~ y AWOOLXE~
6Lacpog~2 9 m 6 yA.womxit~ ta~Ew~ OLacpog~ ouvmayovtm an6 tl] !!EQLa tou~ navtOt aQ8QWOl] Ol]!laOLOAOYLXWV a~LWV ' ywut6, Jtagacpga~ovta~ tl]V JtaLYVLWOl] !!EV, JtAl]V O!!W~ avu EtEQOU xaLgLa QltOlJ tau Roman Jakobson, on
"Linguistics without meaning is meaningless" 30, !!JtOQOU!-1 va JtOU!l on "Translation
without meani ng is meaningless"31 n ea oit!lmv agay 11La !!Etacpgaonxit rrg6taon
XWQL~ VOl]!la; XWQL~ EQEUVa toU VOlt!lato~; XWQL~ ag8QWOl] VOit!latO~; JtEQaV toU
voit!latO~ XH!lEVl]; 0 agL8!!6~ twv EQWtl]!l<itwv !!JtOQd, cpumxa, xm EOci:>, 6nw~ xm
naganavw, va au~ned XL aA.A.o, aA.A.a a~ JtEQLOQLOtOU!l ota it6n 6Latunw8vta.
Emotgcpovta~. tci:>ga, ow JtQOXd!lEVO xm EV yvci:>on tEA.ouvt~ JtEQL tou on OEv
!lJtOQOU!l va owoou!l anavtitoH~ wxuouo~ wad, OL6tL OEV d!!aOt - yLa va
ava<pQ80U!l OtOV JtAatWVLXO OQO - v 0 f.l 0 eETE ~ 0 v 0 f.l a r 0 V(.J y0 i 32 ' ea JtQO-

28 ~XEtLXU ~ TT]V TUOT) TT]~ ~TQOUXTOUQ<lALOTLXl\~ rAwoao;l.oy[a~ YLa UXQ[j3La JtQj3A. JOOS, Description of
Language Design, OEA. 349 rn., alJIJ.CjlWVU ~ TOV OltOLO ltQL y;l.tiJaaa~ 1\ OIJ.LAOU~ UXQI.j3Wc; 1\ 6ev OIJ.LAOU!J. xa86;1.ou. ~TJ~Ltilvetm on, yLa va IJ.ltOQEaou~ va !J.LAl\aou~ axQLj3<b~ yLa TTJ y;\.tilaaa, TJ nwoao;\.oyl.a
ltQEltL va y[vn EVa ELOO~ Ma8T]!J.UTLXtOv xm va ltQLOQLOTL TOOO ltOAU TO lt6Lo TWV QWtOV TT]~. tOOT
va altOXAELOVTUL altO ~d OA~ OL UOQLOTL~ xm OL aaaqJEL~, OL OltOL~ xm 8a xataAELltOVTUL OTOU~ XOLVWVLOAOyou~. Auto TO desideratum-ltQOTUOT) TOU Joos - UV ELVUL, EWOELTUL, (/JLXTO -EXH TO ltAEOVExTT]!J.U OTL OAE~ OL YAWOOOAOYLXOU XUQUXTl\Qa UltOqJUVOH~ ea ltQEltH va ELVUL UAT]Bd~ 1\ \I!EUI\d~. EVEXEL
WOT6ao Tov xlvl\wo va JtEQLOQLotd TO Jtel\[o TTJ~ nwoao;l.oyla~ xm' oual.av OTL~ ~TQTJTE~ !J,OQqJE~ xm,
6m wu ltEQLOQLO!J,Oll amoll, va altOOoed OAT] TJ y;l.womxl\ llATJ, Jtou 6ev xWQ<l oto oteva OQLal!fvo y;l.woao;l.oyLxoJte6lo, ae ~861\ou~ EQyaala~ xma JtoAll aaaqJEOTEQE~ xm aoQLOTOTEQE~ TTJ~ y;l.woao;l.oyLxl\~.
29 llQI3A. axmxa n~ ltUQ<lTT]Ql\OH~ TWV SCHLEGLOFF I SACKS, Opening up Closings, OEA. 240: What two
utterances, produced by different speakers, can do that one utterance cannot do is: by an adjacently
positioned second, a speaker can show that he understood what a prior aimed at, and that he is wi/Jing to
go along with that. Also, by virtue of the occurence of an adjacently produced second, the doer of a first
can see that what he intended was indeed understood, and that it was or was not accepted. Also, of course,
a second can assert his failure to understand, or disagreement, and inspection of a second by a first can
allow the first speaker to see that while the second thought he understood, indeed he misunderstood, It is
then through the use of adjacent positioning that appreciations, failures, correctings, etc., can be themselves understandably attempted.
30 llaga;l.a~vou~ TTJ Ql\OTJ aml\ wu Jakobson altO to j3t.(:l;\.lo Tou GIPPER, Leo Weisgerber - Zur Grondlegung einer ganzheitlichen Sprachauffassung, ae;\.. S.
31 llQj3A. axenxa INGO, Meaning - A Challenge for the Translator, OEA. 129 Elt.
32 BA. nAATQNOI, KQanJ)..o~. 388e- 389 a: Ovx aea :n:avro,; avoe6,;, 'E(!#OJIEVEf:, OVO#a Oea6at
eOtXEV, 0 V0#06erq,;, 8,; 0~ rwv 017#-WV(!JIWV
[ iariv1aAAa nvo,; OVO#aTOV(!JIOV' oiJro,; 0' iar{v,
a:n:aVtWWTOf: EV aV6(!W:JrOlf: JILJIVEWL

w,;

197

861

66I
"JJlTJS;J'J ZJTJS U;}U!;J q:JJnp J;JP;J!M PJ!M JU!;JW ZJTJS U!;J STJA\ UU;Jp :snTJJ;Jl[ ;Jl[:>TJJdS
J;Jp SnTJ

J/1.1!} 'aunU!;JW

;}!a :u;J'JTJS UUTJJ( UTJW : l j7 "'(30

"U;Jl[:>;JJdS JSQf;JS l[:>!S J!Y gnw ;Jl[:>TJJdS ;}!a

' 'Jf!JTJWWTJJ[) ;Jl[:>S!l[dOSOf!l[J 'NI3.lSN39lliA\

:ov "'(30 'Z 'J(!JTJWWFJJ[) ;Jl[:>S!l[dOSOf!l[J 'NI3.lSN39lliA\

s~;ni3

91m plonodnll3ri 13X9 019ri 0.1

j7

"6 "'(30 'l 'Jf!JrJWWrJJ[) ;Jl[:>S!l[dOSOf!l[J 'NI3.lSN39lliA\

-lto Dl\ poo1li .. ltOD1901C ~:mi (l)f\1DlD'{DlDX, 'SO'{?r'U!;}lSU;}~ll!A\ 1\01 D1J "11 UDXJ190U
(DJrl) 3ri 1ypu mx 7lJ13tl.Jq 'llDXJ190U DJrl3rl1XJ13tl.JDrl.llo 11 '9 11919 'Slt.OO())'{ A. Slu 591X3
101pX 'DOO{))'{AU1 91CD 13801XD0100~3 13X? milt9A 01119 3ril).OlC DA 3ril).0001Cri 119
1D13X?<;? So1o1Co o 'U!;}lSU;}~U!A\ o 1'{J;>lC mx 13XOJ?Q19 Sori \5111 911w3 11.01 m/.. J3Y1rio
VII. 13U90U DDD(/Jy/.. H orllt9A 1DX lt001901C 13XOJ;>lCCl A3<;? Sro'{'{J;> .3riClOA1DlD'{DlDX Altl
l}.Q131C3 'ltOD1901C 101\13 1DX 'lt001901C 1"01\pl}.Q131C3 'orilt9A 13X? ltOD1901C D1W "Cl015(m
-11Drirfv{)J 5~X11DODOy1r:p Slu D<;?J;>OD 5D'{91X ltl())OlC AUlD U!;}lSU;}~ll!A\ 50X1goqn,oy
0 1D1?11(l)ODAD z~13gJ;>'{DlDX 3riClOX? Altl AD19 OA9ri '1DAp 08 ltOD1901C l).Odm 'lto
-D1901C 01ri .. roA1DgD'{DlDX A3<;?, 1DX .. roA1DgD'{DlDX, 3.W3.V VN 3.WA0d0UW

:m

i,Jl[;)JSJ;Jt\ S;J UTJW UU;JA\ ZJFJS U!;J JSJ;J Jl[:>!U S;J JS!
:u;Jp;JJ SdZJrJS SdU!;} .,U;Jl[;JJSJ;}t\ Jl[:>!N, pun .,U;Jl[;JJSJ;Jfl, WOt\ UTJW UUTJJ( ;}!AI.

nnni~~goon SOlDTI~ON (t01

9Tl01il0(1QDOilll) A011il31C D

to[A.atwr; to EQwtnfA.a: n:ot6 Etvm to vonf-l.a tnr; 6E6ofA.evou on"A.owevou; H ag8gwon

toU EQWt~!Lator; autou OQL(;.EL tl]V aQXTt OLatUJtWOEWt; JtOAAWV JtQO~Al]!LUtWV tooo
oto rntn:E6o tl]t; avaxatav6nonr;- xm JtQOXELtm JtEQL avaxawvononr;. 6t6tL, XEL[A.Evou avayxaonxa tou vo~[A.ator; Extor; tnr; y"A.wooar;, an:mtdtm n xatavono~ tou, n
on:ota dvm a"A."A.nr; tai;Ewr; an:o tnv xatavonon tnr; n:g6taonr;. tl]V on:ota evvon~-Latw
vL - tou OEOOfA.evou 6n"A.owevou ooo xm oto rntn:E6o tl]r; fA.EtUqJQao~r; tou.
Ano to 8EWQlJtLXa anngo n:M8or; twv JtEQL to v6nfA.a n:goxum6vtwv n:go~AlJfA.Utwv
ta tQta [A.Eya"A.a, n:ou anaoxo"A.ow tour; qJLAoo6qJOur; xm tour; y"A.woooMyour;, otav oul;,ntow tl]V ouota tou vo~!Lator;, d vm ta E/;~r;. xm Etvm o"A.a tour; n:go~Al)fA.ata E/;ELOLxEuoEwr;: a) l] E/;ELOLXEUOl] tWVXQLtl]QLWV tl]t; EVV01'}f.UXTW01'}~ (mean ingfu/ness), l]
anavtl]Ol], ~toL, oto EQWtl]fA.a n:mour; 6gour; n:grnn va n:"A.ngot f-l. La n:gotaon yta va exn
VOl][A.U' ~) l] E/;ELOlXEUOl] tWVXQLtl]QLWV xm tWV OQWV OVVWVV{.lia~ (synonymy), [A.E
twv on:otwv tl] ouv6QOfA.~ xm tl]V n:Al)gwon avnototxwr; Mo (touMxwtov) A1;Lr;,
n:gotaoELt; xm 1~ ExqJgaoLr; exouv to tOto vonfA.a xm y) n E/;Et6txEUOlJ twv vo 11 f.l a r wv
EV yevEL (meanings in general), n:Q6~Al]fA.a yta to onoLo !LJtOQOUf-l.E va JtOUfA.E OtL
"A.oytxwr; !LJtOQEL va JtQOlJYELtm tou n:QO:Jtou xm I~ tou 6Emegou.
En:ava"A.a!L~avou!LE to EQWtl][A.a n:ou 6tatunwoafA.E Atyo mo n:avw: fiEOOfA.evou
Evor; Ol]AOU!Lvou n:ou exn VOl][A.a, n:mo Etvm to v6nf-l.a tou; To EQWtl]!LU [A.ar; ILJl:OQEL
va avayvwo8d tooo an:o ovto"A.oyLx~ ooo xm an:o EmOtl]fA.OAOyLxl) oxoma. Av to
6taBaoowE ovroA.oytxa, 6tamotwvowE ott ag8gwvL Mo 8Ef-l.EALW6Lr; anoQtEr;,
xm 6~ mgt tou: a) Eav ta vo~fA.aTa dvm ovt6tl]tEt;, xm B) (oE JtEQtmwon xataqJanx~r; an:avtnonr;) tt Et6our; ovtotl]tEr; dvm ta vo~[A.ata. Av to 6taBaooufA.E EJrLOTTff.lOA.oytxa, [A.ar; l;,ntdtm va xata8eoOUfA.E tour; Myour;, otour; on:otour; Baowt~XafA.E,
xm owur; ou"A."A.oyLO!LOUt;, an:6 tour; onotour; o6nyn8~xa[A.E oto va n:goo6LOQLOOUfA.E
t o vonf-l.a tou 6EOOfA.evou 6n"A.owevou. LE a6ger;, OE a6gotatEr; yQaiLILEt; auto dvm
to EVtE"A.wr; ALto xm a6taXOO!Ll]to n:"A.atoLO, fA.EOa oto on:oto xtvouvtaL m xata xmgour; n:gota8EtoEr; JtEQL vo~[A.ator; 8EWQLEt;, m on:otEr; egxovtm va [A.ar; n:ouv, d t E1-LE
tl]V auotl]Q~ xm atQEn'tlJ agxtx~ 6ta'tun:wol) wur; EL'tE fA.E nv a"A."A.otE n:o"A.u a"A.Ao'tE
"A.tyo n:aga"A."A.ay[A.EVl] !LEtayEVEOtEQl] EXOOX~ tOUt;; JtOLOL MyoL OUVtELvouv xm JtOLOL
OUAAOYLOfA.OL !LUt; OOl]youv OtOV a"J...l]8~ JtQOOOLOQLOf-1.0 'tOU VO~!La'tOt; EV YEVEL XaL
tou vo~[A.ator; wr; EVVOl][A.atwonr; xm wr; ouvwvu[A.tar; ELOLXO'tEQa.
5

WITIGENSTEIN, Philosophische Grammatik, 6, oEA.. 44: "Einen Satz verstehen" kann heiBen, "wissen
was der Satz besagt", d.h.: die Frage 'was sagt dieser Satz' beantworten konnen.

200

TA IIEPI TON (IIPOL6l)OPILM0 TOY NOHMATOL IIPOBAHMATA

~

0 llE'taqJQaOTTt~. 'tEAO~, JtOU EJtLXHQEL va avayv<i:JOH 'tO JtEQl VOi]!la'tO~ Xa'taQX'tLXO

EQW'tlJ!la "MOO!lEVOU Ev6~ onA.owtvou nou EXH v6n!la, nm6 ELvm w v6n!l<i 'tou;",
avaAa!l(3avH va OWOH, EX'tO~ an6 'tl]V OV'tOAoyLxi] xm 'tl]V EJtLO'tlJ!lOAOyLxi] aJtCLV'tljOlj, xm !lLa anavtnon ngax'tLxi]: nw~ Sa !lHacpgaoa I !lHacptQEL I ano6woa I EQ!lllVEUOEL X.'t.O. 'tO OLa 'tOU OLXELOU OlJ!lElOU EXCLO'tO'tE JtQOOOLOQLO!lEVO VOl]!la an6 'tlj
yA<i:Jooa acpE'tl]Qla~ O'tlj yA<i:Jooa acptl;EW~, E'tOL WO'tE 'tOOO OL OV'tOAoyLXOU 6oo xm OL
EJtLO'tlJ!lOAoyLxou xagax'ti]Qa anavti]oa~ ow 6Lmunw!lvo 0111 yA.wooa wu ngww'tunou EQW'tl]!la va 'taU'tl~OV'taL !lE 'tL~ OV'tOAOYLXOU xm 'tL~ EJtLO'tlJ!lOAoyLXOU xagaX'ti]Qa anav'ti]OH~ O'tO OLa'tUJ'tW!lEVO O'tlj yA<i:Jooa 'tOU !lE'tacpQCLO!la'tO~ EQW'tl]!la; 0
.llE'tacpgao'ti]~ ocpELAH, aAAm~ Atl;EOLV, va XLVl]8EL Mo cpOQE~ EV'tO~ !lLUI; OEOO!lEVlj~
JtEQL voi]!lawr; 8Ewgta~: 16oo 0111 yA.wooa acpE'tlJQLa~ 6oo xm 0111 yA.wooa acptl;Ewt;.
0L JtEQl VOi]!la'tO~ 8EWQlE~, O'tL~ OJtOlE~ 8a avacpEQ80U!lE EV OUVEXEla, EXOUV xagaX'ti]Qa xa8aga avaywyLx6 (reductive), 6rtEQ on!laLva 6'tL xa't' agxa~ 8a ngooEyytOOU!lE 'tO VOl]!la EV YEVH, 'tl]V EVVOl]!lCL'tWOlj XaL 'tlj OUVWVU!lla !lE OQOU~ !lll Ol]!laOLOAoyLXOU~ i], wuMxwwv, llE 6gou~ nou 6Ev avi]xouv oE ami] 'tlJV mxoytvELa LOE<i:Jv
XQTlOlJ Ol]!laOLOAOYLXWV OQWV 8a XCLVOU!lE yLa JtQW'tlj cpOQCL O'tL~ JtEQl Ol]!laOLOAOyLXi]~ xm 6LrnLO'tlJ!lOVLxi]~ ngootyyLOlJ~ 111~ llE'tacpgaon~ xm on~ mgt anovo!liJ~
voiJ!la'tO~ xma 'tlJOLa6Lxaota 'tlJ~ !lH<icpgaon~ avaA.uoEL~ lla~. 6nou OL xagax'tl]QLO!lOL 'tWV VOl]!lCL'tWV EV YEVEL, 'tlj~ EVVOlJ!lCL'tWOl] xm 'tlj~ OUVWVU!lla~ aJtO'tEAOUV
ouvax6A.ou8a xm ExcpuoEL~ !lLat; yEvLxi]r; OlJ!laowA.oyLxi]~ 8Ewgta~. 11 onota xa'taYE'tm an6, aA.M xm 8E!lEAL<i:Jvnm O'tlJV E!lJ'tELQLXi] nagmi]Ql]OlJ, EQEUVa xm !lEAE'tlJ
'tWV xa8txaowv yA.woowv6

ng~A.. EvtEA.oor; EV0LXTLXU HIGGINBOTHAM, On Semantics, OEA. I l't. - nQ~A. OXETLXU !!E mrc6, l'tLOT]t;, 1:T] 80U!LUOLO rut6<paVOT] 1:011 CJ. LEWIS, An Analysis of Knowledge and Valuation, OEA. 35: Every
statement we know to be true is so known either by reason of experience or by reason of what the
statement itself means. There are no otber sources of knowledge than on the one hand data or sense and
on the other hand our own intended meanings. Empirical knowledge constitutes the one class; all that is
knowable independently of sense experience- the a priori and the analytic- constitutes the other, and
is detenninable as true by reference to our meanings.

201

No~~ato~ eEWQLE~
Die Obersetzbarkeit in die forma/e Redeweise bildet den Prlifstein fUr
a//e philosophischen Siitze, oder allgemein: fUr a//e Siitze, die nicht der
Sprache irgendeiner Fachwissenschaft angehoren.
Rudolf Camap '

anq to v6ruw Xal tl]

q:n)on tou vornwtoc;, 8EWQLE<; nou blEXblxouv 6AE<; oxEMv tov EJLL~l]AO tLtAO
tl]c; "xA,amxl)c;". E[-lEL<; bEV ea xatamaotoU[-l [-l OAE<;- aut6, UAAWOt ea l)tav JLQaxnxwc; aMvato - out ea EL[-taot E~avtA,nnxoL one; avacpogtc; [lac; axgo8Lywc; ea
E~EtaooU[-lE, 6oc; E~EtaooUf-lE, mQlOQl~Of-lEVOl i'>E o Mo f-l6vo ngay[-lata: ngwtov,
oto va mQlygacpou[-l tov nugl)va tl]c; xa8 8EWQLac;, nou ngay[-tatU6[-taot- xm o
autl) tnv nagaygacpo xm one; EJLOf-lEVE<;, xavovtac; E~aLQE<Jl] otn "i'>lnAl)" 8EWQLa tou
Wittgenstein, 6Xl f-lOVO Myw ngoowmxl)c; JLQOtL[-ll]OlJ<;, aA,A<i XUQLW<;, blOtll] 8EWQLa
autl) t6oo f-lEOa oto Ef-lJLHQWnx6 I [-ltacpumx6 JLAEy[-la tou Tractatus LogicoPhilosophicus 6oo xm oto avtL8Et6 wu nMy[-ta twv c:t>Aooocptcwv Eowvwv2 anotOAE2: E>EQPIE2: EXOYN KATA KAIPOYL CllUTUJLW8EL YUQW

CARNAP, Logische Syntax der Sprache, o1.. 241.

fw 'tT]V fVO'tT]'tU 'tT]<; <jlLAOOO<plac; W\J Wittgenstein ~/..KENNY, Wittgenstein, OfA. 255m.

202

0Z

Sow'li~ON om DJOm
-3E) (i.X.13(}J AlllTDX DJOm3E) (i.K1iJOdJXJit V AU1 3'lirtOD1AA3DOihr D8 D13X3MD i\3 5mD?'liY
"13~J;>ocbm3'li 01 Sro1r9 1019 '13~)/ocb

-D13'li 111'DX 111'DA13 11 )/OOcD 38)/X 13~)0(1)/\A DA 31Df!l '53101?1 5?X1AO'( 513Df!JAA 3'li 1380
-1'(10 5D1AOX? 1DX )/'('(D 'OlD(,lOA rt01QX11(l)D00ll 0150A3'liQrt31D1ll'li3 '010~1lt8D1'D rl01
QX1DD(l)'(A 01 5D1AO(,l31D01D113 101~ '5m3Df!JAA rlOAQ'( )/13'li 13~)/0cDD13'li DA 1'DA13 UD38
-QOll rlO)OllO rl01 '~1DDOcDD13'li i\01 ArlOO?cDD1({A3 rtOll DA13X3 XJ13'lilto D1 3'lirt0~1101A3
DA OlD 'A0031(,l3({

'mx '-

~1DDOcDD13'li i\01 D1A 013'(DA03 QX1AO'( 01D1QOOcDDOOll 13'(

Bldt!80 :Wl VWHON l dtlll B I VVV!l 10

eEWQLE~ tOU No~~ato~

Bei den einzelnen, den unergiinzten Sprachen niimlich ist ihr Gemeintes
niemals in relativer Selbststiindigkeit anzutreffen, wie bei den einzelnen
Wortem oder Siitzen, sondem vielmehr in stetem Wandel begriffen, bis
es aus der Hannonie all jener Arten des Meinens als die reine Sprache
herauszutreten vennag. So lange bleibt es in den Sprachen verborgen.
Wenn aber diese derart bis ans messianische Ende ihrer Geschichte
wachen, so ist es die Vbersetzung, welche am ewigen Fort/eben der
Werke und am unendlichen Auf/eben der Sprachen sich entzilndet,
immer von neuem die Probe auf jenes heilige Wachstum der Sprachen
zu machen: wie weit ihr Verborgenes von der Offenbarung entfemt sei,
wie gegenwiirtig es im Wissen um diese Entfemung werden mag.

Walter Benjamin 1

IIPQTH "KAALIKH" IIEPI NOHMATOL 0EWQLa dvm lJ AvacpoQLXrj E>ewQia

(reference theory), 11 onoLa- 1-lJtOQOOOUIJ va nou!J e&il JtQOE/;ayyef..nxa- avi}an6 E>EwQLa tou Noi]~J,atot; (theory of meaning) oe E>EwQLa tllt; AvaqJOQ<it; (theory of
reference). At; JtaQOU!J, 6!J,Wt; ta JtQUY!l<lta an6 tl]V <lQXiJ xm 1-A tll OELQU tout;.
To ~i]tlJ!J,U tlJt; avaq;oQa~ (reference/ reference/ Bezeichnung/ riferimento I
OTHOIIIeHHe) anotef..d w)Lxi] JtEQLntWOlJ tlJt; yevLx6tEQlJt; <pLA.oooqm<i]t; EQEuvat; xm
!J,EAEtlJt; yUQW an6 tLt; OXEOELt; JtOU CllJ!J,LOUQyouvtm !J,Eta;u tWV M;ewv xm tOU x60!J,OU, xaOoot; OtQE<jlEtm YUQW an6 tO EQOOtlJ!J,<l JtOOt; dvm 6uvat6v va XQlJOL!J,OJtOLOU!J,E tlJ 1~J,La yf..ooooa, yLa va ~J,Lf..i]oou~J,E JtEQL "nQay~J,<itwv" nou 6ev dvm yf..ooooa,

H
xOl!

ea

BENJAMIN, Die Aufgabe des Vbersetzers,

204

oEA.. 69 rn.

~oz

vwrl/,:pou T?~ ?V" m~:wp [u;p mvrl9tt9 T?~ tt~ Sg Scp tt13AJY 5J3"0910rllf(( o~[W~ T?~V)J 'MTJJorlr; Swy
-{tyyp tt(p~ tt!lJM'fJlC lf~CJ-V If tt?~Di!, 0'!} VJrl {9UttXjll '1lVrl9tt9 pl tt(l13ttpXt!l!l tt01orlg 03lCJ3lCi! 'vrlkpolC
f?l ?V" lf9 1Vl3DJ3 - vrl!..pou f?l 031Ltt91o ?9 1w'i - tt1lD~ tt91o vrlottg f?l Y9J3 51l ttp((13lC~ Scp 'S13t!

-n 39tt910l f(l '3Y(!WO)J p 'opt! Sroofx :;~-p C)P :m J 6 'Soy(!WO)/ ':S:ONU.LVVIJ 1)X1lX13\IA3 ''(gou

'l

SI.Llil,tlD113 Sl,tx1liOi\.oown Sl,txmi\.(l)"{Ctgng Sllli1<!>0l.C Sll1llcltCt"{~Xni\.n l,tX11i\.X>lillo

1,tx1o13l.Cli3 X>Jli 13o~<bn"'n (I) lL <!>"'3 'l,txmoo<hooll"{l.C llli mx nJnxA.ni\.n X>138l,t"{n mi\.J3
(z) lL 119 3'li()-Ol.C X>i\. 3linoc;wool.Cli X>8 '5130~lOOlC 0()-9 511 5~1CI.X> Snli llclt91CCI. SX>1i\.OX3_
'9i\.103A.CI.V i\.013li 1X>13~J1Ctn1 59i\.103A.CI.V 0

(Z)

UOX>190l.C 1\.Ul 3li llliCI.i\.<!>MO 1"01\.J3 X>i\. 13l.C~Ol.C

U1J03lCOOlCV i\.013li 1X>13~J1CI.X>l 59i\.103A.CI.V 0

(I)

UOX>l90l.C lL 3191 '591Ctn 5009 913~~liOi\.O CI.Ol.C 'Oi\.3liJ3X11i\.X> 01 1X>i\.J3 C\.009 591\.3
nlill9i\. 01 i\.~3 mx ' .. ll1J900<bV, llll,ti\.X>"{l.C i\.01l,t9X>"{U9 ' .. ll1J03lCOOlCV, i\.01 3li Oi\.3li
-pX111\.X> 019J 0113~~liOi\.O ..S9i\.103MV, 0 Xl.C i\.~3: '(;JA{:JTJUJJO]U{Un) JOX'0100dJoallyu
uri mx (Jf.rTJss;J:>;Ju) 10JVXA.VAV mx 1X>i\.J3 ni\. 13l.C~ol.C JO'li01iJCtXD1 Smll191CI.X>l J03l.C 10
10"{9 :SnJ<b000"{1<h Sll1 Spli01 S')-Ol.C10"{ 5CI.01 9l.CX> SX>OO<!>"{A. Sll1 mnlil,t"{gOOlC ~x1<boo
-0"{1<b X>l i\.')-08(l)i\.Oli01CX> X>i\. 1"01\.J3 O"{OX0()-9 009l.C 01 5311\.~l.C 5CI.01 9l.CX> Oli10J0(l)i\.A.X>i\.X>
mx S~<bno ~1019nx 39 5(l)1i\.91l.C1l.C'li3onl.C s~oo<hni\.n SI.L1 Somlil,t"{gool.C CI.Ol Di\.l,tOCI.lC
i\.010 1X>13()-tDX>i\.X> Somlil,toN CI.Ol X>JO(l)38 l,tX100<hX>i\.V 1\.Ul 3li nlill"{g90l.C 01J01 0.1
Sl,t9Ct3clt 1,t Sl,tell"{n 5(1) J38A.3"{3 X>i\. 'no~ 'mx J39llli11x3 n"' pool.Cli n"' 31D<!> 'i\.0101
-~1 (wrep) 9rfmaaXm J3"{310l.CX> i\.39 Snli S9mliA.J39X>OX>l.C CI.Ol 1\.(l)l~rloi\.o S9lionCt9Mo
o .Cto11,tomo~mx i\.1!1 mx olio9x i\.01 3li ~x1nXo 11~x 13l.C X>i\.l,t (uo!J.I;JSSTJ) llDAVdJ91tlJ
130l,tA.iJCI.01lill9 X>i\. 310<!> '101~ ' ..Siloll,tlillV 'lli\.~~CI."{OIJ 'SOA.0<!>1J, X"{ 5(l)l.C9 '1\.(l)l~lioi\.O
59liOX>C1.9MO SUI\.~ J38U101CO'li10UOX X>i\. J300l.Cli '130<!>1l.C103l.C I.LO~l.C i\.3 'S<!>l.C 01 OOX>8~X3~
5<!>"{311\.3 1X>i\.J3 i\.39 :nlill"{g90l.C X>i\.~ 0"{"{~ mx 13XO~l.CCI. 'CI.Ol')-Ol 1\.X>O~l.C ~"{"{V nmli9i\.O .
5(1) 1X>1i\.OO~<b103l.C'liCI.O Ol.C901 X>i\.~9CI.O ,lUX 53JOlCO 10 ' .. CI.3<b, 01 ' .. X>X3i\.~, 01 ',,O~l.CCI.,
01 ' ..llli, 01 ' ..1X9, 01 ' ..1X>i\., 01 ' ..l,t, 01 ' .. mx, 01 Xl.C 5(l)l.C9 '513~~"{ i\.CI.OXO~l.CC\.119 01
1X>i\.J3 'Somlil,tON CI.Ol X>JO(l)38 1,tx1oo<bni\.V 1\.Ul 3'li()-08X390l.CX> Sl,tliA.11o SI.L ,<bn '1"013()-<b
-ni\.n CI.Ol.C 'nlill"{g9Cll.C Ol<!>Ol.C 0.1 S9Cl1llli-SnJO(l)38 Sll1 mll191X>03Xn 1\.lll 5(l)li913<h~ow
-X>lDX 'l,t1X1tD3 1X>i\.J3 X>i\. i\.3li J300l.Cli i\.<!>10(1)38 1X>X i\.(l)30~100l.C (l)O~li 1\.(l)JOl.CO 1\.(l)lUO(),"{
lL 'nmlil,t"{gool.C ~"{"{Ol.C '00910(1) 'J3A.OC1.01lill9 Somlil,tON CI.Ol X>JO(l)38 l,tX100<bX>i\.V H
Snli 530~li S1110X~li 'J39X39 13X~ CI.Ol.C S~X1110X S31X>19090<bo 511 ~OX>l.C '131\.
-<!>1g1l.C3 '(iiU{UTJ;JW JO AJO;)ljJ[TJ!JU;)J;)j;)J) 5011Jrf~ON {1,01 VJOW3(9 ~X100dJ1JII. v J38U"{X
-Ol.CX> X>i\. 30()-000l.Cli X>8 mx l"Oi\.(l)l~"{Il CI.Ol O'((tllJO)[ 1\.0lD 3XU8<!>l.CC1.1X>1901(l)Ol.C CI.Ol.C
'l,t1CI.X> X>JO(l)38 lL Sllll,tA.olionoool.Cni\.n 1,t l,tA.n"{"{X>OX>lC ll"{W 1\.Ul 3li 31J3 X>Jli ll1 3li 31J3:
Sll"{'>- st,tx1oo(l)"{A.(l)~3 Sll138o9ol.C l,tA.(l)A.no13 J3"{nxool.C '"'389 'noo<!>"{A. H u~~"{ u 13~~n
-01\.0 OJOlCO Oll,t J3X101D11i\.D OJOlCO OlD 'Oi\.3liJ3X111\.X> 01 1X>i\.J3 X>i\. 51!~~"{ SI.L1 X>lill9i\. 01
310<!> '101~ Oi\.3liJ3X11i\.X> X>i\.~ 13~~liOi\.O l,t Oi\.3liJ3X11i\.X> X>i\.~ 30 pX10lD11i\.X> 39 U~?"{ 38~X
'i\.(1)3~?"{ JO'liOX>C1.9MO 1X>i\.J3 5130~l00l.C 10 l,tlCI.X> X>JO(l)38 Ul 3li Ui\.(l)tDli'),~ Somlil,tON
CI.Ol X>JO(l)38 mx Jli\.X>l.C i\.3 30()-0lD1i\.CI.O X>JOlCO lL 'S~oo<bX>i\.V Sll1 X>JO(l)38 .. lli\.OA.91(l)Ol.C,
'nlill1<!>03 (l)i\.~l.CX>OX>l.C OlD llollli\.~l.Cn Sl,t"{311\.3 J3809 X>i\. CI.01UOM8()-31X>X
Sool.C 3i\.1A.~ CI.Ol.C 'X>013l.C9l.CX> Ul<!>Ol.C H !oli09X 9X100(l)"{A.(l)~3 1\.0lD i\.CI.OXI,ti\.D ~"{"{X>
1\.Ul 30(1)080~

1\.Ul

:WlVWHON .\01 BW138 H)[!3VI H IV)[ H)[ldO<I>VNV H

90Z
.. ~031d:> 13X? 500DA~ll 0, 5130~1001! 10 A.~3: :Dmri~H1)03 D8rt0'{9XD D11DX 1DA13 DlX
-rt3d:>91!DAV ~13?'{ 5<;>l10XD 11 3191 ' .. 9A103A.rty A.01 3rl1Dl3~11rtDl 59A103A.rty 0, 119
13?'{ A.3Q )!11031!001!V A.013ri1D13~11rtD1 59A.103A.rty 0, UOD1901! u '5U011!31D1~1(1)03
'A.~3: ~UOA.Dd:>91!D 139XDOD1! DA. pool!rl 5<;>1'{'{D 5<;>1! ~5130A.~d:>Ol!D 30 3rlc;weXD DA. 3rl

-c;taool!rl 5<;>1''{'{D 5<;>1! '31DDri9ADfjriD'{11A.D 0101!0 A.011DX 3rlc;ta~ rt01!9 '0rl09X A.01 3rl
~X113XO 5130A.~d:>Ol!D 3rirtOO~A0rt01riUQ DA. A.(l)A?ri13X11A.D A.(1)1~riOA.O c;tariODrtQA.rtO D1Q

3rl(),OlDA.rtQD '1D1~1(1)03 'A.~3: "rtOO~'{XO'{O ~3 3riD11!10001!D A.U1 A9Xrt1 A.~3 'A.DlA.OA.')-'{

D8 119 ~ 5~1rtD 5D10(1)38 5u1 5ro1~10D~3A.D 01A.<;)M3A3 D8 A.3Q 119 UD3891!rt u ~ ~Xoq
-DODl! u UA.?ri'{Dd:>03 5<;>'{311\3 A.Dl~ D8 ~'{'{D '5omrl~ON rt01 D10(1)30 ~X100d:>DA.V A.U1
91!D A.3rl A.rt011!()-XDA.D '(l)A.~l! 011! 3rlD011!01A.3 ct01! 'A.(1)1~riU'{fj001! 53Q~rio 31A.?1! 10
"5Drl 9rl01ortXD1 9X11XOD1!rt 9X11UA.OD A.01 ~Qct3cfL
A.rtOXA?'{3 DA. rtOA?ri13X001! '1D1A.DlD1d:>ct DA. 131!?01! (D8) '5ro1Dl3l '~1rtD DlDriA.~Ol! Dl
5rorl9 .A.<;)1rtD A())09 A())l DriU9A 01 A(tOY3101CD DA DlDriA.~Ol! DA.3ri90U80DriOAO Dl '91
-ctD 011DX 031!9 '~ D1DriA~01! ~X103rl MWD9riOAO DA ~X11DDXADA.D 131!?01! ..5D1'{'{DJ
5U1 5(),3'{10Dg ArtN, 1DX .. 500DA~ll .. 1009 10 3191 '1DlA.DlD1d:>rt A.3<;? .. 5D1'{'{DJ 5u1 5(),3'{
-10Dl A.rtN, 0 ~ .. 500DA~ll, 0 119 3rl()-01! DA. 01 - UOD1901! u 'A.110?1rt01 '1D13A.<;)1Dri
-UOM3 A.~3- DriU9A13X? A.~3 '11919 '01(),011DX '(W!T3[J {T3!1Ud}SfXd dA[JT3JidU dnJJ) 9ri1J10

-nXm

9X11xomra 9X11UAov 9Meuyv ADA? 13o~A.o'{01DX1Q DA uo?e 3o 1DA1J A39 5omri

-~ON rt01 D10(1)30 ~X100d:>DAV

H ~Drict311'{01! 9X1XODA.Ori 13X? A.3<;? D}'{'{Dj u 1:19 ctOA?ri

-0<;?3<;? ' .. 590XD'{Dd:> 1DA.1J 5D1'{'{Dj 5u1 5(),3'{10Dl ActA. 0 , UOD1901! u 13X? DriU9AJ11DX

~9X18rtri A.O 1DA.1J 500DA~ll o 119 rtOA?riOQ3<;? .. ~031d:> 13X? 500DA~ll 0, UOD1901! uDlDriA1JQDOD1! ~X10D'{X 0()-Q Dl 3rl()-0803'{DX11!3 DA. D1 A - 13X? DriU9A. 1.L .OA.3rl1JX11A.D
DA.?A.DX pX101D11A.D A.3Q 5rt0101!0 5rtOlD '10X100d:>DA.D ~X1A.3riOA.1Dd:> 1009 A.rtOXO~l!rt
119 91D(l)A.A 1DA.13: " (..tpns-puu-4~ns

d4l,) .. 50101?1-1DX-50101?1 0,

rtOl!()-1 rt01 A.rtOA~

5130~0d:> 5?X11DriOA.O '(SUO!Jd[J:JSdp d}[U!JdP) 5?dJDOA1031t 5?X111J100 53A.3ri(),O'{DX01!D

511 3ri1DX ~qD'{UQ 'D1Dri9A.O D10')-X 3rl- 5')-0X100d:>DA.D "QX1A.3rlOA.1Dd:> 5rt009 3ri 3rl
- ~'{1ri DA. (),01!10'{ ct0110A.3ri9~1001031! '531'{0XOrt<;? 53013803d:>DA.D (l)A."Ql!DODl! 511 53'{9

01!901 A.O'{'{"Q A.01 3rl ~ DA.? A.01 3rl 3rl(),Ofj031!rt ~ 500?ri "QlDX 3rlrt00?8 AD 1DX Dri9XD
'501Dri~ON rt01 D10(1)30 ~X100d:>DAV A.U1 91!D 1D13()-d:>DA.D DriU'{fJ901! 011!ri?1! OJ,

"DOrt0()-31(1)01! D1<;?1 A.U1 A.rtOX? DA. A9lDA.rtQ 1DA.1J A.3Q '91rtD 011DX
031!9 ~ 530ct0(),31(1)01! 5?X11300d:>mg A.rtOX? D113f)'{3: U 1DX D101Dcty U 119 13~10(1)A.A
AD 1DX Dri9XD 'ct01 ~OU8101!31! ~X1XOD A.U1 1JOUlD1<;? DA. A.(l)fj"Q01~ 5010')-X 0 '9lDA.rtQ
DO?l! 5<;> DO?l! 1DA.1J '3<;? rt01()-01 591X3: "D138~'{D A.U11DX DO"Q 'DriU9A. 0113A.<;)10'{'{D

LOZ
m OZ "'{3D 'ilUfJJ;Jj;}?J. UQ 'NOS!\\ VNl.S
"1!3 L9l "'{3D 'AlJdOSOf!l/d f11:J!J1JW;Jlfl11W
OJ UO!J:>npOJJUJ '113SS!lN rt01 OAO? 539C!J1'{3TI38 01 9llD (SUO!ld!J::>S;}Q) Ji\X 01l)'{~cD3X 01 ~X113XD "'{8

17

-dj&J) {l,XUJOdJXJAXJ l.t 1DX (dAqnq[JJJll) {l,X11D1001qD001t l.t ;,\(yld:>DOA1031J: M))X110100

A(l)l S130I}.OX A<:y><;m 0~9 MtOX0)/1J:rt119 S9AOA3A 01 A~OOOOXm 100319d:l'rlD 11919 'A<:y>d:>
-DOA1031J: A<:ylX110100 A(I)A?'lirt31Drt0'{1J:XJ031J:rt A(l)l D91AD1J: AUl 91J:D MtOA.~d:>3~ DA MtOA
-O?ffiDlDX A39 UOSi\\llllS 0 1DX 009 II;}SSn"M 0 0091119 )30(1)38 Ullii;}UUOQ

s l{l!;})l 0

S?Qrt3clt 3113 S?8U'{D 3113 :- 3101!1}.9110 - 1l"i/X 131 DA 13A))X

-A.rtlOlJ:D 119 13A)D'lil.to rtOlJ: D'liA)/01! 'ltOD1901J: 3101!1}.9D101J:O 130I}.'li09 DA 13A))XA.rtl01J:D
S<:y>'{l!D ))'{'{D 'ltOD1901J: 1}.9rt3clt 13A(I)ffiX3 }A39rt0 ,1!3 '13803d:>DAD DA 13A)/XArtl01J:D 'Altl
SmA<:y>A(I)ffix3 uonoffix? (I)AJ!l!nonu Altl 131ouon10uox rtou so1ouJ~x AJ/3 '119 no31
-91<1913 13AJD'lil.to 91rt y vSl.t1 Sl}.ol.tA<:y>d:>x3 Sl.t1 S130J!lD1031 S11 1DX OA90X 01 Soou 130
-l}.lODMtO A3 S(l)'li9 3101A)/1J: 'Dl(1)0901 DOOd:>)/19 30 13803ffiDAD DA D1A 'A0101J:))X 91CD
}38U101J:O'li10ltOX DA 13001J:li '130?d:>DAD A39 l}.lrtD8DX 119AO'{O'li '.,SD)'{'{Dj Sltl S~3'{10
-Dg MtA

o, (UOfSSdJdxd) ltovodJx9 l.t A9lrtD ,mx .Sl.tonod:>x? Sl.t1 Sl.tol}.oX mx Sl.tonod:>x?

~~Dl3'li rtOO?l3 ,d:>D mx 'Sl.tom901 Sl.t1 Sl.tol}.oX mx Sl.tom9ol ~~Dl3'li A31i S9A3 ,d:>D
UD10X))19 Ul 131!?'{)DOD1J: 'UOSi\\llllS :I'd rtOl I}.X1110X AUl 3'li DA(I)ffili~O 'II;:>SSn"M

(SDJ'{'{Dj Sltl S~3'{10Dg DO<:yll 1DA13 A39 01(1)0901 9X1Drtd:> DA?ADX :) Sltl SrtO'{?XO
rtOl<:ylOl! rtOl Smlt199rt3cjt Sltl (I)A9'{ Sl}.9rt3(jt 1Dl3XA.?'{3 ltOD1901! l}.lrtD SI}.'{3X019U 90X
-n'{nd:> mA13 (z) rtou 1nx snn'{nJ su1 S~3'{1ong mA13 (I) rtou ou(l)o9ou 9x1ortm o1ou
-J;>X 13XO))l!rt 'UOD1901J: l.t 1Dl3A<:yllJ:rtlD19 D)Ol0 AUl ))lDX '1}.1iA.110 I}.X1AOOX Ul119UOU8
-}Ol31 1}. mlt191Dg3g AOA91i mx S<:y>'{l!D 13AJD'lil.to S90XD'{Dd:> 1DA13 SD)'{'{DJ Slt1 SJ;>1'{
-10Dg MtA 0 119 S(I)301}.8101!31J: S9'li011D'liltXo o 1}. SD1U191Dl3g l.tonod:>X? l.t II;:>SSn"M AOl
D1j SI}.9rt3(jt 1DA13 DlU19X11D'liAD01J: AUlD So}Ol0 0 '91i01ortX01 Som'lii}.OA l.tOI}.'{l! ADA?
3'lirtOO<:yl080D DA 131!?01113 SD'li 'S90XD'{Dd:> 1DA13 SD)'{'{Dj Sltl S~3'{10Dg MtA 0 119 13A
-<:y>mg3g Sn'li rtou 'l.tom901 39 l.t 'l.toltlAJ!l!D 13X? A39 .. ~. SD)'{'{DJ Slt1 S~3'{10Dg MtA o,
13':W'liOAO D'liA)/01!

U, UOUl<:yl03 A31i l.t l}.lrtD U0?8 Ul 3'li

DA(I)d:>'li~3: . ArtOAJ;>'lil.to DA mx

A~OOOlJ:li A~08D100 DA 1DX 31910 'A(I)A?'liOA1DffirtArtO ~0101 (WA9ri10K3Kttrw 131J:DAD1J:

'rtOA?'liD100 S91A3 A~080Dl3~3 A)/3 'OA91i A~OlXOlJ:D D'liU9A .D'liU9A MtOX? A39 'SOlA
-O'{'{J;>)1031 ~OX1A3'li13X S(l)ll}.lOD~3AD 1DX DA?-DA? A~08UO(I)38 A)/3 '))lrtD D'{Og'li~O
Dl .D'{Og'li~o 1}.'{31D ))ODlJ: 0'{'{)/ 3101!)11DA13 A39 S?d:>DOA1031J: S?X110100 10 J;:>SSn"M
pUllllJ;}f[ AOl ))lDX 119 SDlAOA?'{ 3'lirtOOI}.A1X3~ D8 '- l}.lDDOd:>Dl31i AOl O[;)UJO X;} A~O'{
-OXODlJ:D rtOlJ: 'DlD'lil}.'{)001 - ))lrtD DlD'lil}.'{)001 DlD S130~'{ S3A31i9A131001J: A(I)A9'{
-OOO(I)'{A 1DX A(l)ffi900'{1d:> A(I))Dd:>rtOOX 1}.1i009Mt0 Ul 31i 31irt0~18 DA SD1A<:yl8D1J:OOOU
'S3)0(1)38 ))OOd:>DAD AUl 31i
S?X113XO S11 S3'{9 )/'{'{D 'Som'lii}.ON rtOl D}0(1)30 I}.X100d:>DAY AUl OA91i A~O'{OXODlJ:D
A3 9 DlD'lil}.l(l)03 ))lrtD u 9 <:y>1'{31i3 8 DJ. ~SI}. 9 rt3clt 1DA13 119 1}. Sl}.elt'{D 1DA13 110, ~U031~39
ltl mA. 31i~01J: D8}1 '39 'D1381}.'{Y ~SI}.9lt'{D 1DA)3 S130))1001J: S?lrtD 0~9 S11 91J:D ltl<:y>Ol!

l.t rt0}3X101D SOA}l13'li))MV ~1DlAOO?d:>DAD S<:y>g10XD 11 30 '- S31Ul91AO s(l) 'SO'{'{))

0 31~0 13X0)/1J:rt SDA? 0 31~0 A0098DX - DX1010}1AD SD)'{'{Dj Sltl D?'{10Dg Arti\ A011DX
OODAI}.ll AOlD 1DlAOO?ffiDAD A39 ..S90XD'{Dd:> 1DA13 SDJ'{'{Dj Sltl S~3'{10Dg ArtA

o, 1DX

WlVWHON AOl BWJ38 H)!!::! VI H IV)! H)!JdO<PVNV H

Juirwv (proper names) . To ng6~A.n~-ta <JtQEcpEtm yugw an6 to EQWtl]J-la Eav ta xuQLa ov6~-tata txouv anA.wt; avacpoQa 1} xarab1}A.wa7] (reference or denotation) i) Eav
exouv, nA.nv auti)t;, xm ewow 1} avvb1}A.wa7J (sense or connotation). TIA.i)Qwt; Lxavo-

rtOLl]tLxi) anavtnon OEv un<lQXEL. Eav 8EwQi)<JOUf-lE 6n ta xugLa ov6~-tata xata6nA.wvouv J-lEV, aA.A.a 6Ev ouv6nA.wvouv, Sa ~QE8ouJ-lE avayxaanxa- J!Etal;u aA.A.wv
noA.A.wv rtQayJ-tatwv - avn~-ttwnoL J-lE on6i)notE acpoQa tl]V taut6tl]ta, nt; mnm8i)oELt; XaL tOUt; aQVl]tLXOUt; UrtaQXtLXOUt; LOXUQLOJ-lOUt; EUV, JtUAL, L<JXUQL<J80UJ-lE
6n ta xugLa ov6~-tata 6La8ttouv nA.nv tl]t; avacpogat; xm vvma, auto~-tatwt; ~-tat;
tL8EtaL to EQWtl]J-la JtOLU aXQL~Wt; dvm l] EVVOLa EVOt; OEOOJ-lEVOU XUQLOU OVOJ-latot;,
EQwtnJ-ta, ato onoto 6Ev tmQLa~EL xa~-tJ-tta anavtnon, OL6tL xa8E~-tLa rtQ6taon XWQLata dtE a) rtQoocpQEL cpmvOJ-lEVLxa ouv8Enxt; aA.i)8ELE~ wt; avaA.unxt;, i) ~) xa8Lota tl]V Emxmvwvta ngaxnxwt; aMvatn J-lE to va anmtd 6nwt; tva 6vo~-ta EXEL
OLacpoQa voi)J-tata EV avacpoga rtQOt; OLacpoQa ng6awna xm <JE 6Lacpoga XQOVLxa
Ol]J-lELa, i) y) rtaQUYEL Of-lOLa naga6ol;a OUJ-lllEQUOJ-lata yLaut6 XaL 0 Searle JtQOtELVEL tl] A.uon tou ngo~A.iJ~-tatot; J-lEOW tl]t; El;atOJ-lLXEU<Jl]t; tl]t; J.Wvabtxl}~ AELTOVQyia~
(unique function) twv XUQtwv ovo~-tatwv otn yA.wooa.
Mta, mtol]t; "xA.amxi)", mgt voiJ~-tatot; 8EWQta dvm n A.fYOJ-lEVl] Ibei:xl} BewQia (ideational theory), n onota aguEtm tl]V xataywyi) an6 tl]V AvacpOQLXi)
8EWQta, xa8wt; nQoana8d va mgwwoEL, av OXL to YQUJ-lJ-la, touA.axLotov to nvEuJ-la t'Y]t; tEAEutatat;. H 8EWQLa sEXLVU an6 tl]V nagati)Ql]<Jl] 6n, EVW OEV unagxouv 0
J!U8Lx6~ Ili)yaoot; xm o vuv ~a<JLA.Eut; tl]t; raA.A.tat;, unagxouv avavtLQQi)twt; OL LOEt; ttat; t6oo yLa tOV eva 6ao xm yLa toV aA.A.ov. H IOE"Lxi) 8EWQLa tOU Noi)J-tatot;,
nou ~QL<JXEL tl] Ql]ti) 6Latunwoi) tl]t; oto gyo tou John Locke, MxEtm 6n to v6n~-ta
J-lLat; Ml;nt; Etvm n L6a nou nagayEL n A.l;n ato vou twv OJ-lLAl]twv J-lLat; yA.waaat; 7
yLaut6 xm n 8EWQta tou Noi)J-tatot; avayEtm <JE an/..6 xA.a6o tl]t; <l>LA.ooocpLxi)t; WuxoA.oytat;, <Jtl]V WuxoA.oyta tOU Nou.
5 DONNELLAN, Reference and Definite Descriptions, oEA.. 281 m. Kan't wv ouyyQa<pta o f!EV Russell
ayvod xm autl\v ax6[!a tl]V ava<poQtXT\ XQT\OlJ twv OQtonx<ilv JtEQtyQaqJ<ilv, o OE Strawson, EVW ava yvwQ l~n w; ava<poQtXE XQT\OEL, 6Ev tt 6taxQlvn oa<p<il an6 tt JtQOOOtoQtottXE, o6l]you[!EVO
tot oE w<paA.[!tva OU[!JtEQOO[!ata oxEnxa f!E to nou aJtavtatm tA.A.wjJl] ava<poQ<l xm lJ ouvax6A.ou9T\ tl] tA.A.et1Jlll tt[!T\ aA.l]9Ela.

6 SEARLE, Proper Names, OEA.. 166 EJt.

7 LOCKE, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, oEA.. 37: Words, in their primary or immediate
signification, stand for nothing but the ideas in the mind of him that uses them.

208

60Z

u<Jllun){J<JW<J8 <Jl[JS!lJdosof!lJd 'NI3~SN3!:>1..1Ii\\ no1 noJ..o~ ct0198 I SuSoo]octx '!a

"98 "'(30 '<Jllp<J{Ir\OU)f UllWnH JO S<Jfd!JU!Jd 'A313)[~3 8

6
8

"01D'f90HX OA3ri9ll3 5(l)O?riD OlD 5qlA31X3 3Tic;toeo3d>DAD ne 5omril,tOA J031C

U!;)lSU;)~ll!A\ CW1 513cft91CD 5110 r)'fY.V 610d>009'(1d> 10 DlDril,tOA DlO 130?8DAD MtoX? 5(1)
-3099DOD1C X3 ctOlC 5?'(0100lro 511 5DO?l.C 30 MOO?d> Di\ 1\.l).OOOl.Cri J"-39Cl0 ,ll3 '5130r)Od>X3
53A?ri10X3XACl0 3Ti 01U'(f}r)13riD 01C901 3Ti Ac;l080113XOctO Di\ i\.DOc;lOOOl.Cri D8 53?91 53A?ri
-10X3XMO c;lOlCO 'UO(l)11CJ031C AUlD 1DX Dri9XD 1191DX i\(l)A?riOA1Dd> A(!)X100(l)'(A i\(l)1J09
-oMo 10JDXct1 5(!)'(3li\3 1DAJ3 53?9110 119 J30(l)38 5oJ01Co o 'U!;}lSU;)~ll!A\ 50XJ909ctoy
0 Di\(!)1D 90Z AOlD 30UXOr) AU1 5omril,tON ct01 DJO(l)38 l,tXJ.391 AUlD l,tX1110X l,tOU'(XO
011C AU.L "s9AU'(DXD l,t 5?'(3X00011,t 00ct3'(1C901 31c;l0 011\.(!)M'(griD l,t 011\.(!)Act~O l,t 01A(!)A08
-00 31c;l0 1DAJ3 Al,tri Di\ ctOlC l,t9D'(U9 ctOA(!)A101 59A3 '5(!)X1i\3A ctOA(!)A101 ct01 D?91130J1Dri
- uXo DA J3001Cri i\.39 501C(l)08Ar) 5pADX r)'('(D 'DriU9A 13X? DA ..OA(l)AJ01 01 A3ri, J3001Cri
119 3~139?1CD (s-e;Jpf {fJJ;JU;Ji/) M}J3q1 A(]JX1A3A i\.(1)1 ucftU'('(c;tO UlD A;)[d)fJ;}S: ct0JA0(l)3j ct01
l,tX1110X 39 u 'A(!)1A(l)A 9ri910D O'(r)A3ri c;t'(Ol.C 3ri l,t 53JA(l)A WOll,t

1001 3ri 5omril,l.Xo ct09

-?l.C1ll3 59A3 DA9X13 l,tX11UOi\ U1 91CD r)X1li\DriUO 130?d>D19 i\.39 ct0i\(!)AD1'(1X 59A3 DA9X13
l,tx11UOA u 119 5?d>Do 30UlD?1DX ctOJ0310D)J cto11,tx111ox l,t1ctD ucftol.Cr) AUlD l,tx11ct'(D1DX

H "i\(l)A9X13 A(!)X11UOi\ DlDTiAJ3901Cct 5(1) 53?91 5111D13X?9 ucftol.Cr) i\(!)391J031C l,tX10D'(X H

!O.LVWHON .\0.1 Bld1l38 H)!!3VI H IV)! H)!JdO<!JVNV H

8EmQLE~ tou Aouoo~(xou Wittgenstein

Man denkt sich die Bedeutung a/s etwas, was uns bei dem Wort vorschwebt.
Was uns bei dem Wort vorschwebt charakterisiert jedenfa/ls die Bedeutung.
Was mir aber vorschwebt ist ein Beispiel, ein Fall der Anwendung des
Worts. Und das Vorschweben besteht niche eigentlich darin, daB, wenn
immer ich das Wort ausspreche oder hare eine bestimmte Vorstel/ung
gegenwartig ist, sondem daB mir, wenn ich nach der Bedeutung des Wortes
gefragt werde, Anwendungen des Wortes einfallen.

Ludwig Wittgenstein 1

IKHN EI2.:AfQfH2.: l.:TO BEMA, ac; boU!-1 Tllla AEEL o Aou00{3(xoc; ICOO'l']cp I<.OOVVl]t;
Wittgenstein ( 1889-1951) m:o 116To amou mu XEcpaA.a(ou. Mac; A.Eu 6n 8WQOU!l TO
v6n11a oav x<'m, nou 11ac; EQXELaL ow vou, 6rav ai!OVf.l TTJ Ai!;TJ. 0, n gar; EQXTm aro
vov, 6rav ai!OVf.l TTJ Ai!;TJ, aacpaAwc; ~m xaoai!T1JQi~t EV n6.a11 nQt:rrrdJal ro v6nf.la.
AU6. 6,n 11ac; EQXTm aro vov, ivm anAwc; eva naQ6.15tYf.la, f.lW nQi:rrtwan EcpaQf.loy/Jc;
rnc; A.E!;nc;. A vr6 15, nov aov EQXTm aro vov, ar7JV ngay{lart~6r1]Ta &v avviararat aro
axnf.laTtaf.l6 {ltac; naaraanc; ~6.0 cpooa nov 1CfJEQtc; rj a~m)c; rn Ati!;n, aU6. aro 6n,
6rav a owrrjaovv ro v6nf.la rnc; A!;1Jc;, aov eoxovrm aro vov & 6.cpoQc; xorjalc; rnc;2

I WIITGENSTEIN, Philosophische Grammatik, 75, OEA.. 118 EJt.

2 . H [.IEt:U(jJQUOTI Elvm t>Lxrj ~-ta<;.

210

01 IIEPI NOHMATOL KAl fA!UWI!AlfNIQN 8EQPIEL TOY AOYLIOB IKOY WITTGENSTEIN

0 Wittgenstein aJtOQQlJrtu TlJV lbc"Cx:i] 0WQla wu Nm'u.taLO~ xm TlJV avnxa8Loni !l TlJ cnxi] wu ecwQia rov Norjf.wror; wr; XQrjanr; (Bedeutung als Gebrauch I
meaning as use) 3: o JtQ006LOQLO~-t6~ LOU voi]~-taLO~ ~-tLa~ 660~-tEVlJ~ EX<pQaon~ ylvLm
6La LOU JtQ006LOQLO[!OU TOOO LOU TQOJtOU, !l LOV OJtOlO lj EX<pQaOlj ami] XQlJOL!lOJtOLElTaL OTlj y/..wooa, 000 XaL LOU aVLLXH!-LEVOU LOU QOAOU, JtOU 6La6Qa!laLll;,H OLlj
oxnvi] Twv yA.wooLxwv 6gaOLlJQLOTi]Twv w~ anM f!EQO~ ~-tLa~ oMxA.nQll~ f3wmcrjr;
f.WQcprjr; (Lebensform /form oflife)4 .

TigoLOu JtQOXWQi]oowc, wo16oo, OTlJ A.mLO~-tEQi] nagouolaon TlJ~ JtQl voi][!aLO~ 8WQla~ LOU Wittgenstein, JtQEJtH va 8wn80U[! OLL o f!EYUAO~ aUOTQLax6~ <pLMoocpo~

anoTEAEl ~-tova6Lxi] lOW~ JtQlmwon mnv Imog(a TlJ~ <I>LA.ooocpla~, xa8w~ O Mo 6La<pOQLLXE~ JtQL66ou~ LOU noA.UnA.ayxLOu ~lou LOU EMf!lJOE !l xagn JtEQLooi] xm Myo
lj6UO!lEVO OUO EVLEAW~ JtQWTOTUJta OUOTi][!aTa OXEt!Jlj~: LO OUOLlj[.ta TlJ~ AoytiW-IPtAOaocptxrjr; IIQay!larciar; ( Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, 1921) xm LO oumn~-ta Twv I:PtA.oaocptxwv EQEvvwv(Philosophische Untersuchungen, 1945-1949, 1953), nou OXL ~-t6vo
xa86QLOaV LL~ <pLAOOO<pLXE~ TUOH~ LOU 20ou mwva, a/../..a XaL JtOU LO JtQWLO XQLVETaL
aumnga an6 LO 6uTQO xm EV TEAH aJtOQQLJtTLm, nag6A.o nou, 6Tav LO EyQa<p (OLa
1918), i]Tav ~E~aLO~ yLa TlJV aTQUVLaXTlJ a/..i]8aa TWV XEl6LaLUJtOWEVWV aJtOtlJEWV
LOtf. 0 Wittgenstein anoTEAtl, EJtlOlJ~, ~-tova6Lxi] JtEQlJtLWOlJ yA.wooocpLA.oo6cpou nou
xm:a nv nagouolaon Twv EJtLXHQlJf!UTwv LOU 6v A.a~ava xa86A.ou un6t!Jn LOU Ta
JtOQlO!laTa Tlj~ OUyXQOVlj~ rAwoooA.oyla~, a/..M XaLaJtLUVELaL !!OVO !l Ta 8E~-taLa JtOU
cl; anaA.wv ov{Jxwv LOU "Eyvwgw" o MaxaM~ Tou, o noA.u~ Xlvo~ Bertrand Russell.
To JtQWL!lO EQYO LOU Wittgenstein, XUQlW~ 6~-tw~ o Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus,
ag8gwvL ~-t ucpo~ aoxnnx6 xm ~-t JtQOTaoa~ ALTE~, oxcMv mLyQa~-t~-taTLXE~, ~-tla
an6 n~ !lEyaA.uTEQ~ x.m aJtOLEAto~-taTLXOTQ~ JtQoxA.i]oa~ OLO xwgo TlJ~ <I>LA.ooo<pla~ LOU 20ou mwva. Me JtQOOEYYWlJ QLl;,OOJtaonxi] xm !l ~-t866ou~ aJt06LXLLXE~
XaL aJtOQlJLLXE~ 0 !lEYUAO~ <pLAOOO<pO~ aJtOYWVWVH Tlj <pLAOOO<pla, JtETUH ~-taXQLU

3 0Qoc; TTJV xmEuSuvoT] nuv rut6\j!Ewv wu Wittgenstein txouv XLVTJBEl xm 6.A.A.m qnMoocpoL xm yA.woooMyov JtQj3A. EvbELxnx6.: RYLE, British Philosophy in the Mid-Century, OEA. 255: To know what an
expression means is to know how it may and may not be employ ed NOWELL-SMITH, Ethics, OEA. 67:

4
5

Elucidating the meaning of a word is explaining how the word is used EVANS, On Meaning and
Verification, OEA. 9: The meaning of a word is simply the rules which govern its use, and to ask for its
meaning is to ask tor the rules STRA WSON, On Referring, OEA. 327: To give the meaning of an expression
( ... )is to give general directions for its use to refer or to mention particular objects or persons; to give the
meaning of a sentence is to give general directions for its use in making true or false assertions
wARNOCK, Verification and the Use of Language, OEA. 318: To know the meaning of a sentence is to
know how to use it, to know in what circumstances i ts use is correct or incorrect. ( ...)A sentence is
meaningful if it has a use; we know its meaning if we know its use.
Mla ouvorrnxlj !lEV, UAAU JtA!jQT] JtUQOUOlaOT] TWV 8EOEWV TOU Wittgenstein ()[vEL 0 WAISMANN, The
Principles of Linguistic Philosophy, ow xE<p6.A.mo "Meaning".
BA. TTJV JtQOtEAEUtala JtQ6t aOT] tou lli}OA6you tOll Oto EQyo: WITTGENSTEIN, Tractatus LogicoPhilosophicus, OEA. 10: ( ...) scheint mir die Wahrheit der hier mitgeteilten Gedanken unantastbar und
detlnifiv. Ich bin also der Meinung, die Probleme im Wesentlichen endgiiltig gelost zu haben. Und wenn
ich mich hierin nicht irre, so besteht nun der Wen dieser Arbeit zweitens darin, daB sie zeigt, wie wenig
dam it getan ist, daB diese Probleme ge/Ost sind.

211

tou Gottlob Frege xm tou Bertrand Russell, aA.M JtEQL umQ~anx6tT]tac;: JtEQL twv
6QWV tou xau1 n6aov eivm ovvarr) 'f/ yJ...dJaaa. H anavtT]OTJ 6t6etm f!EOW tT]c; avamuoo6[!EVTJ<; BeWQia~ T'f/~ Annx6VW'f/~ (Abbildtheorie), OVf!cpwva f!E tT]V onota otL6i]not 6ev dvm 6Lacpavo UJt6 to cpwc; tT]c; aA.T]8ouc; yA.womxi]c; A.oyLxi]c; xm tT]c; 6of,li]c;
twv cpQaoewv, aJtOQQLJttEtm aveu EtEQO'\J. EJtLOT]f,latvnm 6tL, rnn6i] TJ AoyLxi] 6, evro
annxovt~n tov x60f!O, ami] xaeami] tov umQ~tvn, acp' ev6c; TJ f!OVTJ unaQxouoa
avayxm6tT]ta dvm TJ J...oytxr) avayxm6r'f/ra (logische Notwendigkeit)?, xm acp' EtEQO'\J
6A.a 6oa O'\Jf!~atvouv otov x6of,lo, etvm rvxaiaB. TIQmtgw, mn6i] o Tractatus
Logico-Philosophicus JtEQLEXfL [!faa oto A.oyLx6 tou context JtQotaonc; oxnLxa f! tT]V
ovtoA.oyta xm tT] eewQta tT]c; yvrooT]c;, 6Lxatwc; o Wittgenstein anoxA.i]OT]xe ovroJ...6yo~.
8eWQ'f/TX6~ T'f/~ WOf-lOQcpia~, vneo{3anx6~ cptJ...6aocpo~ xm xovaroo~n{3wrr)q;.
Evt'\JJtWOWOf,tfVO<; 0 cpLAOOOcpoc; an6 to yeyov6c; 6n 0 OJtOLOOCi]JtOt av8QWJtO<;,
nov Of!LAEL f!La yA.roooa, etvm oe 8oT] va xataA.a~atvn JtQotaoHc; nov 6ev EXH axouon i] 6La~aon not oto naQeA.86v, 8tL (6nwc; f!OAL<; avacpQaf!E) otov Tractatus
Logico-Philosophicus- Qyo, OTJf!HWtov, UQQT]Xta ouv6e6f!EVO f! tov Aoytx6 A rof-lWf-l6 (Logical Atomism) to'\J Bertrand Russell 10 xm EnTJQWOf!EVO an6 nc; 6L6axc;

6 wmGENSTEIN, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, oeA.. 76: 6.13: Die Logik ist keine Lehre, sondem ein

Spiegelbild der Welt. Die Logik ist transzendental.

7 WITTGENSTEIN, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, oeA.. 81: 6.37: Einen Zwang, nach dem Eines geschehen

miiBte, wei/ etwas anderes geschehen ist, gibt es nicht. Es gibt nur eine logische Notwendigkeit.
8 wmGENSTEIN, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, oeA.. 82 rn:: 6.41: Der Sinn der Welt muB auBerhalb ihrer

/iegen. In der Welt ist alles, wie es ist, und geschieht alles, wie es geschieht; es gibt in ihr keinen Wert - und
wenn es ihn giibe, so hiitte er keinen Wert. Wenn es einen Wertgibt, der Wert hat, so muB er auBerhalb alles
Geschehens uns So-Seins liegen. Denn alles Geschehen und So-Sein ist zufEillig. Was es nichtzufEillig macht,
kann nicht in der Welt liegen, denn sonst wiire dies wieder zufEillig. Es muB auBerhalb der Welt liegen.
9 BA.. STEGMOLLER, Ludwig Wittgenstein a1s Onto/age, Isomorphietheoretiker, Transzedentalphilosoph
und Konstruktivist, oeA.. 116 rn.
10 BA.. tTl ouUoyi] aQ8Qwv tou Bertrand RUSSELL, Philosophy of Logical Atomism, passim, 6nou xm
O!!oA.oyouvtm XUQLtE otov q:>OLtT]ti] tou Aoul)o~txo Wittgenstein. 0 Russell A.eyovta "A.oyLx6"
("logical") EWOEL 6n OLa !!EOOU tT] avaA.UOT], Xat LOLW !!E tT] OUVOQOI!i] tT] tt5avtx1jq DOJ1.1jq (ideal
structure), nou 11a JtaQEXEL Tl avllf3oA.tx1j A.oytx1j (symbolic logic), etvm 6uvat6v va avaxaA.ucp8ouv oL
eewA.uoonq aA.1)8neq (fundamental truths), JtOU wxuouv W JtQO 1T] AELtOUQy(a 6A.wv 't(J)V yA.woo<.Ov,
xm 6n Tl ev Myw anoxaA.u\jJTJ ea odxvn xat6mv tTl 8E!1EA.LW6TJ 6o11iJ autou nou JtEQLYQ<lq:>EL Tl yA.<.Oooa A.eyovta bE "atoi!LOI!O" ("atomism") o Russell EQXHat va e!;aQEL 1T]V LOLa(tEQT], 1T]V axQL~i] xm
atQEJttT] (j)UOT) tWV OUI!JtEQUO!!U1WV, 01a OJtO(a xacaA.i]youv OL avaA.uOEL toU- OJtW, UAAWotE, XaL
OL avaA.uOEL tOU (j)LAOU toU, toU Wittgenstein.

212

IZ
Aoo3cft?XD A001 5m1o9x o '5mi!19X110rlt..oo:u 51!1 5orlo9x o '\trloq (udloorl901) ut..owAn mwwJdln 'm9A
-o,\.3,\. l'J11l'JX l'J1Drit..J)O:u l'J1 MO~)OO ctOl! 'i\ro}3X101D i\ro11l'JX 'UoD19Cll! \IX1AO"( 1!1 N}Orloq ctOl! 'i\ro}3X1010
A001 (l.~l'J13W (u;JtpllSlllJ) l'Jl9AOt..3t.. ~xunrlt..oo:u n1o mx mnrlt..~o:u n1o une~1<;?A3 1DAJ3 no:u '\trloq \IX
-1AO"( U13ri)3Arodlrlno l'J)Ol!O U '\trloq \IX1AO"( D)rl Ul391ll<;IA313XO!)l!ct Dll'Jri~orl ~X10Dm"(A ooodl~1<;1l'J13: 171
'5ct01 ~001\(1.0 D11300~ol'JX 1l'JX (IIOAUU!S) DriU9A i\00li\9X3 i\001~rl
-I!Aood.JX3 531U1910M<;I 13(1.3%1<;113~3 D)Ol!O U '5DDD(!Jy/.. J031l DJihODOY11h ~txnloq 500 (~ 1l'JX .\IX10ctd.Jl'J13)1';!
U 130~urimo 3X}3 511l'J)Ol!O D13rl'mnrit..)10 l'J19l!D A()'l1ctl'J /\()110M3 i\001 UOOD9~X U 1l'Ji\}3 'D1A9"( D"("(~
3rl '51!1 \t"(OlDOl!D u ./\()110M3 A()'JX1Aorll!w1m mx A()'JX1dlooo"(1dl A001~rii!ArodJX3 i\001 \trloq 1!1 3rl A()'JX11
-3Xo i\001 U00090919 - MO~)i\OX13l!D 11'9 3rl i\0030~1001! A()'ld.Joorl A()'JX1i\3A 50030)1ctl'Jl 5U11DX 5DDO()'l"(A
51!1 5oo3D(l."(DAD 5\IX1AO"( 51!1 ooo;Jrl - u 1DAJ3 5nJo:uo 51!1 \t"(01oo:uo 'DDD(!Jy/.. lt.w !IX7l70X ~txumuna3e
1tx1/..oy 5oo (n :5no:u9o1 O(l.<;? arlm13A()'l11oo U!;JlSU;J)Ill!i\\ no1DJdlooo"(1dJ \IX111!oo:uo 5noo()'l"(t.. Jom H 1
'1!11[ S;J UUO:J U;JJ;Jp 'U;JPf!QQ!J J{;J)/l{:J!/)(J!A\ ;Jp;J( UUIJ)/ P/!fl
S!JG: IL f'Z. ;Jl{:JIJSJIJ.L ;JU{;J JS! Pl!fl S!JG: I pJ'Z. J{;J)/l{:J!f)[J!A\ J;Jp 1/;JPOW U{;J JS! Pl!fl S!JG

:nz U;Jl{:JIJS

-JIJ.L J;Jp J;JPf!fl sun U;Jl{:JIJW J{A\ : l 'Z ::u3 171 '"(30 'sn:J{l[dOSOf!l[d-O:J{ff/0] SnJ!JJ:JIJJ,L 'NI3.1SN3!Jll!A\ Zl
'I 11'9

:m Z8 ''(3D 'Sn:J!l[dosouqJ-O:J!ffi01

SnJIJJ:JIJJ.L 'NI3.LSN3!J.L.LIA\ ' "(~ .DJ~D 5001.\lYOllD DJrlriDX 3XJ3 ve 1\3(,1 '3XO!t1ll! i\D 1D)( Dri9XD PYYD .DJ~D
13XOp1l11 i\3(,1 I!Ol 5911\3 .131\JJJF}rii1D 5001!9 131\ JDF}rii1D 1DX 1Di\ J3 5001!9 1DAJ3 Jl38DX Ol OriD9X i\0.10 DD?W

II

t>l mll19X11orl/-:oo1 10x oo0<)1'{J... c;toA1ox 9l!O MOX? oA 131?01!

Ctol! orl010<)1i\A 9X11010U1XOOOX Ol'OlO?l!il 01 10X 13'{3101!0 OJOl!O lt ~cbOorl ~X1AO'{

- Smlt19X110riJ...ool! Slt1 ~d:>oorl ~X1AO'{ U1130JAOX13l!O Oi\ J3001!rl i\39 ''OlU19X110riJ...oOl!
All1 13~JAOX13l!O Ltom90l! Lt 'A9l10'{ '<)1A3: 1 ltolt1~~ao 39~x 30 10139Jl01!(100l! 91cto
11919 'Sro30~1U~Cl0 Oi\3riJ3X1li\O 130?'{310l!O Di\ pool!rl i\39 'Slt1 O'{?li\Orl 010 1DX Di\9X
-13 i\U10 9A10X 10AJ3 ClOl! 91Cl0 119 Dri10X90l! 010 101010JMO SDJd:>000'{1d:> DOOq>'{J... i\U1
J03l! Slt110x Soooc;>'{J... Slt1 ~xultool!n lt'{9 Lt 'Smlt19X110riJ...ool! Slt1 OA9X13 ~x1d:>oorl
-001 ~X1AO'{ S~rl09 Sro3<1\9l!O 9l!O i\U1131?0111!3 DOOcy>'{J... lt i\009 ,d:>3: Smlt19X11DriJ...ool!
Slt1 DA9X13 3o 10131?01 Sro3<1\?Xo Ltonod:>x? Sro Lton190l! Lt 'll<h.?xo Lt1 9lD penwmnx
-1li\D OA9X13 lt i\V 'S'OlU19X11DriJ...DOl! Slt1 O'{?li\Orl ~ UO'OlO~ODl!Oi\0 DA9X13 lt 10X )3'{31
-Ol0 Oi\ J3001!rl09 '13').39U'{O 91ClD i\~3 OA9rl11919 '~rl09 ~X1AO'{ ~i\10X MOX? Oi\ 131?01!
OA3rl9~1i\OX13 01 10X Di\9X13

H 'SDA9X13 Slt1 ~rl09 U1J3'{310l!D AropX1010 i\(l)1 DJODA

-03/litO lt 'Sct01 ').~'013rl10li\O~~J...03MO ClOl! 'i\(DJ3X1010 ~0130 llA?riAD13101910AJ3 DA9X

-13 Lt ~91313: 'z 1(J!;}JfiFJ!f>fJ!A\ J;}P Pl!fl 'U;}l{;)flSJl?L J;}P Pl!fl) Smll~9X11mfA.vau Sll~ DA9X13
i\UXA~i\0 ,lOX )3'{3101!0 Di\ 131?01! '1l~X 13?'{ ClOl! 'UO'Ol90l! OJrl :llA9ri10X DJri10AJ3 '01
-nrl~1(l)030li\?931 ro0?1roAo 010 Ltoc;t'{ ~1X39DOOl! Lt 10x 91ctn11 Lt<h.?XO (DJrl) 10AJ3 ctoA

-?ri0939 c;tOX11DriJ...nol! S9A3 DA9X13 ~X1AO'{ H '(UUO:f) !J.cbOorf 101J3'{DX SDJOl!O Slt1 Sro
-3~0~l!Cl D1U1910M9 lt '~rl09 ~X1AO'{ M01?9D19 S3JODX19D19 S300d:>~19 10 10X D19AOA3A

'01 ... SowriJ...~Ol!, Cl01 D10M? i\U1 9l!O lt9~ 1013~~1<19001! Aq>10DX19D19 J\(l}1 009d:>03'{3i
01 .(FWP 1 U;}l{;)flSJF.L) DAJrfog3g pxuvrfA.vau 9l!O ~'{'{D ' 11 orlo1~ 9l!O ~ mnriJ...~l! 9l!O
101J3'{310l!O i\39 Sorlo9x 0 '(JnJ){nJJS)5!J.rfog Slt1SD10M? Slt10JXOD10ClX lt 10AJ3 SDJAO'{
-OlAo SD13A1~10A3xA11g Slt1orl01oq>AJ... 9xumolt1xnonX 119 S~Xoo ~3 1013AJDrlltoma
.. ~J3'{1rlo AD19 '13AJngn'{nwx A01 nA '13c;toxn A01 aol! 'Sol!roo9"'~ So'{'{~ Sn"'? pool!rl
Sc;>U, (g 10X .. ~1l~X 13?'{ Di\ U0?9 30 10AJ3 'S13~?'{ S310~X 130?d:>OOl! ClOl! DOc;> Alll 'Sol!
-(l)09i\~ 0 Sc;>U, (o :M01l!C).XOOl! ClOl! D10rl~1(l)03 D'{W 0').9 '0113A~lOX 'A11!910X '91

-an nrllt1q>03 019l!V .. ~o00<)1'{A. Lt ~10M910AJ3 S<)'lll, :nrllt'{g90l!-orllt1q>03 010JOX DA?

-101~ SnlU)IJlll)l il01 'dP?!S dp

U!J ClOX1~?M31g Cl01 ltd:>J9000(l)'{A ClOAJ3X3 C).Oi\139 Cl01

NI3.1SN3.Dll!A\ A.O)]I!IOV A.OV A.Ol Bld153.8 N15INJIVllO:U15VJ IV)] :Wl VWHON ld3.ll 10

vrz
'~[['t' 1DX t'[['t' : ''(3D 'Sn:J{IjdOSO[!IJJO:J{:l01 SnJ!Jl:J!JJ.L 'N13.LSN39ll!A\ 61
'Zll't' :z ''(3D 'Sn:J{IjdOSO[!IJcJOJ{:J01 SnJ!JP!JJ.L 'NI3.LSN39llli\\ 81
']{;JJ(ff!l.lJ.L ;JU{;J UJ;JpUOS
';}JIJ;}1 ;JUf;JJf JS! ;Jf1JdosoJ!IJJ ;}!a

:Zfl't'

:zc ''(3D 'sn:Jf1Jdosou1JcJO:J!:lo1 sm!JP!JJ.L 'NI3.LSN39lliA\ Ll

'('Jij;JJS U;JJj!Jij:JSU;JSS{M.InJ!JN U;Jp U;JQ;JU

Jlj:J!U J;JQ!J. 'J;J]Un J;JpO J;Jqn S!JM 'U;JJn;Jp;Jq S!JM];} gnw .. ;}!IJdOSOf!IJJ, UOJ\\ S!Ja) 'U;JJj!Jij:JSU;JSSfMJnJ!JN
J;Jp ;JUf;JJ( JS! ;J{IjdOSOf!IJJ ;Jfa :[[['t' :z ''(3D 'sn:J!IjdOSOf!IJJO:Jf:l01 SnJ!JP!JJ.L 'NI3.LSN39ll!A\ 91
'UU!S U;JUf;JS J;}f;JZ ZJ!JS J;Ja :zzot' :sz ''(3D 'Sn:JfljdOSO[!IJJ O:J!:l01 SnJ!JJ:J!JJ.L 'NI3.LSN39ll!A\ !;I
'AC!JDD(l)'(.\. M}JlD31?11\(l)l SoJcbOD0'(1cb Jil3:u: 311ctoD~'(11i o" ntqo11m Son oJo:u:o umx N;JDW'(.I. M;JI\103Ti
-ueox N}JI\1ox 1\(l)l aowMD ao1 s~xuoririoo.l. SmJU:tTi SQI?J3 Ofl.? 13M;J1'(:n13e o:u:9i)11\o1o~x ~wx oJo:u:o lt
'SnDD<;J'(.I. s~x1.\.o'( S~llti\X31 Sltl\griooenxo:u:o Smri ctOJD1D'(:U: ao1 5911\3 Ol\91i ~'('(D 'SDDD<;J'(.I. S~1o:niuenx
5~101< Slt1 OD~Ti Dl:ni J39D3'(3111!3 Dl\ )300:u:Ti 1\3\? '13D(}Jlll103:U: lto~:U: 1\3 '91Cl\f 'DDD(}J'(AUl D1A1DX DDD(}J'(A
ltlD 1Dl31\<;Jeoowx 1\(!)191\0.\.3.1. 1\<;Jxnnri.l.no:u: mx 1\(l)l~Ti.l.oo:u: Lultlt'(Jil3:u:TictD u 'SnDD<;J'( .1. Slt1 OJ1?3:U: ow
mx mwwJcbct 5(l)3DJI\OX13:U:O ltD~XD u~1ctn ~1?131!3 S(}J91oxv soo(tol1li'ln:u: Smn lto11\9X13:U:O l\lt1J3'(3lo:u:o
x'( soxDJI? S9x1mon Sn"'il "<;JTiOI? S13DJI\oxn:u:o s~xunriuenn ~xuDn'(xo:u:o ~ocbn 1191q ~x1cboo.l.01
-(l)cb 5(!) )39UOI\ Dl\ 13lqO:U: )I\3C}Cl.O ,1!3 'OD91W '5(l)3D)I\OX13:U:O lto?Xo (l).\.9'( 1\3 H '5(l)3D)I\OX13:U:O ltD~Xo UlDl
-91\31D 3D 1Dli\OXDJOct3 SnDD<;J'(.I. Slt1 SoTiD9x o mx ollt19X11DTi.l.oo:u: l\lt19:u:o (l)O(\AI\(l)l~Tiltol\mq 1\(l)lmx

-Oi\~1..0 '0113DD"90DX 'rl.O'riD9X r\01 '0109 '01 3Tirl0l"9"f'{rlD 'OJ\. '0013191'0 l}.X1d:>OD0"{1ffi-l}.X11D

-nXow l}.1nn l}.xmoo

H '61 01Moy 1}. 9lX3V-lLW

011DX 9lUON-UW 011'013DD1i\1D1rl '91

-Ud 011'0X 91UON 01 5(1')3011\Ud:>'ODOl'0 '1(} 3(} 5'011\0~100 91Ud 1}. 9lX3V 011'0X 9lUON 01
13~100 mx i\(!)TIUlD11'ii i\(!)X1DrJ> J\.(1')1 5?d:>rt0'01 511 3TI 13~"91i\113A. r\01 UD"90Q l}.X11rt"{Di\'0
l}.X1_110X 5(1') 138U0(1')38 'OJ\. 1300l.Cli '010M? i\U11}.1rl'O ,1rl 5(l')A.9"{rl3 -llU!ll:JOp 5(1') 1'01311
-10001'0 1191\0"{0TI- D1ffiOD0"{1<1>

H 81 ..1\(1')30"91001 J\.(1')1 UD1i\10Xr\31Q U "9"{"{'0 ',5130"91

-oou 5?X1d:>OD0"{1d:>, 10 1'01\13 i\3(} 5n1d:>OD0"{1<1> 5lt1 n'riM31113 01 .J\.(l')3ch.?XD J\.(1')1 UD1i\l}.d:>
-DDOl'0 l}.x1A.O"{ lt 1'01\13 5n1d:>OD0"{1<1> 5lt15910XD .5313i\UTI03 mx 5nol}.A.lt~3 91'0 i\D1Drl0
,l'DX 1'011\(),0"{3101'0 'OA.O? "9X1d:JOD0"{1ffi '01, :U!dlSUd~lll!A\ r\01 r\01(}1 r\01 '01A.9"{ '01 3W

LI(J[J){~!J.f!.L) ltoyog 13"{3101'0 :9X11300d:>'01Q "913XOD 11"9X "9"{"{'0 '(;JJlf;J1) Ul?Y3ri (1. DJY
-DXDDg1g 13"{3101'0 i\3(} D1d:>OD0"{1<1> lt 119 5(!)"{1'0 131\1DTIUD .i\(!)TIU1D113: i\(!)X1DrJ> J\.(1')1
U031(!)l'DX 1}. U0310?1rt1Di\13llU!{dpS!p 5(1') D1d:>OD0"{1<1> lt 119 13i\1DTIUD i\3(} 91rlV ' 91 5?1
-r\'0 3D '0"{11(} 5(l')TI9 ?101 '53'ril}.lD11'ii 5?X1DrJ> 511 91'0 (l')1"9X 1}. (l')J\."91 1'013XD10J r\01 11
- "9X 13J\.1'0TIUD 5lt1 "9TIOJ\.9 3(} 01 '53'ril}.1D11'ii 5?X1DrJ> 5110 13Xl}.J\.D i\3(} D1d:>OD0"{1<1> H '53'ri
-1}.10113: 5?X1Drl<l> 10 Oi\9TI MOX?OD1 5"9'ri 5130"91001 5130U"{'O 119 1q '01(),011'0X .(J\.(1')30"91

-oou i\(!)X1138MD 1011}.) n'rilt9i\ i\(!)onoX3 J\.(l')3D"91001 5omnl}.wno 591\3 moM? i\U191.m
5noD(!)"{J 5lt1 5n1d:>oo0"{1<1> 5mn mu191'DMQ lt11313"{X01D 5noD(!)"{A. 5lt1 ltDr\"{"91\D l}.x
-1A.O"{ u :lt1'0i\'f(}'O 1'01\13 .13X0"91rl i\3(} 5DDD(!)"{J 5lt1 D1d:>OD0"{1<1> U!dlSUd~ll!A\ i\01 '01J
'1'01\13 5(!)1 3TI(),OQ 'OJ\. - OTID9X i\01 3TI

~IZ

"(SfJJ)[ JJUJfM) 5UMi!1fl5U1. aoyX(l)[ ctOi\3r19':JDTlOI\O ctOl A<!>'{3r1 i\(l)1X?'{

-113 50{)~'{ll1DX 5<!>90X 'ljllllnJN 0110 0 mx lP!I4JS Zl!JOJAI 0 'dllWil:) J[Opn~ 0 5(1)1!9 '5?X10ctd:m13r11li\O
5(l)X9~3 5130?9 53li\OC,t3g030ll (tOr101X1130 (tOX1/..0y ct0110<b009'{1<b 10X11ct'{Oi\O 10X 1,>'{'{0 '10<b009'{1<b

10X1on.<bm3r110X11ct'{nAn OA9T11X9 5n.o15310n/..o3 511 mx 53i\ct30? 511 Anol!A1X3~SnJI?JJUJL n.o1 ~x1on.<b

-Ol3r1l!All'{110i\1,)ll i\l!1 010l!13<bo 3JAI - "UJlj:JfJf11JJA JfJ)(lj:lf/)fJ!M JJp J!W SJ Jfi\1 UJSSflW 'JS! lj:JSfi?J JJpO
JlfUM Pl!fl sup qo 'uJuUJ!fJJ nz wn

:czzz :Ll "'{30 'smJqdosOJ!lfd-O:Jfilo1 smuJ:JUJL 'NI3.LSN39lliA\

:n.o1 ~O~Ol!lOOOll (l)11,>XOOOll i\l!19llO 1013(ti\X1390lln U!JlSUJ~hl!A\ 0 1013X010g 9r1D1013llr1:;I 9X1'{/../..V

i\010 1,}11\0X 00911 Ol- "10AJ3J,>X110r1kooll591Cl.O 5(1)1!9 'Or109X i\01 01/.. 3101!~9110 Oll(l)O{)i\1,} i\010 i\Cl.Oll
Oi\ i\(tOOOllr1 53r1~101ll3 5?X1013llr13 10 Oi\9T1119 131\1Dr1l!01ll3 39 i\O?'{ll 11!3 .9T1013 A9X1/..0'{ 10X 0131!
-?i\Cl.O 3r1 i\(tO{)X3'{ Oi\ A(tOOOllr1 i\39 '13?'{ 009 '0'{9 119 0.01 91ct03 i\01 01/.. 13?'{ SnJf!J:Jf!JL 0 "l!10A(t90 1Di\
- 13 ~X10ct<bol3r1l! 119 01J3'{31olln no1 5~x1on.<bol3r1 5l!1 5oo?r1119 1nx S9X10ct<bol3r110AJ3 So191 o 591
-n.o 119 S9i\0/..3/.. 01 1013X?90ll0 119 011,)10X :01(t01J;JlOX l!9 10X (tOT1D1013llr1:;I 0.01 0100101 i\l!10 9X190i\
-or1

o!..o? '3r1cto':J1r10A 'J3'{310llo sn:JflfdOSO/!l[d-O:Jfil01

SnJf!PfiJL

o "JWnH P!AilO mx AJ)Jl[JJH J'i!JOJ[)

'Jl[:>Ol u4or Sn.o1 9110 3Xl!10r,>o<bx3 S91n.n S(l)ll9 '(tor1mo13llr13 (tOX1'{/../..V n.o1 r,>x11o1ol!1xnonX l!9
-<!>10n.o 30 nX?OlOi\O npX1010 J;JX1r1om 30 n.orlo9x no1 10x SnOOt!>'{/.. Sl!ll!OollOJ;J19 013i\11,)10i\3X/..11g H
"(/19~

zz

:89 "'{30 'sn:JfljdOSO!!l[d-O:J{i!O] SnJ!JJ:Jf!JL 'NI3.LSN39ll!A\) S1301,)1001913X? i\39 i\910(1)1\/.. S(l)

'opr1l!O 39 01 'opr1l!o Oi\? 30 1013i\I!>Oli\3X/..ct0 '1013i\<!>AX100ct0 '1013(t3':jor1 ~9131!3 '3J1(t09 01 Oi\ 3T1(tOOOllr1
i\39 10X .3T1(t09 01 Oi\ 3T1(tOOOllr1 i\39 '10{)01,>39 0.01 0109 Oi\OOX9lct0110X 009 13'{310lln ~9131!3 'OA3r1px
- Ollct 01.11J,>r1 01 i\00 101\)3 'Or109X i\01101l;J39 Cl.Oll 'Oi\3l1J3X0llct 01 10X 101? '([[9~

:89 "'{30 'sn:JfljdOSO/!.lfd

-O:Jfi/0] SnJf!PfiJL 'NI3.lSN39lllA\) 0)931! 9X11ll0 01 ..13ll?'{g, ctOll 11J,>r1 Oi\? 13XOT,>llct 119 nr1o

- OO?llr1n.o 010 3T1(t09Xn nA 1311?0111!3 Sort A39 310llJ1 S(l)ll9 mx 11J;Jr1 01 anctOll?'{g A39 OJ93ll 9x111lo 010
OO?r1 5(1)1!0, (pJJjSllj:l!SJ[)) 0.01931! (tOX1lllO 0.01 10X (J'i!ny) (t0110r1 ct01 nr1/..1391,>00ll 01101J3'{0X1ll3 0.01
Sn10(l)39 S~x113Xo Sl!111 01 mx S<!>ll 01 U!JlSUJ'i!ll!A\ o Soli\1!>/..l!~:;I- "JPM JJP JZUJJD JUfJ JS! sJ UJJpuos
'1/JM JnZ Jlj:J{U UQljJi! J)(J{qns Sf!G :zcg~

:89 "'{30 'Sn:JfljdOSOJ!l[d-O:Yfi!O]

SnJf!J:Jf!JL 'NI3.lSN39lllA\ l Z

"Jlj:JSfJSAW S1ip JS! SJ 'lj:J{S Jil{JZ SJ!G

"SJlj:J!flj:JJJdssnf!un Si!U[pJJ/111 JQ!il s:q :zz~g :~8 "'{30 'Sn:YfljdOSO/!l[d-O:Jfi/0] SnJf!)Jf!JL 'NI3.lSN39lllA\ OZ

-13

ctou n/\13X3 nw SvJnvrl/..voIJ Sl,urm Sctoq(!l13'{Dtl.3li Slt1 ltlD(!l/\tl.n/\n /\OlD 13/\(!)0

-3/\DcD 1011}. '13/\X139 '01901 9900 /\01 3li DlD1'{))li mx '131 D1 D/\ ct01 ))138))1.C0001.C H
"))1ctD D1Dlil}.1lt~ Dl mt\. 310111 ))X1lDD1DctO 131 "0/\ 3D').0001.Cli /\39 .nwlil}.1lt~ Dl ))1ctD
mt\. Ot\.9'{ 5D138ct3 ,l.CD 13/\))X D/\ 30')-000l.Cli /\39 Sn:J[ljdOSOf!lJJ-0:>[~01 SnJTJJ:JHJ.L /\OlD
'noo(!l'{A. 3101.CI}.9mouo 3o /\(l)/\?lio~nocbx3 /\(l)19/\0ti.3A. So81}.'{1.C 13'{3101.Cn 31c;to S9/\
-Ot\.3t\. 1"0/\13/\39 I}.X1DctcDDl3li lt 11913~10(1)/\t\. U!;)lSU;)~ll!A\ z:z:SI}.l010131.Cli3 ,.591U913MO,
o 1}.91313. m/\13 S(!ll.C 3lic;toq D/\- olio9x /\01 3li SnOO(!l'{A. Slt1 Sm30?9MD Ol901/\01
3li "00311"0191 mx - 01901 /\010:U:))X 3li 3TI').0001.Cli ctOlC nwliti.))Ol.C MOXO))l.Cct OTID9X
/\OlD 119 3lictOD(!llD11D19 D/\ 13/\').'{0Xct319 Snli '139X139 D/\ /\0/\9li mx S(!l'{l.CD 13ool.Cli
cto:u: ').01ctn mx 138X3'{ D/\ 130ol.Cli cto:u: ').01ctD c;t~Dl3li ltD10X))19 Lt 119 Ltql}. 3liD113.
"t z:ctOTI09X ct01 0109 OlD1(!)1.CD 0113'{3101.CD '1\0'{'{"I)TI '))'{'{D 'OTI09X

/\OlD 13XI}./\D /\39 (l)!;)fqns) 0/\3li13X01.Cct 01 mx 91ctD1j SI}.x1A.oy Slt1 D1'{?TI38 DlD 53/\?li
-mmo93 513D))100:U: S3/\?limwliltoM3 3li 3lictOO))OcDX3 D/\ mx 3lic;tOlonXow D/\ ltD?8 3D
3lDDTI13 ctOlC ').01ctD /\(1)100 /\(1)1 591/\3 1D113/\1X DOO(!l'{A. lt :mt\.9'{ D'{'{)) 3li .(}.1U'{1TIO ').OX
-1mcb 38))X ').01 ctolio9x ct01 mo9 m (udmdpdq) MWAJVrllw 99nx 'SnoO(!l'{A. Slt1 n109
mx /\').0'{3101.CD Sltolt/\(!lcDX3 Slt1 mo9 Dl/\380 13~139 01 n/\ mx 13001.Cli 'o13'{1ong 9 x
-11Dctli 01ltl\3li9001/\1Dl.Cct 'Smli9 'D1cD000'{1<l> H "]3()(t3()llym3 rJA ]300111 11 '9 :mt\.9'{ D'{
-'{)) 3li ."013/\l}.cbno 3li 138X3'{ D/\ 13ool.Cli 11'913:u: D/\ S(!l'{l.CD 13ool.Cli n1cbooo'{1<l> Lt mx 101?
'53lil}.10113. 5?X10ct<l> 10 53"{9 Sm:u:o 0 z:(dlj:YS!JSAW Sl?p) aoJ3y1fmfJ f)OX11D(tJ;V om no

NI:I!SNti!HllA\ AO)[!HOVAOV AOl Hldtl38 NtllNJIV!IO:UtlVJ IV)[ WlVWHON ldall!O

6vo{.la (Name), n:ou ws; an:M OTJ[.tELO - 1i ws; a6Qwto aQxavmx6 OTJ{.lCio ( Urzeichen)25- avan:aQwta [.tLa JtEQLOtaOTJ ~-toa OtTJV JtQ6taOTJ, EXEL VOTJ[.ta ~-t6vo Evt6s;
tou JtEQL~aA.A.ovtos; tTJs; JtQ6taoTJs; 26 AvtWEta an:6 tous;, EJtLOTJ, oxan:avds; tTJ
OUYXQOVTJ JtEQL to VOTJ[.ta EQEUvas; C.K. Ogden xm I.A. Richards, n:ou to 1923 EOTJ[.lOOLEuoav to [.tVTJ[.tELWOE oyo tous; The Meaning of Meaning xm 6n:ou Etxav 8EwolioEL OtL Tj OWO'UQLUV'Ji OLUXQLOTj [.tEtal;u "OU[.t~OAO'U" XaL "OTj[.tELOU" 'Jitav EVtEAW
<iXQTJOtTJ27 , 6L6n t6oo ta "ou[.t~oA.a" 6oo xm ta "OTJ~-tda" dvm ai.TJ81i ~-t6vo 6tav
avan:aQLOtoUV JtQOOqJOQE OXEOEL [.tEOa OE JtQOtUOTj 'Ji OE EXqJWVTj[.tU, 0 Wittgenstein
6LaxotvEL, 6n:ws; EtOa[.tE n:aoan:avw, EUXQLvws; [.tEtal;u "OTJ~-tdou" xm "ou~-t~6A.ou":
to "OTJ[.tdo" ("Zeichen"), to on:oto OTJ[.lELWtov, [.tJtOQd va mai.TJ8Eu8E( OLa twv mo8'JioEwv, ytvEtm "ou[.t~oA.o" ("Symbol" ) 1i "x<pQUOTJ" (" Ausdruck" ), ~-t6vo E<p' 6oov
an:OtEAEl [.tEQO tlj JtQ6taOTj JtO'U XUQUXtTjQLsEL tTjV EXUOtotE O'UYXEXQL[.tEVTj ato8Tj0Tj n:ou to mai.TJ8EuEL28 Otav ~-tta MsTJ E[.tcpavtsEtm 1-tE n:ot.A.ous; t Q6n:ous;- n:oay[.ta
n:ou ou~-t~atvEL xata xav6va OtTJV an:A.'Ji, xa8o~-tLA.ou[.tEVTJ yA.wooa - , TJ A.sTJ aut'li 6Ev
0La8tEL 1tAEL<i6a VOTj[.tUtWV an:f.ws; av'JixEL OE n:mxtf.a OU[.t~OI.a. H ~EOTJ 3.326 to'U
Tractatus, OtTJV on:ota o Wittgenstein EsTJYEL 6n JrQOXEt{.lEvov va avayvwQiaov{.l
aro OV{.l{30AO TO OTJf.,leiO, ocpei).ov{.l va ci{.laOT JrQOOfXrtXOi Of 6, rt acpOQCt TTJV W~
JrQO~ TO V07]{.1Ct TOV AOytxrj XQrJ07] 29 , JtQOUVUXQOUEL qJ'UOLXU tTjV JtEQLqJTj[.tTj 8EOTj JtO'U
6Latun:w8TJXE aoy6tEQa otLs; <Pt).oaocptx~ EQWV~, ou[.tcpwva [.tE tTJV on:ota ro v6TJf.1a {.lta~ A!;71~ civat 7J XQrJ07J rrj~ A!;71~ ar71 y).dJaaa 3o.

23 WITIGENSTEIN, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, OEA. 19: 3.201.

24 WITIGENSTEIN, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, OEA. 15: 2.1511: Das Bild ist so mit der Wirklichkeit
verknlipft; es reicht bis zu ihr.
25 WITIGENSTEIN, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, aEA.. 20: 3.26: Der Name ist durch keine Definition
weiter zu zergliedem: er ist ein Urzeichen.
26 WITIGENSTEIN, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, aEA.. 20: 3.3: Nur im Zusammenhange des Satzes hat
ein Name Bedeutung.
27 0 De Saussure, W yvwot6v, ltQOOOLOQi~EL to "ou~J,j3oA.o" otl] cpuoLxi) ouvowi) tou IJ,E to 6L' autou
oulll3oA.L~61!EVO n:Q<iy~J,a, EV<i> xavEL Myo n:EQi "OlJIJ,Eiou" ~J,6vo 6tav OIJ,LAEi n:EQi yA.<i>ooa.
28 WITIGENSTEIN, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, OEA. 20: 3.31: Jeden Teil des Satzes, der seinen Sinn
charakterisiert, nenne ich einen Ausdruck (ein Symbol).
29 WITIGENSTEIN, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, oEA.. 20: 3.326: Urn das Symbol am Zeichen zu erkennen, muB man auf den sinnvollen Gebrauch achten.
30 WITIGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, 43, oEA.. 262 : Die Bedeutung eines Wortes ist sein
Gebrauch in der Sprache.

216

LIZ
"S;}J{IJl{J;}A l{:JIJS
S;}U{;} flunq{;}Jl{:JS;}El ;}[p JS{ ZJIJS J;}Q

:czo/7 :gz "1(3D 'Sn:>fl[dOSOf!l{cl-O:J{f!O] SnJIJJ:JIJJ.L 'NI3.LSN30llli\\ L'i.

:zzo/7 :gz "1(3D 'Sn:>[l[dOSOf!l{cl-O:J[f!O] Snl13l:JIJJ.l 'NI3.LSN30.L.Lii\\ 9

"UU{S U;}U{;}S Jfl{;}Z ZJIJS J;}Q

"U;}){U;}p sun ;}{S J{AI ;}{AI OS 'Jf;}){l{:Jff>il!Jr\ J;}p ff;}PDW U{;} JS{ ZJIJS J;}Q
"J{;})[l{:J{{){J{Ir\ J;}p Pl!El Uf;} JS! ZJIJS J;}Q: l0"/7 :9z "1(3D 'Sn:>fl[dOSO[!l{cl-O:>!f!O] SnJIJJ:JIJJ.l 'NI3.LSN30llli\\ s;(
"JZJ;}SJ;}Qfl U;}pJ;}A\ ;}[{;}JpUIJJS;}QZJIJS ;}[p Jnu UJ;}p
-UOS 'JZJ;}SJ;}Qfl U;}J;}pUIJ J;}p ZJIJS U;}U{;} Uf U;}U{;} J;}p ZJIJS U;}p;}{ UIJW gup 'JOA OS Jl{:JfU Jl[;}f! ;}J;}pUIJ ;}U{;}
Uf ;}l{:JIJJdS J;}U{;} flunZJ;}SJ;}Q[} ;}{Q

:s;zo/7 :gz "1(3D

'sn:>{l[dOSOf!l{cl-O:J[f!O] SnJIJPIJJ.l 'NI3.LSN30llli\\ t f.

";}l{:JIJJdS ;}[p JS! ;}ZJ.T!S J;}p J!;}l{JUJIJS;}Q ;}{Q :[(XJ"/7 :s;z "1(3D 'sn:>[l[dOSO[!l{d-O:J!f!O] SnJIJJ:JIJJ.l 'NI3.LSN30llli\\ f.f.
u;}Wl{;}UJU;} nz [;}l{:JIJJdssf!uuflwn J;}P
;}[p ' l[:>![f!qwunU;}lj:JSU;}W JSf S?J

:zoo/7 :9Z "1(3D

:M3] Jl{! snu >t!flD[l[:>IJJdS

'Sn:>fl[dOSOf!l[cJ-O:>[f!O] SnJIJPIJJ.l ' NI3.LSN30.l.lli\\ Zf.

"ZJIJS ;}{fOAUU[S J;}p JS! ;}){UIJp;}Q J;}Q :p :sz "1(3D 'Sn:J{l{dOSOf!l{cl-O:J{f!O] SnJIJJ:JIJJ.L 'NI3.LSN30llli\\ l f.

i\.Ul9 '5(1)11\.9 <))Oi\.UlDX A.l.tl 1DX .5l,t8lt'"{D 1DA.J3 UOU190l (l)A9'"{ i\.3 lt i\.D19 '1D113X90l
50A.11103l (l)~lJO(l)i\.A 119 'DO"Q '13A.1Drilto .. ltOU190l D1ri <))01\.UlD)I, "DlDriO"Q03lrino
1,1.'-{Dd:>OD 3rlnoJ...."Q~3 Di\. 3rl().OOOlri 'ltOU190l UA.'}ri'"{Dd:>03 D1ri 9lD mx Dri9XD 91nmJ....
.5iJ8U'"{D 1DA.J3 A.Ul9 '9x1J....oy 01 1D130'}d:> 5<))1 mx 1DA.J3 5<))1 ltOD190l i\.UlD 3ri').09 Di\.
3rl().OOOlri 0A9'"{ 01 5<))g10XD 39 i\.91QD , 1J.... . 0ri09X pri 09 (SJJS!]JJ[) UJLPS!~O[ SJUfJ)
~0101 ~ox1..toy S911.3 39 D138I,I.Og lt1 3rl 'ltriOA.91QD 1D13XO'} ltOD190l "Q1ri38DX

H "531U1

-9191 5lu 5'}X1031(1)03 511 3ri1JA.(l)d:>ri().O UlU19X11DriJ....DOl i\.U1 MOd:>"QOA103l 5130Ul90l

10 mx 101? 'A.m11,t10191 no1 A.<))X1031(1)~3 A.(l)1130"Qg Lt11m 1D13A.1J.... noA.'}ri13X11A.D 59A.3
l,td:>noJ....1o3u lt nou ou9o1 0191 A.01 3rl :L5ltonlD"QlDX 51,tx11nriJ....nou l,td:>noJ....1o3u J3'"{31
-oun UOD190l

H 531DlQ3'"{31 5119lD 5<))'-{311\.3 1D13d:>"QOA103l DA.ltXJ...."QA.D 1DA.J3 ' 1X9 3ri

1,1. 11Ji\. 3rl A.(l)30"Ql00l i\.(1)1 (l)0'}riDA.'}ri10X3XJ....no 11J13~10019000l Di\. 131'}01 DlU19X11
-nrlJ....nou lt 'n01'}-01 X3 5m '1,1.91313: 5<))1'-{'-{D 5ml"QX 1X9 mx 101? mx 101? 1DA.J311913?'"{
319111919 .SI,telt'"{D 1DA.J3 i\.D19 '1DA.13 5<))1 13A.Xp9 ' A.O'}'"{l 1u3 ' ltom 9 ou H 95lt1 "Q10i\.
lt J38ltJ....lt~3 13X? 5nrinA. 51omX 3rlnoA.1Dg

-A.? i\.U113A.XJ39 ltOD190l lt 11919 '5lt1 "Q10M?

-D'"{UlDX i\.U1 UOU190l 39 i\.U1 .UOD190l i\.U1 3riQOi\.1DgD'"{DlDX A.Dl9 ' 13A.<))03A.Dd:> QOl
'i\.(l)1"QriJ....DOl ltODlD"QlDX i\.U1 3rin0~10(l)A.J.... 1,1.91313 '5DlU19X11DriJ....DOl 5lt1 Di\.9X13 13'-{
-310lD uom9ou

H >mlt19x1wrlJ....nou A.lt1 310Dri91mxo 513rl3 nou ou9o1 A.o1 "QlDX

(H;}){l{;)!P!l!A\ l;}p ll;}POW) 5mlt19X11DriJ....nou 5lt1nriJ....1399ln Lt9 mx '(l!;}){l{;)![){l!A\

J;}p Pl!H) 5mlt19X11DriJ....nol 5lt1 Di\.9X13 J3'"{310lD ltOU190l lt 119 lt0?8 Lt91,t

5nril,t1DmA.J....lt19lD 30Ui\.1X3~ 'UO(l)l').1D19U11,t1nD 30 U!;}lSU;}~ll!A\ 0 130"Q8d:> Di\. D1j

v(Jf!JJpums;}qzres) Sl.tom9au Sltlr>J3X1olo pxu

- DlDfW Dl 1DA.J3 1D13~"QOd:>D13ri QOl Oi\.13X3 . 11J1i\.O~"QOd:>D13ri i\.39 5130"9100 l 10

5nOO<))'"{J.... 5lt'"{'-{"9 5lt1 UOU190l mri 30 DOO<))'"{J.... D1rilt1 9lD "QlD10mX 5ltOU190l 5"Q1ri
-38DX 5lt1 (5m301lOlD13rl n19 :A.n1ono ,wx) 5m30"Qod:>n13rl D19 1D1J3'"{31X319 i\.39 lt'"{
-'"{"Q i\.D1ri30 DOO<))'"{A D1ri9lD UODOd:>"Q13rilt mx 91nn1J.... 'DOO<))'"{J....lt 1DA.13 A.(l)30"Q100l
A.(l)1 O'"{OA.().O 01 (9 mx zDOO<))'"{J....lt1m91 A.lt1 9lD 5mo'}riD mx 5D138n3 ,l!D 138XD~3
Di\. 01DA.').9D 5mA.1l(l)08i\.D 1DA.J3 5DOO<))'"{J.... 5lt11,tX1AO'"{ lt (J.... . 1ltOU190l D10M'} DOQ01

-?emq mx 1,tx1J....O'"{ lt 1DA.J3ltcft?XO lt (g .13i\.1Drilto 5m1A.911 n01103l mx '13A.1Drilto "QlD

- 1omX lt~'}'"{ "Q1ri38DX lt 01010 i\.01 3rl 'nOl901 Q01103l D'}91 i\.DX 13X'} Di\. 51omX 'D10i\.

-A.? i\.DO"Ql 13~"QOd:>X3

Di\. U0?8 30 1DA.J3 i\.(1)1010 i\.(l)11J19 '5300<))'-{A 13A.X"Q11d:> Di\. UlU1

-9i\.DX1 i\.U113X'} 50l(l)08A."Q 0 (D l,tq13l3 'U!;}lSU;}~ll!A\ OX1loqnoy i\.01 3ri DA.(l)d:>ri().&

NI31SN3:Dll!A\ A.Q)[l!IOVA.OV A.Ol Bld1l30 NlliNJIVllOHllVJ IV)[ Wl VWHON ld3ll 10

cpuaxtd yLa va 'UJt'I]Q'tL axonou~ V'tAW~ af....A.ou~ an6 to'U~ OX'tLXOU~ ll 't'I]V avaYVWQW'I] tou axn~.tato~ xm t'l]~ llOQcpi]~ wu aw~.tato~" 39
fLa 't'I]V E~xovo8EWQia (Bildtheorie I picture theory) wu Wittgenstein, nov, 6nw~ d6a~.t, 'UJtO<J't'I]QLl;H O'tL 1] 6o~.tiJ 't'l]~ yf....waaa~ UJtHXOVLl;H 'tOV XOO!lO, 1] avaA'U<J'I] 't'l]~
yf....waaa~ 0 EOXata U'tOilLXU O'tOLXLa, O'tOLXELa, i]toL, ta OJtOLa 6V dvm 6uvat6v va
avaf....u8ouv JtQmtQw a a"A"A~ oumanx~ ngo-raan~, dvm nagayovta~ 01Jilavnx6~, axQL~w~ mn6i] 11 xom] r) xaeof1~AOVf1EV1J yA.dJaaa ( Umgangssprache) 6v 6etxvn
a!low~ 6u 6vtw~ EQL6nm aw ~.tovtA.o "aro11~xi~ nooraan~" I "flOQtaxi~ nooraaE~~, ("Atomarsiitze" /"Molekularsiitze'') 40 . H xa8o~.tLAO'tJ!lEV1J yf....waaa anotEAEL tlliJIla wu av8gwmvou ogyavw~.tou, xm w~ JtQO~ t'l] A.oyLxi] A.nwugyta t'l]~ 6v dvm ALy6tQO JtEQLJtAOX'I] an6 aut6v. El;6xw~ JtQLJtf....ox~ ECvm 6, u JtQmtQw, m 6LacpoQE~ <JLWJt'I]QE~ <J'Uilq.JWVL~ JtO'U ouvamovtm llEtal;u 'tWV av8QWJtWV, JtQOXH!lEVO'U OL
t"Amatm va llJtOQaouv va ouvW01]8ow XQ1JOL!lOJtOLWvta~ yf....waoa xowr] 41
KL vw a 6,u acpoga t'l] MEtacpgaa'l] xm t'l] 8wgta t'l]~ m naganavw ngo-raan~
ea agxouaav yLa va 6La8tn xm va XQ1JOL!lOJtmd o ~.tna Myou yvwaw~ VQywv
!l'tUq.JQU<J'ti]~ 't'I]V 'UJtQ'UUL<J81]'t1] EXftV'l] Jt'Ul;t6a, JtO'U 8a 'tOV JtQO<JUVU'tOALl;H JtUV'ta
JtQO~ w v61]!la, 11 avamuyllEV'I] auvof....Lxi] an6'\jJ1] wu Wittgenstein yw ta 6QLa 't'l]~
yf....waaa~ 'tOU 6LVH !lEV llLUV EV't'UJtW<JLUXa 'UXQLVi] UJtO'tUJtWO'I], llLUV UJtO'tUJtW<J'I],
6~.tw~, nov auvtAEL EU8w~ <J't'l] auyxua'l] twv ngay~.tatwv. Mta JtQOTaaLxi] nx6va
JtQEJtH, au~.tcpwva !l t'l]v avaf....uai] wu, va JtQLEXH onwo6i]not wv t6Lov axQL~w~
UQL8!l6 <J'tOLXELWV JtO'U JtEQLEXH xm 1] XatU<JTU<J'I], 't'I]V OJtOLa UJtHXOVLl;n 'tO <JUVOAO
'tWV JtQO'tU<JEWV xm 'tO (JUVOAO 'tWV meavwv xata<JTU<JEWV (J'tOV XO<J!lO JtQEJtH, JtEQUV wuwu, va xouv 't'I]V t6La A.oy~x1] f10Qcp1] (Jogische Form), nov vm !lEV aJtO'tEAEL

38 llgBt... 1TJV 0[!6/..oyn cnan!muoT] tou Jacques DERRIDA, L 'ecriture et Ia difference, o1... 312: Un corps
verbal ne se laisse pas traduire ou transporter dans une autre langue. II est cela meme que Ia traduction
laisse tomber. Laisser tomber le corps, telle est meme I 'energie essentielle de Ia traduction.
39 WITIGENSTEIN, Tractatus Logico-Phi/osophicus, OEA. 26: 4.(XJ2.
40 tl.LEUXQtvi~Etm 6n oto yt..wooot..oyLx6 rniJtEoo "ato[!a" - "individuals" yLa tov Russell, "Gegenstiinde"
yw tov Wittgenstein- ivm m "atOf!LXE<; :n:gotaon<;", m o:n:oiE<; Eivm m a:n:t..ouotQE<; :n:EQLygarpE<; :n:ou
[-lltOQOUV va yivouv yw toV x60[!0' OL "[!OQLUXE<; JtQ01UOEL<;" ELVaL OUv8tE<; XaL [!JtOQOU[!E va tL<; xatUOXEUUOOU[-l XQTJOL[-lo:n:mtilvta<; t..oyLxa owoEnxa otoLxfia 6:n:w<; "EitE ... EitE", "t6oo ... 6oo", "outE
... 01JtE", x.f..:n:. Ewo(taL 6n T] tL[-li) a/..T]8Eia<; [!La<; [!OQLUXi)<; JtQ6WOT]<; EV JtUOT] JtEQL:rttWOH EsUQ101aL
a:n:6 tT] t..nmugyLx6tT]ta twv tL[-ltilv at..n8Eia<; twv ouownxtilv twv ml f!EQOU<; ato[!Lxtilv :n:gotaoEwv.
41 WITIGENSTEIN, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, OEA. 26: 4.002.

218

6IZ
"U::JiJf::JitllFJS UUW gnw
J::JQfl.llJP 'UUU){ U::JfJ:J::JJdS JfJ:JfU UUW UOAOA\ :L :~8 "'(3D 'sn:JffJdOSOf!IJJ-O:JfilO] SnJUJ:JUJL 'NJ3.LSN3DJ..Lih\ LV
SoJ~O Sluct'(9ltO l.t~OOlt(t l.t 'Sl.tDl.t'((tog Sl.tll.t~oolt(t l.t 'Sl.t!lt?XD Sltllt~oolt(t l.t '501

-U19X110T1Aoolt Sltl i\(l)]3X101D i\())'(ltO l.t~OOlt(t U11tOOk(lOOltO mx OJOX.\Oi\0 l.t :i\(tOtJX3'( Oi\ 101\( 'i\(tOtJD
-1i\OX13lt0 Oi\ i\(tOOOltTI i\3\1 ctOlt OlOTik(lOlt D'('(J) mx '5(l))Og3g 'MOXOJ)ltct U!::JlSU;;);!Jl!A\ i\01 1)10)1 91>

"J!::J'ffJ:J!/)(J!A\ J::JP P/!8. Uf;;J lS! ZJ!JS J;;Ja: 10"17 :gz "'(3D 'Sn:JffJdOSOf!IJJ-O:JfilO] SnJUJ:JUJL 'NI3l.SN3DJ..Lih\ ~j7
wmJH U::Jij:JSJil
-0{ Wf JJQ U::JU{::J JWWfJS::Jq ZJUS J::Ja :p"[ :~z "'(3D 'Sn:JffJdOSOf!IJJ-O:JfilO] SnJUJ:JUJL 'NJ3.LSN3DJ..Lih\ j7j7
"jnU ::J){:JflJpsny U;;JU::JJ{UIJJU;;J WIJ{ U{ J::Jp UO!J){Un.J S{U - lf::JSsnH
pun ::JiJ::JJ.f ::JfM - fJ:J! ::JSSUJ ZJUS U::Ja :g[ ["[ : l Z "'(3D 'sn:JffJdOSOf!IJJ-O:JfilO] SnJUJ:JUJL 'NI3.LSN3!)J..Lih\ j7
uf::JW::Jil ilunpuqqy
J::JP WJO.J ::JfJ:Jstilof ::J!P u::JJ::JPf!Q::Jilqy w::Jp J!W JUIJ P/!8. sua :zz .u::Jpffqqu Jf::JA\ ::JfP uuu)( P/!8. ::JfJ:JsfilOf sua
:6tz .S::JfJ:JsfilOf Uf::J q:Jnu JS! P/!8. s::Jp::Jf :zg1z :91 "'(3D 'sn:JffJdosot!IJJ-o:Jtilo1 smuJ:JUJL 'NI3.LSN3DJ..Lih\ zv

..3rio.om;>odnn3rl, AOlDA 3rlc;woollri A39 AOAJ3X3 oo(!)X 9xmoo AOl 'A91n.n ,wx
'39 5roA.9""{0.3: 5o lD ri l,w A m lJ3 o 3l o lf913:U:3 '3rln.ool}.""{1ri DA 3ric;tooollri A39 OJO:U:O
AOl mA. '500(!)X 5DA? 13XO"I)>:U:O. 5rolA9 119 nrlroJ~D OllfU""{""{C).OD mx OlUOO"I)> Ol 130(!)9Dl
-3ri 5nri nA '5noO(!)""{A. 5lll 5n.O:U:90l 5n.Ol mx ll913 m nX?MO n.o:u: DJon.o l}.x11ll10:U:OA3
AUl 13cf1,C).""{DXDAD 11JX DT'(1X10:U: UA?ri0939 UlD DO?ri DJAOCl.OAD:U: 3rl "130(!)10.01, Dl(!)O:U:
C).Odm '1Dl"I)>013:U:O:U:D 'l}.X11UAD""{:U:DOD:U: 1onriA."I)>O:U: 5101 A3 1DAJ3 5DOO(!)""{A 5lll 5ro3ol}.oX

A(l)l901 A(l)l mx A(!)913 A(l)l D1""{1X10:U: U013:U:"I)> ll119 30.3t)0?013 n.o:u: mx

-ay 01 'UOA\

'OA9Y 9XUro01

;}pU;}SQfJ;} sl?p 5roJAroA.nA3 30C).Olll~nAn 531?""{3rinoo(!)""{A. Alll mx nrill9A 01

J03:U: 511 n.o1 53""{9 30 n.o1r '59X1AO""{ 5nA.?ri o DJO:U:o Alll 3ri 'l.t.oro:U:C).lD19lfX1Dn.dml3ri l.t.l
-mc;.eng mri 13A(!)OE)OD 5(!)enx 'lllll9AOln.n 3lO:U:Jl mA. mx ADA?ADX mA. mAp A39 'Lv.. 3rl
-O.OAJ"Dl(1)0 DA 131?01 '3riC).0""{1riO DA 3riC).OOOllri A39 11' 9 mA., DJO:U:O AUl 3rl rJArocbriC).O
'Sn:J{l[dOSOf!l[d-0:>{~01 Sn)TJJ;)l?Jl, 0.01 UO"Dl90:U: D1lC).3""{3lOOXD 11JX

L A9riE)101J , 10. l.l

mx 910.D1J ")3E)cb100011J DA 131?01 39UlC).D10l 5ro .5owril}.oA l}.A3X UO"Dl90:U: )3""{310:U:D

DA ' 00910(1) '13C).D:U: A39 '13~Jlrocb l}.lO.D l.t.01Jl90:U: l.l A3ri 11JA 11JX .13~Jl(l)cb DA 1DAJ3 'l}.l
-O.D U01Jl901 U13A"I)>X DA poollri 0.01 OA9ri O_L "11Jl1JAC).9 J3E)cbll""{""{O.O DA 31').0 J3E)X3""{ DA
31C).O n.o:u: 11"/))X mA13 nwriA."I)>O:U: ml.loo"l)> 5rolA9 MOXO"I)>:U:O. 119 llorolDJ:U:D19 l}.x11nrino9

H "5llclt?XO 5lll n109 mx DAOOX910.1Jl AC).0""{3lO:U:D 5DOO(!)""{A 5l.ll n109 m A009 , E)DX
'Dl:U:U""{""{C).OD 5(!)""{31A3 1DAJ3 .mUOO"I)> 5(!)""{11J 1DAJ3 A39 "l)>lO.D mnriA."/))01 D_L "9 vJ38X3""{ DA
13001Yi A39 A(1)30"/))lOO:U: A(l)l 0.0""{9MO 0.01 UOU9A"Dl1JX AUl D1A 1JlUlJD01Jl1J 11JA13 1J09
911J 3lO:U:Jl 0.01').01 A11911JX '5ll.01Jl90:U: 5mri (l)O?ri OA9ri 13E)X3""{ DA 1300llri '13E)X3""{ DA
J300llrl 11'9lf91313: "DOO(!)""{A l.l 'llE)X?""{3 ll9l}. 5ro:U:9 'mA13 A(1)30"/))lOO:U: A(l)l O""{OAC).O O_L
"119AO""{U9 l}.cboori l}.X1AO""{ Ul :MOOJAOX13:U:D Alll DA O.OA?ri13XOO:U: 'mlll9X1l"DriAD01
Alll 3rl 9A10X MOX? DA 13:U:?O:U: n.o:u: 910.n MODJAOX13:U:D nA Ac;.ooollri A39 5rori9 All""{:U:
'sv5Dllll9X111JriA.no:u: 5l.ll O""{OAC).O 01 MO~JAOX13:U:D A3ri 1DA

'y175l}.X1A.oy 5l.ll OO(!)X OlD

0191 ADA? MO~JOO A3ri 11JA 'vMOX?103:U: ClO:U: (A(1)""{9t)rin.o l}.) A(1)30"/))0cbX3 A(l)l 5130
-l}.l01JAO.O AC).0""{310:U:D A3ri 11JA (;)Zl}lS) 5130"1)>1001 10 U;)p[Of){S C).010(1)X C).OX1A.llgooA 0.01
Ocb009""{1cbOX1AO""{ OA?ri(l)AOriO:U:D AOl D1J "13lD1AOX13:U:1J DA A011JAC).91J 5(!)""{31A3 11JA
-13l}.dJOOri l}.X1AO""{ DlUl9X1WriA.nol Alll mx DOO(!)""{A Ill mA. l}.lO.D l}.A10X l.t. 5rori9 Al.t.""{lr
'zv5mlll9X11nriA.no:u: 5llll}.cboori l.l1 mx 5llD1A9X13:U:D 5l.lll,lcboori l.l1 mx 5roA90Xoln.m

NlUSN3DlliA\ AO)!HIOVAOV A.Ol Bld1l30 N1llNJIVIIOn1lVJ IV)! :WlVWHON ld3Ill0

O'tata aJt6 JtAi]8oc; yJ..waaonat yviwv (Sprachspiele I language games), ta OJtOLa UJtllQETOUV JtAELOTOU<; OOOU<; xm OLa<pOQEnxouc; [!t'ta~u 'tWV OXOJtOU<; xm OUVELQOV'ta
o ouyyevdc; Of!UO<;, ouvucpaof!EV<; f! TOU<; tQ6Jtouc; ~wi]c; xm nc; 6Lavmy6[!V!;:<;
!!EOa aJt6 auTOu<; TOU<; tQ6Jtouc; mgwtaoH<;. H Ewma TOu yA.woooJtmyvLou, JtQL
tll<; oJtoLa<; yLvttm Myoc; one; tAUtaLc; oeA.L6e<; TOU Jtag6vTO<; xe<paA.aLou, JtQOOOLOH otn yA.wooa nv aJtLx6vwn tll<; 6gaonc;, f!Lav aJtLx6vwn f!OVLf!W<; ei!J!A.Ex6f!Vll
[! XOLVWVLXE<; OQaO'tllQLO'tll't<; f!ll YAWOOLXOU xagaxti]Qa. H yA.womxi] OU!!JtEQLqJOQU ~ta~nm evowf!atWf!EVll oTO JtQL~anov tile; ev xmvwvLa 6gaonc; xm tautL~
tm [! 'tllV XOLVWVLXi] O'U!!JtEQLqJOQU xa8a'U'ti]V. ~TO Oll[!tLO aUtO aQXEL, VO[!L~OU[!,
va JtOUf! 6tL xata Wittgenstein n y).waaa wr; y).waaonaiyvw (Sprache als
Sprachspie/e) JtQEJtH Va 8WQEL'ta we; XOLVWVLXi] OQUOll EVOW[!atW[!EVll O'tllV xa'tUO'taOll XtLVll JtO'U JtQOXQLVO'UV t6oo m EXUOTO't wxuouo<; XOLVWVLXE<; VOQ[!<;
xm JtQoo6oxL<; 6oo xm m JtQaxnxE<; 6'\jJH<; TOU xa8' llf!EQav ~Lou 50 .
~Uf!<pwva f! tL<; VEE<; EQEUVE<; xm ta vEa OU!!J!EQUO[!ata TOU Wittgenstein 6ev LOXUH JtA.Eov 6n a) [!La JtQ6taon6La8EtL [!La xm [!6vo [!La JtAi]Qll avaA.uon ~) xa8 JtQ6taon6La8EtH ouyxEXQLf!EVO v6nf!a y) n yA.wooa xm n JtQay[-tanx6tnta ouvtL8vtm
aJt6 aJtM otmXELa 6) UJtUQXH [!La ouoLa yA.wooac;, [!La ouoLa JtQOtaoewc;, [!La ouoLa OXE'\jlewc; xm E) UJtUQXEL [!La a priori 'tU~ll OTOV XOO[!O. AJtOQQLJtTO[!EVllc; 0 'tll<;
JtQOtaoew<; 6n 6A.e<; m aJtHxov(oHc; JtQEJtEL va EXOUV aJtagani]twc; xmvi] f!OQ<pi],
e~a<pav(~ttm aUTO[!U'tW<; aJt6 TOY qJLAOOOqJLXO XOO[!O xm ll EWOLa TOU "AQQi]TOu".
na 'tOY Wittgenstein 't(J)V cfJ).oaocpXWV E{}eVVWV OEV XQUJt'tt'ta (xa86 0V 'UqJLO'tatm) xavev6c; (6ouc; V6tnta Jt(ow aJt6 tll 6La<poga. OA.ec; m a~E~m6tllt<;, Jtou mo8avtm 0 qJLAOOO<poc; 'tll<; yA.wooac; EV OXEOH JtQOc; TO 'tL aXQL~wc; ELVa "[!Vi][!ll", 'tL
axQL~wc; dvm "oxE'\jJll", t( axgL~wc; dvm "xatav6nolli!La<; M~nc;", xugLw<; OE Ev oxEoH JtQO<; tot( axgL~wc; dvm n "ti]gnon Ev6c; xav6va", a~A.uvovtm f!EOa ota JtAaLOLa twv 6La<p6gwv 8Ewgnnxwv JtEQLygacpwv xm f!Eoa ota cpao[!ata tll<; xa8nf!QLvi]c; JtEQLmwowA.oyLac;n aJtoxguotaA.A.won mnEA.dtm oTO JtEOLo nc; XQllOLf!OJtOLll-

48 BA.. EVOmmxa WIITGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, OEA. 232, 6nou ylvnm A6yot; yw BaQUtatEt; nA<ivEt; (schwere ImUmer).
49 ~UflqJWva flE tov WEIN, Sprachphilosophie der Gegenwart, oeA.. 69, oL <Pt}.oaoqnxiq Eowveq tou
Wittgenstein EQXOvtm to mark the most singularly philosophical of today's "linguistic philosophy".
50 fta to ~i)tT][la aut6 BA.. tT]V el;avtA.T]nxi) J.lEAEtT] tou HARDWICK, Language Learning in Wittgenstein 's
Later Philosophy, passim.

220

I'll
.;JSU;JS UOWWO:J JO ;J:Jll;J};JG ClO)Dlll3'{31 ClOl

OAO~ OlD !;Z6[ 01 J39(l)lCllD1Q ADX)3 5(l)l9 'SJU;JWn~J!J JO UO!Jd.U:JS;Jp d;JJS

Aq

d;JJS

m,\. ;uoow pll!Mpg:

:l'ii'lO:l!) ClOl \J.X11XDOl! AlUO 13ll!l1J;>XDII.Dl3 U[:llSU:l'ii'll!i\\ 0 S~lClD ClOl 5\J.OUO<)l39 Sltl \J.A.D'{'{D II.Ul 3W [!;

-C).3AlHi03 A<Dl~TIU'{fjOOlC A<Dl O!lO[OS~l

H A<!)cbOOTI A<DlC1.3A~TI03DCl.Q ~lX013 AUlD 5Cl.Ol

9TID13'{XA31Cl.D AOl DTID3'{~101.CD .5 ro nX~ Cl.Oli '5DDD<!)'{A. 5ul UDC).cb ~X1lDDlADcb Ul 91D
"1Dl3C).3lUA, A(Y)l.C<!)08AD A(Y)l DlUl9ADX1 ~X11UOADlDX u ~Q1313 5<!)fj10XD 'Ml.Oll.CC).X
-DAD DlDTI~'{gOOlC ~X1cbOD0'{1cb n1119 UD3891Cl. AUl 91D 5DlA<!)A1X3~ 1Dl3~~A.03 U!~lS
-u~~ll!A\ o

53Mt30fL 5'1'>Whonoy1cp

511~ , !;5oX910 5oA~rl'{ncbD3 5<!)'{31A3 5ro 1Dl31110

-ool.Cn 5noD<:>'{A. 5ul 5umrl8C).O 5~x1lD1AOAnx llxA.~An smrn:n?J.L AOlD S~ncbool.C 0091
u .MoX~ 5ro MOA?rlnonli nA mnrlA.~oli nw 131~01113 n.ol.C 'mu191ouwnoq ~x1cbnoA.
-1031 5ro ~'{'{D 'url~lD113 5ro AO?'{li 1X9 UDCl.WAD ~X1cbOD0'{1cb Ul J30<D38 mx O'{~lAOrl
9X11D1'{DA01DD031.CO n.o1 91<19 01 5310<D38 5owrl~oA 1031 5~X11D1'{D3Q1 mx 5~x1A.O'{
-oXn.cl\ 53DJ38<DlCCl.lD1Q Cl.Ol ~X01.C3 AU110X~rl 511 53'{9 3D 131~8DOD111AD 'Cl.013TIUD 59A3
~A.orloncb3 uA~rlrlnolD31Cl. AUl 91n m1pA.on.01rluq n.oli 'uo~Xo url1cl\?'{goo1 5<!)X1A

-<DA1ox AUl 5ro nrlu9A 01 5mA0~100 :5prlol <Dl~xnonl.C 5n.ow (~X103rly ono9a u10
mx Ul.C<!)OC1.3: ~X101A3)1 AUlD 'uqo9cb~0 AUlD ~~ppqW"B;) OlD) 5~'{0X~ 5~X11Cl.'{DAV
511 53'{913~~300U13 U!~lSU~~ll!A\ o 5~ln.n n.o1 5no1A.A.3D001 511 mx S3AC1.30~ 5113W
"A<D3D~OcbX3 A<Dl ~cbOOlDOlCCl. ~X11DTIAD01.C AUl AC1.0~13Q

-DAD DA ~ADX1 D10~110X 01A~XD001.C 9X1DD<D'{A OlD ACl.O'{'{~f)OOlC 5D1AOC1.0113'{ <DA9'{

A3 5ul <DD~W "A<D3D~OX 5n.oo~li113 A<D09cbmq A<Dl A<Dl~l010TIO A<Dl UD<D1DOQ3 AUl
J3'{3101.CD DA 131~01 'Dl38JlAD '~'{'{D '501DTIC).AUTI Cl.01D1A3 Cl.OA3TIC).OO<D38 01901 A9X
-1ADQ1 ,lDX 59A3 UDDfl1fJD13TI ~'{liD AUlD 1DlnlD1i\Cl.D Di\ 13001.C'Ii i\3Q Oi\9rl1X9 '5owrl
-~Arocbx3 59A3 5owrl~oA n.o1 59'1iD1008DX

o 5ul 591.COXO o 1DAJ3 5uDDl901 5ul moA

-A~ u mx 5<:>fl1oxn 91n.mJ 5310<D38 53A~rlrlu'{13MD popd -e 3D 138Xnlin. nA 13oo1.Crl A3Q

n.ol.C '510lC).OlA3 'nrlA.~olC- 5~qn.3cl\ ~ 5~9u-xn 'oA~rl-xncbD3 ~ 9900 AC).OO<D38 1o1roo9A~

10 101Q110 11'9 91D AOA9TI ~ODlC A<DA9ADX O'{OAC).D 5~i\3A<D~3 DA~ADX 91D 1Dl3C).3TID3Q
A3Q mx m13~10o9nx A3Q 'n.OlC).Ol X3 5ro 'mx 9TID38 (9X1A<DMox) OA1li<!)08AD J3'{3l01n
'5C).Ol.COXD 5n.00131.C~ J3130UlCCl. Cl.Ol.C 'Oi\DA09 5ro DDD<!)'{A.

"OOC1.8~0Dl.C 9lD1'{DcbD DA?

3TICl.OD~1fjDODlC Di\ OlD ~ Cl.O~~g 59A3-DTI<!)l.C 01\?TI<Di\UcbD 01 3TIC1.0~10i\D DA OlD :C).O'{

-'{D 1DX 13DC).3TI1DUOX 5nrl DA poo1.C'Ii1Q1flDDlDX DA? 119 'OD91D<D '3rl~AX3~ 5UD3891Cl.
<DA9'{ i\3 5ul UD<D080~ 1\Ul 3TI .53Q1fl 3TICl.OA<!)Q1f)3~ Di\ mx 3TICl.Oi\<!)Q1f) DA mA. OA9TI1DX
~X11D13'{X01.CD 1Dl13101.COTI1DUOX '1q1gnD1DX DA? X'{ 'OJ3'{DA03 DA? n 1ol.CO AUl 3TI Di\
-rocbrlC).D 'DlUl91DXADAD Ull.C30l~ mx ~OUlDCl.D 'UlnlO?lCCl. mrlmlDlD1cbCl. 119 UD3891Cl.

AUl 3TIJ3TIDAO.QOD1 'J3AOC1.0113'{ DA 131?01 Cl.01010 Cl.Ol13D~g 'DX1Q<!)X 9X11i\03Q AOl

A<DA9ADX A<D'{9Ml.D A<!)OX1TI <DD?TI 3TICl.Ocf\C).'{DXDAD DA 5nrl ~013191.CD 38~X 'A<!)l.COXD
5o8~'{1 oo131~ 13D~13ou1n. nA n.oA?li13xoolC 'A<Dli\9 i\<!)X1A<DA1ox i\<DA?'li1ox3xA.n.D
AO'{'{~g1031.C OlD DD?rl 1DlJ3101.COTI1DUOX Cl.Ol.C OADA09 3TI13~~10TI DDD<!)'{A U ~Q1313:

n.o1g Ano?Tiu ,9nx n.o1 5nD~OQ11An mx 5no~oq 3rl ~X11D13'{X01D mlAO?QACl.D 5n.Ol

5~10AA? 1 531DnrluD 10 mx 513~~'{ 10 5n1A<DA10X113 5ul mx n.oA.9'{ n.o1 ~A.n'{'{DMD

~A103TIU8DX AUlD DDD<!)'{A Ul ' .. ACl.OC).3'{Cl.OQ, ~QD'{UQ '1DlAO~~A.03~313 mx DDD(!}'{A Ul
1DlA0~1013XD13TI101.C<D08A~ 10 A01010 AOl 3TI '01901 AOl 3TI OA9TI1DX A<D3~?'{ A<Dl 5uD

NI:tlSN:!DlllA\ AO)!!HOVAOV AOl Bld1H8 N1l!NJ!Vl!O&WVJ IV)! WlVWHON Id3ll IO

1ou~ 6nw~ lTJV OQL1;H TJ xa8or-tlAOUr-tVTJ xa8T}r-tQlvi] yA.wooa. M6vo 1m

8a r.tntl lasT} ma JtQayr-tma nou OX1L1;0V1al r-t lTJ yvwoT} 52 .
H OUYXUOT} JtOU VlW8H 0 aV8QWJtO~ JtOU r.tlAaH Xal, Xa'ta O'IJVEJtlaV, 0 av8QWJtO~
nou r-tnacpga1;n, oxnxa r-t to v6T}r-ta xanma~ Axnxi]~ r-tOQcpi]~, 6v aLQ1m, xm6mv tou1wv, nr-tiJ r-t6vo r-t lTJ A.mgwnxi] 6laLUJtWOTJ LQlWV QW1TJr-talwv: a) O nola
mQLJtLWOTJ xm yla nm6 Myo Mr-t 6,n Mr-t; ~) lL L6ou~ 6gaon~ xm avn6gaon~
ouvo6uouv au1a nou AEr-t; xm y) o nola onyr-tl61una tou ~(ou r-ta~ r-tJtOQouv va
XQTJOlr-tOJtOlTJ8ouv au1a nou A.r-t xm nm6 ouyxXQlr-tvo oxon6 gxov1m i], mw,
xaA.ouv1m va uJtT}Q1i]oouv au1a nou Mr-t;
Kor-t~lXO OTJr.tELO 010 JtQlV n~ r-tna8ava1LW~ x6o8LO~ ( 1952) fl>LAOaoqmci~
EQeVVe~ 'Egyo wu Wittgenstein aJt01AOUO TJ l6a tou xav6va (Regel) xm TJ OTJr-tao(a lTJ~ n]Qrpi'J~ ev6~ xav6va (Anwendung 1 Gebrauch einer Rege/)53 l6WL1Qa 6
owv Tractatus TJ yA.wooa 8WQLw w~ av1avaxA.aoT} xav6vwv. Av TJ avw1gw l6a
ouv68L r-t lTJ yvlxi] r-tJtHQlOnxi] naga6ooT}, our-tcpwva r-t n~ Qr-tTJVUnx~ xa1u8uvli]Ql~ lTJ~ ono(a~ TJ yA.wooa A.ntougy( r-toa an6 xa8 ng6owno, nou axoA.ou8L wwlQlxou~ xav6v~ xm 6lxa tou XQlltlQla oxnxa r-t lTJ XQtlOTJ 1wv A.1;wv, ngav wu 6n JtQO~aA.A.n ami] TJ nx6va tou xa1a Wittgenstein A.av8aor-tvou
ouoli]r-taw~, ytvHm ar-tow~ r-tcpav~ xm w ylalL o t6w~ o cplMoocpo~ l;agwuo
xa(gla our-tmQaOr-taLa an6 lTJV lMa wu xav6va. LlTJV mQLJtLWOTJ 1wv cpuolxwv
yA.woowv, 6r-tw~, 6lamo1wvn 6n- V ~vn8on ngo~ lTJ yA.wooa 1wv Ma8T}r-tanxwv xm lTJ~ AoyLxi]~, 6nou naA.m61Qao (6lo~ 6l V r-tcpaoT} otou~ xav6v~ XLvou~ nou 6lnouv lTJ XQtlOTJ 1wv ow~6A.wv, xa8w~ TJ ow~oA.lxi] A.oylxi] anolA.ouo
to un66lYr-ta lTJ~ unoxLr-tVTJ~ 6or-tiJ~ lTJ~ yA.wooa~ v yvn- m av8gwnm6v Lvm

52 WIITGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, I 132, aEI.. 304m.: Wir wol/en in unserrn Wissen vom
Gebrauch der Sprache eine Ordnung herstellen: eine Ordnung zu einem bestimmten Zweck; eine von
vie/en moglichen Ordnungen; nicht die Ordnung. Wir werden zu diesem Zweck immer wieder
Unterscheidungen hervorheben, die unsre gewohnlichen Sprachforrnen Ieicht ilbersehen lassen. Dadurch
kann es den Anschein gewinnen, a/s siihen wires als unsre Aufgabe an, die Sprache zu reforrnieren. So
eine Reform flir/iestimmte praktisc;he Zwecke, die Verbesserung unserer Terrnino/ogie zur Vermeidung
von MiBverstandnis$,Cnim praki:ischen Gebrauch, ist wahl moglich. Aber das sind nicht die Fiille, mit
denen wires tv tun'haben. Die Verwirrungen, die uns beschiiftigen, entstehen g/eichsam, wenn die
Sprache leerliiuft: ntoht ivenn sie arbeitet.
53 fLa tO 8[,la am6 ~A. Tl] ~a8uat6xam1] aval.val] tov Saul A. KRIPKE, Wittgenstein on Rules and Private
Language.

222

ZZ
fl3W tpU13W Ul3W JJ,l!/)fJ;} SU;JW13N S;JU[;} ii'UnJTI;Jp;JEf ;J[p pun

:U!;}lSU;}:ill!A\ 0 "(JX11D11\10XCl31Q13i\()JOU'flriClD

Sl1Dm9o1t i\(f.l3Q1 1\(l)l '0)00101 1\Ul 01J.. S~xmqmillD Sill S~lClll llDroCl80"(l 1\Ul J;>Hrl SroDgrly 'VDD(fJyl..lilD
5/illiD(u'!X 11 1VII.J3 5ll!'JiJY Smrlvrlli911. OL :101~ ' ;Jlj:Jl3JdS J;Jp U[ lj:JT113JQ;J[) U[;JS JS! S;JJJO;\\ S;JU[;J ii'unJn;Jp;JEf
;JfG

:z9Z ''(3D 'j? I 'U;Ji!UfllJ:JTISJ;JJUn

;Jlj:JS[lJdOSOfflJd

'NI3.1SN39llli\\ rl.01UDrolt(llll1QUrlll<b)03lt 1\Ul ''(S: ~~

nDD<;J'(A Ill mJ.. llltCl190lt "(>Xllx 5roX9~3 A(l0'(310ltll ~mi\ClQ1lJA)3 1\39 'A(l)/\91\DX UA3rl
-(l00310 'DOO<;J'(A mrl1191lJX ~rl09 ~OUlOCllJ 131g8ll19 '01\ 13ltg0lt DOD<;)'( A U119UOU8JOlt3lt 1\Ul '5'0'(91X
I\ClOA<;J1'(3rl38 1\39 AD 'AClO(lXD11\3 ~91313 S<;Jg1ClXD mx 'D)3X31\ClD 1\3 I\ClOD~10ltOrl10UOX D8 ClOlt '5gXOD
511 i\Cl00?8 Di\ mx 53A9ADX 5etol AroCl?lOOlt A(l)l X3 1\ClOD)l038 Di\ OlD 1\(lOltOXDOltD ~\11313 S<;Jg10XD
'~X1AOV U 1DX 009 "(JX11Drlll8DJAI

l)1

OD9l U!;JlSU;}:ill!A\ I\OllJ1A 119 (l)Agrl13XOOll 1\3 1lJl31\<;J13rlUDOltA j?~

mx S<))g1oxn 910.D1J ~~Slullol}.oX UA"?YhOX3xAO.O Ul 91tD 1Dl3~100 O.OlC UO(l)ll1031! llA?ri

-10X3XMO

llw '91n.n 01 mx 0319 'I}. A(l)30(!)11!1031! A(l)l D1'(1X10:U: AUlD Sill "Qrill9A 01 mx

D10M"? llolul}.~n.o 910. 3101D"QX3 ll 1DlJ310:U:Ori1DltOX S<;>:u: MOA(!)1011!D19 DA mx A').Ol

-3'{3ri DA mx A').OM303 DA 131"?01C DE) (S?1DDOdml3ri 10 mx DO"Q) SDOO(!)'{A Slt1 S310l}.OX
10 mx "Q'{'{D '1ocbo09'{1cb 10 OA9ri 1X9 'Sum'{"QAD SllA?rilloudm Su1 (l)O?ri (SmoM"? Smri
nrill9A 01 =) SmoM? Smri n1on.o u 139cblt'{'{O.O DA 'D138J?:U:ooo:u: u m1"Qri mx u:u:oxo"Q
lt 1Dl3A"QgriD'{DAD DA 111\D 9ln.D1j .A(l)10Ul10X A(!)X103l(l)03 130"Qg Ul11!3 :A(l)A9ADX A(!)X
-103l(l)D3130"Qg Ul)l3 13A00.0113'{ O.OlC '9ri01ADXI.tri AOl OAJ3X3 AOOU'{X9'{0 30 SDJ~D Sl}.x
-110.3Allrio3 Sl}.x1cboo0'{1cb nri/..l}.c!L 31').0 mmwJcbn. A39 (!)A3 'Sltoltri909A1'{Dli Sn1onriuo
0.3A"Q mx Su:u:oxo"Q Smri OA3ri9Amcb 01 "QOD:U: Snri J?looo:u:ri 3rin.oX? A39 'pAo/..o(l)~ Sn.01
11'9 m/..ltolt/..1}.~3 D10ri90D1! MOX? DA 1DlJ311Dl!D DAOOX910.Dl 1DX 'S3A9ADX 10 10191
10 A').OAOAO(l)~ S11 A39 S13~"?'{ S11 'S(l)ri9 'AV ')310:U:Ori1oltoX Sn.01 DA 01901 A0113~)0(l)A/..
AD OA9ri l}.ri13 'SDDD(!)'{ /.. SlllUlDl}.OX ADA? MODI}./..lt909DX DA ADX 31').0 "Q'{'{D 'A(l)0"?1001!
A(l)l X3 M00(!)30XO:U:O. DA A').OOO:u:ri A39 OA9ri 1X9 S3A9ADX 10 ' O'{';l~ 11"Qririox 01DXO.l DA"?
m/.. S<;>'{ltD m113x9o:u: 11913~1riOA mx p1o:u:ori1DlloX AOl DA 130"?~ A39 n.o:u: 'So10:U:J?X n.o1
D10?X DlD 13"QlDOX AOl AD19 'SD1013ri(l)3j Sltl DA9ADX AOl 3ri 'DXDO"QX AOl 3ri MO~"Q10ri
:100X3A 1DAJ3 S3A9ADX 10 .DlOl!Jl 5(1)1')-'{0l!D M0').3AUri03 A39 'DlO:U:Jl A')-0130
-Ul0.~3 A39 S0.0110A9ri 91tD S3A9ADX 10 U!;}lSU;}~U!i\\ AOl D1J '013EJ11AD "QX1~10 13XD10fl

AOl '"QlD(l)O 13~9riODcb3 AOl n.o:u: mx Sltwl}.oX-Sl}.lU'{1riO o 0.01 O.OA OlD 13X"? AOl n.o:u: 'SDA
-9ADX ::>Olj pB S01011?X 1}. 010l}.l10X 9X113XD 01011?X 1DlDlD1cDf1001! 119 S9A11 0.0'{'1{"9 ft3A"Q
mx S(l)l"Qri010.D 13A1Drilto 'Sill DJODrillo ADJOU'{XO'{O ,8DX AUl 3ri SltonocbX? Smri !.toll
-1o:u:ori1ouoX u 119 ';lufpUTJJSJ;Jpun UT?WnH ;IufUJ;J:JUO:J ifT?ssg ow 1Dl3A<;>:u:n.m19 S(l)l9
' X'{ ;np01 UljOf 0.01 D10(l)38 UA?ri0939D19 DlDl')-00.3 H 'DA"?ri'{DcDD3 S(l)ri'{"QecD0~3J38ft'{
-DAD 3Xp A98'{30Dl! 9X1cDOD0'{1cDOX100101 OlD 0.01! 'D?91 AD1ri 13A(!)080D O.Oll}.DllOl}.l H
Sol9A0/..3/.. 0.01 'OD91D(l) '1"0131!? .1DlDlD1cDO. '5(l)lA9 'SDA9ADX 0 U!;}lSU;}~U!i\\ AOl D1j
'13?'{ (D8) 0.01 Jl38DX 010 'mDriD"Qli\DcD ADD ... 'DlA9 DlD09D
ADD A').OAU90 AOl DA m/.. S3A9ADX S(l) MOXO"Ql0. A39 'J?A380.01! 91D S13Dl}.lltgmcbriD
S?09ocbo 13Dl}.lADMD DA S1o(l)X '13'{1rio mx 13X?mx n.o:u: 'DOD<;>'{/.. uw 5DA?8DX o 13A
-10XD19 DA UD?8 30 1DAJ3 SO.OJO:U:O Sn.01 mx 9X1'{ft 9X1DD(l)'{/.. OA?riUl38013Xon A')-0'{31
-Ol!D 31)3 'OA?ri'{DcDD3 11 1DX 9900 1Dl3~1A0'{ 11 0.01)031 DA?ri0939 DA?riDD031!31! DlD
S3A?riD1DDg S130').3X1A3A 1DAJ3 31)3 0.01 'S3A9ADX 10 i\.~Sltl S3A9ADX S0.0113A"QX Sn.01
DA 11 '0.01 DOD(!)'{A Ul SpADX 138"Qri ').OlOOll i39 S(l)lA9 .DOD(!)'{ A Ul A').010:U:Ori1DltOX
DA A1191DX UD?8 3D A').08XD1031! DA m/.. 'S3A9ADX'S0.01 Dl(!)Ol! M08"Qri DA 01DXADAD

NI3:!SN3:Dlllll\ AO)!JHOVAOV AOl Bldtl3:6 N151NJIVIIO:mlVJ IV)! :r01 VWHON ld3:11 10

'\jJ11 6n 11 8WQ11011 'tOU voi]~-tawr; avayetm 0111 8WQ11011 'tT]~ XQi]OT]r;, U:rtOO't11Ql~H OLL
11 EVVOLa 'tTJr; "xgiJa11r;", ~-t 'tTJV o:n:ota 11 8wgta wu Wittgenstein ELvm og8i], ELvm EVvoLa xa8agwr; 'tEXVLXi], yLaU'tO XaL XQi]~H E:rtEs11YiJOEW~. To ElOO~ 111r; OXELLXi]r; !-1-E 'tO
V011!-LU XQi]OT]~ a<pOQU 'tO 'tl OUVHOqJEQOUV OL xa8EXUOLOV EXqJQUOHr; O't11V E:rtL'tEAWT]
auyxExQL ~-tEvwv yA.waaLxwv :n:ga1;wv57 : xm OTJ 1wv, xa1a 111v ogoA.oyta LOu J.L.
Austin, AEYO!!Evwv ":n:goaA.Exnxwv :n:ga!;Ewv" ("illocutionary acts") 58 . 0 Alston
u:n:oOTT]Ql~H 6'tL Mo EX<pQ<iaHr; EXOUV w LbLO v611~-ta, E<iv a1a :n:A.atma ~-tLar; :rtQ6'taOTJr; 11 avnxa1aa'taa11 'tTJr; ~-twr; a:n:6 111v aA/...11 a<pi]vH avaA.A.otwLO w Bam~6~-tVO
0111v :n:goaA.Exnxi] :rtQ<is11 6uva~-tLx6 (illocutionary act potential) TJr; :n:g61aaT]r; auiJ~ - LL~ 0La8EOH~, i]youv, LOU 0!-1-LAT]'ti] EV ava<pOQU :n:gor; 111 XQiJ011 111r; JtQO'tUOT]~
xa1a 111V E:rtL'tEA011 :rtQOOAEXLLXWV :rtQ<isWV59.

56
57

58

59

dadurch, daB man aufseinen Trager zeigt, nou navan[: To & v61)tta cv6<; ov6!laro<; ro <~1/YOV/1-E /1-EQLxi<; rpO(IE<; OciXVOVra<; TOV rpO(IEa TOV. - ~'UYYVL~ JtQO~ tl]V avaf..'UOl] tO'U Wittgenstein LVat OL
an6'ljJL~ 10'\J ayyf..ou ALy'UJtttof..Oyou Allan Gardiner, JtO'U liLatumil8l]xav Ota 1932 Xat JtOU a<jJOQOUV
to n<il~ Qya~nm o t..6yo~. H oxmx~ f.l tl]V axot..ou8ouf.tVlJ f.lE8olio anavtnon oto Q<iltl]f.la am6 l vm lJ 1;~~- GARDINER, The Theory of Speech and Language, 01... 6 -: This (.. .)is my method: to put
back single acts of speech into their original setting of real life, and thence to discover what processes
are employed, what factors involved. 0 Gardiner OQL~H tO v6n~-ta !J,La~ t..1;1]~ w~ un68wl] VIioyt..woOLX~ (W~ UJt68Wl] "qnf..of..oyLxrj"), LOXUQL~O!J,VO~ 6n to VOl]!J,O xa80QL~tat !J,OVO !J,EOO an6 tl]V avaf..UOl] tl]~ <jXXQ!J,OY~~ tl]~ f..Esn~ ~t... GARDINER, The Theory of Speech and Language, o1... 36: We can
perhaps best picture to ourselves the meaning of a word(...) considering it is a territory or area over
which the various possibilities of correct application are mapped out.
WITIGENSTEIN, Philosophische Bemerkungen, o1... 59: Der Sinn des Satzes ist sein Zweck.
nq~t... xm RYLE, Ordinary Language, o1... 17 1: Hume 's question was not about the word 'cause'; it was
about the use of 'cause'. It was just as much about the use of 'Ursache '. For the use of 'cause' is the same
as the use of 'Ursache ', though 'cause' is not the same word as 'Ursache '. - ~(jlOiiQ~ avtLQQ~OH~ Otl]V
ano'ljJl] tou Ryle X<JlQU~H o VENDLER, Linguistics in Philosophy, o1... II : This is an incredible claim.
How does Ryle know, without an exhaustive study of both languages, that the use of Ursache is the same
as that of cause? How, moreover, can two words ever have the same use in two different languages that
do not show a one-to-one correlation of morphemes and syntactic structures? Anyway, insofar as Ryle 's
claim is understandable it is obviously false: the word cause is both a noun and a verb. Ursache, on the
other hand, is never a verb. And this, I say, is quite a difference in use.
Bt... AUSTIN, How to do Things with Words, o1... 27: As whether certain words (a certain locution) had
the force of a question, or ought to have been taken as an estimate and so on-(... ) we also perform
il/ocutionary acts such as informing, ordering, warning, undertaking, &c., i.e. utterances which have a
certain (conventional) force. - Kqmx~ otl] 8eon tou Austin mql unaQ1;w~ nQoaAExnxwv bvvd/1-EWV
(illocutionary forces) aox[ o COHEN, Do Il/ocutionary Forces Exist?, o1... 118m.
ALSTON, Meaning and Use, 01... 107m.

224

0! nEPI

NOHMATO~

KAI

fAQ~LOIIA!fNIQN 8EQPIE~

TOY AOY L'IOBIKOY WITTGENSTEIN

E:ruol]~ava~E :ruo navw an lJ artOXQUOtaAA.wol] tou vo~~ato~ EJU tEAEl tm oto rtE6(o tl]~ XQlJOL~OJtOll]Ol]~ t WV Ml;EWV xm ~avo ~E tOV tQarto, ~E tOV OJtOlOV Olav8QWJtOL ~EtaXELQl~OVtm tl] y/...wooa xm tl]V ErtEsEQya~ovtm, bl]Aab~ tl] "b01JAE'IJow" otl]V xa8l]~EQLV~ owa/.../...ay~ tou Myou xm tl]~ E:ruxmvwv(a~. Ta cpLA.ooocpLxa
JtQO~/...n~ata JtQOXUJt'tOlJV, ou~cpwva ~E toV Wittgenstein, atav l] y/...wooa YLOQta~EL60, atav 6l]f...a6~ "6ouf...Eun" A.ntouQyouoa w~ y).waaonaiyvw (Sprachspiel)6l

~oa Ota n/...a(ow tl]~ xa8l]~EQLV~~ tl]~ EqJaQ~OY~~. anou bEV EXH tl]V JtOA1JtEAHa
va "EJUOtQEqJH" OtOV Ea1Jta tl]~, va "XAElVEtm" EXEl ~oa xm va "aVaQWtLEtm" ~E
xrt/...lJslJ nma dvm to HbLxa val]~a nou rtaQ<iyEtm ana tl] ouv6wl] ~La~ MsTJ~ ~E
to E~rtQ<iy~ato avtLxQuo~a tl]~ xm nma ELvm to Ev yvn val]~a tl]~ w~ y/...wooa~ .
Mo/...ovan lJ mQLyQacp~ twv XQ~OEwv xm twv EcpaQ~oywv tl]~ y/...wooa~ ~oa ana
t a bLUqJOQa yf...WOOOrta(yvLa- LXaVa~ aQL8~a~ tWV OJtOlWV artaQL8~ltm EVbHXtLXU, Otl]V bE artaQle~l]Ol] aut~ JtEQLAa~~UVEtal xm l] ~EtUqJQaOl] ana ~La yf...ffiooa OE
~LaV UAAT]V62 - artOtEAEl EQYO tl]~ qJLAOOOqJLX~~ EQElJVa~. 0 Wittgenstein EAEYXOVta~
tL~ JtQOOJttLXE~ toll~ xm JtEQLYQUqJOVta~ ta rtaQatl]QEl ~LaV ax/...u (Dunst): "l] YEVLX~ vvoLa tl]~ Ol]~ao(a~ twv Ml;Ewv rtEQL~a/.../...n tl] /...mouQy(a tl]~ y/...wooa~ ~E ~Lav
axt...u nou xavn aMvatl] tl]V xa8aQ~ aQaol]" 63 . A/...M xm lJ vvma "nmxvL6L" ~ma
~H ~E "XOWT]~EVT] qJWtOyQacp(a" XLVOU~EVT] ~oa OE 01JYXEX1J~va rtf...a(cna 64 bEV
bLatlJJtWVEtm W~ YEVLX~ EVVOLa, aAA.a rtaQa~EVEL ~OVl~W~ OE xataotaOl] UQQl]tolJ
OQW~ou (nicht ausgesprochene Definition) 65 xm cpavEQWVEtm ~avo 6w tl]~ XQ~OE
w~ rtaQa6ny~atwv. flauta xm lJ (artoLa~ ~oQcp~~) xataval]OlJ E:ruou~~a(vn ~oa
oE ~Lav n6Lx~ at~aocpmQa (besondere Atmosphare), tl]~ ono(a~ lJ ucp~ xm o xaQaxt~Qa~ x d vtm EVtEAW~ JtEQaV JtUOl]~ JtEQLyQacp~~ 66 .
H vvma twv y/...wooonmyv(wv, a8Ev, ouvaQtatm otEvatata ~E tl] 8EwQ(a tl]~ OTJ~ao(a~ w~ XQ~OlJ~. Ltov Tractatus, ~o/...ovan 6Ev y(vEtm nou8Eva Myo~ rtEQ( y/...wooonmyv(wv, lJ oxol] Ol]~ao(a~ x m XQ~OlJ~ xn, anw~ E(6a~E, 6wturtw8E(, xm 61]

60 WITTGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, I 38, OEA. 260: ( ... )die philosophischen Probleme
entstehen, wenn die Sprache feiert. Und da konnen wir uns al/erdings einbilden, das Benennen sei
irgend ein merkwlirdiger seelischer Akt, quasi eine Taufe eines Gegenstandes.
6 1 WITTGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, I 7, OEA. 241 .
62 WITTGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, I 2 3, OEA. 250: ( .. .) Aus einer Sprache in die andere
Ubersetzen - ( ... ).
63 WITTGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, I 5, OEA. 239: ( .. .) inwiefem der allgemeine Begriff
der Bedeutung der Worte das Funktionieren der Sprache mit einem Dunst umgibt, der das klare Sehen
unmoglich macht.
64 WITTGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, I 71, OEA. 280: (...) der Begriff "Spiel" ist ein Begriff
mit verschwommenen Riindem.
65 WITTGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, I 75, OEA. 282.
66 WITTGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, I 607, 608, OEA. 462 rn., 463: (... ) Und da wollte ich auf
einmal sagen, da erschien es mir auf einmal, ich mUBte die Worte doch irgendwie besonders gemeint haben;
anders niimlich a/sin jenen andern Fiillen. Es hatte sich mir das Bild von der besonderen Atmosphiire
aufgedriingt; ich sehe sie tormlich vor mir- solange ich niimlich nicht auf das sehe, was nach meiner
Erinnerung wirklich gewesen ist.

225

:ngay~-tanxou 6LXtA.ou~-tvn EcpaQ~-tOYrJ tn~ w~ ux6va~ ~-tLa ox1)Jn, 1-!La A.oyLxr] :ng6taon r]toL, a:notEA.d :rro6wa1}-a1]p.io (Satzzeichen) nov <:paQ~-t61;tal otov x6o~-to 72
LtL t:PtAoaocpoair; EQVvr; o Wittgenstein avamuoou Xtvw~ Xal E!lJlEQLOtatw~-t
va, 6w tn~ avacpoga~ tou ota yA.wooo:nalyvLa, tn 8wgla tnc; on~-taola~ w~ XQr]on~
sEXLVWVta~ a:n6 tnv avtlA.nt)Jn OtL to O:rtOLo6r]:not OVO~-ta ALto1JQYEL (!)~ OVO~-ta 1-!0VO
~-toa a va 66o~-tvo ouotn~-ta yA.womxwv Xal El;wyA.womxwv 6gaotnQLOtr]twv.
Ltov Tractatus o Wittgenstein ELX "taLtUQEL" tov Frege: p.6vo vr6r; rov :rrAawiov
p.tar; :rro6wa1Jr; txa tva 6vop.,a a1]p.,aaia 73 otL~ t:PtAoaocptxtr; IlaQaT1]Qr)aar; oxoA.La1;u to :naganavw taLtato xatacp'\Jyovta~ oto :nagMuy~-ta tn~ ga~6ou :nou xgnm~-to
:noLELtal (!)~ !-!OXAO~ 74 . 'Eotw XL av 0 Wittgenstein OtL~ t:PtAOOOcptxEr; EQVvt:r; xonm!lO:rtoLno :rtA.dot~ 00 cpogc; :naga6LY!lata OUYXQLOECD~ A.El;ECDV Xal EQyaA.ELCDV,
mltn6c; a:ncpuy va 6wou tn yvLxr] vvOLa tou yA.wooo:nalyvlou 6L6tL n :rtQL ta
yA.wooo:nalyvLa EQuva 6v OXtL1;tal xata ~aon !l :rtalyvLw6u~ :ngal;u~ u:noA.oyLo~-to'\J (spiel-ahnlicher KalkUI), 6:nwc; o :noA.A.a:nA.amao~-t6~ r] n 6Lalgwn, aA.A.a ~-t tn
xor]on tou~. To 6Lacpog6tgo:no twv :rtalXVL6Lwv a:notAL yw tov Wittgensteiil tnv
xataA.A.nMtQn avacpoga-6xn~-ta, yw va !lJlOQEOEL va Excpgaou tL~ v~ tou a:n61)JL~
:rtQL 6wcpoga~ Xal 6wcpog6tntac; tn~ yA.womxr]~ xgr]on~. MoA.ov6n n xat' mavaA.nt)Jn mXLQn8Loa ouyxgwn tn~ yA.wooa~ ~-t to oxaxL tov LX ~oner]ou va El;nyr]ou
:noA.A.ou~ Ex twv oxo:nwv tn~ t:PtAoaocptxrjr; roap.,p.,auxrjr; tou 75 , twga ma EXEL ouvu6nto:nOLr]ou acp' v6c; 6tL to oxaxL ~-t tou~ auotngou~ xav6v~, :nou to xagaxtnQL67 wmGENSTEIN, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, OEA. 22: 3.32: Das Zeichen ist das sinnlich Wahmehmbare

am Symbol.
68 WJTTGENSTEIN, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, OEA. 22: 3.321.
69 WITTGENSTEIN, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, OEA. 23: 3.326: Um das Symbol am Zeichen zu erkennen,

muB man auf den sinnvollen Gebrauch achten.

70 WJTTGENSTEIN, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, OEA. 25 : 3.327.
71 WITTGENSTEIN, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, OEA. 23: 3.328: Wird ein Zeichen nicht gebraucht, so

ist es bedeutungslos.
72 WITTGENSTEIN, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, OEA. 25: 3.5: Das angewandte, gedachte Satzzeichen

ist der Gedanke 4: Der Gedanke ist der sinnvolle Satz.

73 WJTTGENSTEIN, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, OEA. 20: 3.3.
74 WITTGENSTEIN, Philosophische Bemerkungen, 14, (J_EA. 59: Ein Wort hat nur im Satzverband Bedeutung:

das ist, wie wenn man sagen wlirde, ein Stab ist erst im Gebrauch ein Hebe/. Erst die Anwendung macht ihm
zumHebel.
75 WITTGENSTEIN, Philosophische Grammatik, 11, OEA. 49 m: (...) im Schachspiel kOnnen wir wieder den
Doppelsinn des Wortes "verstehen" tinden. Wenn Einer, der das Spiel kennt, einer Schachpartie

226

OlllEPI NOHMATOL KAI r AQHOllAlfNIQN 8EQPIE}; TOY AOY L'IOBIKOY WITTGENSTEIN

l;,ouv, 6Ev dvm avnngoow:n:EUtLX6 6A.wv twv nmxvL6Lwv xm acp' EtEQOU 6n 6.A.A.a
nmxvt6La, A.Ly6tEQO auotT]Q6. w~ ngo~ tou~ xavovw~ou~ tou~. ~ogouv va anotEMoouv :n:goocpog6tEQa ~a a ouyxgtoEw~ ~E tT] yA.waaa 76 , 6nw~ A..x. ta nmxvt6La ~E
~aAA.a, Ex twv onotwv aAA.a ~Ev :n:goi.i:n:o8touv axA.TJQrl a~LAA.a (6nw~. n.x . to noMocpmgo, to xgtxEt, to tvvu;) xm aAA.a OXL (6nwc;, n.x . to a:n:M ntay~a tl]~ ~aA.
A.ac;) 77 . LLLc; <l>LAOOOf{JLXEr; EQt:VVt:r; 0 Wittgenstein a~cpLOf)l]tEL tO 6n U(j)LOtatm xan
xmv6- 6Laox6aol], a~LAAa, xavovLO~OL, E:n:L6E/;L6tl]ta- ava~Eaa OE 6A.a ta :n:mxvt6La, 6EXO~Evoc; 6tL to ~6vo nou unagxu. Etvm tva noA.VnA.oxo 6txtuo "mxoyEVELaxwv" O~OLOTr']tWV ("Familien"ahnlichkeiten) xm aAAl]AOtE~VO~EVWV OXEOEWV
(einander Uberschneidenden Beziehungen) 78 To "nmxvt6L" ~oLal;,u ~E to vi]~a nou
ucpatvEtm tva tl]V tva 79 , xan nou xu i]6T] 6Latu:n:wou 8au~aoLa oto M:rr).t: BL{3Aio
tou: To :rr).oio t:ivm &pivo OT7]V JrQOXV/laia 11' eva :rra).a/lcXQL, TO & :rraAa/lcXQL a:rrOT-

At:iTm a:rr6 i vt:r; 7J wxvr; TOv :rra).a!laowv &v eyxt:L Tm, waT6ao, aTO 6n 7J xa8t:/1La iva
!;t:xwowTa !;t:xLvat:L a:rr' T7JV aoxri xm cpTavt:L we; TO Tt).or; TOV :rra).a!laowv, aUa aTO
OTL 7] xa8t:/1LcX iva st:XWQWTa lrAeXt:TaL EXEi /1E ayVWOTO aQL8/10 cXAAWV LVciJvBO,
Enabi] tl]v Ev Myw L6L6tl]ta tT]V txouv an6 xmvou to "nmxvt6L" xm n "yA.waaa", o Wittgenstein to ~ll m:n:Egao~vo Exdvo ouvoA.o otmxdwv, nou a:n:otEA.ouv
OL DLU(j)OQE~ "yAWOOE~-~LVLatoUQEc;", to OVO~aOE yA.wooo:n:atyvLa. Ilatl]~a yLa tl]V
EmA.oyi] tou ami] wu 6woav xm aA.A.Ec; nagatl]Qi]oa~. 0 g6A.oc;, atcpvT]c;, twv xav6vwv tEAEOEW~ twv nmxvL6Lwv ~mal;,EL noA.u ~E touc; yA.wooLxou~ xav6vEc; 81
IlatyvLa xm yA.wooonatyvLa 6Ev U:ltTJQEtouv axonov~ xd~Evouc; 1;w an6 auta ta
tbw, xa8' 6oov a:n:6 ~6va tou~ a:n:otEA.ouv aut6vo~E~ 6QaOtl]QLOtT]tE~ 82 ouyxQLOlJ, EV toutm~, tnc; yA.waaa~ ~E xa:n:oLO nmxvt6L m' ou6Evt xu to v6n~a 6n n

76
77
78
79
80
8I

82

zusieht, so hater bei einem Zug des Spiels im Allgemein ein anderes Erlebnis a/s der, we/cher zusieht
ohne das Spiel zu verstehen. (Und auch wieder ein anderes Erlebnis a/s Einer, der gar nicht weiB, daB es
ein Spiel ist.) Man kann auch sagen, daB es die Kenntnis der Schachregeln ist, die den ersten Zuschauer
vom zweiten unterscheidet, und also auch, daB es die Kenntnis der Rege/n ist, durch die der erste den
Schachzug in seiner besondem Weise erlebt. Aber dieses Erlebnis ist niche die Kenntnis der Regeln.
Be ides aber sind wir geneigt "Verstiindnis" zu nennen. Das Verstiindnis der Sprache, quasi des Spiels,
scheint wie ein Hintergrund, auf dem der einzelne Satz erst Bedeutung gewinnt. - Aber dieses
Verstiindnis, die Kenntnis der Sprache, ist niche ein BewuBtseinszustand, der die Siitze der Sprache
beg/eitet, selbst wenn es einen so/chen Zustand im Gefo/ge hiitte. Vielmehr ist es von der g/eichen Art
wie das Verstehen, Beherrschen eines KalkU/s, also wie: multiplizieren konnen.
WIITGENSTEIN, Philosophische Grammatik, 3 I, OEA. 67: Ich sagte, die Bedeutung eines Wortes sei die
Role, die es im KalkUI der Sprache spie/e. (Ich verglich es einem Stein im Schachspiel).
WIITGENSTEIN, Philosophische Grammatik, 32, OEA. 68.
WIITGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, I 67, oE/... 278m.
OQ~A. WIITGENSTEIN, Phi/osophische Untersuchungen, I 65 EJt., OEA. 276m.
WIITGENSTEIN, Das B/aue Buch, OEA. I28.
WIITGENSTEIN, Philosophische Grammatik, 26, oEI... 63: Wir betrachten die Spiele und die Sprache
unter dem Gesichtspunkt eines Spiels, das nach Rege/n vor sich geht. D.h. wir verg/eichen die Sprache
immer mit so einem Vorgang. WIITGENSTEIN, Philosophische Grammatik, 36, oE/... 77: Wir betrachten
die Sprache unter dem Gesichtspunkt des Spieles nach festen Rege/n. Wir vergleichen sie mit so einem
Spiel, messen sie an ihm.
WIITGENSTEIN, Philosophische Grammatik, 133, OEA. I84.

227

a<p' Evoc; va ~ExaeagtoH nc; Ol]!!aotEc; twv A.e~Ewv Xal a<p' Etegou va XWQLOH tl]V
i]Qa (nc; avonotEc; I Unsinn) ano to mtaQL (nc; ewmEc; 1Sinn). ~nc; tEA.wtatEc; aga6Ec; toU Tractatus, !!OAOVOtL ELXE yga'\)JEL on 'fJ 0()8~ J1E8obo~ irJ~ C/J~J..,oaocpia~ avviararm aro va DHX8i aiov~ J1Eracpvarxov~ 6u a avyxXQJ1EVa OrJJ1ia rwv nooraawv TOV~ &v EXOVV anoViJ1H XUJ1J1~a OrJJ1aaia 85 , OEV ELXE UJtOOEL~H toV tQOJtO, !-1-E
tov O:rtOLOV 8a !!JtOQOUOE va OlJ!lBEL xan tetmo one; C/J~J..,oaocp~xe~ EQEVV~, tWQa,
odxvH otouc; !!Eta<pumxouc; on auto Sa ou!!Bd, av XQlJOL!!O:rtmi]oouv xanma A.e~n
Extoc; twv :rtA.awtwv tou yA.wooo:rtalyvtou nou a:rtotEA.Et tl]V :rtatgtoa tl]c; A.E~nc; 86 .
~LOll - Xal auto a:rtOtEA.d U:rtato a~LW!la yLa tov !!Eta A.6you yvwoEwc; EVEQyouvta
!-1-Eta<pgaoti]- axo!la Xal to anA.ouotEQO OlJ!-1-ELO, onwc;, n.x . eva ovo!la, ELVal ovo!la !!OVOV 000 EtVal EVtoc; tWV JtAalOLWV Xa:rtOLOU yA.WOOOJtalYVLOU' l] Ol]!laO(a Evoc;
OlJ!-1-Etou 6Ev ELVal ttnot aA.A.o naga o goA.oc; nou nat~EL to on!!do auto a eva tetow :rtalxvt6L87 . Auto Ewoouo o Frege - yga<pH o Wittgenstein - , otav eA.Ey on n
AE~l] exH Ol]!!aota !!OVO EV ouvouaO!!W JtQOc; xan aA.A.o 88 .
To yvwototEQO Et6oc; <pLA.ooo<pLxi]c; avonotac; !lac; 6LaBBalWVH o Wittgenstein on
OEV to ouvavta!-1-, otav !!La A.E~n XQlJOL!!O:rtmELtal Extoc; twv :rtA.awtwv onmou6i]:rtot yA.wooo:rtalyvtou, aA.A.a otav 6v XQlJOL!-1-0:rtmEttal oto awato yA.wooonatyvw (xu'
QLWc; 0 OE EXElVO JtOU EVtEAWc; W<paA.!-1-eVa, A.6yw tl]c; E:ri:L<paVEWXi]c;
yQa!l!latLXi]c;
89
u<pi]c; tl]c;, <patvnal on tl]c; talQLa~H xaM) . ~Lo Xal o !-1-Eta<pgaoti]c; ocpdA.H :rtQwttotwc; va yvWQL~EL :rtOU agxt~ouv Xal :rtou tEAELWVOUV ta OLa<pOQa yA.wooo:rtatyvw
:rtou tEAELWVH to eva ,yA.wooo:rtatyvw Xal a:rto :rtOU aQXL~H to E:rtO!!EVo9. 0

83 WITIGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, I 23 , oEA.. 250: Das Wort "Sprachspiel " soli hier
hervorheben, daB das Sprechen der Sprache ein Teil ist einer Tiitigkeit, oder einer Lebensform.
84 WITIGENSTEIN, Philosophische Grammatik, 29, OEA. 65 .
85 WITIGENSTEIN, Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, OEA. 85 : 6.53.
86 WITIGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, I 116, OEA. 300.
87 wmGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, 149, 261, oEA.. 267, 362 rn. nQ13A.. rni<Jl]<; wmGENSTEIN,
Philosophische Grammatik, 83, OEA. 130.
88 WITIGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, 1 4 9, oEA.. 267: Das wares auch, was Frege dam it
meinte: ein Won habe nur im Zusammenhang Bedeutung.
89 WITIGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, I 126, OEA. 303.
90 0 Wittgenstein EAaXLOta ~a<; ~onea va ~aeov~E wv tQ6no liLaxQioEw<; twv yA.wooonmyviwv ~na!;u
tov<;, ~w<; xm oun ~a<; naQEXEL yEvLx~ avaA.vo~ tov<; out mE!;EQya~nm XQLt~QLa liLaxQioEw<; ~
OQL08Et~OEW<; tO'U<;. 0EQaV tWV EUaQi8~WV YEVLXWV JtaQatT)Q~OfWV to'U ltQOOJta8L va <jJW"tLOEL toV
6Qo "yA.wooonaiyvw" bw tTJ<; EmotQatEUoEw<; nA.ELalio<; naQaliELy~atwv.

228

6ZZ
'L!; "'(30 'vzz II 'U;Jl/umpns.mun ;Jl[:JS[l[dOSOf!l[J 'NI3.lSN3DllL\\ Z6
'O!;Z '"(30 '(Z I 'u;Jl/unq:JnSJ;JJUn ;Jl[:JS{l[dOSOf!l[J 'NI3.1SN3Dllli\\ 16

30X>X~ 5910ll: mx 301<;/0~X 5910ll: 13~)0(l)A.A. 5ml Cl.Oll: A.~llCtn :n]rl OA.9TI ~rl13 CWTI09X
Cl.01UOX>lO~lX>X AUlD 5~'{0gX>13rl . 13A.~oX>ll: A.3<;1 1<;/)A.Xmll: OlD 50Q090ll: X>10ll:9 lt :53A.

-9A.X>X 5')-oxuxmMo OA.9TI131~emq 1x~xo 01 A.X>O 19)A.Xmu X>A.~ ~1o3rl mrllt1 9ll:V
j5nm ').~X>l3ri '5(l)ri9 '53139)11\X>- 5130~1A.X>ll:X> 00-9 3TI(tOO~ll: ne 119 omg~g 1X>A.J3
UJ;)lSU;}~'n!i\\. (t01l>1X>TIA.)3QX>OX>ll: X>A.~TIUll:X>A.X> 0().9 X>110A.3TI().O'{X>X1ll:3: '(t0TI09X ().OX
-1031(1)~3 (1,01 ltomo~wx A.ltlD 11~x 13'{~gnl3ri nA. 5lt1 ;}Sn ltA~rl1ox3xMo lt 13u~ou

5(l)ll:~ri ~ '513o~wou 5~1X390ll:X> 30 1mpA.o'{orlon A.X>l9 ';Jsn- 51!~~'{ 5~X1'{A.A.n 5lt1

lto~oX UlD <!>93 3TI(t0A.()-3cbOOOll: 0A.9'{ A.910ll: mA. 1X>A. )3 01U9A.Cl3 - 13X~ lt~~'{ 39~X lt
AX> 310X>TI911(l)OX>A.\f ~ .. ltolt)Oll:Ori1DltoX, 5(1) 0031().39 X>A.~ 30 mx ..mlt19rl10ltoX, 5(1)
OQ3ll:Jll:3 9X1A.0'{010X>rilto 01q>Oll: 30 ~X1A.U'{'{3 3<;1 X>lO '.,;}SO, 5(1) 1'{~ll: 1X>X )390<;/0ll:X>
X>A. ~X1'{A.A.n A.3TI X>lD 30()-000ll:ri ne X>JOll:O lt .. n;}){JllQ4:)0lJJH, 5lt1 moM~ A.U1 A.10X>ll:
-~11\X>ll: 13)3'{XOll:X> ' .. lto~oX, lt~~'{ ~X1A.U'{'{3 AUlD mx .. ;}SO, lt~~'{ ~X1'{A.A.X> AUlD pX

-1010111\X> 093ll:)ll:3 9X1A.0'{010X>rilto 01q>Oll: 30 (tOll: ' .. 4:)0llJQ;}0, lt~~'{ ~X1A.X>TI03A. H (X>
:m991J:ri3-X>1X>ri~1lt~ 0().9 3TI(t00~03ll:3~ X>A. 3TI(t0'{)3cbO

' .. lto~oX, 1X>A.)3 )1 3TI(t00~0A.X>1X>X X>A. (t0A.~ri13XOOll: '11919 '1X>139J1 nrilt1q>03 0.1 ~)30A.
-A.3 5q>g1oxn 11 '(cpnllJQ;JQ) 5(1J3D~oX J03ll: )3'{1rio U!;}lSU;}~hl!i\\. o '5(l)TI9 'A.X>lO,
n1A.A.Jnuooo(l)'{A. n1 mAJ3 uo~ox
lt "''X>1A.A.)X>ll:000(l)'{A. X>l1X>A.)3 ~WX> '"'X>1A.A.)X>ll:000(l)'{A. X>11X>A.)3 101~ 119 3TI().Oll:
X>A. 3TI().0001J:ri ngocby '5)39U'{X> 1X>A.)3 5130~100ll: 5~1(tX> 53A.~TI10X3XA.(to 10 119 3TI(t00
-q>l01ll:X>19 X>A. 3TI().0001J:ri Oll:901 A.OJOll: ~lX>X mx A.X> '1\0031().39 '1X>X 5130~100ll: 5~1(tX>
53A.9TI10X3XA.(t0 511 5oou 1309X0 A.3 A.()-09UM3A. X>A. pooll:ri 531'{0g1cbrin 5910ll: mx MOA.

-)A. X>A. A9A.X>91ll: 1X>A.)3 'Xu 'lt9~'{ ~10ll: 'A.01q>Oll: '3ri().o(:}lt1(l)OX>A.X> X>A.

:5(1,01 lto~oX ltw

59oocbm9 511 X>lA.~ll: 3TI(tOX?OOOll: X>A. 13ll:90ll: ne 591('\,X> 5130~100ll: 511~ '(U;}'i!UntdOll4
-;}H) 5()-0TI010(tX01 5(1,010 5q>'{ll:X> 531 5mA.q>TI910X>lX>XA.(to - (..ctorl X>091X>ll: A.01 mrl
-OllJ:~X~,) ..J;}llJA U;}UJ;}W Ull ;})jU;}p 4:)1, 1X>X (..(l)~A.Oll,) .. U;}ZJ;}W4:)S ;}Qll4 4:)1, '(..1X>1

-3().30131\o

"WII H,) .. lwOJPl 1\Jod, c.. 1m~rl10x 5oA.oq>1J o,) .lJJH4:)s 'i!Jo;}o, c.. ux~e

-01'{g1g UlD 1X>A.)3 01'{g1g O.L,) .. ){UllJ4:)S ill! lS! 4:)0H SllQ, 'X'{ '5(l)ll:9 -UO(l)'{~9 MOX
-91031J: ctOlJ: 5130~1001J: 511 53'{9 1'{~gct001 0191 010 9101J: 3~X>g9 X>9 1\39 UJ;}lSU;}'i!ll!i\\.
0 (l)091(l)A.X> A.(l)1 A.1ll:91X>X 119 3TI').Oll: ne 'mnrlA.~Oll: X>1 3Tict00()-3X1913~3 X>A. X>1J
Z6morl9 X>'{9 MOA.~X X>1 5nrl 5nooq>'{A. 5lt1 nX()-00 X>1 ~913ll:3 '3rictoo~10ll:01U913A.CLO
A.lt1 nA 3ri().oooll:rl A.39 A.(l)JA.A.muooo(l)'{A. Aq>A.103rlltenx A.(l)1 5aoe~'{ll: ao1 mlt19oocbm9
U1(l)ll:)3A.X> A.ll.L ' 16 m1A.().OA.OriOlt'{ mx X>A.~rionoltA. 1X>1A.OXO?OX>ll: X>'{'{~ q>A.3 '1X>1A.OX09
mA.A.)X>ll:OOO(l)'{A. n~A. '5nooq>'{A. 5lt110ll:()-1109A. .oA.~ri0939 501A.~ll: mq 11~x )3'{310ll:X>
A.39 '9039X>lD 11~X 1X>A.)3 A.39 ~1ctX> X>JXctllJ:ct'{Oll: H .. 5130~100ll:, ' .. 513~9'{, ' .. nprllto, 3rl
-cto~~TIOA.O ctOll: A.q>1ctX> A.(l)'{9 5(1)30~0X 10ll:901)0X11300cbm9101ltri9)0X>A.X> :A.q>913 A.(l)1

A.q>1(tX> 5130~100ll: 531U019TIX> MOXO~ll: A - ~~A.mooou lt mx ltolt1q>03 lt '59ri01octXD1

0 ~MoXO~ll:ct A.(l)30~100ll: 1!913 X>09ll :A.(l))A.A.mll:OOO(l)'{A. A.(l)1 nq~13'{ll: A.U1 5nooq>'{A.

5lt1 ~rioq U1 91J:X> (1)0()-A. SnJllJ:JllJ.L A.OlD 3A.3'{9 11'9 30 13199X>OX>ll:11A.X> UJ;}lSU;}'illl!i\\.

NI3.1SN3.Dll!A\ }.0)!IHOVlOV }.01 Bld153.8

N1liNJIVIlO~WV J

IV)!

~01 VWHON

Id3.Il 10

mgt 1a ngayj..tma, av A.yaj..t 6n tl yA.wooa bEv Etvm w onmobr]no't wxato xL~wno, 6nov ~-toa wv nE'tU!-LE cp'IJQ<'>tlv-j..tLy<'>tlv 1a bLacpoga EQyaA.La, aA.A.a w
ngo~ wvw xmaA.A.tlA.o xomt, w A.Ey6j..tvo raxi(.u, ~-toa ow onoto ovvwno8wuv'tm, <'>tlA.abr] 'taXLj..LLasovv 'ta EgyaA.Eta ~-ta~. Aga, 'ttlV ngoooxn ~-ta~ JtQEJtEL va
'ttlV EXOW O'tQaj..tj..LEVtl JtQO~ 'tTJV JtQ6'taOT], OXL ngo~ 'ttl j..LEj..LOVWj..LEVtl A.~tl 93 . OL bE
JtQO'tUOELC; 'taXLj..LLUs01JV, bEV XQtlOLj..LOJtOLOUVtaL, acp' tl~ onyj..tl]~ - EVVOEL'taLxow ~mEgaoa 10 o'tabLo, xma w onoto ~-ta8atvow 'ttl yA.wooa Ent 'ttl Moa
EV6~ xmaMyov O'tEQEO'tunwv xm xA.LOaQLOj..LEVWV ExcpgaoEwv.
ea j..LJtOQOUO va avn'taX8t owv Wittgenstein 6n VOj..LLj..LOJtOLOUj..t8a va <'>tlA.woov1-LE 'ttl XQrlOtl EVO~ yf...WOOLXOU XOj..tj..tanou, av JtEQLYQU'\jJOUj..LE 'tO QOAO Jt01J bLabQaj..ta'tLSEL tl yA.wooa O xanmo yA.wooonatyvLO, on6't w yA.wooonatyvLO bEv Lvm naga
j..tLa xma 'tO j..taA.A.ov l] r]nov ouv8E'ttl, JtEQLJtAOXtl av8gwmvtl bgaO'ttlQLO'tT]'ta, Jt01J
1JJtO OQ01J~ j..LJtOQEL va aJtO~EL 0 XOLVWVLXrl bgaO'ttlQLO'tT]'ta XaL Jt01J VaL j..LEV 8a j..LJtOQEL, JtAtlV 6;lw~ bEv 8a JtQEJtEL va EXH XQTJOLj..LO'ttl'ta (Brauchbarkeit) XELj..LEVtl EX't6~
wv nmyvtov. H yA.wooa w~ ouvoA.o bEv JtQEJtEL va 8WQL'tm w~ ~-too ~1JJttlQELr]o
w~ E~wyA.wooLxwv oxonwv -tl "1-LE'tabootl ox'\jJEwv xm LbEwv" ("die Obermittlung
von Gedanken") an6 j..LOVTJ 'tTJ~ bEv MEL 'tLJtO't anoA.u'tw~. acpou Etvm yvwo16 6'tL
1JJtUQXEL n:A.rj8o~ OXE'\jJEWV xm LbEWV Jt01J bEV j..LJtOQOUV va EWOtl80UV XWQL~ 'ttl XQrlOtl 'ttl~ y/...wooa~. fEVLXW~ bEV OXEJt'tOj..taO't XaL bEV XQtlOLj..LOJtOLOUj..t 'ttl y/...wooa,
mabr] xow oxtl~-tmtoa 'ttlV nmot8tlOtl 6n w EYXELQtli-La a~tsa wv x6no, 1-LE wv
tbLOv axgL~w~ 1g6no nov bEv ~-tYaA.wvovj..t 1a nmbLa ~-ta~. JtLbr] xovj..t OXtli-La'tLoa 'ttlV nmoWtlOtl 6'tL w YXELQtli-La a~tsa wv x6no. Ou't Myo~. ~~ma, 6n ovyXEXQL~-tva yA.wooonatyvLa anobaxvuov1m ava naoa O'tLYI-Lrl XQrlOLj..ta, 6nw~ n.x.tl
xmao'tQWOtl6A.wv EXEtvwv 'tWV vnoA.oyLOj..LWV, nov JtQEJtEL va ytvovv yLa va j..LJtOQE001Jj..t va xmaoxvaoo1Jj..t vav awoA.E~tl'ta. AA.A.a xm on~ JtEQLmwoa~ am~ o
Wittgenstein 8WQEL 6n Etvm nagan:A.avtlnx6 va 8/...oUj..t va ~A.no1Jj..t wv vnoA.oYLO!-L6 w~ ~-too ~1JJttlQE'tr]ow~ Ev6~ ovyxEXQLj..tvov oxonou 94 H bL<lXQLOtl ~-tna~u
93 WITIGENSTEIN, Philosophische Grammatik, I, GA. 39.
94 WITIGENSTEIN, Philosophische Grammatik, 67, GEA. 109: Wozu denkt der Mensch? Wozu ist es
nlitze? Warum berechnet er die Wandstiirke eines Darripfkessels und liiBt nicht den Zufall oder die
Laune, sie bestimmen? Es ist doch bloB Erfahrungstatsache, daB Kessel, die berechnet wurden, nicht so
oft explodieren. Aber, wie er al/es eher tiite, als die Hand ins Feuer stecken, das ihn frUher gebrannt hat,
so wird er al/es eher tun, als den Ke11sel nicht berechnen. Da uns nun Ursachen nicht interessieren, so

230

01 ITEPI NOHMATOL KAI fAQLWIIAifNIQN 0EQPIEL TOY AOY\OBIKOY \VITTGENSTEIN

~-

A.El;ewv xm ngo1aoewv oev qtcpavttnm o1a anM yA.wooonatyvta, aA.M o1a 1QOnov nva negtnA.oxa95 . H " rrgo1aor]", w~ ogo~, oev txu oacpw~ xm awtmw~ xagawtva ogta, xmamil~ ngolino8wuv ooot avn1aooouv n~ rraganavw avacpeg8etoe~ avnggr]ou~ ow 8WQ'YJLLXO oxr]~a wu Wittgenstein. <l>uotxa xm !-lJtOQOU~,
eav 8A.ou~e, va ougou~e ~tav oacpr] xm aLQJt111 ouvogtaxr] yga~~r], onw~ xavou~e, o1av ogttowe 111 ~ovaoa ~ngr]oew~ ~r]xou~ "tva ~r]~a" o1a 75 exawoa9 6 au10, wo1ooo, oev 011~atvu on o ~11 axgt~<D~ xa8ogto~vo~ ogo~ oev etvm XQi]ot~o~97. LU~cpwva ~ wv Wittgenstein 1a arrM, xa8aga xm l;amega yA.wooonatyvta
0V OlJVLOLOUV JtQOJtal01JLLXE~ ~AE1~ Jt01J 8a XQ110L~OJt0t1180UV xarrota ony~rj
ow ~tA.A.ov yta va Otoouv 1'YJ yA.wooa ~E xavovE~ 1a yA.wooonatyvta Etvm avnxfip,t:va avyxoiat:w~ ( Vergleichsobjekte), nov 6ta 1'YJ~ o~ot0111LO~ r] 111~ avo~ot01'YJLO~
cpwttouv 1t~ oxtoEt~ rrou avamuooov1m 01'YJ yA.wooa ~a~9s.
To yEyovo~ on arrocpaota1txr]~ orrou6mOTYJ1a~ OLotXELO 0111v ~t1yxevo1atvEta
ngo~A.11~a1txr] ouvta1a w on 1ooo 0111 yA.wooa, ooo xm o1a rrmxvtota E<pag~oto
vwt xavove~, OEv JtQEJtEL va rraQEQ~11VEULm . .!lton o av8gwrro~, o1av XQ110t~orrot
EL 1 o~tA.d 1'YJ yA.wooa wu, OEv w xavEt xa1 ' E<pag~oyr]v xarrotwv au01'YJQWV xm
mgtmwv xavovwv o1av ~tA.a~E, ouvr]8w~ OEV oxEmo~ao1e 1ou~ xavovE~ 111~
yA.wooa~, owv OE QW1'Y]8ou~E notov r] Jtotou~ xavove~ E<pag~ooa~e, yta va ~tA.rl
OOWE owo1a, ouvr]8w~ OEV Et~ao1E OE 8011 va arrav1r]oowE 99 . H XQrl011 I XQ'YJOt~o
JtOL11011 1wv A.El;Ewv OEV mgtogttnm navwu xm rrav1a arro xavovE~ ot EvaA.A.aX1tx~ ouvmo1111~ ucpto1av1m rraVLou xm rrav1a: rr.x. oev 6ta8wu~e- 6ton oev
lJJtUQXEL - xaJtOLOV xavova, JtL 1'YJ ~aOEt LOU OJtOLOlJ 8a arrocpaott1at ava Jtaoa
ony~r]on w rrgay~a Exdvo, nou E~acpavttnm xavovtxa xm xmomv EnavE~<pa
vttnm mto11~ xavovtxa, 8a w A.E~e "xagtxA.a" r]on 8a ~ogou~e va XQ110t~onot
ou~E xavovtxa w XUQLO ovo~a "Mwuor]~", xwgt~ va txou~E o1a XEQta ~a~ 111v ma8EQrl EXEL v11 xa8ogwnxr] JtEQtygacpr], nou aA.A.w~ arrm 1Et1m, JtQOXEt~tvou va w
XQ110L~OJtOti}OOWE OW01a 100 To toto axgt~W~ taXUEL Xat OLa Otacpoga JtatXVLOta:

konnen wir sagen: die Menschen den ken tatslichlich; sie gehen z.B. auf diese Weise vor, wenn sie einen
Dampfkesse/ bauen. - Kann nun ein so erzeugter Kessel nicht explodieren? Doch, gewiB! BA.. mlOTJ~
WITTGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, I 466-468, OEA. 425.
95 WITTGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, I 18-19, oeA.. 245 m.
96 ngBA.. WITTGENSTEIN, Philosophische Grammatik, 69, OEA. 112, 113: Das Wort "Satz" bezeichnet (... )
keinen scharf begrenzten Begriff. Wollen wir unserm Gebrauch dieses Wortes einen Begriff mit
scharfen Grenzen an die Seite stellen, so steht es uns {rei ihn zu definieren, ahnlich wie es uns freisteht,
die Bedeutung des primitiven UingenmaBes "ein Schritt" auf das MaB von 75 em einzuengen.
97 WmGENSTEIN, Philosophische Grammatik, 69, OEA. I 13- WITTGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen,
I 69, OEA. 279.
98 WITTGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, I 130, OEA. 304: Unsere klaren und einfachen Sprachspie/e
sind nicht Vorstudien zu einer klinftigen Reg/ementierung der Sprache, - g/eichsam erste Anniiherungen,
ohne Berlicksichtigung der Reibung und des Luftwiderstands. Vielmehr stehen die Sprachspiele da als
Vergleichsobjekte, die durch Ahnlichkeit und Uniihnlichkeit ein Licht in die Verhiiltnisse unsrer Sprache
werfen sol/en.
99 WITTGENSTEIN , Das Blaue Buch, OEA. 48 m.
IOOWITTGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, I 79-81, OE),. 123m.

231

Avaxcpaf...mwvovta ta ngonyn8vta !-tJtOQOU[.t va no'U~.t 6n yla tov Wittgenstein

n on~-taota [.tla M~n Ov dvm va xa8ogw[.tvo nwwanx6 (lOE"t:x6) 1] uf...lx6 avnxd~-tVO out to JtQlX6~-tvo V6 ouyxXQl~-tvou ~lw~-tato n on~-taota [.tla M~n Lvm n XQrl<JTJ 'tTJ Vt6 VO f...Hto'UQYlXOU nf...awtou, Vt6 to'U nf...motou V6 yf...wooonmyvtou. Enavaf...a~avow 6n T] <JT][.taota [.tlU M~TJ dvm TJ XQrl<JTJ 'tTJ <J'tT] yA.wooa 103 xm 6n, VW ta on ~.tEla an6 ~-t6va to'U cpa(vovtm wxga, [.t 'tTJ XQrl<JTJ to'U l;ouv,
OlO'tl n XQrl<JTJ dvm n l;woy6vo nvol] to'U 104 . Ta V Myw Mo nogto~.tma ~ayovtm
an6 tT]V "IlQL nwooonmyvtwv 8wgta 'tTJ In~.taota" ("Sprachspieltheorie der
Bedeutung") xm ouv8touv tT] "8on 'tTJ XQrlOTJ twv on~-tamwv" ("Gebrauchsthese
der Bedeutungen"). Kf...dvow tT]V Xtvl] avacpoga ~-ta otnv mgt von~-tato xm
yf...wooonmyvtwv cplf...ooocpta to'U Aouoo~txou Wittgenstein naga8tovta tov ntvaxa, nou axof...ou8d, 6nou tl8vtm avtlXQ'U<Jta, XCtQlV 'tTJ 'UXQOU xatav6non, Ol
8<JH 'tTJ AvnXl[.tVlXrl 0WQLU 'tTJ In~-tao(a (A0L) JtQO U 8<JH 'tTJ IlQl
nwooonmyvtwv 8wg(a 'tTJ In~.taota (f0L):
AGL
1. H y;\wooa ~t<i~ XQTJOL!!EUEL yLa va !!LAU!!f yLa tov
x6o~to (yLa va !!Etalilliowe JtATJQOcpoQlE~).

I. H y;\wooa txn non~ ;\mouQyle~ xm n~ EX'tEAEl,

2. OL W;EL~ liT]Awvouv I E~tcpalvouv avnxEl~tEva.

OL Af~EL~ Elvm ov6~taw ("llEQl Ovo~tatwv
8EWQLa").

2. H OVO~taola liEV flvm ~MLLOT] avnXEL!!fVWV'

Elvm y\womxn EVQyna nQouno8touoa f:va
JtAfY!!a y;\wooLxwv OWLXElwv (y;\wooonalyvLa).

3. OL OTJ~taolE~ twv Af~Ewv Elvm ta liTJAOU!!Eva I

3. Eliw !!JIEQ/iEUEtm T] "OT]!!aola" !!f 'tOV "cpOQEa LOU

E~tcpmv6!!fva avnxfl~teva.

JtQOXEL~tvou va emxowwvou~tE

!!E tov x6o~to.

OVO!!a'tO~".

101 WIITGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, I 68, 83, oe/... 278m., 287.

102WmGENSTEIN, Philosophische Grammatik, 73, 74, OEA. 116m. WmGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, I 53, oe/... 270.- 'Otav o Wittgenstein O!!LAEL JtEQL xav6vwv, bev EXEL xata vow tov xavovLotLx6 tuno tTl ngootayi] et..axwta nagabEly!lata, 6./../..wotE, auwu wv t1m:ou naQEXEL' j3/... wmGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, I 567, oEI... 45 I.
103WIITGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, I 43, oe/... 262: Die Bedeutung eines Wortes ist sein

Gebrauch in der Sprache.

104 wmGENSTEIN, Philosophische Untersuchungen, I 432, oe/... 416: Jedes Zeichen schein allein tot. Was gibt

ihm Leben?- Im Gebrauch /ebt es. Hates da den Ieben den Atem in sich?- Oder ist der Gebrauch sein A tern?

232

.....

-~

01 !IE PI NOHMATOL KAI

fAQ~WIIAifNIQN 0EQPIE~

4. H oruwoLa tl]~ HsTJ~ dYm to oY, tO onoLo

dYm xow6 yLa 6J.a ta aYnXEL!lYa nou
OT]AWYOYtm I qupaLYOYtm !lf tl]Y LoLa AESTJ
(o"6Qo~").

5. Katox~ yl.wooa~ Ol]!laLYL xan tO JtYWanx6

(nQBA. tl] OLUXQLOTJ av8Qrilnou xm
llayvl]tatmvLa~).

6. OL 6L6.CfJOQ~ ox6m!l~ nQ6.sL~ OTJ!lLOuQyouv

ta aVtLXEL!lfVU tOU~ (aVa!lY~OfL~, JtaQaOtUoW;,
JtQOOOOXL~).

7. Ta mo8r)!lata XaL OL VtUJtWOH~ flvm

LOLwnxou xaQaxtr]Qa. 0 x6.8 6.v8QwJto~
llJtOQEL !lOVO yLa TOV aut6 tOU va yvwQL~H
JtOLU aw8~!lata xu yLa tOU~ UAAOU~
av8QWJtOU~ llOVO va (ta) UJt08EtfL llJtOQL.

TOY AOY WBIKOY WITTGENSTEIN

4. 8v uqJLotavtm nou8ev6. xmva yYWQLO!lata, nou

va xaQaXtl]QL~oUV 6J.a ta avtLXL!lVa. YJtUQXOUV
aJtAW~ XaL !lOVOV "mxoyevuax!\~" O!lO LOtl]t~ xm
OEO!l~ JtaQLYQa(jlWV.
5. H, 6nw~ xal.dtm, ":n:YU!lanxr] ouvwtwoa" 6v
naL~L xavEvav Q61.o Of 6,n aqJOQ6. tl]V xawxr] tl]~
yl.wooac;.
6. Mv UJtUQXOUV EX OXOltOU xatay6!lVa
avnxfL!lVa. OL AEsL~ xm oL JtQotaou~ 1\xouv
VOT]!la avsaQt~t(t)~ tWV avtLXH!lEVWV.
7' 8Y UJtUQXOUV LOLWtLXE<; fllJtfLQL<;, ltQL 1(t)Y
onoLwv Sa llJtOQOUO llUALOta o 6.v8Qwno~ va
!lLAr]ou. l:!.ev un6.QXL yl.wooa LOLwnx~.

233

Do we really know how we translate or what we translate?(. .. ) Are we to

accept "naked ideas" as the means of crossing from one language to another?
(... ) Translators know they cross over but do not know by what sort of bridge.
They often re-cross by a different bridge to check up again. Sometimes they
fall over the parapet into limbo.

John R. Firth'

NEKA0EN ilPOLEIAKYE TOYL <I>IAOLO<I>OYL xm wuc; yA.woooA6youc;, nov

aoxoA.ouvtm !!E tLc; rtEQL to v6ll!!a oxenxc; 8ewgtec;, ll C'n6.xQLOll ava!-1-wa otllV
nA1]Q7J vorjpm:o~ no6raa7J xm OtT)V - ac; to rtOU!-1-E 01l!!l3atLxa xaQLV ovvevvoi]oewc; f.17J c5ta8Tovaa v67Jf.la no6wa7], ... ava!-1-wa OllA.aoi] Otllv evvow (sense) xm tllv f.17Jevvow 1] avo7]aia (nonsense). H Oll!LaVtLX6tEQll an:6n:aga OQL0!-1-0U llc; evvotac; xm
1llc; !-1-ll EVVOLac; EVTOJtL~Etal Xatci 1llV JtQOOWJtLXi] !Lac; UJtOljJll Oto XQT1]QW !7]~ JT:aA7]8VOf.10!7]Ta~ T7J~ nJ,.,rjgov~ vo'tjf.iaro~ nQ6Taa7]~ (verifiability criterion of meaningfullness), nov JtQ01U8llXE an:6 TOV AoyLx6 8EtLXLO!L6 xma 1ll 6exani,a LOU '30. LU!-1-<pwva !!E tll OXEtLXi] 8EWQLa - ll on;oi,a HQi]a8w EV rtaQ66w an:otEAEl U!!EOll 01JVErtHa
tllc; 8!-t-EALWOOUc; 8ollc; to1J <JUYXQOV01J E!!JtELQLXLO!!OU2 6tL to auvoA.o tllc; !-1-ll avaA1ltLxi]c; yvwaT)c; j3aai,~nm OtllV E!!JtHQLa- !!La rtQ61a<Jll, ll on:oi,a OU1E avaA.unxi] dvm out avn<panxi], xa v6ll!!a (: EVVOll!-1-atoutm), eav xm !!6vo Eav ll vnou8ef.1V7J

FIRTH, A Synopsis of Linguistic Theory, a1... 197.

awv A.C. BENJAMIN, Is Empiricism Self-refuting?.

0 6Qo~ avljxEL

234

ETIAAH8EYLIMOTHTA KAI NORMA

.....

an6cpaVOTJ (putative assertion), JW'll JtaQ<iyEL, ~JWQEL va un6xLtm Of E~JtLQLX6

'Ayxo 3, 6mg on~aLvEL: ~JtOQEL va ouyxQLVEtm ~ E~JtLQL~ 6uva~EV~ va ou'A'Ancp8ouv VOYJtLXa, OL OJtOL~ tELVO'lJV JtQO~ tYJV EmBEBaLWOYJ ~ tYJV aJtOQQL'IjJYJ to'll LOX'llQLO~OU nou mQLEXEtm otnv ng6taon. 2:tnv mgLmwon am~ to v6n~a ~La~ 66o~
vn~ ng6taon~ E~avt'AELtm otnv ~L6Lxuon twv 6gwv, mL tll BaoL twv onoLwv n
JtQ6taOYJ EAEYXEtm a'An8~~ ~ 'ljJE'll0~~4
2:to gyo tou C.l. Lewis An Analysis of Knowledge and Valuation (1946), 6nou
EJtLXELQELtm ouv6wn ava~wa ota xom]Qw ecpaQ!loyl]c; (criteria of application)
twv avayxaiwv aJ...TJ8euvv (necessary truths) xm otYJ yvwon nou 6La8tL o av8gwno~ yugw an6 am~. Loaynm yLa JtQWtYJ cpoga o 6go~ tou xar' ivvowv vofJ11aroc;
(sense meaning). 2:u~cpwva ~E tYJV ava'Auon to'll Lewis, yLa va yvwQLOO'll~E to xat'
vvmav v6n~a ~w~ x<pgaon~. JtQEJtEL va yvwQL~ou~ anagmt~tw~ nma xagaxtnQLOtLxa, ~toL nm~ xagaxtYJQLOtLx~ LOLO~OQ<pL~ (features) ~La~ xataotaon~ ELvm
avayxaL~ xm magxL~ yw tYJ ouyxEXQL~EVYJ x<pgaon, JtQOXEL~vou va Emtuxou~
tll owot~ E<pag~oy~: n an66oon vo~~ato~ un' am~ tnv vvma anamL Mo ngay~ata ~6vo : a) OtL 0 JtQ000LOQL0~6~ TYJ~ E<paQ~OOL~OtYJta~ ~ ~ll EVO~ OQO'll, ~ tYJ~
aM8La~ ~ ~ll ~w~ JtQ6taon~ xa8Lotavtm 6uvatoL ~6vo ~ow xagaxt~gwv 6uva~vwv va nagaota8ouv un6 ~OQ<p~v Evvmwv (sense-presentable characters), xm B)
OtL, EUV Jtagaota8L aut6 JtO'lJ 8EAO'lJV OL EV A6yw xagaxt~QE~, ll JtQO<pav~~ E<paQ~O
OL~OtYJta ~ ll JtQOcpav~~ aM8ELa XaVOVL~OVtaL - OYJAaO~ JtayLWVOVtaL - JtQOXataBo'ALXW~ an6 tnv mL ~gou~ 6wxQL t~ E~JtLQLa xma tov ogw~6 tou ExaototE
EQE'lJVW~EVO'U VO~~ato~5 . Tov tQOJtO, ~ toV OJtOLO XQYJOL~OJtOLOU~E tll YVWOYJ am~,
JtQOXEL~EVO'lJ va xa80QLOOWE tL~ avayxaL~ aM8EL~, ~a~ tov E~YJYEL o Lewis ~E to
ax6'Aou8o ngoocpu~ naga6Ly~a: We know that "All squares are rectangles"
because in envisaging the test which a thing must satisfy if 'square' is to apply to it,
we observe that the test it must satisfy if 'rectangle' is to apply is already included.
This experiment in the imagination - which we must be able to make if we know what
we mean and can recognize squares and rectangles when we find them - is sufficient
to assure that the intentional meaning of 'square' has to that of 'rectangle' the
relation prescribed by 'all-are ' 6 IlaQatYJQWVta~ OtL ta features- ta xaQaXtYJQLOtLxa, OL xagaXtYJQLOtLXE~ LOLO~OQcpLE~ -, JtO'lJ JtQEJtEL va EXEL EVa JtQay~a. yw va Lvm
'tEtgaywvo' ('square'), JtQLxouv xm ExLva ta xagaxtngwnxa, nou magxouv,
yw va ~ogou~ va to anoxa'Aou~ 'og8oywvw' ('rectangle'), yvwgL~ou~ 6n 6'Aa
ta tEtQaywva Lvm og8oywvw. Ta EV Myw xagaXtYJQLOtLXa aVE'lJQLOXOVtm EV
JtQOXL~vw w~ anot'Aw~a twv OLEVEQYYJ8vtwv E'Ayxwv E<pag~oy~~ 08Ev, va

3
4
5
6

LV[!<pwva f!E wv STACE, Positivism, oEf.. 67 m., to XQLtllQLO tou Ef.yxou OEV EVtaooEtaL f.oytx<ilc;
OtT]V UQXtl tOU E[!JtELQLXLO[!OV.
Bf.. tT]V 6vtwc; ltOAVltAOXT] LOtOQ[a tT]c; 8Ewglac; ami)c; Oto XEL[!EVO tOU HEMPEL, Problems and Changes
in the Empiricist Criterion of Meaning, OEA. 41 rn.
LEWIS, An Analysis of Knowledge and Valuation, OEA. 135.
LEWIS, An Analysis of Knowledge and Valuation, OEA. 152.

235

9Z
m LP9 "'{3D
'1J{J;JJ{J:J pu1J A1{SS;J::J;JN 'NV113NNOG !lOl OA3'l1J3X Ol "'{~ NOJO[!l10X 1l)X ?Dllll91DXADAD llD?XD lll D1j
"llD(I)llCJ03lC \lX1l3XD ll03lD
-(lO'{lCD Alll 'S!M;}l noln'l11-nql)onu ow mnqp llQ\1 5(1)1.C9 'J3'{3101.CD (uo,snpu!) c,to11on'{xl-a llo?Xo H

8SltDX>19i'Jlc Slt1 Set009 Set01131C?1Q etOlC Slto?XD Slt1 Ltolt9t\X>1DX t\UlD 'Srot\
-?TI01C3 'mlDlDJMD SltDX>1901C Smrl Smlt191X>XAX>t\X> Slt1 Ltc!tn"{"9XX>t\X> H LSet009 Snoo
-319DD1031C ~ O').Q 3D 1X>1t\0~9'110ndn CtOlC t\(l))OU110X t\(1)1 ').~X>l3'l1 lto?XD 13X0"91Cft 3101C9
'1311C').X001C X>lU191X>XAX>t\V "').O"{"{X> mx '513m;l1DX>lDX Suo 'nwrlA"90lC X>lD "9800 1"013~
-9'11ondl3 S009 roA9"{-t\3 o t\(l))Ol.CO t\(l)113TI"9t\CtQ 't\(l)JOU110X O"{Ot\').D X>t\? mlDlDJtDft X>t\
13l.C?Ol.C 009 9X1dlnoA1031C 38"9X mA X>OV, "3'11').0"{31 X>t\ UD?8 3D 31DX>TIJ3 ftOJOlCO et01 130
-cy>t\ti.11C3 t\3 'S9t\Oti.3A- 5~8U"{X> t\ltXA"9t\X> , wx 1X>t\J3 UDX>l901C X>Jrl :t\ro1"9'11Anol.C Sro3D"91D
-X>lX>X Sltt\?TIX>1D1tDf1,001C 3101D"9X3 Slt1 ltolt9AX>1X>X J3"{3101CX> Smlt191X>XAX>t\X> Slt1 Ltolt9t\
-mnx lt 119 'X>1DX>X1qmq Sro Ltonodl"913'11 Lt1 mA mx "9"{"{"0 't\ro1"9rllt1lt~ t\(l)t\~TI(l)t\Ct3031 Q
3101D"9X3 t\(1)1 ltrl\n"{"9X ~x1AO"{Orlltwm3 t\U1 mA Ot\9'l11X9 131~801Cf1,001C 'm138J1 Sro1C9
'91nn n'l1lt1cy>03 O.L .. ~53138~"{"0 53JX>XAX>t\X> 511 3TiftODJO(l)t\tl. "08 Scy>l.C, n'l1lt1cy>03 OlD
Sc;>8X>X 'S~AroAmnx S~x1AO"{OTiltlD11C3 SrolDJ1(l)OlC 1X>t\J3 S!M;)l no1 t\00

101~

1X>1J3"{1t\X>~3

LZ
'917 ''(.3D ';mbfJSfnilu!f ;;~p i1JfrJUUOf1:J!O 'Sioana

-3ri3e n1nxA.nAn Ala 13X?om.c '5omrl~oA c;,ox1o(lm 0,o1 n1ooA.Ltmx Altw 131111rl3 119
(l01 5911<3 'OrlOH) DA? 13~J;)Ol D8 119130M311 O.L ~avy1 3rlc;t01 5n :mmi/..JlD IJA1XX9X
Dl X'{ MOA1Drllto (l01 91(lD MOA1Drllto 119 3rlc;t01 DA 3rlc;tooolrl DA3ri9A1DrD J;)X10(lrD
J;>X103rl 5"01010 5lt1 DAO~J;> 9X11Drlt\.13qDOD1 AOlD '5omrl~OA (l01 D10M? ~X10(lrD mrl
30 '5101'),01 A3 '1D13A<yl1'{3rl38 nrllt9A 9X10(lrD ltrl 0.1 (NN:JUJUl?;)W ':iUJUf?;)W [l?JnJl?UUOU)
Somri~OA (WXWrtdJ uri (l01 '5omrl~OA 5(1,0<?13 (l01Dl'),O(l3 59A3 D100AU1DX01(l
13'{3101"0 'MHOJ;>OrDX3 MD1 nrllt9A 01101~ 'nrllt9A 9X100(l)'(_A 01119 1Dl3~10(lXD1 ' (Z)
ow cI) c;,o1 5~t\.(l)t\.nAn mLt19mMq Lt1 5mA<y>M303 '5lto?Xo (l)t\.9'<. A3 5Lt1 5~1lt13'{3rl 5c;,e
-ng 'd;)J.lf) IHBd udqJdH o 5n10(l)3e 5~xJ.3<?I 5~x1DD'{X- (l)AJ;)lnom.c 3xlteo?ffinAn Ltq~
5(!)19 - 5~1 5~rboorl 5~X1DD'{X AO?'{l 5lt1 LtooqJ;>onu Alt1 pXLtun 'ltonoffix? ltA?rloq3q
Lt1 3rl orl01~ o1ou~x J30AA3 Jl (Z) 011031 c;torl01A.O'{ 0,01 mx llovadJx? llA?rioggg
mri13AJDrlllD Jl ( [) 011031 c;torl01AO'{ (l01 A:::'v' l3.W I'v' 13.3::\:Alll'v'N'v' AOll 'HB:X3:

'i1]SfnilU!f i1fJIJd UOU SflJW 'i11SfUfl1

-oq i1fJrJd ,.:J1<1 ... 1nb 1!n1J un., ;)wwo:J i1fUf.19P i111i11JJ.Inod ;;~wwod 111

513D~800ll 1D%

nrlu9N 9x1Da~ uw

"l.C3

"'(30

8Z
'ilUfUlJ;JW ]0 JUnO:>:)\( s, ;J:J_
U!J "dH UQ '~~IZ "'(8
"l.C3

LL "'(30 'i/UfU!J;JW '3:::>HID Z

. S01Dri~Oi\ '),OX1Drtcb Uri rtOl D100A.Ul'DX01rt J3'(3101D DriU9A 9X100(l)'(/, 01119 llcft
-Olf'J!UUA~ri'(Dcbo3 S())x1~1o mAp 'Somri~o"' rtol moM~ ~x1ortcb uri ll1D1Dl01cbrt S(l)lX

-T"{1cbriDAD ())A3 '11919 ~lrtD uoDocbx~ Alll SmA())A(l)cbX3 130M311 rt011031 Drilll())03 01

- - - -- - - - - - - -

6Z
"1!3 j;>() "'(3D ''ilU!U1J;}W pu11 qJnJ.L 'NOSO!i\ YG Z
zz "'(3D ''flu!U11;}W JO S!S11EJ ;}qJ puu P!f;]EJ 'NosmAva 1

"z(l &;;J-en:JUTJ[- U{-qJnJJ JO UO!J!U!J&p

&AfsJn:J&J u) JUDDffJY,{ 11,3 5VJ3euyv S/11. 9rlmao 9><-1rloac;m"'v nX?1031C Somri~oA
Cl01 DJ00H8 31010~X3 lt AOD9dH '01').01 1"DX 'MD3~?'{ MD1 "Dl"Dri~OA "Dl91CD 1"D1A<yl10D~3
i\(1)3D"Ji1001C i\(1)1 DlDri~OA "Dl OJOlCO A013ri '5o1C901 Q 1"DAJ3 'J DDD<yl'{A mri "D1A DJ0(1)38
Drilt9A 01J031C mri 13~)3<,? DA J3001Cri ClOlC OA9ri OJ, SltD"D1901C 5ltA?ri0<,?3<,? 3101D"JiX3 Slt1
5D138lt'{D i\(1)09 i\(1)1 5(1)3D').3X1(,?13~3 Slt1 mq 1"Dl').013'{31 SOJOlCO o S9riD1AO'{ 'Slt1 A<y)O
-3ri A(l)1 nmri~oA m 91CD 1m~1on~3 SltD"D190lC Smri nrilt9A 01 S<y>lC Cl01J031C S9rim!.
-o-y S9X11nriltwao mAp SnJO(I)38 nrilt9A 011031C Smri DJDClO Lt 119 0191Cn 0'{'{"9 3101C11
13AJDrilto A3<,? 91an .m1A<!J1AD1CD DJOlCo AltlD 'SltD"D1901C Slt1 nrilt9A 010 "JiX11DriltlDClD
i\ClO'{'{~griClD DA ').01 "D10M? lt031?<,?Cl0 5<yJX1A0'{01AO Alt1 91CCl OA9ri nrilt9A MOX? SltD"Dl
-901e Slt1 lto?ri 119 Ltm991CCl Lt m13AJ31001C 'ltood>o9o1Cn peXnqolCn 13X? Somri~oA ao1
D10(1)38 ~x1ood>nAv Lt 119 3<,? aoA?rioq3v SLton19o1C Slt1 Snpelt-yn Saoo9 Sa01
91CD 1"D13X?OD1C 5ltD"D1901C Smri nrilt9A 01 NOSGIA VQ GlVNOQ NOl 3.W VNcN>WA

I UOSP!ABO

PIBUOO

"SS;}fPU!W S1J SJJ;](qo ;]Q!J:JS;}p JO 'SJ:J;](QO SS;}fPU!W ;]Q!J:JS;}p

11JqJ ;}SOqJ WOJ} ]J1Jd1J J;}A;}JO} S;}!JO;]qJ ;}S;}qJ S];}S 11JqJ S!qJ S! 1! pu11 'qJnJJ ;}qJ JO.J
UJ;]:JUO:J f1JJ;]U;}'fl puu Jf:JU;]JS!SUO:J JO} UJ;]:JUO:J Jfq p;]UJ;}AO'il Af!J11SS;}:J;}U AJO;]qJ11
'AJO;]qJ :J!JS!/Oq 1J U!q]!A1 ;}AOW 1J S! ;}pn]!J113 .JO UO!JnqpJ113 pu11 U0!11JJ;]Jd.J;]JU! q:J13IJ

i\(l)3D~loon Arol sn 13 eu~y

1000 m% milt9N
1

JtQ6taOl'j0EV (Ba) Etvm 'ljJEUOi]~. xaew~ (Ba) !LJt:OQEL va A.a!J.BavH UJtO'ljll'j tou OXL !J.OVO
tOV tQOJtO, IJ.E "CCV OJtOLO 0 XOO!J.O~ E!J.<pavttEtaL Otl']V JtQUY!J.atLXOtl'jta (actual world) EWOELtm: tov x6a!J.O, !J.EOa a-cov onoto tn xm xwdtm o !J.Eta<pQaati]~ I O!J.LAl']ti]~ -,
aA.A.<i XaL toV tQOJtO, !J.E toV OJtOLO 0 XOO!J.O~ !LJt:OQEL va EIJ.<jJUVL08EL (possible world) 6
W~ tEAHa !J.EV EVaA.A.axnxi) EXOOXiJ toU XOO!J.OU tl']~ JtQUY!J.UtLXOtl'jta~, aA.A.<i JtOU OEV
Etvm naQa Ex6oxn BEWQl']nxi]~ ovt6tl']ta~ auA.A.11miJ~ 6w tou vou xm !A-ll unoxd~J.E
Vll~ OE XUVEVO~ E(l)ou~ VO!J.OXavova 7 aut6, JtUAL, Ol']!J.ULVEL OtL 0 !J.Eta<pQaOti)~ (8a)
~J.JtOQEL va 6LaxQtvn ava~J.wa OE x60~J.OU~, 6nou m 6EOO~J.vm 6Qm aA.118ELa~ xaBLatouv !J.La JtQOtaOl'j aA.l']8i), xm OE XOO!J.OU~, 6nou tl']V xa8wtouv 'ljJEUOi).
fLa toV Quine, tEAO~, JtEQL tl'j~ 8EWQLU~ tOU OJtOLOU 8a YLVH EXtEVEOtEQU A.6yo~ EV
auvExEta, JtQOEXH to Q8wf1.a (stimulus), to 6E Ex rov Q8iaf1.aroc; V01Jf1.a (stimulus
meaning) !J.LU~ JtQOtUOl'j~, tO OJtOLO ELVaL xm tO !J.OVaOLXO 8E~J.Lt6 ELOO~ VOi]!J.UtO~,
Etvm to OLatEtUY!J.EVO tEuyo~ (1) tOU auv6A.ou 6A.wv tWV EQEBW~J.UtWV, JtOU ea
weouv tov O!J.LAl']'ti] va xataVEUOEL OE !J.La 6EOO!J.EV11 JtQ6taal'], xm (2) tou auv6A.ou
6A.wv, EJtLOl']~. tWV EQEBW~J.UtWV JtOU tov weouv va avaVEUOEL OE auti]v !J.E aA.A.a MyLa, to EX tou EQEBLO!J.ato~ VOl']!J.a !J.La~ JtQ6taal']~ auvtatatm dtl'] 6L6.8wl']
(disposition) toU O!J.LAl']ti] va XataVEUOEL i] va avaVEUOEL Otl']OEOO!J.EVl'] JtQOtaOl'j UJtO
OLa<pOQE~ EX tOU EQE8LO!J.Uto~ OQLtO!J.EVE~ rrEQLOtUOH~ 8

4
5

6
7

l:TJI-WOLOAOYLXrj LXOVOTTJW EV6t;; OJ.lLAl]tli tT]t;; !!l]tQLKlit;; yA.<ixJoat;; tOU DEV ELVOL tiJtotE JtEQLGOOtEQO X.Ol tLn:otE ALy6tEQO an:6 tT]V LX.av6tT]ta I 6uvat6tT]t<i tou va an:oqxxlvEtm E<iv I!LO n:Q6taOT] m6t;; OEOO!J,VT]t;; x.a taat<ioEwt;;, n:ou Ovtl!!EtWJtil;,EL, ELVOL OA1]6T]t;; 1i 'lj!Eul'>lit;; n:Qj3A. CRESSWELL, Semantic Competence, OEA. 10.
KATZ/NAGEL, Meaning Postulates and Semantic Theory, OEA. 313.
Km owata, 6L6n TJ "aA.li8Ew"I'>Ev an:otEA.Eltln:otE aAA.o n:aga eva xagax.tl]QW1!6 n:ou El;EA.looEtm !!Eoa
OE OEOO!!EVO En:LKOLVWVLOX.6 JtAOLOLO X.Ol XUQLV autlit;; TOUtT]t;; tl]t;; EJtLKOLVWVLat;; n:gBA.. LUHMANN, Die
Wissenschaft der Gesellschatt, OEA. 175. H aA.li8aa OEv Elvm n:aga !!La "institutionalized label" BA..
BARNES, Scientific Knowledge and Sociological Theory, OEA. 22. - H x.atav6T]OT] !!LOt; En:LX.OLvwvlat;; Eyx.ELtm oto 6n Elvm yvwotol OLOQOL, un:6 tout; on:olout;; T] EV A6yw EJtLKOLV<uvla Elvm aA.1181it;; 1i I!Tl" n:gBA..
HABER MAS, Nachmetaphysisches Denken, OEA. 142, 147 rn.
nQBA. CRESSWELL, Semantic Competence, OEA. 12.
Avn8Etwt;; JtQOt; tT]V an:O\j!T] n:.x. tou CHOMSKY, Deep Structure, Surface Structure and Semantic
lnterpetation, OEA. 183,li tou KATZ, Semantic Theory, OEA. 32 rn., oVI!<pWVO 1! tl]V on:o[a un:atot;; ox.on:6t;; tT]t;; ITJ!!OOLOAoylat;; Elvm va avax.aA.u\j!EL x.m va OLx.moA.oylioEL tT]V xavovtxrj XQriOT/ (canonical
notation) 6A.wv twv l'>uvat<i>v VOT]I!<itwv,
QUINE, Word and Object, OEA. 32m.

240

3.1.7

L~~amoAoy(a xm AtEmat~~ovtx6t~ta
La determinazione (...)del contenuto concettuale delle parole none compito
della linguistica, in quanta non viene compiuta con mezzi linguistici, come
analogamente Ia determinazione dei suoni di una lingua non viene compiuta
con strumenti linguistici, macon strumenti d'analisi fonetica, cioe fisici e
flsiologici. II com pita della linguistica in campo semantico e pertanto quello
di analizzare if rapporto di significazione esistente tra un contenuto
concettua/e (extralinguistico) e una forma linguistica, partendo dal prima per
individuare innanzitutto, tramite if procedimento della commutazione, quel/e
che sana Je invarianti e quel/e che sana Je varianti di significato.

Luigi Rosiello'

META<t>PA~H ENOL KEIMENOY an6 !J,La yA.ffiooa OE !J,Lav aAA.n ano'tEAEL, 6nw~
EXEL i16n 6w<paVEt, avTLX.EL!J.EVO ava<pavMv OLEmOTTl!J.OVLX.ll~ ngooyywn~. L\E6o!J,vou bE 6n n !J.ETa<pQaon OXETL~Hm a!J,EOa !J.E 111 "yA.ffiooa", EUA.oyo ELVOL va
ngay!J.awnmftTm n gn8Etoa ngooyywn !J.E !J.EOa, nou nooo<pgovTm x.m' E~oxilv
an6 TTl fEvLx.ij nwoooA.oyta: ngwTtoTw~ an6 TTl LUVTa~n. TTl LTl!J.amoA.oyta x.m
tnv Tigay!J.awA.oyta, oux ijttov O!J.W~ x.m an6 tTl <l>wvoA.oyta x.m TTlV LOLattEQTl x.<pavoij n~. 111 fga<poA.oyta2 . AA.M n !J.ETa<pQaon, w~ mLtEAEO!J.a, nou ngouno8tEL
!J.EV, aA.M tEALX.ffi~ umg0atvu TTl "yA.ffiooa", mnQEa~nm x.m an6 on!J.avnx.ou~

ROSIELLO, Struttura, usa e funzioni della lingua, OEA. 85 m .

GARNIER, Linguistique et traduction, a EA.. 61 m: LAROSE, Theories contemporaines de Ia
traduction, aEI... 130m.

n Q~A..

241

ZtZ
'1!3 9Z ''(30 ';}fi1milurn JO ;}JnJ:)rtiJS ;}I.Jl puu fiUfU!J;)JIV '3:!VH:) rtOl 5130~0lt1JJOJJ1! 511 J?X113Xo ''(f)OU
m S8 ''(30 'unfiu!f !Jil;}P fUOfZUnJ;} osn '!JJnJJnJJS '0113ISO~ ''(gilu
'iJufU!J;)JIV pur. 1./JnJ.L
O'(lJl. 3ri ltort'("Qi\JJ tuonX9wrteng DOJ38illlt'(1Cl3:u:rirto J3X3 Altl 5mJq1mx 'UOfJ!JJ;)JdJ;)JUJ puu qJnJ.L OJU!
S;}fJfnbU[ '(17861) NOSGIA VO rtOl mx 'J:J;){qQ puu PJOM '3Nif10 rtOl JJJ...Cl? ltq<)mrilti\ri JJl A(l)'('(J? )li\JJ ''(H
'1!3 ZPZ ' '(30 ';}W;}JsAS ;}{P.fZOS 'NNVWHI11 rtOl 5130(t'(Di\JJ 530(tOMXX3 ~riClodJJJ ~OJJJi\rtO 91J:JJ 511 ''(f)ClU

s
P
(

953)0(1)38 5iJX1AOliU1D113 D0()-01'{iWX AU11X>X AO'{'{J))1031 01 '01.C(l)08AV, A013li 5iJX

-113XD 511 91.CD 5rolDJ1(1)01.C mx Aq>lilt1D113 9li910D O'{J)A.3li 91.CD 1X>11)10D~3 CtOl.C 'l}.X1A
-olilt1D1131Q DJOro38 J3'{3101.CX> '5lt1 91DJD'{l.C 9X111.Clt'{11AD 9X1DD) 01 5mAOAJDl031.Cet
' J)'{'{D 'UO!J!nJUf 5(!)A831Q 1X>1J3'{DX CtOl.C 91CtD 3D 0A9li 1X>13~JDDI A3Q 'l}.1U'{1liO Ct01

twueoJDAa

Altw OA9li m13~JDD) A3Q 'ltc!Llt'{'{'fD 5ro 'D1A0'{01DDlilt& Lt 5q>11oxD '5rono

'53lil}.lD11.C3 5iJl.C10'{ 5111X>X DJA0"{01DDlilt:s: UlD DD3li1)AD 'l}.1XODl.CCt DX1)1 'ltD38J1AD

UAiJli'{DcbD3 AX>1li 13(),31X>Ol011.C3 X>liltopX11.C3 AiJ831X3 0111919 '01(),011X>X .D1A0'{01DX>li
- U:S: UAiJliDOlioltcb'3: l}.'{l.CD J)'{'{D '9X1AOliUlD11.C31Q Dlilt1l}.~ 1X>AJ3 A3Q UDDOcb1)13li lt J)X1'{
-31119 X>liDX>OiJl.CliCtD 01011) OlD D83li9AD - X>lX3'{11AX>AX> 1X>X 1)800 O~dpupd U~ '3lietOA
-1))liD'{DADl.C3 01 '1X>AJ3 DJOl.CO X>l- (l)0iJ1(l)AD X>l X>liliJ)OA J)lX>X '5roli9 '3lietO\J1)'{ A\;f
91etn OA3liJ3X11AD 01 5ool 5ro 531X>190
-OcbDOOl.C mx 5iJX11U'{1AD~3 53)0(1)38 ltg mx 'ltDDOcb1)13li lt1 3li J)X113XD 53)0(1)38 5px
-onm 3lietoA.J)A.nwx DA 3li(),oi'lol.Cli 'D1AO'{OcbnOJ

1 X>1AO'{OArocp

Lt1 mx lt~X>lA').:S: Ltw

1X>13~10UlD DlD1'{1)li 5q>8DX 1DliJ 'D10(1)38 l}.X1A0'{01DDliltD lt1 91.CD 119 nliDX>OiJl.ClietD 0 1
'5J3AX>X 3A3'{iJ 1)8 'DlDX>J\JD 1X>13AJ)i\CtD 'DliAiJ'{l.C 01 91CtX> 0AiJliOQ3Q 3li .pX3 1)1X3AD 1X>A

-13 etOl.C mx 5ro3~JcbX>

DOD(!)'{ A. lt1 91.CD 1X>l3~J001.C etOl.C DlX>lil}.OA113 5X>lA(!)101.COli1DltOX

mx X>1DliDJ)AX3l 50A3li9Ct3ADXltli '5ro3~JcbD DDD(!)'{A UlD 513D1)1001.C - 50A9'{ 1X>13AJA

(DA pool.Cli) 5DJliX>ACtQOD1 51)101 J031.C mmx 5DJliDACtQOD1 5lt1J031.C m

UDiJ8 DJ3X10

3D 3lietOD1)13~3 X>8 - 53liDA(),QOD1 13Dl}.liog DA 13~1)li1XOQ DA mx 5X>10Ul3cbX> 5X>DD(!)'{A

5lt1 5l}.liog 5l}.x1A.0'{01DDliltD 5Lt1 591A3 Dlilt9A 53Det01iJ8X>1Q 513DJ)lOOl.C 91.CX> 131)A1X3~
DA J)ODl.C 0'{'{1) 3101.CJ1 'ltcfLlt'{11AD UAiJliro1X>OQ3 (l)0iJ1(l)AD AU1 3li DArocbli(),D '13AJ)X A3Q
m/...9'{ X>'{'{J) 3li 5~uDDocbm3li o .o1.Cet191roo1.C

ow mx 1X>13AJDliltD 11'9 5q>)1oxn 13AJDli

-ltD etol.C 'DDDq>'{A. lt031().3Q mli 3D lWDl90l.C mli 1X>A13 X>DDq>'{A. mli 3D 5ltDX>190l.C 5mli
UDDOcb1)13li lt 11 9 1X>AJ3 'ltc!Llt'{J1AD AU1 l}.1etD 13~JOltlD DA 1X>13XOiJ etOl.C 'DliltopX11.C3
53Q(!)1'{3li38 0.1 5ro3~1)1 5l}.X1A0'{01DDliUD Dlilt1l}.~ ADJDCtO , lX>X J3'{3101.CD UDDOcb1)13li
lt 119 A(!)X11U0(1)38 A(l)1 UDU8101.C31.C- UAiJli'{X>cbD3 1X9 Al}.XoD ,lX>X mx - X>1DOQ3 lt 1X>A

vz
V9

""'(30

ss;v ""'(3o 'STJw~wil J;JlfJO puu lfJnJ.L 'l..L!lwwna "'(gou

" '>tfJ;JWlf1f./V J;Jp U;J~UfpUIU[) ;JfG '!l!H~B ""'(8:
'[SU;JfJ;}J}Uii] JOf}101D1V '[;}l~l:l!d-aJ :m.LHDIIU3

'I

;}JA!f

-9A Sc;toxuxmMo 1Sc;toxumiriDOA. mx Sc;tox1AO'{OOO(l)'{/.. 3ri A(l)AiJri0~113Xo Aq>10M3

A(l)c;t1X1Q l,lXO'{l Alt1 'AOiJ1(l)13rilto 'M01?801f1.001 53}010 10 'S910.D SDri 531?'{3rl1o mx
5130c;t'{DAD 10 "0.01 SltcltiJXO Slt1 UOO.'{X)AD AU11DX DriODOchX)13ri 010 X)lO(l)O 3rlO.OO<yl1
-0.101D DA A1191DX 3riO.OOiJ001rl DA O.OAiJTI13X001 'DiJchDo/../..n.o 0.01 DOO<yl'{/.. U13rlO.OOc;t'{
-DAD DA (/.. 1DX '(1D80311!iJXO 0.01 A<yl10DX1QD1Q A<ylX1AO'{OXn.clt A(l)1 U1iJ'{3ri U191D X)OUlO
-n.D 1,t1n.D 5Dri lt1iJ'{3ri Lt1 SmAOA}oxmg) n.o1 Ltclt?XD Lt1 3rin.ool,tl3'{3ri DA

()

'DiJchDoAAn.o

0.01 SltcltiJXO Slt11,Lriog Lt1 3rln.ooc;t'{DAD DA (D 131901 'OA3ripx DA? 3rin.ooX)OchD13ri DA

m/.. '119 Ltcltol!X) Alt15(,lXoD~3 Sc;ten.3 3rin.oA<y>l!0.1D1Q 'z;}'it;:JJ:J qomoo .. u;:Jp!'ifO[, n.o-x

-X)A3ri 0.01 OM? 9X1ch000'{1ch 0113XiJOD1 5Dri 0.01 'V l vw:n03.d3. OIIV :iV lN<1NDI3. -

"11.01XU"(p1VX"!J ?VX 01[!011VWJ! 11.00131.C!J

'V(}3rf9DU3(J llO"("(!Jlii "501!]0 ?VX 1VlVII.(l(J 'M(11l1J1 5(J11}V Ol(!.. lil .'73D
ffJO(JOVl(J 5Jl 11.1ypu /1.0/I.J]XiJ '50/..9"( l!l "/I.OlV/1.(1-(Jp 03ltf? 'no/..9"( !J011V1DJ!
/I.ODDJ]OX 11 O"("(!J

{! 11f? Ol(/..

{f 50/I.J]XiJ

il?1D150/..9"( 101 H.. "llO"("(!J ,ltl} {f !J011}V ,rhl}

'm11p i!OlmO(JOp7qp lfr! il(J11}V
9 il?lDiJ 50/..9"( /f(J13lt!J,

/I.O"([W .'/J(JmO(JOmq 50II.J1 (Jltl}

,q 13(JJ! 'puwy l(1 50i13rf9~V/..03~iJ ?VX M!}O(JOV1(J

Souni~o

NS~noAouy

n1Dnx1qmV sro lwnom~l3W H

PPZ
'!;6 ''(30 'SIJW~!U:;[ J;iljJQ purl IJUU.L 'll31'\ll'\lf10 09 '>[!1;1WIJ1!JV J;Jp U;J~rJ[pUl11!) ;JfG '303M:! ''(fJOIJ

w!smd 'spy q:>;>;xJs '31NV3S '(g . (s;~A!JrJ.Wp;>p) S;nmxn.aux

-mq Suo mx (s;~A!SS;JJdx;>) 5?X1WTJO!bX3 Suo '(S;~AfSSfWWO:>) 5?X1lll3rfD3q Suo '(s;>AfJ:Jai!P) 5310(I1NIB!l31DX

Suo '(S;JA{U;JSSrJ) 5;JX11AWO:JID j5iJX1lro1Df}39 Suo :S3Joo/Ju:ox 3lA;JlC 30 1DlAOOOJ)lA3 S13~l){ll.C S~x1ooro'(J.. 10
I\9:UU:l 9r101001031C i\013r1 DM0dlr1()-0 .;,pu;,s 0 ltffioOlC O]Ol.CO 1\010 'i\(f)3~l.C I\<;JX100(f)'(A 1\(f)l I\OI\]3X3 9r1010
-01031C i\0131i()-08X3q Dl\ 31i(to001Cr1 'ltoltr191\1~1 1\ltl )031C Sol)X D)~'(010ilX i\lt10 1D1)3AOil011iltq 101\J 'Sror19
'\.tql3l.C3 S~lilD S13~l){ll.C SUJ)1ltO MOOJ)OdlX3 Dl\ i\(to001Cr1 ilOlC DlDr1\.IO Dl1DX S309 S13~1C S~X100(f)'(A S30
-91 MOXOJ)l.CilU9 910(f)M 1DI\)3 - ' l.C3

P l

'l.C3

Z!; 'vz ''(30 '50A9V 59x1AUYY303N 'H)!"vUl'\1\fVVdVX ''(gDlC

.J>[rJij:J;)JdS 1)))( ].JrJ lj:J;);xiS Silo09 SilOl 0031')-'(DX 1)))( 1)800 13\?')QOl.CD u~\)01! (IX1DD(f)'(,{ So09 0 119 31ino':l'J1iON

';;)lj:JrJJdS J;JU{;J U! ~Unl/;JJS[;J!dS ;JU{;J JS! ;JUU;JU .,ZJrJS,. IJ:l! SIJM

UU;JG ",.ZJrJS U;JpU;;!IJ;;!JSU{;;!l/rJ U;JU{;J>[ Jq{~S:;[,.

:zLl

''(30

't>Zl

!;

'>[!1rJWU/rJJ!) ;Jij:JS!IJdOSOf!IJcl 'NI3.1SN30lliA\

"ro3~~'( "<!Jxultr1e1oD J031C ot.9'( 131\l)x ;,jl;,J:I o 119 S9"ot.3t. o1 DJoDr1lto DJr11iDx Sro1()-'(0l.CD 13X~ I\3V

mx n.OA9rl13X1li\.D n.o1 D10M9 lt n.Olc;tOl A111:91DX .SolDrlt\r;>ou 0.0191 n.o1 S13DJADcbrl3 Sro
1Dli\.c;t00(l)38 i\.(l)i\.9rlOi\.1Dcb i\.(1)09 SDlltl9i\.3 Si,LXU38i\.!1.D 5ltl]311:Di\.D11: '0.01 i\.Cfl30)i\.Dcbrl3
A(l)l Smltl9A3 Si,LXU38MD 5ltll,lt\ltu J3"{31011:D

n.ou 5olDrit\r;>ou n.o1 n.OAJ3X3

ltcltlt'("{c;tD

lt 1DAJ3 no319x1913 5lt~9"{ 5mri 5olDril,loA n.o1mx 5qJX1A3A n.OA9ri13X11AD S9A3 ltcltlt'(
-'(c;tD lt U9 3rlc;t011: Di\. 3ric;tOOO~ D0911:DOD11: nril,lg Di\.9 5Dli\.Oi\.1)l)l Llt~9"{ lt 1Dl3~]i\.DcOri3
mx n.o11:9 'r;>1D10(l)X SltoD19011: 5r;>1ri3enx 5r;>oocbx3 Slt1 n19 011:901 oA9ri1ox3xAn.o r;>lDx
1DlJ31011:01DriAD011: 0.011: 'lt~1)>011: i,LX1DD(l)"{A lt 5qJ)10XD J38D10019D0011: i\.D OA9ri 'lt~9'(
mri 3D nrilt9A1Dl3rl9A011:D S(l)A9ri011:3: 'ADJ91 ,1nx lto9ri 5ltl r;>xunwn.o n10 mx n ri9A
-011:D 'D031c;t'(DX 'l,lpt\ltooX 0]011:0 01 'Drilt9i\.13198D19 Di\.1DX 'Dlltl9'(0 5(1) 'i\.0'(9 S(l) ltD
- Dl901.C lt 1D1Dl0Jc00. Di\.1Di\.]3 '13X9001.C 0.01 'i,l9D'(lt9 'Oi\.]3X3: '5310M9 13D(f)'(Di\.DlDX Di\.
1Dl3~1)>130X ' .. 138c03XD, Di\.1DX J3cODOl Di\. D1A '(D0319X1913 5ltDDOc01)ll3ri 5ltl 0]931 OlD

r;>'('(D 'SqJX1i\.3A) ltcft9XD i,lX1AOrilt1D11.C3 lt (f)i\.3 '50.01\. 59i\.10X 0 1Dl3c0901 1DX 1Dl3111:9XD
53A9X13 3rl119 0.01 AD0911:- SltOD19011: 5ltl npX1o10 r;>X1AO'( Dl 5oou Altxt\r;>AD ,1nx
Ac;tOX10101li\.D 119131\.]DriltD i\.39 910.D 1)>"{'-{D 'Snri D1lr;>ri Dl91.CD 1)llD001ri 1)>XUX3"{010 0.X
Ac;toAo3u nApool.Cri A3ri mA 53A9X13 59x11ltoA S3oocbr;>191o 9(J)[lllJ:>;)JdS 1 J:>UlJ:>;);)ds)
U~~Olt ~xmoy ~ ~X1DDroy). D1ri ' AUD910.01 '3ric;t0101.C01DriAD01.C :,(fd!dSlj:JllJdS) rlOJAA
-1XJltODDroy). - U!;}lSU;}~lHA\ 50XJ!090.0V 0 13"{98 01 5(1)19 - 0.01 D1DJD"{l.C DlD ltDltAJX
D]ri i\.0101Xr;>"{O.Ol 3ric;t0101.COlDriAD01.C 5ltDD1901.C 5mri r;>oocbX3 Altl 3W '513~9"{ 10 Drilt9A
S(l)li\.9 i\.C),OlXOlCD ltDD1901.C (ltOI,l"{lC) i\.ltlD DD9ri OA9ri U919 'ltDD19011: ltOI,l"{lC D]rl 911:D
310li\.1)>1.C 3TI1)li\.1X3~ Di\. 3TIO.O"{pcbo U9 3ric;t011: Di\. 'A(f)1AO"{Di\.D i\.(1)1 i\.(l)A9rln.ooltl '3ric;too
-ol.Cri '5ltDDOc01)ll3ri 5ltl 0]931 010 i,llO.D D991 Altl 3ri0.009cDD13ri AV ' 513~9'( 10 1Dli\.O~
-)i\.DcOrl3 1DX 0.019 'i\.(1)301)>10011: i\.(1)1 010JD"{11: OlD pi\.(1)3~9"{ i\.(1)1 Drilt9A 01 3ric;t0llt~Di\.D

"Cl0A9"( Cl0i\~rloo3d:llt3 Soll)ri<)'JO S911.3 Sol"Ori\!Oil. I).OX11DriADO:tr C\01

- J;)oodm13rl \!X1ii.X3l119ii.O"(orl- J;)oocbm3rl mx J;l"("(D 'o"(~1ii.Orl 011.9rl m11.J3 11.3(/ Soll)ri\!Oil. l,!rloi\O:trD

H tl

";}UO!:lTJJ I UOS!!J"H /1 UOSJ!H I UOS!!JJ I UOSTJ;)J 01 ')3lOD130X 3l0ll9 '3rlctO':jJ;)OcbXll3riD(l 50l3(}1;J1f?A3 50A9Y
009 ii.013ri mx osJo:>S!P 1 SJn)[S!G ISJno:JS!P 1 ;JSJno:>S!P 013rictO':jJ?ocbm3rl SoMrl9iJ3rbx3 So-t9y 009 ii.013W 01
"ll3 6Z ""(30 ':lU!UfJ;JW puTJ UO!JTJ/SUTJJL 'O)IZ:JOWA.l ""(\JOU 6
"IJ1Ul9X1A3rf13X11AV /lX7MlJA 70X i\l.ll mx /lX1AX31 i\l.ll '/lX1A
-oyoeao 11.l.ll :ltri\!1D1:tr3ltil.ooXA').o ltw Al).oA.oao113"( ao:tr Smlt19X1A3ri13X11AD mo1,!11ox mo 5130J?lDD1Q
5130113i\)OXD1(/ 'Sltil.cb)D 'L l ""(30 ';JU!TJJOdW;JJUO:J ;Jnb!SAlfd TJ{ ;Jp ;JJS![TJUO!]TJJ iJJ!A!J:JTJ,1 ' ~Y13H:JY9 0 8

-91< Ct01}031C S3}0(l)39 S3'f'(J;l 3'li mx DA?ri0939 D'f'(J;l 3'li mx }390'Dl3~3Mo mx 139Lt1
-3901C01i\Ct0 DriU9i\ Oi\3'li9'li3i\01CD 3101DJ;JX3 01 AD OA9ri '1"013i\0)090D '1300)11C1031C UO
-J;Jlt i\3 '1}.1CtD lto?XO lt - l}.X1A0"(010D'lilto 50)X11CCt1 lto?XO OA9ri 1"0/\13 i\39 '1),01CtD 5omri
-0)o Ct01 5130J;J1001C Suo T01AO~>;>ocbx3 CtOlC 'A(l)1J;J'liltoA A(l)1 mx CtOA9"( CtOA?ri003cbX3
Somri0)o 59A3 I),~'Dl3'li T01300I),11DAD CtOlC 'lto?Xo

H Drilt9"' 01 0191 011311CI),'{DX11C3

rox 1"0130?cbD13'li 501Dril}.Oi\ 5l}.riOA01CD 5lt1 'DlU19XU3Xo lt 91CtD DriA13991CCt 01 3ri Di\
-(l)cbril),:r "A(l)3o>;>wo1C A(l)1 5D139Lt'{D 1009 10 m1A0~1oo9DX SD}OlCo Slt113o>;>g 'ltA13X3
D}ODX19D19 Lt 5'DlA9 rtoJ-.9'{ CtOA?riOo3cbX3 Somri0)o 59A3 5omril}.oA I),OX11DriJ..DolC
Ct01 11 DmriJ..13901eCt Do319oocbooo1C m 91CD DA? 13'{3101CD 5omril}.oA l,lrioAOlCD H
"(JU;JW;JUilfSSl? ilUfUlJ;JW) 501Vri~Oi\ 5~riOA01V 5lt1 "010M? i\UlD 1"0131<0}0\=) Sl}.1
-CtD SD'li 51}.01U?0001C Sl.t1 SCtoo>;>g 001/\?X 01 U9 TO/\13 01lt9M3 Slt1 01 rlOA9Y rlOA3ri

-901chx3 no1 vri(f)D ow 1011}. ' 6sJnOJSfP JO Apoq 1"0113'-(DX u'9 30 Lt9 mx 'SD000)"(A 5lt'{
-"(>;> Smri sndJO;) 9X1A0"(010D'lilw 9X1A3A ow SDoo0}"(A Smri snd1m 9X1A0"(010D'lilto 91<
-1/\3/.... o191CD So1Dril}.oA 5l,lrioA01CD D}ODX19'D19 mri TOA13 >;>moxo l}.X1AO'liltwm
-319 91CD ltoDOcb>;J13'li Lt 39 ltA3'lii),OO(l)30 "3'lii),OO(l)39 Alt1 DA 131C?OlC 101? mx '9X1Aoriltw
-11C319 A99ADcbDAD D'li03'{?111C3 1"0/\13 UODOcb>;Jl3ri lt U9 1'Dl3AJ;JMO (1)0?1(1)/\D 'Dl 91CV
"i\(l)1J;j'liltA(l)cbX3 SCtOO?ri }1C3 i\(1)1 SD139lt'{D S?riU Suo mx D}OD'lilto ltlD 1D130?cb
-DAD UOO,"(J;JAV l}.X1A0"(010D'lilt:r 39 lt 'D000)"(A lt1 TOX D1'{1riO i\U1 M0~}10DlCDMO Cl.OlC
D13riUO 'Dl 5Ct011),~'Dl3'li 1"01A0?9MO i\(l)}OlCO i\(l)1130J;Jg 'S3A9i\DX SCtOlD 1"0130?cbDAD UO
-Ct'{J;JAV l}.XUX'DlM:r A3ri lt 'A}31C13 39 S0)X109AOX .UDrl"(J?AV ~X1A0"(01DVrillg 30 TOX UD

-a YJ?AV ~X11XV1Aag 30 T013A}OX'D19 etolC mx D}A0"(013'liu:r Lt1 3'li T013?9AetoDAD1C3 etolC

.. SD000)"(J Sltl SltOCt"(J;lAV, Slt0311),0Ct3 Slt1 Dril}.ri1 S(l) lti\3'lii),OOi\ .. l}.X1AOV l}.X11Ct"(DAV
l}.xmet.L, Alt113A}Drilto 5ltoDocb>;>l3W 5lt1 D}cboo0'-(1<1> Ltw .. l,lx1/....oy, Soo9 o u9 'S130
- 1}.0/\DODlC S3i\3'li9A3'liDAD i\1),09Xet3cb01CD Di\ CtOA?ri13XOOlC '1300)11C1031C UOJ;llC i\3 '1D13~
-}A10Xet31V S130AJ;Jcb01CD 1S130J;Jl001C S?X1AO"( S3oocb>;>19 Suo AI),0"{3111C3 etOlC SD}AOet01
-13"{ Slt1 (l)O?ri m1AO~J;J13~3 S310M? S3"{}X101C 10 et01C9 'Somrio>;>ocbm3'li CtOl D000)"{A
Ltw T013~}AltcbDoolCD 1}.1etD ltrlt?XO Lt mo1"{J;Jri S(l)1C9 'eto1 5ltrlt?Xo 5lt1 A0)ri09 A(l)l lw
-Ct'{>;lAD Lt J;J"{"{D '1}.1DDOcbD13'li et01 5crnrlt?xo 53}0DX19D19 5?X1mriJ..DolC 10 AI),O'{OXoDlCD
Alll A39 5ltoDocb>;>13JAJ: 5lt1 D}cbooo"{1<1> lt.L ~,tx1J..oy AU0?1et01 'D}cbooo"{1<1> mx 131?9"019

Lt~mAI),:r 1l}.x1mririDoJ mx D}AO"{OOO(l)"{J 91CD 5911<3 'mJ-.9'{ D"{"{J;J3'li 'ltoDocb>;>13ri H

"01/\A}DlCOOO(l)"{A OA3ri9XD10Ct3130l}.i\1X 131<0"019 i\3 OlD DO?ri 5ltoltol}.l'DOD1C 5mri

mo

5D}~D 5l}.X1A0"{010(l)i\/.... 5lt1l),OriD1009DX mol}.110x 'Dl mx 85mlt19X1A3'li13X1li\D Sltl

-1}.110X 'Dl91'D 53"{"{J;l1DA}3 i\.39 CtOlC TOX D}0131ri3 AUlD 1"01i\O"{"{J;l\=)11C3 CtOlC A0)'li09 i\.(1)1

A9J.001C AI),0"{3101CD J;l"{"{D 'D}0131Cri3 i\Ul 91CD 1"01/\0ri?AOlCD i\.39 Slt~\l"{ Sltl Drilt9A 01

:WlYWHON :iHWONOIIY YI:iY)[IVYIV

~5

H:iYd<I>Yl3W H

tUJtOU !J.La EQ!J.T]VEU!J.EVT] "CUJtLXrl yA.ci>ooas; 12 , JtQWLOV, aJtLXOVLsL "CT] OT]IJ.aOLOAOYLXr) ano1!JTJ !J.La yA.wooLxr)s; OlJ!lnEQL<pogas; xm, 0UtQOV,- 6vtas; naytw<JT]
6gwv aA. T]8las; <J OEOO!J.EVE JtQOtaOEL - nattL OT]IJ.avnx6 g6A.o <JtT]V 1;r)yT]<JTJ TTJ
OU!J.JtEQL<pOQU OAWV tWV YAW<J<JLXW <JO<pL<J"CEU!J.EVWV XOLVWVLWV 13 EJtELOr) UJtUQXEL !J.Eyas; agL81J.O EVaAAaxnxci>v aJtOVOIJ.WV VOr)IJ.aLO, JtOU JtQOXaAOUV LL JtAEOV
OLa<pOQELLXE XaL aJtOXALVOUOE an' aA.Ar)A.wv EQIJ.T]VELE "CWV m( !J.EQOU JtQOta<JWV "CT] yA.ci>ooas;, XaL JtL0r) Xa!J.!J.LU EVaAAaXtLXr) aJtOVO!J.rl VOr)!J.aLO 0V ELVUL Ouvat6V va a!J.<pLO~T]t( taL OQW!J.EVT] an6 "CT] <JXOma "CT] 8WQLa "CT] LT]!J.aOLOAOy(as;,
on6t, aga, 6AE wus; !J.JtOQouv va (vm ouvm( ngos; w !J.Eya nA.r)8oc; twv EIJ.JtELQLxci>v OEOO!J.EVWV, nou ava<pQovtm ota EV taLc; ngay~-tam ouvu<pmVO!J.EVa twv Ex<pWVTJ!J.Utwv, OL OLXEL<; <JUVaQtr)<JL<; ELVUL <JXELLXW anQO<JOLOQL<Jt<; 14
fLa xa8 OEOO!J.EVTJ anovo!J.r) vor)~-tawc; AN 1 <J !J.(a yA.ci>ooa r) <J tva oci>~-ta X<pQO!J.Evou A.Oyou u<p(otatm !J.(a aAA.T] anovo!J.r) vor)IJ.awc; AN 2 xata LQ6no ttmov,
ci><Jt w tuyoc; AN 1 I AN2 va EXL ta ax6A.ou8a xagaxtT]QL<Jnxa: a) Jl:QOXELIJ.EVou
JtQL ouyxXQL!J.Evwv ngotaowv n, OL ouvagtr)oLc; AN 1 (n) xm AN2 (n) va anot12 H rutOVO[!lj volj[!atOc; OE [!La yf..ooooa 1j OE eva OW[!a EX(j)EQO[!EVOU f..6you rutOtEAELtm an6 [!La tumxlj
yA.wooa, an6 tov xa8oow~-t6 at..n8Elac; - i) an6 tl]v EQ!!TJVEla, 01)1-lcpwva 1-lE tT]V tagoxwvlj doctrina- tl]c;
tumxi)c; yA.wooac; xm an6m a~L~-toll8La nov OlJ!!ELwvovtm an6 x6.8E ng6ta0l] lTJ<:; y A.00ooac; i) mu ow~-ta
wc; EX(j)EQO!!EVOU Myou Jtavw OtT] fonnu1a, navw OtOV 'tUJtO lil]A.alii), 1T]<:; HQTJ!!EVTJ<:; lUmxljc; yA.ooooac;.
Av nagami)oowE 1TJV anovo~-tiJ vo11~-tmoc; liLa 1T]<:; xol]oEwc; ou!!136A.wv, ea noll~-tE 6n n anovo~-t11 voiJ~-ta
wc; Elvm [!la 01JVUQ1l]Ol] AN r.E (x), 6nou OL 1iEix1E<:; lil]AWVOW AN = 1T]V AJCOVO!J1j No1j!Jaror;, f = tl]
n.wooa x.m E = tT]V EQWJVEia 1nc; yA.wooac;. o1nv onola XQTJOL~-tonowllvtm. 0Eiilo 1T]c; ouvagtl]OTJ<:; Elvm to ouvoA.o twv ngoc; av6.A.uon liwtEtay[!evwv ngmaoEwv, o liE Ba8~-t6c; tl]c; JtEQLEXEtm oto ollvoA.o
tWV fonnu1ae tl]<:; F. Ta EX.UOtOtE 1iLa8EOL!!a OlJ!!UOLOAOYLXa l!oa ~-t6.c; EJtLtQEn01JV va anocpav80U[!E, xm
Iii) !!E ~-ta8TJ~-tatLxi) axglf3aa, un6 nolouc; 6gouc; m fonnulae tl]c; TElvm aA.n8Eic;. LWmwc;. JtQOXH!!Evou
Ev6c; E1JQ1!1:Ut01J 1JJt001JVOA01J JtQOtUOEWV, Jt01J Evtaooovtm OE 01JYXEX.QL!!EVO OW~-ta EX(j)EQO!!EVOU A6you,
l] UVWtEQW 01JVUQtl]OT] AN r.E (x),ljtOL T] rutOVO!!ll voiJ~-tatOc;, ~-tac; 1JJt01iHX.WH !!E JtOLOV tQOJtO d~-ta01E OE
8on va ngooliwgloowE touc; 6gouc; EX.dvouc;, un6 wuc; onolouc; oL ngot6.oac; ~-tac; Elvm aA.n8dc; 1j \jJEUIiElc;. Eav yw x6.8E EvtEtUY!!EVl] OE 1iE1iol!vo OW!!U EX(j)EQO!!Ev01J A6you JtQ6taOl] yvwgl~01J!!E t01J<:; 6gouc;
aA.n8dac; i) touc; 6gouc; nt..nowoEwc; 11]<:;, totE !!Jl:OQOU!!E va noll!!E 6n yvWQ~OWE xm to v6n~-ta wu 1iE1io~-tvou ow~-tmoc; EX(j)EQO!!Evou Myou.- Tl] 8on 6n 10 v6n~-ta JtQEnH va 10 aVLXVEOOWE !!EOW tl]c; XQll oEwc; 8EWQLWV aA.T]8Elac;, tl]V EXOW 1JJt001T]Qll;H 1600 0 FREGE, Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik, x.m 0
WITTGENSTEIN, Philosophische Grammatik, 6oo x.m o DAVIDSON, Truth and Meaning.
13 BA.. TYMOCZKO, Translation and Meaning, OEA. 33.
14 To A.oyLx6 wobllva~-to tT]c; OXELLX.Otl]La<:; tWV aJtOVO!!WV voiJ~-tatOc; EUQlox.Etm O'tT] 8Eol] to1J QUINE,
Word and Object, oEA.. 73 EJt., JtEQl angoo&ogwrim; r17r; IJETCtcpQao11r; (indeterminacy of translation) mgl1TJ<:; onolac; ow a~-teowc; m6~-tEVO xEcpaA.mo.

246

LPZ
:u3

ov "'{3D 'ilU!U11;)W pu11 uotwtsuFJJJ. 'O)fZ:::>Ol'\IA.l '{gau oz

"U3

U;)[IJJU;)pU;)ZSU!JlJ J;)U{;) ;);)pJ 1nz '13dV ."1!3

8 "'{3D

8Z "'{3D 'Jf!JFJWilF!lJ-l{:JFJldS

'ilU{UFJ;)W pu11 UOfJIJ[SUIJl]. 'O)fZ:::>Ol'\IA.l "'{fJClll

61

"5D)A0'{01DD11lq: SlulJ.D3ClJD1Q01m
Sm "f)'{'{D 'SDDD<fl'{A Sll.1 S~dmCl.\1Cl31C Sll.1 OQ31CJ1C3 OA?rMxJxmq Sm 1X9m1poA DJAO'{omni,DClUll. <fl93: 81

uFllSU;):lll!M nox)goqnov nolll.Dll.'{XJ1l3 3r1 u3 9 "'{3D 'ilufUFJ;)W puv uo!J13fSU131J. 'O)fZ:::>Ol'\IA.l '{gau L 1
"("lC'{"X 9X1li\O'{'{Dg1Cl31C
'9X1A0'{0Xilcft '9X1riOAOX10 '9X1A0'{01A(1)i\10X '9X1A(1)A10X '9X1Dilcb) SY)ClOcbDAD 01D)D'{lC OA?ri10X3XAilD
3D J38XD1A3 A"f)3 OA9ri3Q 1Dl3~]A10Xil3 '5D)A0'{01DDrilJ.3: Sll.l il0)931C ilOl 591X3 "f)'{'{D '13X? DJD All.D913X?
'All.'{'{"f) AD1ri 91CD ~9Cl0 OCl319/..1'{ ~- j1Dl? 3riilOD~'{1ri DA 3ri(l0001Cr1 '5(1))Dfj3g 'AY)3- 00319DD1031C 1DA)3

Sowri~OA ~rioAOlCD DJri AD il01JCl31C ll.13Q91CD ll.111DJClX lJ. 119 13AJD1ill.D 91nv

"'NV All.1D

1DlAO~JADcbr1 3

Y)lilD Smu9 'AmA?riOQ3Q A<flX1i..0'{01DDrill.D "f)013D ~X1AOADX DJri Soau ~wgrinD 1DAJ3 DA mx mll.193031D

~X1A0'{01DDrilJ.D 13X? DA 31D<fl '1Dl? )3/..3'{11!3 13X? DA )3001C1i 'NV lJ. 119 3ri(l08cb3XD AD '5Dlll.191DQilOlCD
mx 1NV (lD13r1 A<;Joocbmq A<flX1A0'{01DDrill.D Aml 513D)'{X01CD 10

SoAoDD"f)'{3 1DlAO(lAX13QOlCD

'NV

91

"A(r)Q~AOri A<flX1/..0'{

-owDrill.D Snm (lD13r1 A<flX113Clocbmq mx AmoQcbmq Snoa9 Jriu S11 Mocb~o/..1031!

'NV mx 1NV 10 119

OlD 1Dl13XI..? ~oocbmq lJ.A3TI<flli\DlCD D1DlD}8UMD DAOClX91ilD11DX DJDClXD 00319/..1'{ H SnOl 5DJ38ll.'{D
A<;Jr111 A(r)l D]AmcbnilDD ll.1DA)3 (11)

'NV 1DX (11)

NV (lDl3ri Y)OOcbmq \!X1/..0'{01Dmill.D D]DOXD AO}'{lC H ~!

"ozO'X<))8 9'X100(l)"(A 0191 A01 A(l)lt\').O'X101X>'X 1Xl'X A(l)lA9ADgTID"('Ol"O'X A(l)rl91X> A(l)"("(1)J S130

-~10131 ~ ;mx S?X1110001 Su3rl So.01 ~DD0911!3'(ll"("(D AUlD mx '13':1 o.o1.C9 'A0"("(1)Jg1o
-31010 DD?rl S01A').OA(l)ffiX3 0.01 S130~810131 10 ~ /1DX S?X1110001.C 10 (g 1DX ' 6 IA(l)A?rlOl
-noffirln.o A(l)A?rl10X3XA.cto 1DX 0.0101Xl"(l.C ').OX1AOOXOO(l)X O.OA?rl0939 S91A3 nrlllA<))ffiX3 S(l)
1Xl113"(3111.C3 ~10."0 S(l)l9 'SUD'01901.C Smrl D13Allrlo3 AUlD 1)>09113 A0"("(1)Jg1o31.C 9X100(l)"( A.
-(1)~3 ~ /1DX 9'X100(l)"( A. 01 S0.0101.CO Sn.01 3rl 'A(l)l901 A(l)1U1?"(3rl S(l) 'S ID1AO"(OlX>rlA.nou

ll (D :~9 1Xl'X 'Sllonoffi1)>13W Sll1 llrl~1011.CtJ. AUlD llclt91.CO. 1Xl1AOA1)JgrlD"( DA 131?01 0.01
'Somrl~OA A<))rlOAOl.C"O A(l)1 S'01U19X113XO Sll1 S31AOA1)JOD1.C 0').9 10"("(1)> MOX01)>1.Cct SO'(?].

"UDU913MD 1Xl'X 0A9"( Ai1.01?8X>19 0.01 A(l)1A9 A(l)1t)rl3 A(l)1 O.OrlD9'X 0.01U1?"(3rl S(l)
S3rl~wmg S?X1A(l)A10)1 Suo OA3rl9':!1Anffirl3 S<))X1913 S(l)3Dl,uon~3 S0913 DA? 0"("("9 mx

13X01)>1.CO. 119 1Xl13A1)>Act0 9X11010U1'XDODX 0031').39 01 91.CD .O.OA9'{ O.OA?rlOo3ffiX3 S3131

-1)JOX11.C3 13rl1)JM9 S(l) - L IA(l)A?rlOADgrlD"(1031.CrlO.O S?l.C10"( S11 Sool S(l)rl11001 A<))rlUlO
- 113. i1.01<))08AV 103Il A(l)11DX A<))rlU10113. A<))X1A(l)A10)1 A(l)1 'S3rl~10113 (S?X1913)
S11 S3"(9 91rn ll9 mx- S3rl~101m (S?X1913) S11 91rn 1Xl1A<))10D~3 Somrl~oA S?rlOAOllD
10 119 nrloDO?l.Crlo.o 011311.C').X001.C 9X1101oll1xDonX OH)10l.C 01 91.CV Scto1 A0"("(1)Jg1Cl31.C

nsu~s OlBI 01 3rl 101~ 'Sn.01 o.oA.9"( ctOA?rloo3ffiX3 cto1 "01311)JOX11.C3 All1 3rl S?X1A.0"(01D
-nrlllo-llrl S13D?XD 1)>10DAO.O A(l)1010 A(l)1 ~X11XD01.C ll 'SDOD<!J"(A SllA?rl0939 Smrl A<))lD
-lloX A(l)1 D1U19A10'X AU1 91.CD mx 009 'DDD<))"(A 3101~9"01010 30 S3pAllrl03 MOO~A.
-llooX DA 1Xl1A3811X>19 0.01 '!).01U1011.C3 0.01 S13rl01 Sct01 S0.0"(9 91.CD OD911D1A<))10D~3

Somrl~oA A<))rlOAOlCD A(l)11)JX11D10ll1xnonX nrl1D1ox 0')-9 (l)0?1(l)AD D.l 9 ISD1AO"(

-o10nrlll;s: Sll1 0.01Q31.C 0.0111.C3 OA9rl 1Xl1AOA10X AllYl DA Somrl~oA A<!JrlOAOl.C"O A(l)1 A<)')1
-o.D mll19800 llrl ll ~ mll19900 ll (g mx '>I S?rl09 S?X1A.0"(01Dnrlllo S?X113ooffim9 A').O"(

:WlVWHON

~HWONO!JV

VEV)IIVVIV

~1.5

mVd$VBW H

~ nfQblt(!)(J~ tOU W.V.O. Quine

We are always ready to wonder about the meaning of a foreigner's remark without
reference co any one sec of analytical hypotheses, indeed even in the absense of
any; yet two sees of analytical hypotheses equally compatible with all linguistic
behavior can give contrary answers, unless the remark is of one of the limited sorts
that can be translated without recourse to analytical hypotheses.
Wil lard Van Orman Quine 1

0 KPATAIO fAQ2:2:IKO- <I>IAOW<I>IKO A:::IQMA 6n LO v6ruw- acp' l']c; OLLYIJ.rl<;

j..l.JtOQOUIJ.E va OEX80U!J.E xovOQLxa xm xaQLV ouvEvvor]oEwc; 6n unoo'taowu'tm

EL'tE oE naQamanxc; r] nEQLyQacpLxc; LOLO'tl'J'tEc; nmxLf..wv ovw'tr]'twv2 EL'tE one;
JtQ<isEL<; r] O'ta EV YEVEL EVEQYrJf.I.U'ta r.t.ac;, O'taV J1UQUYOU!J.E rJXOU<; r] Ol']!J.ELU 3 - ELVUL
xa80QLO!J.EVO, f.I.JI:OQEL va J1QOOEyyw8EL OE aOQE<; YQU!J.f.I.E<; !J.EOW 'tl']<; 8E!J.EALWOOuc;
naQaooxr]c; 6n 6/..Ec; m yf..wooLxEc; ExcpoQc; dvm owxEAELc;, 1:a OE ox/..n wuc; dvm l'l
wxv~ (force) xm l'] aru.waia (sense) r], UAALW<;, LO JrQOramx6 JreQWXOf.leVO (propositional content). H wxuc; IJ.Lac; ExcpoQac; ouvLmmm ow EL6oc; tr]c; 6La 'tl'Jc; ExcpoQac;
'trJ<; JlQO'tUOl']<; Em'tEAOUf.i.EVl']<; Otl'] ouyXEXQL!J.EVl'] J1EQLJ1'tWOl'] JlQUsl']<; XUL avaAUEtaL
QUINE, Word and Object, <JEA. 76.
TT]V Ctlto'\jJT] auti] OLOCtaxouv o FREGE, Vber Sinn und Bedeutung, o RUSSELL, On Denoting, xm o :rrgwL~O<; WIITGENSTEIN, Tractatus logico-philosophicus.
3 TT]V a:rro'\jJT] auti] OL0Ct<JX01JV 0 6'\jJL~O<; WIITGENSTEIN, Phi/osophische Untersuchungen, 0 AUSTIN,
How to Do Things with Words?, xm o SEARLE, What is a Speech Act? xm Speech Acts.

I
2

248

6PZ
;;;tdo;;;d p;;;cpnown
OJJ;]IjJflj 1J JO ;;;f/unf/u!Jf ;]ljJ }0 UOfJ!JfSU!JJJ ;;;! 'UOfllJfSU!JJJflJ:JfPlJJ

:sz "'(3D 'J:J;;;(qQ puu pJO)d

'3NIOO

m 6L 1 "'(3D 'S:JfJU!JW;J5
"'(3D 'UOfJ!JfSU!JJ.L puu AJ!f!q!Jjl?f 'Z.lV)I "f pjOJJ~f ilOl D1TIJXO(,> l)AX

"'(g '\11ilD D]0(YJ39 IUD 11i\Di\}1CD i\DXU9()11Cil1D1(,> il01C '513Dl)1D 5}X1110X 511 D1J 8
a "'(3D 'J:J;;;(qQ puu PJO)d '3NIOO L

-(llC O(l(,> Dll)X11X13(,>i\3

'm 161

Uf ;;JSU;J5 UOWWO:J 1lJX

"1C3

Z8 "'(3D ';J:JU;;JJ;J.J;]N JO ifJO;Jlf.L flJSnlJ:J ;;;qJ puu UOfJ!JJ;JJdJ;JJUJ flJ:JfP!JN JO

if:JlJUfWJ;JJ;;;pu[ ~3133HA\ rro1 OA3TIJ3X 9x111Clx 01 5ltDJ1C3

'(g .UOfJlJJ;JJdJ;JJUJ puu qJnJ.L OJUf S;;JfJfnbu[

'NOSOIA VG mx 'SJU;Jil!J. puu SUO!J:JV UO SA!JSS!J. 'NOSOIA VG 'UOfJlJJ;JJdJ;;JJU[ flJ:JfP!JN 'NOSOIAVG "'(8

"1661 01 3XU99QX3 il01C 'U~~aIJ1DX JJTIU9N 'HVV3.1V U

5lt'(9j 5lt1DJ31DTii\D01C A()11illJ A()'l10(l)39 A(l)1UDDJDClOOD1C i\U13TI \IX113XD lt 1lJA]3DDilOO}d:lD1(,>A3 5(l)OXV,

s;

"5\lell'(D AD1\ID9 .. 5}TIXDO(,> 531'(]X (l)A]V',.UDD19 o1C lt '5}TIXDO(,> 531'(]X A0101Cl)X 3D 3TiilOD
-<rQDA 101(l (li\mDoolC AlllD '\li\mDoolC 3D mni1DJAilD 5l)ood:lx3 5lt1 5(lXmu '5nn l)'rli\nql)ClD1C ow 'AV
"3riilOO}d:lX3 Alt1 53]01CO 511 91Cil '513Dl)1D1031C 511 91CD 1lJ13~]001(,>D001C il01C 1lJX UDDl901C lti\}TI10X3XMD
u1 5mAoo}d:lX3 3'rlrro11l)01C rro1e '\19D'(lt9 '91rrn 3D :nnui\Cl}A3 o1o1Cl)X 3D \llt~l)OlC mo1Cl)x 3D 5u1 5(lXD1
3(,>lt ' .. 5}TIXDO(,> 531'(]X (l)i\]V',. UDDl901C llA3TI903d:lX3 ltD1'(Xi\} \IX11D100 3D lt 13~l)Od:lX3 11'9 3D 1lJ1D1D
JAilD 5ll1DJDDTiltD A3'rl lt .5(l'(3XD1(,>1DAJ3 .. 5}nXnoq 531'(JX rron 3D()1V',. l)Clod:lx3lt A10l)X 5omni\pqnonu

'D1ACDA10X Al.ll m,\. mx 'A~O'{Trlo Al.ll ctol! 'mio1~ m mA. "0101!11 5ro1~'{0l!D 13~10roAA.
A3Q 'A0?'-(1!11!3 '1DX ~'{'{D ' 6 13~~odlm31i ctOl! 'DDD()'l'{Alt1130AAD OA91i 1X9119 13A1D1il.tD
031!9 '51,UDDOdlD131i 59X1~10 1DA13 'D1Q1013XA3 ~X11DDOdlD131i 13~110DlDX 0,01 '5~10

-nodlnl31i

o c.. uon"Btsmul JO t"Bnu"Bw,) ..o1q1o13XA.3 9X11Dnodlm31i, DA? 91D mx 13'{31

-ow 513D~odlnl31i 53octXA.? 511 5?1ctD 91!D D11i3enx H 5nDD()'l'{A 5l.t'{W 5m1i Aro3D~odl
-X3 (l)D?1i 5DDD()'l'{A 5m1i A(l)3D~OdlX3 t\(1)1 513D~OdlD131i '530ctXA? ctOD1~3 5ro1i9 Al.t'-(1!
'D11i 91!D 530319DD1031! ~'{'{D 'D11i OA91i 1DlDlD1dlct A3Q '5D10(IH0 50lD1i~ON 103U
5Lt1 50'{?XD 9X1DDl001! 1 9XD1DD1il.tD

ow 1D113A1X ctol! '91ctn n1iA.99 01 31i DArodl1i~&

8(uonursuuJJ JO A:>UUfWJ;]J;]pu!) 5/.J.ovodn;nni 511.1 5VJ1D1001gooouv

5Lt1 nn/-.99

ow

t.teX~An ao1 5n1oro3e 5ro3D~odlm31i 5~x1~1o 1031 5Lt1 l.tDrol!~umq

Lt1 31i - LJOfA13ljdq [fJqJ;}A OJ SUO!J!SOdS!P JU;]S;}Jd JO X;}[dWO:J ;]qJ S13 5DDD()'l'{A 5Lt1 D?Q1
Al.t191!D 50A31i9MD'{3- ;}U!n() 0119 31i~Ol! DA 31i~00011i 50'{?1 0191!D 5"01A()1A1X33
9 ao1i9w ao1o1!~x A()'loodlx3 Aro1mx A(l)3~~ol! A(l)1 A()113Al.t1io3 Aroo~x/-.3 5oe~'tl!

13A131001! DA 1DX .. 13D~ct3XDD1DX, DA l.tD?8 3D 1DA13 'A(l)A?TIOQ3Q t\(1)1 O'{OA~D 01 ct01

~wool1i 5mAoX? '5~1ct3Al.t1io3 o 01D~woxl!o ao1 9X11D1'{DA11ioA 9X1DDro'{A. o1mx

UOSp!A"BQ A01 D1A 119 5()1'-(l!D 3TictOD1A01 DA 10A3TI9~1001031! ';}U!n() ct01 D10(1)38 l.t1 31i
OA91i- ~X11D1il.tdJDOAD1Q3XD Al.tXA~AD ,lDX - 31i~08l.t'{OXDD D8 01DWdl3X A90Dl! 01&
LtA?1iD1ooenx 11AD1! A3 mx 5~Xon ~3 mA13
~1D10(l)X "l!'{"X 5l.tDl.t8101!31! '5D11ict811!3 '5l.tD38901! '5l.t~~Ol! 5~11i38DX ctOA?1iOX31031!

ao1 mx 5ow1i~oA ao1 ml.t191ctm l.t 119 A~oeX3q DA 10A31i~oAoD '~DX10lD11AD 5cto1
5310(1)38 5?X11D1X113XD (UO{JfJJ;]JdJ;]JUf [13:>fp13J) 5VJ3Ai.J.rl03 5~X1~10 1DX (UOf113[SU13JJ
f13:>fp13J) 5crnop0dm13rl 5~x1~1o 1031! 511 31i uosp!A"BQ PI"Buoa mx ;}U!n() oAM.
10 A(l)1'{3TI38 X3 MOD~1l.tgmdl1iD 01 DA AD8'{~ 5ow1i~OA ctOA?TI(l)1DDlDOl!ct 1031!
n1iro1~D 9X1dlOD0'{1dl 19X1DDro'{A. 53Q()11'{31i38 roA~l!DODl! OJ. vA()110M3 A()1X1AO'{ A(l)A

-9'-(DAD A(l)1 5ro3D~oX 5Lt1

mq

1D13~'{DAD mx ~x1101oo Ltm'{XA? 3D l.tA31i9AD)1iD'{X3

'l.tDm9o1! l.tA?1il.t'{11iro Al.tw mww1MD 5~oodlx3 5m1i OA31i9X31031! 9X1Dmool!

01 ~ D1DD1il.tD l.t .A()110M3 A()1X1A0'{01AroA1oxoXctclt A(l)09dlD001! Aro1 5ro3D~oX 5Lt1

mq

aNinO oAM A.Ol HHllllld3ll H :m1Vd<PVBW ml V!WdOIV10dllV H

Jt01J ow JtUQU'tllQrJOEW OlUJtl<J'"CWVH 0 LOlO, ana JtEQlEX01JV xm -en 01JVOAlXi],

JtQUY[.tULlXtl xm 01JVl11lXi], 01J[!JtEQl(j)OQa '"CWV U'"CO[!WV Jt01J JtUQU1llQEL 13 MnOEO[.tE1JO[.tEVO OE an6 omlXE ywvLE xm XWQOXQOVlXE aow~a-co-cn-cE xm yvwQL~ovta ,
JtQW10V, JtOla 8a dvm l1 01J[!JtEQl(j)OQa '"CWV 1JJtO JtUQU'"CrJQllOll U'"CO[!WV UXO[!U Xm OE
ouv8l]xE uno8E'tlXE 14 , xm, OEV'"CEQOV, nma dvm -ca EQE8LO[.ta-ca, nou oovouv w moen-ci]Qla '"CWV 1JJtO JtUQa'"CrJQllOll atO[.tWV 15 , 0 Ql~lXO [.tE'"CU(j)QUO'"CrJ, OV'"CU EllJtEOO
xa10xo llla at..neou mQL cpvoEW 8EwQLa, ELvm XWQL UJtEQ~ol..l] xm nav10yvw10 QUINE, Word and Object, OEA. 28: The recovery of a man 's current language from his currently observed
responses is the task of the linguist who, unaided by an interpreter, is out to penetrate and translate a
language hitherto unknown. All the objective data he has to go on are the forces that he seems impinging
on the native 's surfaces and the observable behavior, vocal and otherwise, of the native. Such data evince
native "meanings" only of the most objectively empirical or stimulus-linked variety. And yet the linguist
apparently ends up with native "meanings " in some quite unrestricted sense; purported translations,
anyway, of all possible native sentences.
II QUINE, Word and Object, OEA. 30: In practice the linguist will usually settle [the] questions of causality,
however tentatively, by intuitive judgement based on details of the native 's behavior: his scanning movements, his sudden look of recognition, and the like. - TIQ~A . mlons; R. FIRTH, Elements of Social
Organisation, OEA. 23.
12 QUINE, Word and Object, OEA. 28 EJt.
13 TIQ~A. MARGOLIS, Quine on Observationality and Translation, OEA. 128 EJt.
14 TIQ~A. OXE"tlXU !!E tT] QL~LXTj EQ!lT]VEla DAVIDSON, Belief and the Basis of Meaning, OEA. 322: Each
interpretation and attribution of attitude is a move within a holistic theory, a theory necessarily governed
by concern for consistency and general concern for the troth, and it is this that sets these theories forever
apart from those that describe mindless objects, or describe objects as mindless.- BA.. xm tT]v xgmxrj tou
JerroldJ. KATZ, Common Sense in Semantics, OEA. 179.
15 BA.. QUINE, Ontological Relativity and Other Essays, OEA. II, 29 QUINE, Replies, OEA. 303 QUINE,
Indeterminacy of Translation Again, OEA. 10. - TIQ~A. xm tnv yw tTl QL~Lxrj EQ!lT]VEla avtlotmxn nagatriQTlOTl wu DAVIDSON, On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme, OEA. 18: What matters is this: If all
we know is what sentences a speaker holds true (...), then we cannot take even a first step towards
interpretation without knowing or assuming a great deal about the speaker's beliefs. Since knowledge of
beliefs comes only with the ability to interpret words, the only possibility at the start is to assume general
agreement on beliefs.
16 QUINE, Word and Object, OEA. 53: [It] requires of the linguist a command of the native language far beyond
anything we have as yet seen how to account for. We cannot even say what native locutions to count as
analogues of terms as we know them, much Jess equate them with ours term for term, except as we have
also decided what native devices to view as doing in their devious ways the work of our own various
auxiliaries to objective reference: our articles and pronouns, our singular and plural, our copula, our
identity predicate. - TIQ~A. STRA WSON, Particular and General, OEA. 244: Feature-placing sentences do not
introduce particulars into our discourse JtQ~A. mloT]<; nATEAAH, N6Tf!-la xm IIQ6./;Tf, aeA.. 33.

250

,.

H AIIPOLiliOPimA THL META<I>PALHL: HIIEPIIITQLH TOY W.V.O. QUINE

OtT] 16. A/..A<i 'TJ f,ttacpQaOY], W f.t'TJ JtQOOOlOQl~Of.I.EV'TJ OXL ~aVtAY]tLXa, a/../..a OUt xav
JtaQXW an6 ta JtOLXLAa 000f!EVa to'\J XOOf.I.OU, f.I.EOa OtoV OJtOLO ~OUf.t, ELVaL6JtQ onf.tatvn: 6v f.trtOQL naQa va Etvm- axa86QWt'TJ. ~to ouf.trtQaOf,ta aut6
xataAilyH o Quine EXOVta JtQO'TJYO'\Jf.I.EVW ~t<XOH ta XQltllQLa 0'\.JVWV'\Jf.I.LU f,tta~u twv XcpQamowv Mo OlacpoQnxwv yA.woowv xm xovta ~QH 6tL otnv ouoia oev
ucptotavtm ttoLa JtQ6ocpoQa XQlti]QLa, OL6n Ol A.E~H f.ta8aivovtm f!OVO by
abstraktion from their roles in learned sentences 17 : av Ola8taf!E axQl~i] xm an6
O'TJ aJtO'\jJEW oacpi] XQLti]QLU 0'\.JVWV'\Jf.I.LU, 8a LXUf.I.E Xat' avayXY]V XaL UXQL~i] XaL
an6 naon an6'\jJEW oacpi] XQlti]QLa tam6tr]Ta yLa to v6nf.ta, xm touto, OL6n ta
XQlti]QLa 0'\.JVWV'\Jf.I.LU OEV ELVaL tLJtOtE a/../..o JtaQa XQLti]Qla yw to JtOt to VOY]f!U
f.I.LU xcpQaon tautt~Etm f!E to v6nf.ta f!LU at../..n 18 Ennoi] ttow XQLti]QLa Ov
ow8to'\Jf!E, JtQlOQl~Of.I.UOt avayxaOtlXU OtO a~LWf,ta tO'\J Leibniz - tO OJtOLO JtQOxa/..d otxw at..Ao ouyxuon f!Eta~u OTJf.tdou xm avnxnf.tvou (Ef.trtQUYf.tatou avnXQUOf.tato), xa8W 'TJ ta'\JtOtY]ta EQf,tT]VEUEtaL W OXEOY] '\J(jJLOtaf,tEV'TJ f!EtU~U OT]f!ELWV
XaL OXl W OXEO'TJ '\J(jJLOtaf,tEVT] f!Eta~u OY]f.I.ELO'\J XaL OVOf!U08EVto aVUXHf.I.EVO'IJ -

na-

Eadem sunt quorum unum potest substitui alteri, salva veritate 19

AA.A.a t<DQa, acpou ex8oaf!E tnv ano'lj!n tou Quine, a naQOW ta JtQUYf.tata an6
tT]V UQXll fla tnv xn6vnon eyxuQwv f!EtacpQaoewv anmtdTm, ouf.tcpwva f.I.E to Myf.I.U t'TJ xoua"LvLavi] aJtQOOOLOQWtta, n unaQ~'TJ YXUQW xataQno8vto f!EtacpQaonxou EYXHQlOtou - 6nou, e6w, "unaQ~n" O'TJf.I.ULVH ouvnontil JtLA.oyi] Ex f.I.E QOU to'\J f!EtacpQaoti] EVO ouyxXQLf!EVO'\J f!EtacpQaOtlxou EYXLQlOtou f!EOa an6 to
ouvoA.o tWV i]6n 'IJ(jJlOtaf,tEVWV XaL
an6 to avmxt6 ouvoA.o tWV OLUQXW xataQn~Of.I.EVWV. 0 f!EtacpQaotil xn tT]V E'\JXEQHa va xataQtLOH noA.t..a YXHQL0La, yLa va
f!EtacpQaon yxuQa tL "excpQaOEL" f.I.La yA.wooa f.I.E "excpQaOEL" f!La aA.A.n
yA.wooa, xma xav6va 6e t'TJ f.t'TJtQlXll wu yA.wooa ta ev Myw f!EtacpQaonxa eyXHQLOLa xataQtt~ovtm taL f!EV, <Dote va dvm O'\Jf.t~ata va JtQO va xm OA.a f!U~L

In

17 QUINE, Word and Object, I'JEA. 13 EJt., 5 I, 76, 6nou tl8Etm to EQUltTH.ta JtOLO 8a !J,EtUCjJQC!I'JEL tTJV JtQ6tUI'JTJ "Neutrinos lack mass"otTJ yA.wooa tTJ ~ouyxA.as: If anyone does, anavtO. o auyygacpf.as. we may
expect him to coin words or distort the usage of' old ones. We may expect him to plead in extenuation
that the natives Jack the requisite concepts; also that they know too little physics. And he is right except
for the hint of there being some free-floating, linguistically neutral meaning which we capture, in
"Neutrinos Jack mass"; and the native cannot. :LuvExl~oVta tTJV anO.vtTJoiJ tou o Quine Ex8f.tEL tTJV

anmjJTJ 6n anotEA.El xa8agi] autan<ltTJ !J,U, E<lv vo!J,L~ou!J,E 6n 6oo A.Ly6tEQO 8EWQTJtLxf.c; ELvm m ngotaOEL, t6oo mo EuxoA.a !J,Etacpga~ovtm, liL6tL m ngm:aonc; anotEA.ouv diverse verbal embodiments
of some intercultural proposition or meaning. when they are better seen as the merest variants of one
and the same intercultural verbalism. The discontinuity of radical translation tries our meanings: really
sets them over against their verbal embodiments, or. more typically. finds nothing there. OL EJtLOTJ!J,UVOEL Elvm liLXES !J,U.- ng~A.. CAR NAP, The Methodological Character of Theoretical Concepts, OEA. 38
EJt: EINSTEIN, Remarks on Bertrand Russell's Theory of Knowledge, oEA.. 289.
18 QUINE, Word and Object, oEA.. 54: Intrasubjective stimulus synonymy, for all its advantages over the
two-speaker case. is(... ) powerless to equate terms OfA . 55: Our simplification of the definition of term
synonymy extends it to all terms, regardless ofwhethertheir objects are such that we could reasonably
use the terms as occasion sentences.
19 GERHARDT [Em!J,.]. Die Philosophischen Schriften von G. W. Leibniz, t . VII, OEA. 232.

251

!!Etacpgaotd ota JtAa(ow Evo~ !!Etacpgaonxou YXHQL6tou ME 1 w~ "Aayo~" ~ w~

"Na EVa~ Aayo~"' Ota JtAatow EVO~ anou !!Etacpgaonxou YXELQL6tou MEz (!)~
" Aayono6ago", ota JtAa(ma EVO~ tQ(LOu !!Etacpgaonxou YXLQL6(ou ME 3 w~ " TuXEQUXLa~" XaL, tEAO~, Ota JtAatma VO~ tEtaQLOlJ !!EtacpgaotLXOU YXHQL6(ou ME4
w~ "TQEAa(vo!laL yLa oncpa6o". Etvm xatL naganavw ano oAocpawgo on m toOQL~ AAl]VLXE~ JtQotaon~- OA~ tou~ !!EtacpgaoEL~

"Gavagai"- 6v dvm

1 anoMon~

tl]~ ngotaon~

"ouv<i:JVU!-1-E~" .

I1QaLtEQW, !!La JtQOtaon tou JtQWtotunou

!!JtOQEt va !!Etacpga1;,tm ota JtAatoLa EVO~ yAwooLxou YXLQL6(ou w~ "To on(Qto
ELVaL OtEQEOJtOLl]!lEVl] cpwna" XaL ota JtAa(ma VO~ UAA01J YXELQL6(ou W~ "To tQaJtE1;,L ELVaL OtEQEOJtOLl]!lEVl] cpwna" ~"To OJtlQtO 6V ELVaL OtQ0JtOLl]!lEVl] cpwna"
- 6l]Aa6~ !! ngotaon~ nou 6v xouv (OA~) tnv t6w tL!l~ aAl]8ta~ 24 'En mgaLtEQW XaL EJtl tl] ~CtOEL tWV EX tolJ Q8LO!lato~ EXCtOtot JtQOXlJJttOVtWV 660!-1-EVWV
ay0!!8a Oto OlJ!!JtEQaO!la OtL tOOO OL OVtOAOYLXE~ 6W!!UOL~ t01J JtQWtotUJt01J
ooo xm OL avacpog~ twv ogwv tou dvm oxotELVE~ xm avl;Lxvtaot~ (inscrutable)
XaL, aga, ~ !!Et<'tcpgaon ELVaL aJtQ006LOQWtl] 25 . EJtH6~ Yl 660!-lEVl] JtQOtaon
20 QUINE, Word and Object, aEI.. 27: Manuals for translating one language into another can be set up in
divergent ways, all compatible with the totality of speech dispositions, yet incompatible with one another.
21 QUINE, Word and Object, OEA. 31 rn., 80 Elt. fLO TOV Quine TO EX tOU EQE8[0IJ.UTOc; VOTUJ.a E[VaL TO IJ.OvaOLXO 8E1J.Lto Et6oc; voi]~tmoc;: the only legitimate kind of meaning.
22 TIQOXELtaL yLa o,tL 0 DAVIDSON, On Saying That- OE aUTO TO ltEQLWVUIJ.O, ltQWtoltOQLaXO OOX[IJ.LO
rou -, a:n:oxai.Et "samesaying relation".
23 QUINE, Word and Object, OEI.. 29.- TIQ~I.. TYMOCZKO, Translation and Meaning, OEA. 40 En.
24 TIQ~A. tT]V OIJ.O[ac; xatEU8UVOEwc; OXETLXi] avaf.UOT] tOU PUTNAM, Meaning, Reference and Stereotypes,
OEA. 75 Elt.
25 QUINE, Word and Object, OEA. 205 rn. al;tl;;n, VOIJ.[~OUIJ.E, TOV XOJtO va :n:aga800UIJ.E oi.Oxf.T]QO TO OXETLXO a:n:oo:n:ao~ta. 6Lon EOW OUIJ.ltUXV<ilvnm oi.T] TJ mgt voi]IJ.aTOc; 8Ewgta rou Quine: For, insofar as we
take such a posit seriously, we thereby concede meaning, however inscrutable, to a synonymy relation that
can be defined in general for eternal sentences of distinct languages as follows: sentences are synonymous
that mean the same proposition. We would then have to suppose that among all the alternative systems of
analytical hypotheses of translation which are compatible with the totality of dispositions to verbal
behavior on the part of the speakers of two languages, some are "really" right and others wrong on
behaviorally inscrutable grounds of propositional identity. Thus the conclusions reached in /6 [ sc. to rnLXELQTJIJ.U tTJc; a:rtQOOOLOQLOttac;] may of themselves be said implicitly to scout the whole notion of
propositions, granted a generally scientitlc outlook. (...) The very question of conditions for identity of
propositions presents not so much an unsolved problem as a mistaken ideal. OL rnLOTJIJ.UVOELc; Elvm 6Lxc;
~tac;.- To aVEl;Lxvtamo tTJc; avacpogac; xm TJ a:n:gooliwgwrta TTJc; IJ.EtacpgaOT]c; wxl)ouv xm yw tT] l.cyo!tEVTJ EVDoyJ.wamx~ J.tt:rarpoa07J, liT]I.alii] yLa tTJ ~tH<icpQaOTJ tvoc; XEL!lvou a:n:o tTJ yl.wooa rou IJ.Hacpga-

252

~Z

"8P "'(30 'AI~!A JO JU!Ocf fiJ:J!ri011J WOJc{ '3Nlf10 6Z

m 99"'(30 'S:>!s;(qdm~w pUrJ ~rJp~fMOU)J
~fQIJ:J!UnWWO:J 'SfiJSJ~A!Ufl 'SIIAV8 "\)X11X139A3 "'(90U- "W!SSIJd 'AJ!SS~:J~N purJ r/U!UIJ~W 'dVN~V:::> 8(;
pfJOM S!q JO S~UOJS r/U!Pf!nq ~qJ r!UOWIJ S~!U~doJd SJ!WprJ ~JIJ:J!P~Jd ~A!J!W.Ud
~t8U!S IJ SJ!WPIJ OqA\ :ov "'(30 ';(qdOSOf!qJ :J!JS!nriun JO S~d{L OM.L 'NNVW9~38 (l)0}11D031C "'(90U
- "6 SocbnoA."Qoxm 'IX om'("9cb3x 'II on919 'riU!PUrJJSJ~pun uuwnH ~qJ ffu!UJ~:>uo:J ;(ussii '3)!:::>01 a
"l3 lL "'(3D 'J:J~(QO puu pJOA\ '3Nif10 9Z
z;p "'(30 'uo!JrJfSUrJJ.L pUrJ ffu!UIJ~W 'O)!Z:::>OWA.L "'(9ou .Sno~'(A. Slu \lr1Q9 \IX1A.0'(01D
m

- DTI!J.D ll.1 3T1 "\)'('(D 'lJ.DDOcb"\)13TilJ.1 3TI1XQ DD3TI"\) 1D13~]13XD '01D'("\)cb3X OA3TI(l.OA.lJ.OOl OlD 3T1DD"\)13~ f\01
'SOlDTI\IOA A<!JT10A0lD A(l)l Dlll.1QX113XD lJ. <;JA3 'lJ.ODOcb"\)13rlll.l 3TI DD3TI"\) 1D13~]13XD 5lJ.DOOcb"\)13TI SU.1 D]lO
-10019DOOlD ll.11QJ38X3'( SD 'OllJ.QAOlflD 11QAO'(OVI[- "l3

9P "'(3D 's;(ussiJ J~qJQ puu AJ!A!JIJf~H fiJ:>fr/OfOJUQ

'3Nif10 "'(9 .SDDD<;J'(A. Smr1 OAQTI1DX Smr1 A(l)30"\)0cbX3 (l.~D13r1 A<;J1Tif\A(l)Af\D ll.DDJA1DXA.3 All.l m,\. 1DX
f\O]Dlf\3'(31 f\01 5DD~'(A. SU.1 5D]A.0'(01AO SU.1 QTID10019000l A01 m,\. '\llODOcbD13TI f\01 DOO<;J'(A.ll.lO \110

-umo1mr 5Ll1 AroA?ri13X1lAD Aro1 "91DX '5ro1DJ1ro01 'mx Aro3D"91D A<))X1A.O'{oXn,cjL Aro1
"91DX 'Aro1~101AO A<))X1DDlA3 5ro Aro1"9rilloA Aro1 5mll191ClDl AroJOLl110X Aro1 "91DX (n
:pA.o'{omrillo13X113 mx 'S31Ll19lAO 5?X1A.o'{oXn,clL 5Clo15?X10w,;w Suo mx
009 A('()1~101AO A<))X1DD1A3 5ro A('()1"9riUOA A('()1 l.lcjLLl'{'{';tD Ul.D 0091 ~X1110X Ul.D1').ri109
J3XDD ' 6zffUJqJ;JWOS p;JUfT?[dX;J ffUJAT?q JO UOJSn[[! UT? SJ;JpU;JffU;J DriU9A 0111919 '8A!J!W
-Jop SnJJfA - Cl00?1'{0W Cl011DAJ3 LlDDOcbX? Ll - mri 3D UDU'{XJl3 3ri 13~"910ri Drill9A
OlD UDU'{XJl3 Ul.D109D 1DX ~X1A3A. Ll119 5Dl.AO~JOUlD01Cl ';mrn() 0 "A')-0'{3101"0 A01
(1,01 "9X11DlDClD Dl 3riClOD~OA DA UD?8 3D 3lDDriJ3 A('()]Ol0 A('()113D"99 U1J1!3 'A('()l901
D9"913'{1 13X?1031 - n,orio9x n,o1 DJA.0'{01AO Ll :A13113 39 5g>g1oxn- 5oriD9X o '513D"91A3
1DAJ3 Dl.Dri~OA Dl '~1ClD D1'{DXDDQ19 U1 "91DX 'AOD9cb3: "A('()3D"90cbX3 AroXJOlDUAD
A('()1 5?00cbDAD 511. 3ri').OOA AroJOl!O A('()113D"9fl U1Jl3 '5Cl01901 A')-0'{3101"0 dUWU:) Cl01
53JDDrillD 10 1DX 009 d)[~Ol Cl0153?91 5?X1A3A.10 009.1 "A('()l<))08AD A('()1 "9"l"X 5c;t010XD
5Cl011DX 513D?8001 5u '5130~810131 mx 5?A.0'{113 511. '53911'{3 5u '5n,og9cb 5Cl01 '53Jri
-Cl8113 5u MOA"9flriD'{1031 5<))8DX '5ro3~"91 5~x1A.o'{oXn,cjL mx "9'{'{D '5~xulloA 5g>A.1rin
OA9ri 1DAJ3 A39 10JOl!O 10 mx 'orio9x A01 3ric;tooA 5ClOJOl!O 5n,o1 3ri '10190110 "90D1
0'{'{"9 3101!J11DAJ3 A39 53]010 10 '(SUOJSU;JJUJ) 513DplA3 ~ 531Ul91AO 5pC1DXJlA3 3D 1"01
-DlDJAClD nrill9A 01119 5g>X1A3A. 1D13X0"9919 ' 8zmll19191 LlX10lDJ1AD AUlD 1DlD1DJAClO
Cl01 DJDDrillO 39 Ll 'A('()1"9riA.D01 O'{OA').D DA? 1DAJ3 50l.Dri~OOA.Ul.DX ~ Cl009 ').OX1A3A.
59A3 "90ocbnAn A3ri Ll119 Llcltol"9 All1 3Dro1'{3ri38 n,ou 'duwu:) J(Opn~ n,o1 D1A90X m1oX
-?ri 'a~1ClD Ll~?'{ Ll13ri 3riClO?QMD n,ou D?91 ~X1A3A. Llw 1D1Dl.OJMO 5Ll~?'{ 5mri nrill9A
01119 D)Oro38 Ll1 30('()1').1D19 ClOl 'd)[~Ol UI-!Of Cl01 ~Xom AU1 91V uongx?ODl Llrio1
-A').D A91DM9 01 009 D)ri 13AJA. DA 131!iJ01! 119 O)Dxi.DAD 3riClOAJOX 91ClD opril.lo 01~
.. 53riMg>MD, 1DAJ3 A39 xox .. c;toA.n'{ 5oo
-?ri DA? DN, ' .. c;toA.D'{ 019"910 9X1AOOX DAiJ DN, ' .. 59A.D'{ 5DAiJ DN, 5130"90cbD13ri 5iJX1A
- Ll'{'{3 10 'DA?riOQ39 Dl.Aomc;txoou 5owriDJ8303 n,o1 X3 3101D"9X3 Dl 5oou 5roA.9'{DAD
M09]901D AU1 1DX 5Cl01 910JD:'(l OlD 1D1AOX?QD001 AU1 D19)013XA.3 "9X1lODOcbD1.3ri
noocb"919 m ~91313 mx 'xox n(SllUd l!qquJ pdq~Uldpun) Ag>A.D'{ Llo?ri 5Cl01 c;t~m
-3ri DAiJri3939ACl0 5ro1D"91001DAD 3D~ (Sd~UlS lrqquJ) A<))A.D'{ D19"91D "9X1AOOX 30 1DX
1Dl30?cbDAD DA J3001ri "9'{'{D '5c;tOA.D'{ 30 5roJDfl3g 1D130iJcbDAD DA J3001ri ,JU~UAUf),

!!NinO "O"A"A\ A.Ol HWlllW!Il H ::m:rVd!I>Vl3W :rHl V!WdOIVWdllV H

raaeL~ JraQaTr}QrJOHJJ~ (observation sentences) 33 , T] aA.i]8Ha tWV OJtOLWV 8a maA.i]-

8U nr; agxlxtr; ~-t~-tovw~-tevr; JtQOtaoHr;. Aut6, xata wv Quine, o onotor; mlxaALtm wv Duhem 34 , dvm aMvaw, 6L6n, ngwwv, m JtQOtaoHr; nagatl]Qi]ocwr;
0V ouvayovtm aJt6 ~-t!-tOVW~-tEVr; JtQOtaoHr;, af...Aa aJt6 OUVOAa JtQOtaOWV, aJt6
8WQLr; wmtonv, an6 tvav yvlx6 wt6 yvwocwv, ta ouotanxa tou onotou Olaouv6Eovtm ~-tta~u tour; ~-t A.oyLx6 HQ~-t6, xm, 6cutQOV, m nagatngi]oHr; maA.n8uouv i] 6La'I.(Ju6ouv 8WQLr; anotAOU~-tvr; an6 avaA.unxtr; xm I i] ouv8nxtr;
JtQOtaoHr;, 0V JtaAT]8UOUV ~-t~-tOVW~-tEVr; JtQOtUOlr; 35 . AV 6A.cr; Ol avaAUtlXEr;
JtQOtaoHr; 1-lJtOQouv va 6La'I.(Juo8ouv, 6cv unagxouv xav avaA.unxtr; JtQOtaoHr;,
6L6n 6cv 6Lacptgouv o tLJtOt an6 amtr; nou xaA.ouvtm ouv8nxtr; aga, 6A.cr; m
JtQOtaoHr; ~-tLar; yA.wooar; cA.Eyxovtm aA.n8dr; xm auvmda wu voiJ~-tat6r; wur; xm
ouvmcta tou nwr; dvm o x6o~-tor;. Ol av8QWJtOl, xugtwr; ~ mttar; agvnnxwv Bwnxwv ~-tJtHQlWV, JtlAEyouv XQlti]Qla VtA.wr; au8aLQta an6 von~-tanxi]r; xm
yvwmxi]r; an6'1.(Jcwr;, ngoxn~-ttvou va 6La'I.(Juoouv 6LacpoQr; tuxatcr; ngotaonr;
am6 on ~-tatvn 6tl t6oo to v6T]~-ta twv JtQOtaocwv 6oo xm to yvwmx6 I ~-tJtHQlX6
JtQlX6~-tv6 tour; dvm axa86QlOta, 6nwr; axa86gwta Lvm t6oo ta XQlti]Qla
taut6tT]tar; tou voi]~-tator; 6oo xm ta XQl ti]Qla taut6tl]tar; tou E!-lJtHQlxou JtQlxo~-ttvou av, 6~-twr;, 0V LVat oacpwr; xa80QLO~-tEVO to E!-tJtHQlXO JtQlXO!-tVO ~-tlar;
JtQ6taonr;, 6cv dvm xat' axoA.ouetav oacpwr; xa8ogLo~-ttvn xm n avttotolXTJ oxn~-tatls6~-tVl] nmotenoTJ (belief) 36 xm

30 QUINE, From a Logical Point of View, ael.. 12m: QUINE, Ontological Relativities and Other Essays,
ael.. 45 m: QUINE, The Ways of Paradox and Other Essays, ael.. 90 Elt.
31 Bl.. 10 :n:uxv6, xgmx6 an~ a:n:6tjJEL~ tou Quine xel[J,EVO tou MATES, Analytic Sentences, ael.. 525 e:n:.
32 rw tT]V vvow tctlv aval.unxwv xm twv auv8enxwv :n:gotaaewv xm yLa tT]V xgmxl] an~ axenx~
avnl.lj1jJEL~ wu Quine~/.. PUTNAM, The Analytic and the Synthetic, ael.. 94 m.
33 QUINE, Word and Object, ael.. 40 m.
34 Bl.. OUREM, La theorie physique, ael.. 303, 328, 347m.
35 QUINE, From a Logical Point of View, ae/,. 43 m: QUINE, Three Indeterminacies, ael.. II.
36 QUINE, Word and Object, ael.. 1.4 I m. H ecw exn8Ef1EVT] :n:rgl:n:mOL8l]aEw~ (belief) o:n:nxlj obljyT]aE xat6mv LOV WALLACE, Belief and Satisfaction, aEI.. 302, xm toV CRESSWELL, Hyperintensional Logic,
aEI.. 175, va 8Ewgouv tT]V :n:mol8T]aT] w~ blto:n:T] axtaT] (two-place relation) ava[twa oe tva :n:g6ow:n:o
xm oto VOT][ta f1LU~ :n:g6taOT]~ agy61ega o BIGELOW, Semantics of Thinking, Speaking and Translation,
oel.. I 10m., bwtu:n:woe tT]V - og81j xata tT] yvw[J,T] flU~- cl:n:o1J!TJ 6n Tl :n:mol8T]oT] ogl~EL [tla :n:ol.mo:n:T]
oxtaT] (many-place relation) [J,Etal;u EV6~ :n:goow:n:ou, :n:l.naco~ avtLXELflEVWV xm [J,La~ OT][taola~.

254

H AnPOL~IOPILTIA

TH~ META$PA~H~:

H TIEPITITQm TOY W.V.O. QUINE

~) xm:a tou Evtamxou xagaxt~Qa 1.uac; yA.wooac;, tl]c; on:otac; n ovroA.oyta <'>El;Lwv-

tm xm vo~!J,ata we; vram;d~ ovr6r1'}r~xm '1/Jvxo).oy~x~ ovr6r1'}r~ 37 . EvtaoLxc;

ELVaL EXELV<; OL OVtOtl]t<;, OtL<; OJtOL<; avacpEQO!J,aOt !J, EXcpQCtOEL<; 'UQWXO!J,V<;
vt6c; vramxwv avvvcpatVOf.lEVWV (intensional contexts) 38 , 6n:Q Ol]!J,atvu vt6c;
ou!J,cpQa~O!J,EVWV, 6n:ou 6v !!JtOQOU!J, va avnxataot~OOW !!La xcpgaon !! xan:mav CtAAl]V tl]c; am~c; Xt<'t.owc;, XWQL<; va EJtEQXEtaL taut6XQOVl] !J,Eta~oA.~ tl]<;
tL!J,~c; aA.n8Lac; tnc; avttotmxnc; n:g6taonc;. OL yA.wooc; !!JtOQouv, we; yvwot6v, va
6LaXQL8ouv O xramx~ (extensional languages) xm o vramx~ (intensional
languages). ExtaoLx~, xata n:gwtov, dvm n yA.wooa xLvn, tl]c; on:otac; 6A.c; m
JtQOtCtOEL<; dvm Xta<JLXE<;" Xta<JLX~ 0 8WQELtm !J,La JtQ6taOl], acp' l]<; <JtLY!J,~c;
!!JI:OQOU!J, va avtLxataot~oow on:ma6~n:ot ouotanx~ xcpgao~ tl]c; !! x<'t.n:mav aAA.nv tl]c; am~c; xtaowc;, xwgtc; va !J,Eta~A.n8t n tL!!~ aA.n8tac; tl]c; n:Q6taonc;
6L'UXQLVL~tm 6n n !!EV tL!!~ aA.n8Lac; !!Lac; Extamx~c; n:g6taonc; Lvm n aA.n8ua ~
to '\jlu6oc; tl]c; n:g6taonc;, n 6 xtaon v6c; f.10vaowiov 6oov (singular term) 39 tnc;
Extamx~c; n:g6taonc; dvm n avacpoga tou 6gou o ouyxEXQL!J,EVl] ovt6tnta, n
xtaon v6c; xm:nyoQ~!!atoc; Lvm to ouvoA.o twv vtaooo!J,vwv oto xatny6Ql]!!a
n:gay!J,<'ttwv xm n xtaon !!Lac; n:g6taonc; dvm n tL!!~ aA.n8tac; tnc; 40 Ex toutwv
ouvaynm 6tL 6'\Jo !J,OVa6wtm 6gm Lvm tl]c; aut~c; xtaowc;, Eav xouv tnv am~
avacpoga, Eav avacpgovrm, 6nA.a6~, oto LOLa n:gay!J,a, xm !!<'tA.wta 6XL aogtotwc;
(vaguely)41 ~ a!J,cpWl]!J,Ctvtwc; (ambiguously)42 OL Xtamxc; n:gotaouc;, tA.oc;, n:QLYQ<lcpouv tl]V xa8' 6A.a cpuoLx~ n:gay!J,anx6tl]ta, xa86oov m !J,OV<; 6vtwc; avn'XEL!J,EVLXE<; OVtOtl]t<; ELVaL OL cp'UOL'XE<;, E'XELV<; Ol]Aa6~ OL OVtOtl]t<; JtO'U E!!JI:EOWvovtm xm JtQLYQ<'tcpovtm an:6 tLc; cpuoLXOEJtWtl]!J,OVLXE<; 8WQL<;. EvtaoLx~, an:vavttac;, Etvm n yA.wooa Exdvn, n:ou 6v JtQLEXL xtamxc; n:gotaouc;, 6mg on!J,atva 6tL, Eav avtLxataot~oO'U!J, on:ma6~n:ot ouotanx~ xcpgaon x<'t.n:mac; n:g6tao~c; tnc; !! x<'t.n:owv aA.A.n xcpgaon tnc; am~c; xtaowc;, ea n:goxu'\jlouv n:gotaoac; !! n:mxtA.Ec; tL!!E<; aA.n8tac;. I6LaLtQO xagaxtngwnx6 tnc; Evtamx~c; yA.wooac; dvm l] XQ~Ol] JtQOtCt<JEWV Ol]!J,aLVO'UOWV oxon:6, EJtL8'lJ!!La, JtEJtOL8l]<Jl], EAnLOa,
cp6~0 X.t.6. xa8wc; XaL JtQOtCt<JEWV 'XcpQO!J,EVWV 0 n:MyLO A6yo (indirect
quotation)43 . OL vtamxc; n:gotaoac;, we; !!ll E!!JI:EQLXO!!V<; otn cpumx~ n:gay!J,a37 QUINE, The Ways of Paradox and Other Essays, aeA.. 90 en.
38 QUINE, Word and Object, OEA. 219 en. BERGMANN, lntensionality, OEA. 211.
39 QUINE, Word and Object, aeA.. 90 en. [: A singular tenn, e.g. "mama", admits only the singular grammatical
fonn and no article. Semantically the distinction between singular and general tenns is vaguely that a
singular tennnames or purports to name just one object, though as complex or diffuse an object as you
please, while a general term is true of each, severally, of any number of objects.], 95 en., 126, 130.
40 QUINE, Word and Object, oeA.. 134, 231,239.
41 QUINE, Word and Object, oeA.. 126: A singular tenn naming a physical object can be vague in point of the
boundaries of that object in space-time. - flQ~A. WILSON, Concerning the Translation of Predicates, aeA.. 98.
42 QUINE, Word and Object, aeA.. 130.
43 QUINE, Word and Object, oeA.. 218 en., 219: When we quote a man 's utterance directly we report it
almost as we might a bird call. However significant the utterance, direct quotation merely reports the
physical incident and leaves any implications to us. On the other hand in indirect quotation we project

255

OEOOj..tEVlj JtQOtaOlj !lJLOQOUj..tE va OU!lJLEQUVOUj..tE j..tLaV aAAlj JtQ6taon EX(j)Qasouoa

tl]V urraQ~Yl xarrmou rrQ<iy~-tato~ rrou urraynm ow xatny6QlJ~-ta tl]~ 6E6o~-tvn~
rrQ6taon~47 . LtlJV rrQci>tl] JtEQLrrtwon n wxu~ wu xav6va tl]~ avnxataotaon~ ea
!lJLOQOUOE va arroxataota8d ~-t6vo OLa (ava)rrQOOOLOQLOj..tou twv XQLtlJQLWV taut6tl)ta~ tl]~ avnxataota8don~ EXqJQaOEW~ w~ avtLXEL~-tvou rrmm8i]oEw~ xm w~
EvtaOLXOU VOi]j..tatO~, aAAa, xm JtUAl, ta XQLti]QLa taut6tl)ta~ tWV EvtaOLXWV VOljj..tUtWV xm twv avtLXEL~-tvwv twv OlJj..tLOUQyou~-tvwv OXEtLxa ~-tE ama rrmm8i]oEwv dvm par excellance axa86Qwta otl) OEUtEQlJ mQLrrtWOlJ lJ wxu~ wu xav6va
tou ou~-tmQao~-tou ea !lJLOQouoE va arroxataota8d ~-t6vo OLa rraQaooxiJ~ tl]~
urraQ~Yl~ avnxEL~-tvwv twv Ol]j..tLOUQyowvwv m rrm8i]oEwv, aA.M, xm rraA.L, ta
avtLXELj..tEVa twv OlJj..tLOUQyouj..tvwv rrmm8i]oEwv otEQouvtm oaqJlJVELa~. xm j..tE
EA.A.drrouoa tl] oaqJi]VELa twv XQLtlJQLWV taut6tnta~ xwA.unm xm lJ xat' LOav
ax6j..ta aJtOOOXiJ tWV OVtOti]tWV, on~ OJtOLE~ ama avaqJEQOvtm. Erraoi] yLa tOV
Quine, JtQOXHj..tEVOU va ltEQLyQa(jJEL l]- JtEQLEXOUOa j..tOVO (j)UOLXU aVtLXELj..tEVa,
LOL6tl]tE~ xm oxoEL~ - JtQayj..tanx6tl)ta, maQXEL j..tLa - 6rrw~ tl]V JtEQL yQa\j!aj..tE
rraQarravw- Extamxi] yA.ci>ooa, t6oo ta voi]~-tata w~ EvtaoEL~ 6oo xm m \j!lJXOAOyLx~ OVtOtljtE~ OEV !!JtOQOUV, A6yw tlj~ j..tlj oaqJOU~ JtQOOOLOQLOLj..tOtljta~ tWV XQLtl]QLWV tam6tl)ta~ wu~. va XWQoouv oE xa~-t~-tta EXtamxi] yA.ci>ooa xm, mo~-t
vw~. xa~-t~-tL<i rrEQLyQaqJi] tl]~ rrQayj..tanx6tl)ta~ OEv j..tJtOQEL va avaqJEQEtm on~
OVtOtljtE~ am~48 . EOci> tEAELWVEL lJ rraQxj3aoi] j..ta~.
To v6n~-ta. A.mrr6v, ELtE w~ ouvoA.o Evtamxci>v ovwti]twv ELtE w~ avaqJoQa OEV 6La8ta xata wv Quine, arra~
rravt6~ xa8oQLO~-tva XQLLi]QLa tam6tl]ta~ ta ExaOtOtE XQLti]QLa tam6tljta~, JtOU tO XaQaXtl]QLs01JV, OXEtLsOVtm aJtOXAELOtLXU j..tE

ow

44
45
46
47
48

ourselves into what. from his remarks and other indications. we imagine the speaker's state of mind to
have been. and then we say what. in our language. is natural and relevant for us in the state that feigned.
An indirect quotation we can usually expect to rate only as better or worse, more or Jess faithful, and
we cannot even hope for a strict standard of more or less; what is involved is evaluation, relative to
special purposes, of an essentially dramatic act. OL EJtLOT]~avow; Elvm OLx<; ~a<;.
QUINE, Word and Object, oeA.. 226 En. QUINE, Ontological Relativity and Other Essays, oeA.. 24.
[La 10V <pUOLxaA.L0~6 lOU Quine ~A.. EVOELXtLXU HEALY, Physicalist /mperia/ism, OEA. 191 Elt.
STROUD, Quine's Physicalism, aeA.. 91 m .
QUINE, Word and Object, oeA.. 142 Elt.
QUINE, Word and Object, OEA. 186 Elt.
QUINE, Word and Object, oeA.. 222m.

256

"!;ZI '0!; "'(30 'j;}f{;]f! )0 Q;}J\\ ;}l[.L 'NVIllO/ 3NIOO I 1"'(30 ':lUfUl1;}W ;}tlfJfU:lO:J '3NIOO 9!;

s1 "'(3o ';]W;}l[:JS frJnJd;]:Juo:; flJo fl;]PJ AJ;}A ;]l[J uo 'NosmAva '(gou ss

"SJ;}]]fJW ]SOW
Uf JqiJ.u W;]l[J Juno:J JSnw ;}M 'SJ;]l[Jo pU!1JSJ;}pun 01 JU!1M ;}M J! 'wu Jo 1! ;})(!! ;}M J;]l[J;]l[M - :sn uo p;]:JJOJ Sf
A"JfJIJl/:J :61 "'(30 ';}W;}l[:JS wmd;}:Juo:; flJo fl;]PJ AI;}A ;]l[J uo

'NosmAva rrollloml!(lm1g~c!rrioxAil1"'(gou r!;

";]nJJ S]U;}W;}]fJJS (""") JO J;]QWnU ;}{qfSSOd ]S;}:lJfJ{ ;}l[J ;})(fJW {f!M lj:Jfl[M {l1npft1fpUf Jl1l[J Wn]fJU:lfS;}p
Sl1 J:J;]{;}S ;}J\\ :1!3 1 Z!; "'(30 'flJflJJsqns moqJ!M S;}:JUfJJsqns 'NOSliM "TN A0191!D m13kQlnx ~Hm ~Xon H S

"6S '"1!3 6 "'(30 'J:J;}[QO pul1 PJOJ\\ '3NIOO ZS

"1!3 j? "'(30 'sAfJSSiJ J;]l[JQ pufl AJfti!Jfl{;}~ {fl:J(aO{OJUQ '3NIOO I!;
"SZI 'OS "'(30 'j;}f{;}f! JO Q;}J\\ ;}l[.L 'NVIllO I 3NIOO I 1"'(30 ':lU!UfJ;}W ;}tlfJ!UilO:J '3NIOO OS
"Z81 "'(30 'UOfJl1{SUl1J.L JO A:JfJU{UJJ;]J;]pU[ ;]l[J JO SUOS!1;}~ ;}l[J UQ '3NIOO 6t'

-"9ocbx3 '513~?"{ Su 53A13X313~"9ocbm3rl (nA 131?01) S~10nocbn131i S9x1~1o

o ~1lt"{11io

OJ\?~ J\01 3rl 01i09X 9X1J\3rl13X1lJ\D 9A10X 30 13~ DJ\ 01DXADJ\D 1DAJ3 'DlD1i0?"{310l.J:D

DlA?803cbnAn 51"{91i"Dl 91D 0"{"{"9 01 ~ 1mx DA? 01 S~10nocbm31i o 13X'f1113 DA D1J

9 ~"9oocb1o311irw Lt1prln9113 ltOM8'f31DX 3101~9"01010 Sool mx Srol9010101
-J\Dl 130"930Ul3 n01 DJ\ 1DX 009 n01 ~1U"{11iOMO J\01 91"0 DlD1iA"901 D"{"{"9 1DX 138"91i
"OJ\ OO<;n M01?(h113 n01 nOl '53'{'}- 531(!)01 531U11DOD1D 511 J\'}-0"{3101"0 531010 10

1DX s.50191 0 13'}-3)0301 nOl 'J\(1)30~810131 J\(1)0?10001031 A91DM19 01 009 nOl'}-101

-rool no1 ~1lt"{11io OA?~ DlAOA1Dl113Ano A010 Slto0991D Slt1 ltOM8'f3lDX Alt1 Sool
S~10nocbn131i o pA.Lt9o o1o1o 01 'nrlltX9 13"{3101n So110"9X Slt1 ~Xon Lt 119 A0031

-9A13Dcb lt01"{H 17 ~~X1AO"{ 0A.9y 010 U0310?10U"{l A91DM9 01 009 J\U11DX 5130~8101
-31 53~09"90"01 00319A1"{ 51113X? D8 ltOA?rl13X lt01 5lt1X"91MO 50A?~ A(!)"{11iO 0 nOl9
~xo9x3 Alt1 ltA131<3 n01'f101rool rro1 Aro30"9100l Aro1 mx Aro30"9ocbx3 Aro1 'Aro3~?"{
J\(1)1 A(!)X09X3 A(!)X110DOcbDl31i A(!)X11XD"{"{DJ\3 J\(l)O'),XA3 J\(1)1 O"{OJ\'}-0 01 91"0 13A?"{113
5~10nocbn13rl o '501"{"{D 139ro1rr1m9 nAmA.~ ~nA.O"{"{? rro1 "91Drl~o m 5mA(!)1018DX
5130~81013i.c 5J38U"{D mx 5?800- ~10nocbnl31i n01 UOJOX AU1 "91DX "91<11013"{1<01"0

- 530319001031 A91DM9 01 009 ltOA?1i13X no1 lt1X"91MO OA?~ DlA'f0"{11io A010 130
-(!)90lD DA 3100 '01901 J\0101?1 "91DX lt01'f101rool rro1 5130"91001 Sumx 5130"90cb
-x3 S11 '513~?"{ S11 13~"9ocbnl3rl S~10nocbn13rl o 119 13AJnrllto ~1rrn ~Xon H zs(AJpeq:J
;}[dpupd) 5017t:JpX 5lll ~Xov AU1 Sro9~MO 13'}-31"0010113 '0191013XA.3 9X110DOcbD131i

]0

'9X1A31i13X11J\D 101~ 'OOltXA? 13~?"{113 DJ\ mA.prln8113 "010~1101< 3101~9"01010 J\"0131<0

-?on ,mx 130~10:u:orl10LtoX nA J3oo:u:rl "91<11Ltoro39 5~10nocbnl3rl o 119AO"{OW p1o:u:
-orl10ltoX ltO:U: 0191013XA.3 9X110DOcbnl31i 0113~110DlDX 5~10DOcbD131i o J\(1)1010 J\(1)1
130"91 lt1Jl3 '5130?80llt 5?X11n"{DAD S1191D mx "9"{"{D 'mo~110X-53J~D S11 5?1ltD 91D
1D1"910D~3 Ltonocb"913rl

Lt ~10nocbn131i no1 53J~D S11 31i nArocbrl']-o 1D13~J00190oo:u: n,o

-191o13XA.3 '}-OX11onocbm3rl ~A.0"{113 Lt ~91313 AroA?rlOAmcb A(!)X1Dltcb Aro1 Smlt191<11

-nrlA.no:u: 5~X1A3rl13X11AD (SltA9rl) Slt1 DA?1i0939 "9X101311i3 m 3rl 9mgrlno mA13 Aoo
-91 "91DX 01 91"0 "91<11013"{1<01"0 1"01"910"0~3 n01 "91U19X1A31i13X11AD ~ DlU190ltXA3 39
lt ' 1~531iM(!)MO (5(!)8U"{D) ltoro1:U:J031 UA?1i10X3XAlt0 lt10 1DAJ3 5130"91001 0'}-9 3191
13cl\'f"{DXo:u:n Snrl nA pool1i rro:u: OA91i o1mApmx ' 0 ~A91rrn 9:u:n Aro3o(!)AA. Ltolt1X91D

Lt mx

~1lt"{1rlo OA?~ A01 3rl DJAroA10X113

Lt 1DAJ3 Sro:u:9 ' 617 (suoplU;}p~suo::> JB::>p::>BJd)

5'}-o:u:oxo 5'}-oxuxno:u: S(!)"{31A3 J313olt:u:n~3 ~10nocbn13rl rro1 o191013XA.3 0.1 s~10

-nocbnl31i S91<1~10 0 130~10101i1DltoX DA 13A?"{113 ltOl 019J013XA.3 9X110DOcbD131i 01

aNIIlO "O"A"M. J..Ol H&1llllld3II H :m&Vdci>Vl3W &Hl Vll!IdOIV&OdliV H

a~L~, ~aOH tWV OJtOLWV Ol f!EtacpgaotE~ EmA.eyouv xm xataQtLl;ouv f,ltaqJQaOtlxa YXHQL6la, LVaL VtAW~ UJtOXHf!EVlXa, xaS<.i:l~ JtOlXLA.A.ouv an6 f,ltacpgaoti] 0
f,ltacpgaati] xm 6taqJEQO'UV an6 JtQLOtaOT] 0 JtEQLOtaOT]. 0 f,ltacpgaoti]~, JtO'U
XQTJOlf!OJtOlEL nMyw A.6yo, yla va ano6wou ngotaou~ tou ~evou Of!lAl']ti], xaSo6T]yL tm avayxaonxa anoxA.uonxa an6 tl'] ngoowmxi] tou oxonoSw(a, xm touto, 6l6tl 6V 'UqJLOtatm atQJttO xm a6exaoto XQlti]QlO, ~aaH to'U OJtOLO'U Sa xaSOQLl;taL f!OVLf!W~ xm a6wA.Lmw~ xm a1)Ju6w~ to xata n6oo- noA.u i] A.(yo JtaQXXALVOUV ta XqJWVi]f,lata, JtOU ano6(6ovtm f! nMylO A.6yo OtoV ~EVO Of,llAl']ti], an6 xLva nov 6vtw~ ~EqJQ oto ngwt6tuno XELf!Vo, xm taut6xgova too
nMylo A.Oyo XqJQOf!VO XqJWVT]f!a Sa Lvm aA.r]S~ to am6 lGXUH xm a 6,tl
acpoga tl']V an66ooT] mnOlSi]owv tou ~evou Of!lAT]ti] xm to ~aSr.t6 aA.T]SLa~ tou~.
Ev L6l nog(or.tato~ f!l'tOQOUf! va nour.t 6n to nolE~ nagxxA.(ol~ (vm xaS cpoga ano6xtE~, wat va exow aA.i]Sua ngotaawv xm, aga, ogS6tnta f!Etacpgaow~, ~agtatm anoxA.uonxa an6 tou~ unoxlf!Vlxou~ axonou~ tou f!tacpgaoti]59, ngayf,la, Of!W~, nov xaSwta tl'] f!Etacpgaol'] VtAW~ angoo6l6QWtT].
H xoua'Cvlavi] Swg(a tl']~ Qll;lxi]~ f!Etacpgaan~ Mxnm w~ 66or.tvo 6n otl6i]not
6V avaytaL G qJUOlXCt qJaLVOf!Va, 6V LVaL aVtlXHf,lVlXO ... , 6V LVaL ngayf,latlXO. T6oo to v6nr.ta 6ao xm Oll)JuxoA.oylxE~ ovt6t1']t~ 6v avayovtm o Ef!JtHQlxa,
cpumxa 660f,lEVa, i]tol 0 qJUOlXE~ ovt6t1']t~, 6l6tl T] EX f!EQO'U~ to'U f,ltacpgaoti] xm
V 6'\)JH tWV JtQOOWJtlXWV to'U a~lWV 6uvat6tT]ta xataQtLOW~ XaL JtlAOyi]~ VaA.A.aXtlXWV xm VtAW~ 6taqJOQtlXWV f!Eta~u tOU~ f!Etacpgaonxwv YXHQl6LWV aguEtaL tl']V xataywyi] tl']~ EX tou 6tl Lvm a~lwr.tanxw~ aMvato yl' aut6v va 6laXQLVH
JtL tT] ~aaH qJUOlXWV 660f,lEVWV tL aXQl~W~ motUH XaL tl 6V JtlGtUH 0 ~EVO~
Of!lAl']ti]~ an6 to corpus autwv nov VVOL atl~ xatatSHr.tEV~ oto ngwt6tuno xLf!VO ngotaau~ tou. Ol a~L~ tou r.ttacpgaoti], w~ axgw~ unoxHf!VlXE~, out xaS6A.ou 60f,l'UtlXE~ lvm OUt exouv OUYXQOtT]tlXi] Ol']f!ao(a yla to v6nr.ta xm tl~ '\)JUXOAOYlXE~ ovt6tT]t~. H unaQ~ll nA.i]Sou~ ngaxnxwv r.tnacpgaanxwv YXHQl6Lwv, ~

57

DQ~;\..

TOV aqx>QW!l6 wu QUINE, Word and Object, oE;\.. 69: For translation theory, banal messages are
the breath of life. - DQ~;\.. JtEQUL1EQW DAVIDSON, Belief and the Basis of Meaning, oE;\.. 320: The general
policy(.. .) is to choose troth-conditions that do as well as possible in making speakers hold sentences true
when (according to the theory and the theory builder's view of the facts) those sentences are true.
58 QUINE, Ontological Relativity and Other Essays, o;\.. 1 QUINE, Replies to Eleven Essays, o;\.. 242 rn.
QUINE, Indeterminacy of Translation Again, o;\.. 7 QUINE, Pursuit of Troth, o;\.. 46.
59 QUINE, Word and Object, o;\.. 218m.

258

6~Z

"!;6Z "'(3D 'ws{Jn{osqv puu WS!A!Jllf;:IH '3Nif10 :m LZ "'(3D

'p[JOJ\\ ;:IIJJjO SW;:IJSA"S JU;:IflJA!nb:::z Af{llJ[J{dW::J UQ '3Nif10 ."1!3 !;L 'LZ 'ZZ '!;"'(3D 'p;;~{qQ pUll plOJ\\ '3Nif10 09

09 l.t10109190001J:D S<;>'(31i\3UODOcDJ)13ri lt11)1D18DX Slt0113

CWli 'Srori9 'nriA.J;JOli 'S1301)1001.C 1DX S130J)OcDX3 'S13~?'( S3i\?ri0939 S11 i\').Oi\(l)cDX3 CWli
S?1l.t'(1rio SnoA?~ Snow 130<:J90lin n9 S130~810131 S?101 mx SnoJ;J100li mx S130J;Jocb
-X3 'S13~?'( S3X101011i\D Suo 130<:J901D D8 nril.t9i\ 9101 13A?'(1li3 'A(l)101D'(li Di\3ri9A1Dcb
J)X1Dncb 'J)X10131ri3 Dl 91D i\(l)A?ri13831 i\(l)1 5911\3 50A3ri().Oi\1X '5ql'(liD .S1301)1001
mx S130J;Jocbx3 'S13~?'! A').OArocbx3 noli i\<;J1lt'(1rio i\(l)A?~ A(l)1 5130~810131 511 Srocb
OlD 131\0?cb i\39 1DX 131li().'(DXDi\D i\39 .... i\(l)301)100li 1DX i\(l)30J)OcDX3 'i\(l)3~?'( i\roX1010
-111\D i\(l)1 DriU9i\ 01131li().'(DXDi\D i\39 .... i\(l)301)1001 1DX i\(l)30J)OcDX3 'i\(l)3~?'( DriMqli\
-no 13110-'(DXDAD i\39 'S01nri~wno c;.ox1~09 ~A.0'(113 30 nA1ngoo11: '5130~810131 5mi\
-091QOliD 'mx o1g1013XA.3 9X11DDOcbD13ri 13~11onmx 'n01 S31~D S11 91D SD1A<:JA1x3~
s~wnocbn13ri o AD10 n"'?ri0939 J;JX1oncb 'J;JX1013liri3 m 3rl J;Jmgrino noo1 ~3 mx Sroo

-'),XA3 1Di\13 D1Dri~10n0 J)X1~09 D1010 Dl1DX '~1U'(1riO OA?~ i\010 i\').080901.CD Di\ i\').00
-oliri no11: 'A<:J10ro38 Soe~'!li 911:n 1D1i\C).0'(3101D D10lio m 'Aro1J;Jril.twno i\<;JX1~09 5no8
-~'(1 l.t~ODli(). i\U11D13AJ)li3MO 'DA?ri093Q J)X10ncb 'J)X10131J:ri3 Dl 3ri i\qllDgrino n001

!!NinO "OTA\ AOl H:rl5lllld311 H ::rH:rVd<I>VHW :rHl VIH!dOIVWdllV H

(... ) une analyse rigoureuse qui pretendrait debarrasser le present de

tout ce qui n 'est pas lui, c 'est a dire du passe et de l'avenir immediat, ne
trouverait plus en fait qu 'un instant infinitesimal, c 'est-a-dire (. .. ) le
terme ideal d'ume division poussee a l'infini: un neant (. .. )
Jean-Paul Sartre 1

IATHPHIH THI AMETABAHTOTHTAI ow ml:m:oo LOU rrEQlEXO!J.EVOU": l001J T]

anoowA.l] wu !J.HacpQaotit XH!J.vwv an6 !J.La yA.waaa a !J.Lav aA.A.T] ou!J.cpwva
!J.E tT]V mo aQxyovT] it acpcA.it- EV JtQOXH!J.EVW w LOLO xavH - 8WQTJtlXlt ano'\)JT] 2
Na dvm, <iQay, A.uoLtEA.l]c; - xm AE!J.E .Avam:.A~~. yLatL owotl] otyouQa ocv dvm autit T] xa8aywonxl] tOU JtQlXO!J.EVOU, l]tol tOU "OtEVOU JtQWtotUJtOU", 8WQT]OT]
tTJ<; !J.EtacpQaOT]<;, nou EmOHXtlxa rrEQlqJQOVEL OXL !J.OVO tT] OLaotaOT] "vvma", OTJA.aol] to "JtQlXO!J.EVO in situ"3, aA.A.<i Xal tT] !J.OQcpl] tOU XH!J.EVOU Xal tl<; EVOW!J.atw!J.EV<; EJtlOQCtOH<; Xal ta JtQO<; ta l;w anotEAEO!J.ata tOU XH!J.EVOU;

SARTRE, L 'etre et le neant, oEI.. 156: 11 & argenr11 exeiv17 avaJ..va17, 17 anoia fla eqnJ..oc5osovae va

anaUaset oJ..oaxeowr, TO nag6v an6 {36Q17 aU6rgw, an6 TO nageJ..fl6v r)TOL xm an6 ro 11liUov TO
Ct/lWO, DeV fla fVQWXE lr:AeOV OT17V 7r:Qay/1aTLXOT17Ta evciJm6v r17r, fL/lrj !10VO 11ia anetQOarrj OTLY/lrJ,
D17Aac5rj (... ) TO tc5ear6 ntgar, /1Wr, etr, TO Ctlr:fLQO estXVOV/lfVT/r, DtmQtaewr,: tva !117DtV (... ). - H [!Eta(j)QUOT] wv naQ6vro<; aJtoonaortatO<; Elvm 6Lxl] rta<;.
2 8/.. KADE, Zufall und Gesetzmii/3igkeit in der Ubersetzung, passim.
3 fw tT]V "Evvata" ("Sinn") W<; "ltEQLEXOf!EVO in situ" ("lnhalt-in Situation") JtQBI.. tT]V ava/.voT] tov
VERMEER, Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, oEI.. 20 EJt.

260

I9Z
u~urox~ J;);> ~p JU~W~J:JaJfp JU~Ino:>;Jp ,nb SUO!JniOS ~p ~sodoJd J~ ~/lA ~p JUfod aidOJd UOS ~p ~UfU/17X~, I
unb1111J uou:>npFJJJ fll ~p su~pfJO;JlJJ s~p suo[Jf!dn:>:>ofJJd s~1 sUTJp s~lf!JJU~:> sn1d s~p ~un,1 ~mop SUfiS JS~
uo[JOU fll :6 "'(30 'uO[J:>nprm J~ ~nbfJSJnffun~mN~D no1lull!ot,u:oomr i\lu '(g IWrY.W JlAV

;);>U~[fJAJnb;J,p

l,uonocbxmrl A01mA. wnuu~JO 5ro noc;t3r11oltoX nA 13ooltli 5Lt1 ~cboorl

UAgr101001QOOOlC J;>Olt10nn 3Q DJrl 'Dg11C10001CD i\10DlCJ;lli\DlC mA13 5lt1 ~cboorl ltA3rlc;to
-Oi\i\3 5~A.1r1D i\3rl Lt 119 3rln0~13Q01Cl) l)i\ 3rlno0~8DlCOOOlC ne mx .. nJrlDAnQ001, i\U1
3r1-J;>OOcb lt1 ~1nn D0310gi\31X3 -1'{J;ll.C mx 3rlc;t08U'{OXon ne 53Q1'{30 53A3rl91C3 511~
p.. DJrlDMQ001, 5lt~?'{ 5~031 5LtonocbJ;>l3r1 5Lt1 5c;tOX11ltOro3e
5c;tO'{'{OlC mA. 5~1 5nJr1Mro13r1 5lt10X9'{'{D 50Q13 DA? 13~1oo 5LtonocbJ;>13r1 5Lt1 nAooX
-91nm CWJOU110X mx U1XJ3Q 'c;tO'{Xorl 5ro 5mlt191U'{)Dl3r1D 5lt1 ltoro0?18DX H 5ro
-3~Jcbn 5noo~'{A. 5lt1 nmrlA.J!OlC J!X100ro'{A. mo lt~J!1 Aro30J;>Ocbm3r1 noogrlmq 13~1!9
DA no1 91CD nXglCD rooo91C mx 13~Joltw 53Jxoqoool.C 53Qc;toocb mx nol.C 11J!X 'nol.Cc;tl01
-rool.C 5ro3~JcbD 5DOO~'{A. 1!10 nOAgrlA.3i\Ui\313r1 no1 5mlt191D03XD 5lt1 oXA.3'{? 9X11Cn1
90Lt10nn i\010 1D113i\X1~3 5D0~1XDODX 5lt1 59X1101i\Oi\DX 0 11919 '5ro3~JcbD DOO~'{A.
1!10 OA3r113x 5ro LtonocbJ;>13rl lt113(j\J;>'{g DA mx J30oltli 5130J!101031C 53A?r110x3xA.no
91Cn 119 mx J;>'{'{D '5~'{3110n'{ 1Di\13 i\3Q OA9rl1X9 119 3rlnoc;t31011C '5~X11C('I)000ll
VIWVNAVO:rl IV)! H:rVd$Vl3W

Wenn wir (... ) einma/ in den FluB des Satzdenkens versetzt sind, sind wir bereit,
nach dem Vollzug des Den kens des einen Satzes, auch die "Fortsetzung" wiederum
in der Form eines Satzes zu den ken, und zwar als eines Satzes, der mit dem soeben
gedachten Satz in Zusammenhang steht. So schreitet der Vorgang des Lesens eines
Textes miihelos fort. Wenn aber der darauf fo/gende Satz zufiilligerweise mit dem
soeben gedachten Satz in gar keinem flihlbaren Zusammenhang steht, dann kommt
es im Strom des Den kens zu einer Hemmung. Dieser Hiatus ist mireiner mehr oder
weniger /ebhaften Verwunderung oder mit Unwillen verbunden. Diese Hemmung
muB iiberwunden werden, soli es aufs neue zu flieBendem Lesen kommen.

Roman Ingarden 1

NA2: ATIO TOY2: TIIO fENIKOYL, yLa'Ut6 xm E'\.JQlrtaLa a:rtOOEXtOU~, yA.woooA.oavijxn otov Werner Koller. LU~cpwva ~E
tOV OQL0~6 U'\.JtOV T] ~EtacpQUOT] ~OQEL va JtEQLYQU<:pEL YAWOOOAOYLXW~ W~ avaxwDixt:Va1] (Vmkodierung) ij vnoxan1araa1] (Substitution) 2 : 6mg OT]~atvn 6tL otoLxda af, a2, aJ EX tO'\.J UQXELO'\.J YAWOOLXWV OT]~ELWV F1 '\.JJtOXU8LOtaVtaL a:rt6 OtoLXELa {31, {32, {33 ... OtO UQXELO yA.womxwv owdwv r2.
Ouov oacpotEQov toutou, ~6vo :n:ou yta to ~EtacpQ<isov u:n:oxd~Evo 6Ev exn :n:go~A.Ecp8d xa86A.ou xwgo~ otov OQL0~6 am6, xm tot to ~yLoto, :n:ou ~OQEL va OLEXotxijon '\.JJtEQ Ea'\.JtoU 0 ~Etacpgaotij~ ~oa oto OEOO~EVO il OE eva :rtaQ6~oLO JtAULOLO,

YLXOU~ ogw~ou~ tT]~ ~EtacpgaoT]~

INGARDEN, Vom Erkennen des literarischen Kunstwerks, GEl... 32.

B/... KOLLER, Grundprobleme der Vbersetzungstheorie, aE/... 69 EJt.

262

ANAKQMKEYLH I YIIOKATAHALH

L vm lJ JtEQLWJtrJ tou "QEA.at aocpaA.c:Lac;": v6c; QWOtr)Qa, Cl]f...a6r), nou anotEA.c:L to xVtQO ava6Lavo!lnc; JtAlJQOcpOQLWV an6 tl] yA.wooa r 1 Otl] yA.wooa r 2 xm nou ncptEl,
6notE, xata tl]V anoxw6txEUOlJ xm tl]V avaxw6txEUOlJ yA.wooLxwv otoLXELWV an6
tl] yA.wooa acpEtl]Qtac; otl] yA.wooa acptl;Ewc;, ncm va nQoxA.l]8d BQaxuxuxA.w!la!
0 JtEQLyQacpLx6c; aut6c; OQW!l6c; ELVaL - VO!lL~OU!lE- wcpaA.!lvoc; xm yw Mo JtEQaLtEQW Myouc;:
a) L\L6tL, EVW lJ 1-lEtacpQaOl] aoxoA.Ettm, 6nwc; txoullE r)6l] nu, anoxA.uotLxa 1-lE xd1-lEVa we; "Gestalten", navand 1-lE 6o!lc; oA.wnxtc; xm, aQa, 6o!lc; XELilEVEc; mxuva tou a8QOLO!latoc; twv mt 1-lEQouc;, nou nc; anaQtt~ouv 3 , aut6c; tl]V EXAUilBavEL we; 1;/...LslJ aut6XQlJila yQallllLxr): we; 1-lLa aA.uot6a, toutonv, nou xaA.xEuEtaL Ba8!-ll]Mv xm 1-lUXQatvu OXEMv JtQOYQUilllatlxa 6w tl]c; anA.r)c; JtQoo8r)xl]c;
oA.ova vwv xQtxwv-Evotr)twv avaxw6LXEU!lvwv yA.wooLxwv otoLXELWV" xm
B) L\L6tl, EVW OQ!l<itm an6 tl] yA.wooa xm 8tu otov OXAlJQOJtUQr)va tl]c; JtEQLyQacpr)c; toU ta UQXELU yf...WOOLXWV Ol]!lELWV xa8E yf...wooac; XWQlOta, E);ocp8af...!lWc;
JtUQUYVWQL~El tO yyov6c; Otl Ol yf...WOOEc; acp' EV6c; CEV OUOXEUU~OVtaL, r)youv
<'lEv "mLtEA.ouvtm" I "naxEtaQovtm" OE XEV6 aQoc;, xm acp' EtEQOU 1-lJtOQouv va
aQ8Qw8ouv, !lOYO Ecp' OOOV 1-lEOa OtO EXUOtotE XOVAWVQaALXO n.Aaiaw4 ucptotavtm a priori OQWilEVEc; xataotaouc;.

na-

H 1-lUYlXrJ AEslJ JtOU CEVEl OE s6QXl toY OQW!lO, OtoV OJtOLO avacpEQ8r)XallE mo
Y()), xm nou <'lEv A.Etnu an6 MllllLa oxMv JtQUYilatda JtEQL MEtacpQaol]c; xm EmOtrJ!llJc; tl]c; MEtacpQaol]c;, <'lEv Etvm af...Al] an6 tl] A.slJ wobvva(J.ia (: equivalence 1
equivalence I Aquivalenz I equivalenza I eKBHBaJieHT)5, a6Lacp6Qwc; toU av aA.A.ou
Ellcpavt~Etm we; o an6A.utoc; yvwllovac; 6 xm aA.A.ou, LCLaLtEQa OE Qya xm OE 1-lEAEtrJ!-lata twv tEAEutatwv XQ6vwv, 1-lE OXEtLX01tOllJilEVO to 1tEQLEXO!lEV6 tl]c; 7 .

3 nQ(3/.. TOV ElTtT1J)(rJ U(j)OQW!!O tWV HONIG I KUSZMAUL, Strategie der Ubersetzung, OEA. 58, at ortolm 8EWQOUv to 'XEL!!fVO we; "to t!!rJ!!U EXELVO TTJc; 'XotVWVtxrjc; 'XOUAtoUQac;, JtOU artf'XTT]O QT]!1QUXl\ 00!!1\".
4 ngj3A.. REISZ I VERMEER , Gnmdlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie, OEA. 23 Ell., m ortolm 8EwQ01Jv-xmog8a! - TT] !!fTCt<pQUOT] we; Jl,ETCtYYWTJ XOVA rovoac; (e i nen kulturellen Tranter).
5 o LADMIRAL, La traduction comme linguistique d'intervention, OEA. 393, artoxa/.d tT]V "woowa11la" stoavtxwnx6 XatUOXEUUO!!U.
6 Avtl rtoA.Awv rtQpA. CATFORD, A Linguistic Theory of Translation, OEA. 21: The central problem of
translation-practice is that of finding TL translation equivalents.
7 A VTL rto/./.wv rtQ(3A.. KOLLER, Einflihrung in die Vbersetzungswissenschaft, OEA. 176 EJT.

263

ITEQtcbvu~~ lao6uva~ia;
Meaning is at a level oflanguage where words do not belong. (... )Meaning is
part of the deep structure, the semantic, cognitive level. And you may recall
that between the surface level and the deep level of language there is no oneto-one correspondence. Meaning may always resist mere words.
Frank Smith'

OPOL "ILOL\ YNAMIA " YIIAPXEI MEN Otl]V nomenclatura tOt! ouv6A.ou OXEMV
tWV EJtlOtl]!lWV, aA.M. xa8E <pOQU XQl]OL!!OJtOLELtaL !!E EVtEA.ws; CLa<pOQEtlXO
v6l]~-ta. H "wo6uva~-tta" anavtatm, E:rtLol]s;, t6oo otT] rA.woooA.oyta 6oo xm otl]V
E:rtLOTll!llJ tl]s; MEta<pgaol)s;. Ltl]V Avn:rtagaBoA.Lxij fA.woooA.oy(a, xm Cl] 01:0
m(m6o wu ouotiJ~-tatos; tl]s; yA.wooas;, o 6gos; "wo6uva~-tta" XQlJOL!!O:rtOLEL tat
yLa va ovo~-taoEL ns; u<pwta~-tEVEs; ~-tEta1;u twv 6La<p6gwv A.E1;Lxwv Evotijtwv oxtoELs;2 (ns; oxtoELs; iJ, xaA.utEQa, ns; avaA.oytEs; 3 1 : 1, 1 : .noUa, .noUa: 1, 1 : 0 xm
1 : /.lEQO~)" Otl]V E:rtLOttlllll tl]s; Mna<pgaol]s; 11 "wo6uva~-t(a" xaA.ELtm xug(ws; va
:rtEQLYQU'\j!EL oxtoELs; <'>lJ!lLOUQyou~-tEvEs; oto m(m6o twv A.E1;Ewv, twv :rtQOtaoEwv

1 SMITH, Understanding Reading, aEA.. 185.

2 IIQ~A.. ENQVIST, Contrastive Text Linguistics and Translation, a1... 169 rn.
3 BA.. EsaVTA.l]nxa 1tEQl aunilv awv KOLLER, Einft.ihrung in die Vbersetzungswissenschaft,

264

a1... 160 rn.

Tl EINAIH ITEPIQNYMH !Wt.YNAMIA;

i] ax6~-ta xm 1:wv xa~-tvwv, oux ~nov 6~-twt; EXH TIQO"Ca8L va 8WQEL"Cm xm wt;
OUVWVU!-A-0 TY]t; ~-tETcX<pQaO'Y]t; xa8amijv 4 .
Exdvo nou ELVm avav"CLQQ'YJW, wt; TIEQLyQa<pLx6 wu 6A.ou nA.mo(ou, dvm 6"CL O"C'YJV
Emm~~-t'YJ"C'YJt; Mna<pQaO'Y]t; 11 "wo6uva~-t(a" O'YJ~-taLVl a1;Lw~-tanxa ~-tLa oxo'Y] ava~-t
oa 0 EVa XEL!A-EVO (~ Xal XEL[iVlX6 OWlXELO) a<pET'Y]QLat; Xal 0 EVa XEL!A-EVO (ij Xal
xH~-tVLx6 OWLXELO) a<pLswt;5 . Avav"CLQQ'YJW <paLvnm va ELvm xm w xm<poQDLav6
a1;Lw~-ta 6n "~-tna<pQaO'Y] Lvm 11 avnxmamao11 XH~-tEVLxou uA.Lxou O ~-tLa yA.wooa
(1:11 yA.wooa a<pEL'YJQLat;) an6 woMva~-to XH!-tEVLx6 uA.Lx6 o ~-twv aA.A.11 yA.wooa (1:11
yA.wooa a<pLswt;)"6 . Av, 6~-twt;, o1:w xm au1:6 ELvm avav"CLQQ'YJW, 6cv ~-t<pavLtnm
OW TIQOOXijVlO xa86A.ou cXVEU aV"CLQQi]OEWV W ti]"C'Y]~-ta "C'Y]t; qJUO'Y]t; "C'Y]t; OXEO'Y]t; LOObUVa~-tLat; ~-tna1;1J EV6t; XH!-tEVOU a<pE"C'Y]QLat; Xal EV6t; XEl!A-EVOU a<pLsEWt;, TIOU b'Y]!-tl01JQyL1:m ~-tf:ow "C'YJt; ~-tna<pQaO'Y]t;. OL unQ~-taxol 1:ou 6Qou, nQOXH~-tvou va anoxQo'lJoouv nt; BBmt; av"CLQQi]oat; xm va aQouv nt; DLanLO"CW~-tEVEt; avn<paoELt;, nou yEvvwuvrm an6 "C'YJV oQoA.oyLxi] ouyxuo'Y] nEQL 1:11v Msll "wo6uva~-tLa", 6XL ~-t6vo nQoo<p1Jyouv O"C'Y] XQi]O'Y] WU 6QOU "nQ60qJOQ'Y] avaA.oy(a" i], OQ8a, "nQ60qJOQ'Y] LOOO"Ca8- .
!A-LOll" (adequasy I adequation I Adaquatheit I adeguamento i] adeguazione), aA.M nQo"CELVOUV Xal "C'Y]V XOl vi] 8WQ'Y]Oi] WUt; Wt; OUVWVU~-tWV 7 .
E6w 6cv nQ6xLwl va aoxoA.'Y]8o'0~-t ~-t 6A.ct; nt; Ex<pavont; t'Y]t; ''loo6uva~-tLat;", 6L6n a<p' Ev6t; ~-tEV ELvm avw<p!OA.o, a<p' EtEQOU 6 dvm xatl nou, ELt ~-t tov vav dt ~-t
wv aA.A.o tQ6no, EXEL i]O'Y] YLVEL noA.Mt; qJOQEt;. H Mary Snell-Hornby yQa<pEL 6tL EXEL
avaxaA.'01J!H o 6La<poQa ouyyQ<l~-t~-taw oxcnxa ~-t t'Y]V EmotiJ~-tll t'Y]t; Mna<pQaO'Y]t; 58
. OLa<poQEnxout; "tunout; Loo6uva~-tLat;" ("Aquivalenztypen")8 . H cOw EVOEA.EXi]t; Evaox6A.'Y]oi] ~-tat; ~-t 6A.out; amout; wut; tunout; xowc t'Y] yv<D~-tll 6tl ea ano6axvu6tav
<ixQawt;, ou ~-t'YJV aA.A.a xm aA.uoLtEA.i]t; oxoA.aonxw~-t6t; yL' aut6 ea mQLOQLOWU!-t
va Esnaoou~-t wv 6Qo "woouva~-t(a" anA.wt; xm ~-t6vo ~-tf:oa oto nA.y~-ta twv Mo
avwtQw ava<pQ8vtwv w~-tf:wv tou Emot'Y]tou, 6nou xm xma naQa6oxiJ - aoxtwt;
av OQ8Wt; i] 6Xl, Xal ~-toA.ov6n !-tE EvtEA.wt; OLaqJOQOTIOl'Y]!-tEVEt; !-tEWsU WUt; AEltOUQYLEt;
- naLtH nQwtaywvwnx6 Q6A.o: t'Y]t; AvtLnaQaBoA.Lxi]t; rA.woooA.oy(at; xata nQwwv
Xal t'Y]t; EmotiJ~-tllt; t'Y]t; Mna<pQaO'Y]t; EV OUVEXELa, 1-t t'Y]V TIQ608Et'Y] EsiJY'YJO'Y]6H 'Y] avaqJOQ<i ~-tat; 6v ea ELVaL avaA.unxi] I TIEQlntwowA.oyLxi] 9, aA.M xma w 6uvm6v ouv8tlxi] I montLxi]. LWUt; Mo ~-t6A.Lt; ~-tV'YJ08vtt; tO~-tELt; wu Emot'Y]WU ouvaQtwvtm
~-tna1;u tout; nQtyoacpoc6. ~ ewni~Tat o tQ6not;, ~-t tov ono(o TIQETIH va ouvaQtWvtm ~-ttta1;u wut; 6La<poQt; yA.womxt; cv6t'Y]tt; xaec EL6out; xm ~-tty8out; (an6 w
aw~-tLx6, a6LaLQEW t~-taxLax6 otOLXELO nou MyEtm <pWV'Y]~-ta, ~-tEXQl t'Y]V nQ6tao'Y], xm
BA.. TOURY , In Search of a Theory of Translation , OEA. 115.
llgBA.. REISZ/VERMEER, Grund/egung einer allgemeinen Trans/ationstheorie, OEA. 124.
BA. CATFORD, A Linguistic Theory of Translation. , oEA.. 20.
BA.. YON STACKELBERG, Weltliteratur in deutscher Ubersetzung, OEA. 8.
Blc. SNELL-HORNBY, Ubersetzen, Sprache, Ku/tur, oeA.. IS yw to 8Ef!a aut6 BA.. m(oT)c; KOLLER,
EintUhrung in die Ubersetzungswissenschaft, oelc. 81 , 85.
9 Onowc; Evliw<pEQEtaL yLa tTJV LOtoQla tou 6gou "woliuvaf!la", f!JIOQEl va avatQE~EL one; liLE~OiiLxEc;
ouf!BolcEc; tou WILLS, Ubersetzungswissenschaft, oElc. 159 rn., xm The Science ot'Translation, oeA.. 134 rn.

4
5
6
7
8

265

10 H !AEV AvtLJtaQaBoi.Lxlj nwooo/.oyla \fleynm yLa TL !!E86bou, !AE tL onolE nQoona8El va /.uoEL tO
JtQ6BATJ!Aa tT] LOOCUVa!!la OtOV tO!!Ea tT] OUyXQLOT] TWV CLacp6QWV YAWOOWV, XWQL va tO EmtuyX6.VEL [BA.. HELLINGER, Moglichkeiten und Grenzen der Fehleranalyse, OEA. 74], OtT]V OE Emot1l!!TJ tT]
Mn6.cpQaOT] EnLQQlntnm to 6n !!EXQL Oll!!EQa bEv EXEL ouotljoEL eva A.mtO!AEQE xm EJtaQXE aQxElo naQay6vrwv, ml tT] BO.oEL twv onolwv (8a) !!EtQO.tm TJ wobuva!!la twv xEL!AEvwv tT] yA.wooa
acpEtTJQla xm tT] yA.wooa acpl~EW, etoL wot va [AJtOQEl TJ "woouva!!la" un6 tT]V unoommxlj tT]
evvma va avnxataota8El an6 tT]v "wobuva!!la" un6 tT]V 8EWQT]nx6. oacpeotEQTJ xm E[AJtELQLx6. BEBmW!AEVTJ xm aocpaA.lj tTJ evvow BA.. WILSS, Obersetzungswissenschaft, OEA. 157.

266

3.2.2.1

"lao6vva~(a" xm
AvnJtaQa~OAL%~

rAffiOOOAoyta

But it is its great untidiness that makes human speech innovative and
expressive of personal intent. It is the anomaly, as it feeds back into the general
history of usage, the ambiguity, as it enriches and complicates the general
standard of definition, which give coherence to the system. A coherence, ifsuch
a description is allowed, 'in constant motion ". The vital constancy of that motion accounts for both the epistemological and psychological failure of the project of a "universal character".

George Steiner 1

H LXEIH MET A"E.Y "!LOA YNAMIAI" xm Av-rtJtaQa~oA.Lxi]c; rAwoooA.oytac; al;L~EL -rov x6no va TlJV EQEUVi]oou~-t, 6L6n '111-lEL<'HpQaOl] ano-rEA.EL xa-r' agxi]v

yA.woooA.oyLxi] AEL10UQyta, EVW 1-lEAl]l-la JtQW10 LOU EL6LXOU 8WQl]1LXOU Tl]c; 1-1.16.<pQaOl]c; EL vm "I 'inscription normale de Ia traduction dans le cadre de Ia linguistique"2
xL am6, 6L6n 1-lELal;u 6.A.A.wv -rou nagxnm "--X- ll 6uva-r6-rl]-ra va - l;ExLvffiv-rac; an6
TlJ 6L6.XQLOl]1WV Ml;Ewv o ouyxEXQLI-lEVEc; xm a<pl]QlJI-lEVc; 3 - ouyxgtvn -rLc; Ml;nc;Ol]!-lELa xm nc; Ml;Lc;-Lx6vc; ~-tnal;u Mo (-rouMxw-rov) yA.woowv 4 , va ngo~EL a

2
3

STEINER, After Babel, OEA. 203.

8/.. VINA Y I DARBELNET, Sty/istique comparee du fran91is et de I 'anglais, OEA. 26.
81.. MAROUZEAU, Precis de sty/istique fran9aise, OEA. 95, o onolo<; YQ<lcpEL: L 'emploi de termes dits

concrets est naturellement fonction du sujet traite, et dans une large mesure interesse Ia nature des choses
dites plus que Ia maniere de les dire. Mais if arrive que les m~mes choses se presentent a/'esprit, tant6t sous
I 'aspect concret, tant6t a I 'etat de concepts. Le fran98is- Eliw J.tJtoQOUfLEva JtQoo8oowE: et le grecs 'accommode assez bien de termes abstraits; nous disons: le livre est sur Ia table, I' oiseau est sur Ia branche,
l'homme est dans Ia rue, Ia oil telle autre langue dira: est place (allemand liegt), est perche (allemand sitzt)
est debout (allemand steht). Le verbe abstrait ainsi employe est dit quelquefois un "mot-signe".
4 llQBJ.. MALBLANC, Stylistique comparee du fran9ais et de !'allemand, oEI.. 37.

267

mt toutw mA.Ey[.tvou yQa[.t[.tattxou JtQotunou, E~WtQtx6 anotA.w[.ta DE tTJt; avaATJ<p8ELoar; ouyxgmxi]r; JtEQtyga<pi]r; ELvm TJ xatagtto~ [.ttar; 6ta<pOQtxi]r; yga[.t[.tattxi]r;, TJ OJtOLU (8a) UJtOtEAEltat aJtO tTJV JtQOXUJttOUOa 6ta<pOQU [.tEta~U tWV XOlVWV
xm twv anoxA.tv6vtwv otmxELwv twv 6E6o~-tvwv yA.womxwv ouotn~-tatwv xm twv
UJtOOUOtTJ[.tUtWV toUt; OE 6A.a ta EJtLJtEDa tTJt; yA.wooat; 8 (OtTJ <I>WVTJtlXi], tTJ <I>WVOAOyta, tTJ Mog<poA.oyta, tTJ LUvta~n. tTJ LTJ[.taowA.oyta xm tTJ AE~txoyga<pta) 9 .
Ev OUVEXElU ea JtQO~OU[.tE OE QVLXVEUOTJ tOU yEVlXOU JtAULOLOU tWV OUYXQLOEWV A)
OtO yEVlXO yA.wooo8EWQTJtlXO JtEDLO, B) Oto yA.wooo8EWQTJtlXO JtEDLO tTJt; JtEQlYQU<pi]r;, Xat f) Oto 8WQTJtlXO Xat JtQUXtlXO JtEDLO tTJt; JtEQlYQU<pi]r;.
A)Ot ouyXQLOElt; Oto YEVlXO yA.wooo8EWQTJtlXO JtEDLO JtQOUJto8touv tTJ OlJYXQLOl[.tOtTJta twv 6E6o~-tvwv yA.womxwv ouotn~A:atwv i] twv unoouotn~-tatwv tour;. LuyXQLOt[.t6tnta on~-taLvH <pumxi] 6uvat6tnta ouyxgtoEwr;: 6nwr; ta 6ta<poQa avttxEL~-tEva, tat xm ta 6ta<poga yA.womxa ouoti][.tata i] unoouoti][.tata 1-tJtOQouv va
ouyxgt8ow [.tEta~u tour; avttn:aga~oA.txa, ~-t6vo E<p' 6oov txouv t6t6tTJtEt; ttotEt;,
n:ou va 1-tJtOQOUV va XQTJOl[.tOJtotTJ8ouv wr; 8E[.tEAlO tTJt; ouyxQlOTJt;. To 8E[.tEAlO tTJt;
xa8E~-ttar; ouyxQtOTJ XWQLOta to an:otEA.ouv ta xmva ototXLa 10. LU[.t<pwva [.tE tTJV
mo auotTJQi] otgouxtougaA.tonxi] anmj!TJ, TJ onota ogtl;,H ta otmxELa twv yA.wootxwv OUOtTJ[.tUtWV i] UJtOOUOtTJ[.tUtWV OE DO[.tEt; [.tOVO EJtL tTJ ~aOEl tTJt; t6taLtEQTJt;
OTJ[.tUOLat;, JtOU aJtOXtoUV EX tTJt; 80EWt; tOUt; [.tEOa OtO XEl[.tEVO, TJ OUyxQLOTJ yA.woOlXWV EVOti]tWV [.tEta~U 6ta<pOQOtQOJtWt; DO[.tTJ[.tEVWV OUOtTJ[.tUtWV i] UJtOOUOtTJ[.tUtWV ELvm 8EWQTJttxa aMvatTJ. Kata tTJV mttA.wn yA.womxwv ouyxgtoEwv, mH6i] ta 6ta<poga A.Exttxa i] yA.wootxa nE6ta (Wortfelder i] sprachliche Felder I
5 11Qf3"-. BALLY, Linguistique generale et linguistique franplise, ae/,.. 199 MAROUZEAU, Precis de stylistique
fran~ise, ae"-. 95.
6 To 6Qw TT/~ yJ,.waaa~ - yQ<icpEL o Ludwig Wittgenstein, rntxa/,.m)[LEVO<; tov Immanuel Kant - cpaiverm
oro 6n Eivm abwaro va 7reQLYQCt1/JeL~ ro y<yov6~. oro onoio p.w nQ6raa11 avnorotxei (avvwra p.era-

cpoaa~ TTJ~). oixw~ anJ,.dJ~ va enavaJ,.6{3et~ TTJV no6ra011 ~"- WITIGENSTEIN, IIoJ,.map.6~ xm al;i<~.

[l.Etacpgaon Mugt<il L'igaywva-Movaxou I Kwatl\<; M. KUJI3alor;, ae/,.. 17.

7 B/,.. OMHPOY 'Oovaaeta, K 21: xeivov [ =AwJ,.ov] yao rap.iYJv dvip.wv noiYJae Keov{wv.
8 MllATLAAIA I LEMA, rAwaaoJ,.oyLx~ liQOOEYYLOT/ or11 f>EWQia Xat TTJ L1tbaxnx~ TT/~ MeracpQaOT/~.

OEA. 77, 90, 110.

9 11Q~A. EVOELXtLXU NICKEL, Kontrastive Linguistik, ae/,.. 633 WAGNER, Prob/eme der kontrastiven
Sprachwissenschaft, ae/,.. 306, xm Kontrastive Linguistik, ae"-. 370 rn: LAROSE, Theories contemporaines
de Ia traduction, ae/,.. 20 rn.
I 0 11Q~A. wAGNER, Probleme der kontrastiven Sprachwissenschaft, ae/,.. 306, xm Kontrastive Linguistik,
OEA. 375.

268

69Z
'()()Z: ''(30 's;J:)U:JJ:J}}!G S:JaunaUIJ7 JO UOfJU:>!JfSSl?t:J V ' NO.LSN3A31 ' '(gau 61
'13 j71 ''(30 'S:>f1SfnaU!7 :JA!1Sl?J1UO:J Uf :J:>U:J{!?AfnbE[ JO W;]{QOJd :Jij]. 'NO.lf10H ''(f)au 81

L I

''(30 ':Jf!?JiWi}a :Jnb!JSfnaU!f :Jp SJnO:J '3~f1SSf1YS 3G ''(8

LI

'ZL ''(30 'UOfJ:>np!?JJ!?{ :Jp S:Jnb.UOi}IJ1

S:JW;_J{QOJd S:J] 'N!Nf101'\1 ~ ''(30 's:JpUl?JSJ:JA S:Jp )[JfZ:JQUUfS W! ZJ!?IJ:>SJJOA\, J:JG '~3!~.1 r ''(8 91
'89 ''(30 ')[!J!?WW!?JQ U:JU:JaOZ:JQSJ{l?IJU! J:Jp :J:?.f!ZpUnJQ '~39~3DSI3A\ ''(8 ~~
'1!3 ZL ''(30 'UO!J:>np!?JJ!?{ :Jp S:JnbpOi}IJ1 S:JW;_J{QOJd
S:J] 'N!Nf101'\1 SltO)l3 ' '(g OZ: ''(30 'S:JpU!?JSJ:JA S:Jp )[JfZ:JQUUfS Wf ZJUIJ:>SJJOA\ J:JG '~3!~.1 r ''(8 VI
..1~mop;ll, ' ..1n~d l!OA1l,
.. ~lPU!lll:l, : 09! ''(30 ':Jf!?Ji}Ui}a :Jnb{JS{n7lu!f :Jp SJnO:J '3~f1SSf1YS 3G 0.01 DTIA13\IJ?al:lll 910(!)1\,\. 01 ''(gau I

.. ~lp~pllOA\, 13':)J;>TIOI\O 011;}!1.1 0 1\(!)3~~'( l\(l)19X~_DO(l)TI

3\101 I ''(30 's:JpU!?JSJ;]A S:Jp )[JfZ:JQUUfS Wf ZJ!?Ij:>SJJOA\ J:JG '~3m.l 0.01 ltonacbx~ \.IXct11131\U1l)lD)! Z:l
'IJ:>f:JfaJ:JAfJ:>UJdS pun :J.uo:JtJJPf:JJJJOA\ 'a!Y A\SO n.m LtmA.A.~ooal!Alt1 Suo
)1!3 ''(8 ~ 'l\(l)a9 DriA.~'(l91013'-(X 1\011\.1 \I 1\0'('(l)ri 01 J;>lDX Dl\~ MO':)J1aDl!D 0.011\(!)3~~'( 1\(!)1 0'(01\(lO 01
.. 0)\131! 9X100(l)'(,\., )3a(l)30 50)01!0 0 ' [ ''(30 's:JpU!?JSJ:JA S:Jp )[JfZ:JQUUfS Wf Z1!?1J:>SJJOA\ J:JG '~31~.1 ''(8 I [

5U'f'(J;l Slt1 531U19A3 - !5?101 TDX - 511 Soo:u TD1A<)110XWW D8 - !ACOJOU110X A<DA
-)113DJ;>g Ul)l3 mx- 5DDDcyl"(A Smri Sl.t1 531U19A3 5?101 TDX ')1 Soo:u 1D13AJOXA(to
D8 11 :lt1U9AOHlD 0,0"(98DX 1DAJ3 A3Q Snoll,tDl.tlAJ;>lJ:D 3Q l.t '1D1AcyJM3A '00910(() 'mnrl
-l,uroo3 D.L S3"(U"("(J;> Soo:u TD1Acy>10DMD DA 'Sn01 Scy>3D?XD Sl.t1 StunD 13DJ;>g 'mx 53JO
-oA.Ltmx 5?X1mririDoA. Su 3rlTD1AO~J13Xo DA 131?01 53DDcy>"(A.ltmox~o Soo:u Suo
(Ud~UnJdgny) DA3ri(}.O"(UQ 13A?A A3 Dl mx 531U19A3 5?X100(t)"(A 119 M01?801{l.001
Sttclmol-.1031 Slt1 OJQ31 9X11XD01 010 TDX 9X11UOro38 010 '50"(?1 '513DJOXA.no 10 (J
' 61 5ttX11DririDOAJ031 5DJOro3e 53DDcy>"(A.LtmoxA.c;w
911:n O(}.Q S11 mA. mx SttA1ox Smrl DmrloJoo:u mmx Dmrlcy>1~D m '53A9ADX Sn01
l.toJ;>g 3rlTD13DDJ;>1MD ttclmol-.1031 DJo:uo l.t 'SDoocy>"(A. 38J;>X Slt1 Sttx11DririDoA. Sl.t1
ttclmOA1031 AUl 91D J;>X11DririDOA001 13J;>A1X3~ AcyJOD(t)"(A A0101XJ;>"(0,01 0'}-Q A(t)l(}.1
-001 AcyJX11DririDOA A(t)l Sro3DJOXA.no ttrl1XOQ l.t 'D031(}."(DX 'tt D013191D H 'O,O"(?lA
-on (}.OX11DririDOA nOA?ri10X3XAnD 31010J;>X3 59A3UDU"(XJ11:3TD13AJAUD10XA(}.D UA3ri
-(}.0"(31113 38J;>X 30 Sro11:9 UXAJ;>AD 1D1D10JOD1 'D1U19ri1D10XA.no Ul UA?riOQ3Q MOl
-?801{l.001 Sttclmol-.1031 Sl.t1 0]9311: 9X11ltooneoooro"(A. 010 513DJOXA.no 10 ttQ13:U'iJ (g
' 81 ..5DJriDMQOD1, )031 0A9"( D1D1091031J:D 3rlnOAJ;>X DA 3rl(}.OOO:uri
A3Q 119 (!! mx 'LIOA3ri().OOA O"(OA(}.D Sro '0]931 9X11X3"( 01 oolt"(X9"(0 5Dri J;>1000:uri
3rinOX? DA 1311:?011: 'l.t~?"( D)ri 3rlnogJ;>"(D1DX DA 3rln0"(?8 AJ;l3 '119 (! :mDriAJ;>O:U 0'}-Q
'D1A9"( D"("(J;l 3ri '13AJDriUO 910,\{ .91 DJDDril.to DJrl 31(}.0 13~0J;ll0, DA J300:uri A3Q 'O,OA?ri
-nooA n0"(9MD Sro 'nOJQ31 no1 S91x3 :DpX1o10 J;>X1DDro"(A. mlt10J;>~3AD AnoXOJ;>:Un
119 TD13X?Q A3Q O,OJQ31 (}.OX11X3"( 0,01 D)O(t)38 l.t 0,01().01 AO?"(l J:U'iJ ' !; 1 3riO,ODcyl10ri0~3
511 DA 'DJQ31 J;>X11X3"( UD10XA(}.D Soo:u D10 DD?ri Sn01 Scy>3D?8 Slt1 X3 A(}.OlXOlJ:D no:u
'SDJDDril.to Sttxu3oolbmg Sl.t1 rol-.9"( '31'}-0 '3rl(}.ogoo:u DA 53DDcy>"(A. LtmoxA.(}.o Soo:u
5300ibJ;>1Q 511 91D A(t)3~?"( A(t)A?riroAOri3ri 513DJOXA0,0 30 31(}.0 A91DMQ TDAJ3 A3Q
'v 1UD10XA(}.D UA?riroAOri3rll.t TD1J3"(31'll3 0,011:9 ' ttrll-.110 ttX1AOOX UA?ri10X3XAnD U10
Acy>ooro"(A. Arol DJOro3eonoox l.t 13~JmrlDogmg owo mA0(}.31roo:u AroJg3:u Arol ttrloA
-DlDX AUl J;llDX ttQ1313 'mx Dmritt10no DA3ri9A10XMD 5nOO?rlJ11:3 D10 ttrlog0310, ttx
-11300ibmg mx DAOOX91nm MOX? Srori9 AU"(l ' 1DJ3X1010 nOA?riOX31031 Sro3c!L91D
91D J;>A10X 3rl Aropril.to D"(OA'}-0010, 5DDDcyl"(A Smri 01A9"(1~3"( 9X1"(0MD 010 DD?ri
A3ri M01?8D1Q 'z 19XJ.DDrori ADD A(t)A?ri(t)010 A(t)09 JOriOOX Sro ' 11 (XnllJ!Xd[ sdwmp

\IIJOVOn5VJ H)!lVOH\Id\lllllN\1 l\1)! .. VIW\INA.VO:i!,

"nOL6c_; XUL ~UOEL nmac_; L6LUL1EQac_; [l866ou XaTaQTLSEL toV XaTaAoyo TWV L0061JVU[lWV 6T]A01J[lEVWV;", 6LanLOTWV1UL 6TL, Myw XUQLWc_; TT]c_; [lLXQi]c_; LOTOQLac_; TT]c_;,
aA.A.a XUL Myw TT]c_; ELEQOXa80QL(;6[lVT]t_; cpuoT]c_; TT]c_;, [!Lac_; XUL T] AELTOUQyLa TT]c_; ELVUL xa8aQa 6L6axTLXi]-XQTJOLi-t08T]QLXi]22, 1-tOVO i-tLXQOU ~EAT]VEXOUc_; OU[l~OAEc_; XUL
anA.wc_; JtQL8wQwxa accidentalia theoriae nooc_; TTJV xaTu8uvoT] TTJc.; nay(woT]c_;
Ev6c_; 8WQT]LLXOU OQyavou EXOUV flEXQL oi]~-tEQa xaTaT8L, 0 OT][lELO [lUALOTa TEtoLO, woT va i-tTJV un<XQXEL xav o~-tocpwv(a yuQw an6 to TL Sa avnnaoa~A.T]8L
nooc_; TL23 - n6oo 6 [lUAAOV YUQW an6TT]V m8avi] i] EUXTJTEa L006uva~-t(a!
Ta XQrr]Qta nt:QyQaqnj~ xm avvaQT1J01J~ avunaQa(3oAXdJV aTOXt:iwv, nou
EXOUV XaTU XULQOUc_; Jl:QOTa8L, EL VaL Jl:OLXLAa, avayOVTUL 6 OTT]V EcpaQ[lOOL[lOTT]Ta
i-tELa'E;u UAAWV TT]c_; naQa600LaXi]c_; aVTLAT]'\j!T]c_; JtEQL yQa~-t[laTLxi]c_; 24 , TWV Ta'E;LVOI-tT]1LXWV-01Q01JX101JQaALOTLXWV nQoTunwv25 , TT]c_; 6woTQWI-taTLxi]c_; yQa[l~-tanxi]c_; 26 ,
TT]c_; 01J01T]I-tLXi]c_; anO'\j!T]c_; LOU M.A.K. Halliday27 JtEQL yQa~-ti-taTLxi]c_; 2 8 , TT]c_; fEVETLXi]c_;20
21
22

23
24
25
26

27

28

OQ~A.. BOUTON, The Problem of Equivalence in Contrastive Linguistics,

OEA. 144.
144: He [CT]A. o avttJtaQa~OALXO yA.woooA.6yo] must decide what sort of equivalence should exist between those elements.
OQ~A. WAGNER , Kontrastive Linguistik, OEA. 373.- fLO tT]V E~UQtT]OT] tT] AVLLJtaQO~OALXll fAWOOOA.oyla an6 tT]V JtQOXtLXlj CLCaoxaA.la tWV CLa<p6QWV ~EVWV yA.woo<ilv ~A. . STOCK WELL I BOWEN I
MARTIN, The Grammatical Structures of English and Spanisch, oEA.. vm MOULTON, The Sounds of
English and German, OEA. VII" KUFNER, Kontrastive Grammatik und dann ... ?, OEA. 27 KONIG I NICKEL,
Transformationelle Restriktionen in der Verba/syntax des Englischen und Deutschen, oEA.. 71, 79.
OQ~A. ENGEL, Unvorgreifliche Gedanken zu kontrastiven Linguistik, OEA. 130.
BA.. BARTH, Recherches sur Ia frequence et Ia valeur des parties du discours en fran~is, en anglais et en
espagnol, passim.
BA.. MOULTON, The Sounds of English and German, passim.
BA.. SNOOK, A Stratificational Approach to Contrastive Analysis, oEA.. 17m.
0 M.A.K. HALLIDAY, Categories of the Theory of Grammar, oEA.. 241 m., 6wnlnwoE tT] A.Ey61J.EVT]
"yQa~-t~-tauxlj twv xA.L~-taxwv xm twv xatT]YOQL<ilv". rw tov Halliday ta tQla otmxELa twv xA.L~-taxwv
ElVaL OL EVVOLE tT] ~a8~-tlba, tT] !-tOQcpLXll OVl:LltQOOWJtEUOT] XaL tT] AEJttOcpU"CO (delicacy), XaL ta
tEOOEQO OtOLXEla tWV XOtT]YOQLWV OL EVVOLE tT] 1-tOVUOO, tT] CO!-tll, tT] tU~T] XaL tOU OUOtll!-l010. 0 !-tEyaA.o 8EWQT]LLX6 rtQEO~EUEL ~-tE tT] "A.ELtOUQyLxlj" 8EwQla wu 6u OL yA.wooLXE !J.OVUCE, ~-tE
LL onolE aoxoA.Eltm 11 xA.aoLxlj ava/..uoT], Lbguouv 11la LEQaQxla nou o6T]yEl avLOuoa an6tT]v EA.axLOtll ~-tovaba (TO ~-t6QcpT]!-lO) !-lEXQL tT] !-lEYLOtT] ~-tovaba (tTl cpQUOT]) !-tEOW !J.La OELQU CLaCOXLXWV oA.o XAT]QWOEWV. H YQO!-l!-tOLLXlj !-lLO y/..<iJOOO OVLL~-tEtWrtll;EtaL W OUVOAO OUOtT]~-tUtWV EJtLAOYWV El;6XW !-lEV noA.unA.oxo, tautoxg6vw 6~-tW xm axQW A.EmocpUE, ~-tEow twv onolwv ouotT]!J.atwv EmA.oy<ilv !-lJtOQOU!-lE va XLVT]80U!-tE CLa!-lOQcp<iJVOVta l:L EXcpwvljOEL !-tO XaL !-tE tOU OQOU EXElVOU,
tWV OrtOlWV El~-taOtE OE 8EOT] va EQ!-lT]VEUOU!-tE l:L EXUOTOtE ExcpwvljOEL art6 tT]8EOT]tOU OXQOatlj.
BA.. STRANG, Modem English Structure, OEA. 81 m . LEVENSTON, The "Translation-Paradigm", OEA.
221 Ert., xm A Classification of Language Differences, oEA.. 200.
OQ~A. BOUTON, The Problem of Equivalence in Contrastive Linguistics, OEA.

270

ILZ
' UO!J!lnJfS U;JA(if !J Uf ;J{Q!J;J:lU13lf:JJ;JJU{ ;JJ!J A;JlfJ U;JlfA\ SJU;J{!JAfnb;J UOfJ!J{SU!JJJ ;JJ!J SW;}Jf 10 SJX;JJ
;J:l!Jn:lU!J] J;J:lJ!JL puu ;J:l!Jn:lU!J] ;J:JJnos

:6v

''{3D 'UO{J!J{SU!JJL .10 AJO;JlfL :J!JS{n:lun

v 'm!O:UV::> ''{S:

'13 L ''{3D 'JJ!llf:JSU;JSSfMS:lunzJ;JS1;JQ{J pun Jf!JS!n:lun ;JA!JS!l1JUO){

'SS1Ji\\ I NJ3i\\1H0)1

''{3D ';J1nJ:Jn1JS d;J;JG puu ;J:JU;Jn1:lUO:J ';J:JU;J{!JAfnbg 'J)!Si\\OZS3Z~)I ' '{\JOU

.. ;JW!JS ;JlfJ JOU Sf Jf 10 ';JW!JS ;JLjJ Sf J{, ;J{:l~1 ;J/f!;JfA !J{ ;Jp ;}1~J{l:J ;}{ 1;JnO( ;J1f!l.f ;Jp J;}WJ;Jd
fnb {;JfJU;J11JJJ!P ,J{J{SOdS{p, Un ;J{{;JJ;JnJ{JSUO:J UO!J:Jnp!l1J !J{ SUfOW ;J{ JnOJ

? '1n;Jpnp!l1J

;J{ JS;J, nb ;Jn:lU!f!Q

np ;JA!J!nJUf UO{J!l{:JiJ1dd!l, {? ;JiJSSf!J{ JS;J ;J{Q{:J-;JJX;JJ J;] ;}:J1nOS-;JJX;JJ ;}1JU;J ;JAU;J{!JA{nbiJ, { ;Jnb {!J1A JS;J {!, 5

:6QZ

''{3D ';J1fnpu1L '1VmiNGV1 SltDJm '{g .10l!lfSU!J1J 10 JU!lWlOJU! {un:lumq JU;JJ;Jdwo:J u .10 AJflOlfJn!l ;JlfJ uo
p;JS!lq Sf SJU;J{!JAfnb;J {!lnJX;JJ JO A1;JAO:JS{p ;JlfL
''{3D 'UO{J!l{SU!l1L JO AIO;JlfL :J!JS{n:lU!] V 'G~O~l. V::> ''{S: Z
'13 8Zl ''{3D '){{J!JWW!J1[) U;JA!JS!l1JUO){ 1nz U;J){U!lp;J[) ;Jlf:J!lj{;JJ:l10AUfl '13DN3 Cl01 513rfl91XJ
MD3D~0011ii.D 11.(1)1 S~x11lt1oloJ1oo1 S11 SltDJm '{g ."13 9 ''{3D 'Jf!JS{n:lun ;JA!JS!l1JUO){ '13)1::JJN ''{S: 1
w!ssud 'lf:JS!t:lug 1 lf:JSJn;JG ){!JS!n:lun ;JA!JS!l1Juox 'zl.OD 1J.GJINH::>SD~ns ''{S: O
'W!SS1ld ' U;Jlf:JSJn;Jplf:Jflf!Z pun U;Jlf:JS{[:lU:;[ 'U;Jlf:JSJn;JG W{ U;JUO!J!SOd.!J1cf ;JA {J!J){O ] 'Sl.l. Vi\\ -W!SS1ld
I N3i\\08 I 113/\\)I::JOJ.S .m 8 ''{3D

:a

'lj:JSfU!ldS pu!l lfS!f:lU:;[ JO S;J1nJ:Jn1JS {!l:J{J!JWW!l1[) ;JlfL 'NJJ.~VIN

',{pms ;JA!JSB1JUO:J 1;}d;J;Ja

's3INVf

'ts:- SnDD<!J'{A s~x111.Drio3,i. Slt1mx s~x1'{kAD Slt1 Jl.(l)ii.J'rloll.mdJ Srroo

-?ri ]J13ltDrr'{J;Jii.D il.lt1 J;JOOdJD 11'9 3D S(l)]Q(l)( SDJAO'{ODD(l)'{J S~X1'{0\JDOD1l11il.y Slt1 il.qJX11lt0(1)38 11.(1)1 ODJ'rl
0031900dJOOOJ1 011D)( J;l'{'{D '0031DJ'{1dJDOOJ1 01]3'{310J1D ~X11DririDOJ ~)(11D11DriltXDD13W -~X11311.3J H

6Z

-10XA(LD 3101D)/X3 i\.CD1 D1riDMQOD1 Al.t13ri )/X113XD D113A10X 1DX AW1)/riA13QDOD1

AW1 'f8U"(lf All1130?cbDool ao1r SoApX3 53M30? 5?X1"(0gDoD111AD Suo 'Dl'),Dl )/O
-DU ' vDriDA'),QOD1 )/X11DDOcDD13ri A'),0"(3101D 'Sa01 '),~D13ri A'f08D1DD1DX11AD DA
A'),OOOlfri DA3liJ3X DA3ri'),0080D AWQ)/AOri A(l)1 AC}U(LD ~3 D11DX 53Q)/AOri 10 AD '31
-910 ' llDDlD)/lDX D1Q1 AUlD DD?ri MOD~/..00,011 3"( DA 5101(),01 A3 A'),OOOlfri '- 0,009
0,01 D10M? ~X1AO"(ODDW"(AU1 3ri .. DriU9A,- .. Drill9A 01<;11 01, MOX? 5W1AD1D 5W3~
-1cDD 5DDD<y)"(A Sll11DX 5D10U13cDD 5DDD<y)"(A Sll1 53Q)/AOri 53ri1D10X!..ao 10 119AO"(Ori
'5?1aD 513D<p111031 Su:r (drems:n vzudfVA{nbd 1 zudfVAfnby dlfdnJXdJ 1 dlfdmxdJ
d:JUd[fJA f nb? 1 d:JUd[fJAfnbd [fJnJXd1) SXJ]riXJMlqom 5~X1A3ri13X 1031 So/..9"( 1D13A
-1/.. DA ]3001fri 31<;>1 AOA9ri 1DX 3Q 3191 zAW)3X101D AWA?riOA10XA(lD 3101D)/X3 A(l)1
D1riDMQOD1 AU1 3ri )/X113XD D113A10X 'A<y)DDW"(A O'),Q D]g31 DlD DlU19ADX1 0,01
~X1DDW"(!.. llA?riwm)3) llw 1D113X91a ao1r ao1 S~Dll8D1DA3 Sll113D)/g ll11m 'aol

50AJ3X3 1DX AW1)/riA13QDODlf A(l)1 'f8U"(lf AU1130?cDDOOlf 0,01 50A)3X3 1DA]3 S~lD
-DOcDD13ri ~ 5~1U"(1riO SODDW"(A]g SQX1ADQ1 0 513D'),"(DAD 5?X1"(0)DOD111AD S11:r (D
:W0?1W1DX SWD?riD AW?XDog D1Q A91DAag 01009 3ria0198X3 S91ay 'A<priog AW1
mx AWA?riao"(llg AW1 SllDll10)/MD Sll1mx S~cbDo/..1031 Sll1 aon3ri38 a01 Drill1~~ ow
- 5?1ll1ll~aD S<p1X3QDOD1 A01D1X)/"(0,01 '531D1191~D 5W1'),"(01D 1X9 AD- 513D~1AD1D
5?X103ri 13D<y)Q 13X9 'D1001D1 Sll1 ~OX1ri ll1 )/ODlf 'DA(l30? ~X1"(0)DOD111AD ll OD91DL5
'5DDD<y)"(A SllAQri 1DX Smri DrilllD'),D 01 m!.. 31(),0 13XO)/l0, DA A91DMQ 1DAJ3 A3Q
l,tcbDOA1031 D10191 '),010 'DlD1"()/ri ~ri/..110 ll1 91D ' 1AW1)/riUlD(lD A<y)X1DDW"(A 0()-Q ~cb
-DOA1031 D13"(?1 5W3Qt91D SllD)/1 91D 13~0)/10, DA OlDA'),QD 5<pX1AO"( 1DA]3 ' 010,1901
9X11DririDOA 91(LD 011DX DA? 3ri(),01010ri1DllOX AD19 '11919 01(),01 1DX 'Drill"()901
o1a"(l/ DO<p1 10X?ri 1Dx 90Dgoo D)!..O"(ODDW"(J ~X1"(0)DoDl11AV All1 m!.. ()-OA10X 91rD
A'f0"(3101D S~x1mririDo!.. SllA3ri9A1310olf 3101D)/X3 Sll1 mll19riworioDcb3 llmx 009
0,01'),1001 '),OX11DririDOA 0,01 ~!..0"(113 ll 0091 ']38cDU"(DAD 5()-001DX )/1DX MOX? 0,01
53138)/lfDOOl S11 )/ODlf mx 513D)/1001 53opea3AorillAri Su )/ODU 0 (:muwwm'3 dsu;:,)
AW3D<y)11f AW1Xari AW1 S~X11DririDo!.. Sll11DX ' 6 z:S~X11DririDOJ S~X11D11DrillXDD13W

\IIJOVG:r:WVJ H)llVOH\Id\111IlN\I l\1)! "\IIW\INAVO:il,

EllJtAEXOIJ.EVO~ IJ.E avtLJtaQa~oA~ yA.waaoMyo~, ELVaL UJtOXQEWIJ.EVO~ va auvagti)OEL

!J.Eta~u tau~ nA.i)8o~

!J.Eya EvboyA.wamxwv xm 6LayA.wamxwv nagacpg6.aEwv, xm 6i)

OAE~ tL~ 6uvat~ Ql]tEUOEL~ IJ.LU~ xat6.ataOl]~ JtQUYIJ.UtWV OE IJ.LU yA.waaa (AX. atl] yA.wa-

aa acpEtl]Qta~) !J.E 6A.E~ tL~ 6uvm~ Ql]tEUOEL~ IJ.La~ xm6.ataan~ ngay!J.6.twv OE IJ.La wuMXLatov 6.A.A.n yA.waaa (A..x. atn yA.waaa acpi~Ew~) .
MJtOQOUIJ.E va cpavtaatOUIJ.E wv L6avLx6 EA.A.nv6yA.waao xm YEQIJ.av6yA.waao OIJ.LAl]ti) xm - ax61la xaA.UtEQa - !J.Etacpgaati), nou EXEL va avtL!J.EtwniaEL ta a!J.EOW~
nagax6.tw 6l]AOUIJ.EVa, ta onota, Myw tOu 6tL Em tEA.ouv tl]V i6La Emxm vwvLaxi)
A.utougyia, llJtOQouv va avnxataati)aouv, xat' agxi)v EAEU8Ega, to xa8va 6A.a ta
6.AA.a: FLdJQyo, 6.vmpe ro cpw~!- FLdJQyo, avmpe ae naQaxaAdJ ro cpw~!- FLdJQyo,
fllrOQEi~ v' ava'ljJEL~ ro cpw~;- FLdJQyO, & {3Unw rinora EDW flEOa.- FLdJQyo, ea
axorw8ovf1E!... x.t .6. Ta nagan6.vw nagabdyllata auvagtwvtm A.6yw XELIJ.EVLXi)~
wobuva!J.ia~ !J.E tL~ Excp6.vau~ tou YEQIJ.UVLOti 6nA.owvou: Georg, schalt das Licht
ein! x.A.n. LE IJ.LaV avunaga~oA.Lxi) EQEUVa, OIJ.W~, 6nou auvagt6.tm to YEQIJ.UVLX6
6l]AOUIJ.EVO Das Licht ist aus i) Es ist dunkel!J.E to EAAlJVLX6 6nA.oUIJ.EVO Ta cpdJra eivm a[3T]ar6., ywri fllraivet o veo~ XQ6vo~. llJtOQOUIJ.E va JtOUf.tE 6u avunaga~6.AA.o
vtm 6l]AOUf.tEVa, nou xavEi~ 6Ev f.tJtOQEL va ta avnnaga~6.A.u A.oyLx6. EVt6~ twv
JtAaLOLWV [.tLU~ OUYXQLOl]~ OUOtl][.tUtWV.
Tigo~ 6.QOlJ twv 6l]r.tLougyowvwv a6LE~66wv EXEL JtQOta8Et lJ 6LEQEUVlJOlJ EV6~
ng6a8nou XQLtl]Qiou: tou XQLtl]Qiou tl]~ flOQcptx~~ OflOLOTTJW~ (formal similarity I
similarite formale I formale Ahnlichkeit 1similarita form ale 1 cjJopMaJibHoe cxo,II.CTBo):
tOtE [.tOVO EXEL VOl][.tU l] OUYXQLOl] [.tEtacpg6.0EWV -l] auyXQLOl], i)tOL, tWV XELIJ.EVLXWV
wo6uv6.1J.WV, 6nw~ ta EXEL OQLOEL o Catford -, 6tav dvm 6uvati) lJ f.tOQqJLxi) auv6.gtl]Ol] twv atoLXEiwv IJ.La~ yA.waaa~ ngo~ ta atoLxda r.tLa~ 6.A.A.n~ yA.waaa~ 36 aA.M
xm EtaL ax6r.ta, o to!J.Ea~. nou ogi~nm an6 ta f.tll auyxgiaLr.ta atOLXEia Mo yA.waawv, Eivm i)bl] OXEtLX6. EXtEtU!J.EV0~ 37 . TIQO~ EQ[.ti)VEUOl] toU JtaQOVto~ 8a avacpEQOU[.tE Mo nagabdy[.tata:
i) 0 'EAAl]Va~ xatavod xataat6.0EL~ JtQUYIJ.UtWV toU E~WtEQLXOU XOO[.tOU XQlJOL[.tOJtOLWvta~ xm6. xav6va atoLxda 8Ef.tEALw6w~ 6r.tma llE tov ItaM xm 8E!J.EALw6w~
35 Tigf)A.. KRZESZOWSKI, Equivalence, Congruence and Deep Structure, OEA. 37.
36 BA.. KIELHOFER, Fehlerlinguistik des Fremdsprachenerwerbs, OEA. 118.
37 BA.. KIELHOFER, Fehler/inguistik des Fremdsprachenerwerbs, OEA. 119.

272

LZ
"611 "'{3D 'sqJ;JM.J;JU;JlfJ!JJdspW;JJi s;Jp Jf!JS!n'iluffJ;Jflf;Ji 'N3:IOHT'!DI ""'{8 ov
"611 "'{3D 'SqJ;JM.J;JU;Jl[J!JJdspwaJj S;Jp )(!JS!n'iiU{{J;J{l[;Jj 'N3:10H13DI ""'{8 6
"1-0 "'{3D 'rtOO(tOI..D
-O"'{D)J noJI..Clm3J u.onod.l"913rl1nx SoJ..owou vwrl~wu l?"1'(V1.J, T?.L ' AOVmvm: noJDCtA01V ""'{8 8

-cw i\3 '0 pAm1x;>liA.mMo O'(OAc;to DA? MoJ..x;om.c 5x;Xon ,wx 'Am9x;>Aoli o1A.9'(1~3'( OA
-?TIOD03l.C3l.C DA? 30 10A3li9~0liODd)3 '1010l.CO 10 ' A(T)A9ADX O'(Oi\'),0 DA? 91D 1"0113'(31
-ol.CD 'A91DmAA. 5m '\,tX11DliliDoA.l,tx113A3A. D1JAJ: 5n1A.O'(Ooomu 5l,tX1'(0fjDODl.C11AV
5lu A<)')X11UO(T)38 i\(T)J. OO?li 0031900cbOOOl.C OJ. mx X)'('(D '00310?'(1cbD001! 01 13'(31
-Ol.CD \,tX11DliliDOj \,tX1101J.DliltXDm3JAJ: -\,tX113i\3j lt 119 3XU8<)'l13TIUDOl.Crt (T)AX)l.CDODil (A.
~5(T)3010XMO A<)')03li\,t A<)')M3~ A(T)A?TI10X3XMO 31010
-x;>x3 A(T)1 5l,tA.o'(1l.C3 5Lt1 Ltox;g 5m mBAX)g'liD'( D1liDArt9001 5l,tcboorl Sx;>10l.C (H mx ~011
-oocb 5rt01 9X11(T)'(U9 01 5ool.C 5m moli9 D'('(X) 1X9 mx DA3TI'),O'(U9 310J.OX)X3 DA?li10X
-3x!..rto ml,t'(ogDODlC11AD 5ooJ..C mJ.AOA.?'(11.C3 11m A. (! :mD'Iil,tJ.mo3 D101DX nw X)J.i\Dl.CD
A39 11919 '91LtXD'Ii 5moxx; mA13 '5mli9 '91rtD 01ol,tlix31 01, "A<)')oom'(A. Lt01ox!..c;to 5ooJ..C
A(T)1 53A9ADX 5c;tox1wliliDoA. 5rto1 5ooJ..C nlioMc;to Ltrl l,t 5rto1 c;t~DB'Ii DA3li9A1oxA.rto
Ltli DA3lic;tO'(U9 \,t'(OfjDODl.C11AD 5ool.C 13~?'(1l.C3 D8 i\39 50A9'(000(T)'(A o 119 010\,tliX3J.
mJ.3A1oxooJ..C l,tJ.rtD 0908?li Lt1 3JAJ: 5rto1 (fJJ!f!QfJJJ;J:J:Jfl 1 J.r!J!/!QflJd;JzJfv 1?1!/!QfJJd;J:J:Jfl 1
AJ!J!QflJd;J:J:Jfl) p1U19ri1~3g01ro Alt1 mx 39 3101A3 '(fJJ!Jfl:JfJflWWTJJ;J1 J.f!J!/flJf!JflWWTJJ[) I
?3!/fl:JfJflWWTJJ;iI AJ![fl:JfJflWWTJJ;j) XJ1U19ri1ri0Jt S(l.X11XJririooA. Sro3f/1,91m 91m 1\Ul 13A10X
'D1A0'(000(T)'(J\,tX1'(0gDODl.C1J.i\v AUlD 531A0fl101D19 5rtOA9'(000(T)'( A. 9l.CD i\(T)A?lillA
-om3 A<)')1liDM9001130x;>g 5rto1 c;t~m3li139Lt1oDArto mx 139Ltlio9 MOX? rtol.C '53DO<)')'(A.
0'),9 30 53A?TI(T)l.Crt1D19 513DX)l00l.C 3'1i :\,t'(OlOOl.CD UJ.38090l.C1l.C3 D1TI13'(311l.C3 '5130
-x;>OcbD13'1i 53A3TI9A10xMO X)X1'(0gDODl.C1J.i\D 51113A10X DA 1DX 13XA?'(3 DA mlt191~39 UJ.
'x;>9oo 'l,t mu19ADx1 Alt113X? rtoJ..C '5l,twDocbm3rll,t 5l,t1Lt'(1lio 5ooom'(A.J9 59X1AD91
(g

"D1TIDM9001 \,tX1cbooli lt mx 1D13'),AX1390l.CD UlOUOXX)

5ml.C9 '6Lt10LtOXX) 1D13C),AX1390l.CD DOX) mx '13XC),l0l.CD D8 119 OA?liliDOA3AD1900l.C 1"01\
-13 '\,t10DOcbDJ.3li\,t \,t1U'(1TIO rt000(T)'(A19 C),OX1AD91 rt01 DJ.U19ADX1 \,tXD1A(T)i\10X1l.C3 AU1
9l.CD 1D113130Ul.Crt~3 D8 rtOl.C 'D10DX19D19\,tX1A0'(010DliOAO 30 1390l.CD D8 DJ.'Xrt3cb9l.C
-DAD 119 rtOJ. 5<)')g10'XD m/...9'( '13A1A AD mx U010XA.c;to 310l.C\,t9D10l.CO A91rtD D?TIOJ. A01&
.'Ott90() 3X!J01t 010 mx ;JA{SSfJ, S 010 D03TIX)AD 13XOX)l.Crt- DliOrtO'X11AD OJ.DliA.x;>Cl1.C'Ii3
01 <)')93 mx 1"013~103 A39 AX)3 mx Dli9XD - 513ADX mJ.?11(T)ODAD 'D1liDM9001 1,tx1cb
-oorl X)10Il "Ui!Jtt If ott90() 3X!J01t 'rng7JODX T?OX7rl '"'?l ,uv; 5m D9X)OD D1TI30 30DO<b
-?13'1i 5rto1 5ooc;toA.oo'(D)I 501A.0<)')3J o 5c;to1rtD 5cwX110 5rto1 .fl!JOJJ!A f11 1 ;JAfSSfl, s

;JAO '!Aflu ;JfO:J:Jfd ;JlfflG :813<bx;>oA. 59lim'(o& 5o1oc;tA01V o (..1gx;onx <?X1AU'('(~ <?.L,)
,;e:>~u~ -end:>!A-eu -e1, 5owlil,t1ol.C rto1 c;toX1'(m1 rto1 5rtoX110 oc;t9 5rto1<)')0l.C 5rtoJ.& (H
~5rt01 X)TIOrtO'X11AD OW'IiA.x;>Cl1.C'Ii3 01 1"013~103 A39 AX)3 mx Dli9'XD - DX101011AD
X)'X1'(DJ.1 D10 mx X)'X1AU'('(3 DlO .. Oldwnu dlJOdWO:>, mx .. 9'1i810D A01 I 003lic;tOA
01 mA01Dl.C, Am3ox;>ocbx3 A(T)J. mx " UdllfflM, 5owrll,to c;tOX1AD'Ii03A. rto1 c;t~m3rl 'D138
-\,t'(D 'm13AX)ODl.C D1liDM90D1\,tX1<boori X)10il .. oJdwnu I! duodwa:> (), 59'(D11 o mx

5ml.C9 ' ..9li810D AOJ./ 003lic;tOA 0113A01Dl.C ("), 5<)')'(l.CD 5DAU'('('tL 0 ... lllfflM pun UOJdldJ,
UlnZ l4d~, '130l,ti\(T)ffi3'(U1 Di\ 13'(?8 rtOl.C '59ADTI03J 0 :9ADTI03J A01 9l.CD X)'X113000D19

\I IJ OVOH5VJ H)!JVOH\Id\llll l N\1 J\1)! "\IIW\INAVO:n,

nxi] yQa~-t~-tanxi] T1 V6oyA.womxi] <J'f1!J,a<JLOAOYLXi] l<J06'lJVa!J,ta EQ!J,TlVEUEtaL ana

touc:; 8WQ'f1nxouc:; ~-t nOLxtA.Ec:; xcpgaoLc:; oxnxc:; !J, touc:; ogouc:; "~-tuxw 6o~-tiJ"4 1 ("<Jll!J,a<JLOAOYlXi] 6o~-tiJ"42 ), "~-tta<JX'f1!-latl<J!J,Oc:;" xm "EmcpaVELaXi] 60!J,i]".
2:tll !J,EtacpQa<J'f1, <JU!J,cpwva !J,E tTl 6L<iXQWT1 auti], T1 xa8!J,la EX<:pQa<JTl anotAEL
nagacpga<Jll tWV aA.A.wv, 6tav !J,E<JW YEVLXWV !J,Eta<JXTl!J,atL<JtlXWV xavovwv xataynm an6 !J,La XOLVi] !J,UXLa 6o~-tiJ 43
'Eotw xm ~-t auti] tllV nagaA.A.ayi], 6~-twc:;, to ng6~A.Tl~-ta tllc:; wo6uva~-ttac:; xa8 aA.A.o
naga Mvnav anA.wc:; !J,Etatonttnm, yLa va ~-tllV nou~-t 6n cpogtwvnm ot'f1V nMtll
tWV OQWV "nagacpga<Jll" xm "~-tUXla C>o~-ti]". Ilgoowmxi] ~-tac:; anO\IJTl d vm , ngwtov,
6n 6V dvm an6A.mo 6n un<iQXEl yVlXWc:; !J,La <JXEtLXa a<:p'f1QT1!-LEV'f1 !J,UXLa 6o!J,i], T1
O'f1!J,a<JLOAOYLXi] EQ!J,TlVELa tllc:; onotac:; XOQ'f1YL VO'f1!J,a <Jt'f1V ng6ta<J'f1 xm T1 onota !J,E<JW !J,Lac:; axoA.ou8tac:; !J,Eta<JXTl!J,atW!J,WV (EsaAEL\IJEWV, !J,Eta8E<JWV, V8E<JWV
X.t.O.), nagayH tllV Jtl<:paVLaxi] 6o!J,i], XWQL<; OL QT18EVtc:; !J,Eta<JXTl!J,atL<J!J,OL va
ngoxaA.ouv tllV naQa!J,LXQi] ~-tna~oA.i] oto v6Tl~-ta. xm, 6utQov, on 6v dvm, mt<J'f1c:;, an6A.uto 6n un<iQXEl yvLxwc:; ~-tLa mcpavLaxi] 6o~-tiJ 6tx11v no66ou otouc:; cpwvoA.oyLxouc:; xav6vc:;, otouc:; xav6vc:; XL vouc:; 611A.a6i], twv onotwv 11 so6oc:; d vm 11
xcpwvou!J,V'f1 nQ6ta<J'f1. Ta EQWti]!J,ata, mo~-tvwc:;, tt8vtm - av ~-tac:; Emtgemtm 11
xcpga<J'f1 - a~-tdA.Lxta44 : n6t Etvm ~-tta xcpgao'f1 nagacpga<J'f1 !J,Lac:; aA.A.11c:;; !J, nOLov
tQ6no ~QL<JXO'lJ!-lE i] OQL~OW nc:; nagacpgaolc:;; B<JoEL ttvoc:; XQltllQLO'lJ 8WQOU!J, we:;
aslW!J,anxi] tllV unaQsll ta'lJtO<Ji]!J,WV !J,UXLWV DO!J,WV; xm !J,EXQl notou ~a8ouc:; ta'lJtttovtm OL !-1-UXLEc:; 6o~-tc:; twv 6Lacp6gwv ngoc:; avtLnaga~oA.Lxi] o'\JyxQWTl yA.woowv;
AA.M ax6~-ta xm av anavt118ouv ta EQWti]!J,ata ama, ngay~-ta ta ~-t<iA.a 6'lJ<JXQEc:;,
av 6XL axat6g8wto xm swngay~-tanx6, un<iQXEl 11 ouvtQLnnxi] votao11 6n 6~-toL
Ec:; mcpavLaxc:; 6o~-tc:; otll yA.wooa acpt'f1Qtac:; xm otll yA.wooa acptswc:;, onou ea
41 XQT}OL~onmou~e tov 6Qo "~uxw 6o~il" xm 6XL wv ev XQ!\OEL "~a9La oo~t\", 6L6n JtQ6xmm neQl6o~1\c; nou euQloxnm ow ~aeoc; , 611A.a61\ ow ~uxo . xm 6XLnEQl oo~t\c; nou EXEL ~aeoc;. - Tov 6Qo "~u
XLa OO!!t\" rov EXEL ewayayet ota eA.A.T}vtxa o OT}~LOUQyLx6c; ~tta<pQaott\c; tou Zax Mov6, o Nlxoc; n.
nanaMnouA.oc;, o onoloc; EXEL, OT}~ELwteov, nQotElvEL nA.t\9oc; euor6xwv ano06oewv 6Qwv ~A.. Zax
MONO, TVXTPWL Avayxat6TfJTa, OEA. 171.
42 H "~UXLU 00~1\", EXt6c; an6 "OT]~aOLOAOYLXt\ 00~1\", ~OQEl va ano6o9El xm we; "a<pavt\c; 00~1\" - EV
avn9eoet, evvoelmt, JtQoc; tT}V "mt<pavELaxt\ 6o~1\", 11 onola Elvat "<patvo~EVT} 6o~1\".
43 llQ~A.. WAGNER, Kontrastive Linguistik, oeA.. 376 KRZESZOWSKI, Kontrastive Generative Grammatik,
OEA. 75 EJt. CORDER, Introducing Applied Linguistics, OEA. 50 En.
44 llQ~A.. nc; 6teto6uttxEc; JtaQatT]Qt\OELc; wu COSERIU, Uber Leistung und Grenzen der kontrastiven
Grammatik, oeA.. 9 m., xat oto Kontrastive Linguistik und Ubersetzung: ihr Verhiiltnis zueinander,
oeA.. 183 en.

274

SLZ
"l3 8!; "'(30 ')(fJUrJWJSZJrJS Jlj:)SJnJQ

'ZN310d NOA "l3

vv!

"'{30 'SfSA[rJUV JA{JSrJJJUO:J Uf J:>UJ[rJA{nbg JO W;J[q01J ;Jl{.l 'NO.lf10EI

"'{f)OU

!;v

"U;}JS;}q ure purnsqv J!W U;}Jl[fJj ;}fS :(lL\3ri903cDX3 U01'{XA? l}.X110100- A0101XJ?'{0,01

J?X1A.o'{ocboori - 3D) uen,o'{9KD umAp 'i513Dp1D01m 511 31plrJO)J mx 513opwol.CV 511

31J30UJ, A(l)3DJ?OcDX3 A(l)1 OA3ri9X3103l! 9X111!30100l! 01 01DO?KO A993XD 303cD?13ri D()

n,ol 'uoDocbJ?13ri .. uriDA').90D1, uo31').'{DX H uouA.l}.qo AU1J?1DX 5DJ3'{DcboD 5uoDlD9l!D

5U1UDU0!}.1 A~A.uqo A(l)1 5n,oo?ri X3 AU1 MOA1DriUD DA 1DX A(l)1l}.A1X01(tD A(l)11TIJ?~1
9A101l! OlD 5391XDA1l! D1A A').O()U10l!OTI1DUOX DA A').OOOl!ri J?XD10Dl0103l! 0A9ri 513DJ?OcD
-D13ri 5?1(tD ..53riDA').9001, 10 0,01! 0A9ri - jpmnsqv ;}{S U;}Wlf;}N (l jpurnsqv ;}{S U;}J[l?H

(l

jq:J{S

;}fS U;}J;}{ZUl?JS!G :51}.~3 5(1) 13DJ?0cbD13ri DO 119 0101?9 1DAJ3 'A~1A(l)A10XMD A~X

-190 A(l)1 (t0TID9X 0,01 591X313AJ3ri DA 1301}.'{30 591(tD AD 1DX 'i513Dp1DOltV 51131p1VO)J
1DX 513DplD01.ClJ 511 31J30UJ, 513DJ?OcbX3 511 J?X1ADTI03A DlD DTIDA').90D113DJ?OcDD13ri DA
l}.lDDOcDD13ri

I l}.1U'{1TIO 0A(l)cD9ADTI03AOAU'{'{3 000(l)'{A19 9X1AD91 A01 3TI(tOD?'{DX AV

j31p1VO'X 511 DA 513DplD01.ClJ 51J, 1V'X j31J30111511 VA 513Dp1D01m 511, :Suo

-uri111m 5J?mxo mx Sl}.'{n,ognn,o 5l}.ou1mD <;t~D13ri oA3ripx oA.9'{ 3rin,oo~oooD DA mx

A~1A(l)A10XA(t0 A~X190 A(l)1U~J?1 AU19l!D 5(1))3'{31 A993XD 3rin,oA.<;tcb DA 3TI().OOOl!ri 5Dri

591DTIA139D0Dl! (t01l}.X09X3 D1Dl(t3'{31 AUlD A(l)3~?'{ UD30J?13ri l}.'{l!D D1ri 3W "A(l)ri90901

-IL\1X01(tD A~X1AU'{'{3 A(l)1 OO~X OlD 0A9ri 3lODTI9XD10g DA 3TI').000,0'{0XD~3 119 01Dfl?fl
5(1)1')-'{0l!D AO?'{l! 1DAJ3 A39 3191!0 'j513Dp1001m 511 31p1VO'X 511 VN 1DX j513Dp1DOltV
511 31J30U1511 VN 513DJ?OcDX3 10 A').0'{310l!D 5!}.'{01A3 5DO(t0AJ?OAD'{ DJ3X10l0 3ri '5(l)ri9

'5U1X13TIJ?AD 5l}.'{O,OgTI(t0 Sl}.X11(t391Dl! UO(l)11!103l1 .A(l)TI9090lllA1X01(tD A~X1AU'{'{3 A(l)1

oo~X OlD 50A3TI').OA1X 13A?TIDODl! DA 3D').OO(t0'{0XD~3 DO mx 'i513Dp1001flJ 511 31p1

-vox VN mx i513Dp1D01m 51131J30I11 VN 3cbDoA.? 13A.3'{? DO 'l}.'{01A3l}.ouwn,D 3D Sl}.'{n,og

-rin,o Sl}.x1A3A. (l)AJ?l!DODl! 5u1 ol').1 9X11XDwool! 9X1A3M3 A01nctqow13ri DA 501ol!J?x
3'{3()1}. AV j513Dp1001m 511 31pllJO)J 5U1 .. l}.riM~MD, U1ADril}.D1cbriD 5~9(l)1AA1Dl! AU1
'!}. 513DplD01.ClJ 511 31J30UJ, D91XDA11! UlADril}.OOAOri 5(l)ril}.011!3 AU1 3TI(t0l!?'{g '5D9J?'{'{3:
Su1 5n,ori909 Sn,ow A').Ooocbo'{xn,x n,ol! 'A(l)1l}.A1x010,D A~'{'{Ol! 1ri11~1 9A1011! 01~
:DriA.139J?ODl! 9'{1!19 000,0'{
-9XD 01J3'{310l!D '53riDA').9001 5(1) 13A10X 13X? 511 5l}.lDDOcDD13ri!}. 5!}.1U'{1riO 5000(l)'{A
-19 59X1AD91 0 53101!0 511 'A(l)30J?OcDDODl! (l)D?ri 5D1TIDM9001 5U1 9TI0100- i130XD~3
DA A01DA').9D - A01 3ri UD?XD A(l)1A9X3 1DX A(l)1A?031X3 A30D90l! A(l)1 9X11UcDDDD1V
!53TIDA').9001 5(1) ;)l"Bl!JOl::lflB X;) 13A10X 13X? 511
5l}.lODOcbD13ri!}. 5!}.1U'{1rio 500D(l)'{A19 59X1AD91 o 53)01!0 511 '5?ri09 Sn,01 ').~D13ri 53o
-ocbJ?19 S~x1rio9 mA. mx J?'{'{D 'DA3ri').O'{U9 Sn,01 ').~D13ri DoocbJ?19 S~x1ri09 mA. OA9ri
1X9 91(tD pgrin,o DA 13D?OOl!ri DO 5~1! 'l}.ri09 D1X<;tri l}.A10X 30 A').OOXDAD DA A').OOOl!ri
A39 'O,O'{'{J? 0,01 DA? 01 DriM~MD A').0'{310l!D 0,01! 'DA3TI').O'{U9 D10ri9 5~X1TI09 AD
:Drill1~03 011311!')-XDAD n,o1J?ri0ln,D 0,01 9l!D A993XD '130~11!1031! U1').D101 A'3: l}.rio9

l}.xm3ADcb1m AU1 9l!D A(l)J3X1ow Sl}.rioo9Mo 5U11D1? 5UA?ri013'{XOl!D 'l}.rio9 mX<;tri

UlD DJ3AUTI03 l}.X1A0'{01DDriUD U .. J3lD1XD'{(tcD, DA 01DA').9D 5~X11XDOl! 1DAJ3 '5DJ30
-U'{D Sn,009 3ri 5UA?TI(l)l!(t1D19 5D1A0'{01DDriU~ 5mri D109 DlD DD?ri DriU9A 9X1DD(l)'{A
01 .. J3101XD'{(tcD, AD 1X Dri9XD '0,0'{'{1?~3: ,v5?ri09 531X').ri 5?A10X 30 ?101! A').OOXDAD
DA A').OOOl!ri A39 'DriDA')-9001 J?X1A3TI13X mA. 1DX DTI9XD 3TI(t00!}.'{1ri DA 3TIDD').OOOl!ri

VIJOVOmlVJ H)[JVOHVdVI1IlNV IV)[ .. VIiWNAVmJ,

JtaQacpQaOH~:

i) Mit Abstand fahren Sie am besten- ii) Sie fahren am besten mit
Abstand iii) Am besten fahren Sie mit Abstand iv) daB Sie am besten mit Abstand
fahren- v) Abstand haltend fahren Sie am besten- xm vi) Wenn Sie Abstand halten,
fahren Sie am besten. An6 'tTJ ony~i]. 6~w~. nou o L<'iavLx6~ ()tyl.wooo~ ~nacpQa

oti]~ 8Ai]OH va cp'\JyH an6 to mtnE<'io Ernxm vwvtac; xm OtQEtVH to ~M~~a tou OtT]

AEl;Lxi] <'iwTJ~ta wu Qi]~aw~ "fahren", 6nou xt6~ an6 "o<'iT]yw" OTJ~atvH xm "xw
tUXTJ I Jntuxta" 46 , ~JtOQd va axed 0 "woMva~~" JtaQacpQaoHc;, JtAT]V 0~(1)~
EsmQEnxa nmyvLw<'iHc; ow mtn6o tTJ~ LTJ~aowl.oyta~ one; ax61.ou8c; tQEL~: i)
Mit Abstand am besten fahren Sie ii) Sie fahren weitaus am besten- xm iii) Die Art,

wie sie fahren, ist, mit Abstand von den anderen, die beste.
Ta JtaQanavw JtaQa<'idy~ata "wo<'iuva~ta~" <'iv JtQooayovtm yLa va ytvH TJ JlOQcpLxi] naQouotaoT] twv Exaotot Mo ~uxtwv <'io~wv wu~ ll n~ ~866ou~ tT]~ fEvnxi]~-MnaoxTJ~atwnxi]~ fQa~~atLxi]~. ai.M yw va ~a~ EJntQaJtd va l;ava8oou~ to EQWtT]~a: av <'io~Lxw~ 6~ma ClTJAOU~Eva, nou anotEI.ouv ouvwvu~a to
va tOU UAAOU, ClV ~OQOUV va avaxeouv 0 xmvi] ~UXLa ()o~i]. JtW~ ea ~OQEOH
va ow~Et auto 6XL ~6vo yw <'io~Lxwc; <'iLacpoQa ~nal;u wu~ ClTJAOU~Eva, ai.M xm
yLa ClO~LXWc; ClLUqJOQEc; ~E'tas'\J touc; ClO~E~, n~ OJtOL~ 0 LClaVLXO~ ()(yAWOOO~ O~LAT]
ti]~ i] ~nacpQaoti]c; n~ EXH xQtvH ex auctoritate we; woMva~Ec;;

()) H mwni] EVO'iJTJ tT]c; a<'iuva~ta~ va 6o8t maQxi]~ anavtT]OTJ ow avwtQw EQWtT]~a avayxao wu~ 8WQT]nxouc; tT]~ AvnnaQa~oi.Lxi]~ nwoool.oyta~ va xmacpuyouv Oto XQLti]QLO JtOU JtaQEXEtm aJt6 tOV OQO woc5vvat-tia w:racpQCtOeWV

(translation equivalence I equivalenve de traduction I Vbersetzungsiiquivalenz I

equivalenza di traduzione) OtTJV JtEQLJttWOTJ tT]~ wo<'iuva~ta~ JlEtacpQaOEWV ouyxQtvovtm ta ~EtacpQaonxa woMva~a ~nal;u tou~. 6nw~ JtQoxumouv an6
avnnaQa~oALx~ JtQLyQacpc; xEcpal.atwv yQa~~anxi]~ 6Lacp6Qwv yA.woowv4 7
TIQLV tQH~ ClXatl~ yQacp oxnxa 0 Levenston 48 ' wayovtac; LOV OQO "JtaQaClHYJla ~nacpQaow~" ("translation-paradigm"): "'Evav tQ6Jto JtaQOUOLaOEW~
tWV OUVtaXtLXWV ClLacpOQWV ClLacp6QWV YAWOOWV JtaQEXH 6,n 8a ~OQOUO va
anoxi.T]8l JtaQa<'iHy~a ~EtacpQaOEwc;. Mta yQa~~anxi] xatTJYOQta an6 tT]
yl.wooa A E~cpavt~nm xmal.oya<'iT]v avnnaQa~oi.Lxa JtQO~ 61.~ n~ xatTJYOQL~
46 llQBI...WAHRIG,oEI... 1224.
47 llQBI... TI']V EQyaola tou FILIPOVIC, The Yougos/av Serbo-Croatian- English Contrastive Project, oEI...
I 07 EJt., OXEnxa f!E to avnnagaBol..tx6 OEQBoxQanx6 I ayy l..tx6 JtQOYQUf!f!U.
48 8/... LEVENSTON, The "Translation-paradigm", OEI... 221 EJt.

276

LLZ
U0!11JfSUTJJ.L '~3H:::JS~Q1 .:u3

z [ "'{3D 'S~!ff;}}IJJJS UOJ11JfSUTJJ.L puu 'SS~:JOJd UOJ11J fSU1JJ.L '~:JUTJWJO}J~d

L6 "'{3D 'UO!JUfSUTJJ.L puu SJSAfrJUV ~A!JSTJJJUO:J UO S){JTJW~N '~!AI "'{fJOil 6t

-31<;1 'AOl(J)OlC "91DX 'D)A.O'(ODD(l)'{j ~X1'(0)DOD1C11i\V l.t UDDOcD"913rl UlD .. D)rlDM(;/001,

i\U1 5001C 5(!) 119 3rl'),01C Di\ )3XOD <!)<;13: "01D'("9cD3X (l)1"9XDOD1C 5(l)D?rlD OlD D03l'),A.
-/.3 3rlctOD(J)lD11CD1<;1 01 D8 CLOlC 1l"9X- 513Di\'),8Cl31DX 5?X1l300cDD1<;1 "9X1lDDX/.Di\D i\'),08
- ctO'(OXD 51.toDOcb"913W 5lt1ltrl~lD11C3: 1.t mx D)A.O'(ODD(l)'{J ~X1'(0)DOD1C11AV l.t Drllt1
-~~ o1 91ctD 5oou 5(!) Aow1X"9'(cto1u9 5?cbDo mww19Dx '.D1rlDMqoo1, i\U113D)oo

DA mA. 'D)A.O'(ODD(l)'{J ~X1'(0)DOD1C1li\

v 1.t p1ouorl1DltoX ctou 'A(l)3D"90cbDl3rl 5D)rlDA

-ctqOD1 5lt1 010~110X 01 3rl "9X113XD i\(!)30~00111\D A(l))Dlct3'(31 i\(l)1UD38X? AU1 "913W
53M30? 5?X1'(o)DOD1C1li\D 5u mA.uoocb"91<;1D 5<!)'(311\DlC 1X9 AD 'D?1U'(3rlD mAp 5D)rl
-DM<;IOD1 5~X1lDDocbm3rl 5ltA3rl9A.3'( 5lt1ltooq91CD 1.t 'ctOA?rloX31031C mx 5~cboorl '),Orlo
-Dct<;li\ctD 13D"99 lt1)1C3 5(l)3~)cbD 5DDD<!)'(A. 5lt1 DpX1ow m 3rl 5D)OU13cbD 5DDD<!)'(A. 5lt1
D)3X10lD Dl i\Cl0~)1Cl"Ol 5?00cb 5?'('(01C 011C 511 i\(J)DD(l)'(/. i\(l)i\?~ i\(!)1 5?1DD<;ICL01CD D)OAi\3
D)30ct3 A3 3<;1 10 '( OA3rl9X31031C) DrlU9i\ 01 91CD ~cboorl U113D)O(l)X Di\ 5ct01C901 "91U~DAD
i\(l),\0? A(J)X1i\X310A.O'( i\(l)30"90cDDl3rl i\(!)1 5UD(l)11C)031C 5lt1 591X3 - UDD0cD"913rl i\3rl l.t 5~rl

-A.11o 5u ,cbD '91ctmA. S(J))1oxD 'A0'('("9ri ~ m'),m "90DU

cuu11umoun.

~x1AU'('(3 D)DXoD

Alt1 3rl ct0'(98DX A9<;13Xo mx suuoJ reuompuo:J S?X1'(A.A.D S3A?rlD1oo 3rl "9X113Xo 139011
-ctm DA poolCrl A!J)[un(uo)f ~X1i\Drlo3A.I.t xu '119 13A)Drll.to ctou DrlA."901C) SD)rlDActqoD1
S~X1A.0'(01DDrlUD 5U113D"9l U1)1C3 OA9rl 1DX "9X1lD13'(X01CD )38ltrloq DA )3001Crl S(l)3~)cbD

DDD<!)'(A. UlD 1DX SD)OUl3cDD DDD<!)'(A. UlD DD3rl"9AD UD?XD (l)/..9'( i\3 U 119 131?801C(\.001C
~1ctD ltD1A.A.?D001C l.t 1191<;1 'Dq)A.DlC ~x1A.O'(O<;I083rl 'SDrl l.trl<!)AA.lt1 "91DX ')3'(3l01CD .. D)rlDA

-ctqoD1, cto09 ct01ltD1A.A.?D001C l.tA3rl'),OlCOXD i\(l)3D"90cbm3rl

mq H 53)DDX1qmq Scto1 ~x

-uuooouooxDrl l.tw 53XO'(lC'),'(OlC mx 53138A'fD 13A."9D13 5(l)1C9 DlD1'("9rl 1019 ' .. A(l)3D"90cb
-m3rl D)rlDM<;IOD1, 5009 o 5D)rlDAct<;IOD1 Sl.t1 Drllt'()901C 0113A'),'( "90D1C 'D0"9 '0'("'-("9 38"9)1
6p53DD<!)'(A. 0'),<;1 SUD DD3rl"9i\D 5?00cDD1<;1 10 1DX 53lU1910rlO 10 A'),08XD~3 DA CLOA?rl
-13X001C 'm1AOA)OXA.cto A11C91DX 53)01CO 10 ' 531U191<;11 5cto1 5?X1A.0'(01DDrll.tooxux
-mMo 5u 5oou 5(!) s~cboorl 5(l)3cft91CD 91CD m1A0~"913~3 'DA?rl(l)AorlouD uq~ 5mA9
'S~rloq DlDrl/."90D1CD ~ D1Drl~rl1 Dl '),01CLD ctoprll.tD ct01 3<;1 ADO?lC '5UDCL'("9AD S~X

-uDrlrlDoA. 5~X1'(0)DOD1C1li\D Slt1 01D)D'(lC

ow 51.toDocb"913rl Sl.t11.to~oX 1.t m1p'(1A

-D~3 S<!))10XD 91CLD oprll.tD OlD .53DD<!)'(A. AOlD1X"9'(Cl01 0'),<;1 3D DlDrl~Oi\ "9X11300cD

-mq 3rl S~rloq D1DrlA."90D1CD ~ D1Drl~rl1 - Soo9 o 1D131C?0111C3 SDrl AD - 3rlctOD(J)AOrl

-OlCD DA OlD S(J)'(lCD 13D'),3rl1DltOX SDrl Di\ )3001Crl i\(l)30"90cDDl3rl D)rlDM(;/001 U 119
m13A."9MD (l)0?1(l)AD i\(!)1 x3: .. A(l)3D(J)13rll.to 5(l)3D)10DlDX l.tx/.."91\D mlDlD)ODlC i\3<;/
)3X3 '- ~A.0'(11C3 ~X11XD'('(Di\3 'U'('("9 i\Cl0'('("9)11C3 ctOlC 'D10~110X Di\3rl'),0080D CLOA?rl
-13XA.cto cto1 X3 ~ 1mx "9X11DrlrlDoA. "9X1<;113 m1ADlD)cbct A"93 S91x3 '3l01A"91C 1D13A.?'(
-11C3 O)OlCO 01 'orlDi\'),<;1001 - orlDi\'),<;1001 Ol(l))3rlUDD 13X0"91CCL ct01C9 .OA.0'("91DX 9X11
-3XD i\OlD U1<!)01C 1D1)313801C01UDDOcD"913rl UA3rl9~1ADcbrl3 "91\XctD AO?'(lC

H Slt'('("9

5mrl Ltclt10091CD l.t mx Sl.toDocb"913rl 5mrl l,tA.0'(11C3 l.t ml3XA.?'(3 A(l))OlCo A(l)1 13D"99 Lt1
)1C3 'mo~110x Dli\011C'),X001C ctOA?rl13xA.cto cto1 mx 5~xuDrlrlDoA. Sl.t1 X3 m 'Drl/..13<;1
"90D1C 013rl i\(J)X113XD i\(l)3D(J)13rlUD 13<;1)3 A3 'DXDi\)lC 3D 1D1AOcDJ;>OA.DlDX 'A91DM<;/
1DA)3 3l01C~<;ICL01CQ ")38DDOcDDl3TI Di\ 3D'),0001Crl D8 53)01CO 51l91CD 'ff 5DDD<!)'(A. 5lt1

VIJOVOmlVJ H)[JVOHVdV!lllNV IV)[ .. VIWVNA.VOn,

YXQl011 Mo TOllAaXWTOv yA.woo<i:Jv. Q JtQO 111v "woouva~-tLa", xm naA.l, 0111~-tEL<'t

cpgao1111 Emmn~-t11 111 Mnacpgao11, xma ng<i:JTOv, avat111a TOll 6QOll, llJt6 TOll
ono(Oll 1-lJtOQEL va ag8gw8L, 6Xl avno1mxLa, aA.A.a woollva~-tLa xm, xma oeu1e gov, mgLygacpn Ll ouvag1i]OH 1wv examo1e 011AOll~-tvwv xm 1wv xn~-tvwv oe
Mo (i] JtQl0061QE) yA.<i:JoOE, xa8w1<'t~-tV11 1m- yla va emxaA.w8ou~-t xm naA.l
OWOOllQlUVO OXtl!-lU - JrlOTrj{.l11 T11~ O{.ltAia~, 011AU0tl ntaTrj{.l11 T11~ parole, 1-tla Xal
JtQOUJt08E1H 1a 000~-tEVa 111 yA.WOOlXtl Olli-lJtEQlCjJOQCt an6 OllYXEXQli-tEVOll 0!-llA111E 0 OllYXEXQl!-tEVO 10Jt0 xm XQOVO, 1-tlU xm JtQOUJt08E1H 011A.aoi] TO XEli-tEVO:
T11V JT{>cX!;11 TOV AEYflV rj TOV YQcXC{JEl v50 11!-l1CtCjJQU011 EV JtQOXH!-tEVW 1-lJtOQEl va 8WQ118(, a~-t6QqJW JtW, W JtUQCt00011 XEl~-tEVOll an6~-t(a yA.<i:Jooa 0 !-tlCtV CtAA11.
T( dOOll, 6~-tW, lOOOllVa~-tLa EJtlOlWXH va JtEQlYQCt'IJH 11 EJtl01tl!-l11 111 Mnacpga011; Am6 e(vm TO EQW111~-ta noll 8a ~-ta anaoxoA.i]on a~-tow ev OllvexELa, acpou,
6~-tW JtQW1U TOVlOOlli-t 111V JtQlOQW!-tEV11 AllOlLEAHa TOll aVW1EQW OXlUYQUCjJ118EVTO xa8oQw~-tou twv<i:Jv aQ~-tOOl01111U ~-tna~u AvnnagaBoA.lXtl rA.woooA.oy(a
xm EJtl01tl!-l11 111 MELCtCjJQU011 W JtQO TO Oli-lJtOA8 111 "l0001JVU!-llU".
0 xa80QW~-t6 twv<i:Jv aQ~-tOOl61111U 111 A VLLJtagaBoA.lXtl rA.woooA.oy(a ouvrnaye1m Ull10XQ11!-lU 1QO!-lEQ6 JtQlOQW~-t6 10ll Jt0l0ll EQEllVWV xm, W EX TOUTOll, JtOAAaJtAaOlW avaA.oyo JtQlOQW~-t6 xm 10ll aVLlXH~-tEVOll 111: Ol61l11 A VLLJtagaBoA.Lxi] rA.woooA.oy(a, W Jtl01tl!-l11 111 langue, OEv aoxoA.EL1m nA.Eov ~-t 111v JtEQlygacpi]6A.wv 1wv Ollvm<i:Jv, an6 an6'1JEW OE xagaX111QlO!-tOU o~-to(wv nagaA.A.ay<i:Jv 0111 yA.<i:Jooa acp(~EW,
6JtW ~-tcpav(tovcm xao11 on- avaMyw 1wv Ola~-tOQqJW~-tvwv xmamao~::wv 16oo oe
rnLn~::oo aTO~-tlx6, 6oo xm oe rnLJt~::oo yA.womxiJ i] XH~-tEVlXtl v6Q~-tU - Olacpogeux
XCtOL01E ow8i]XE xm OJtW JtUQEXOVLal !-tEO(!) ~-t1UCjJQCtOEWV tllOUVlXWV o(yA.woowv
O!-llA111<i:Jv, aA.M avayvwgLtn W anomoA.i] xm llJtEQ1mo xa8i]xov 111 va JtEQlYQCt'IJH
~-t6vo 60E nagaA.A.ay 1-lJtOQouv va avnnagaBA.118ouv oo~-tLxa ~-tE o~-t6A.oya o1mxLa
111 yA.<i:JOOU UCjJ111QLU xm JtCtVL01E rn( 111 B<'toH LOll XQl111QLOll 111 avnOLOlXlU. To
JtQl UVLl010lXLU a~LW~-ta e6<i:J OEV 011!-lUlVH 1ln01 CtAAO JtUQCt i-tOVO 6n OlJYXEXQli-tEVE
00!-tE 111 yA.<i:JOOU UCjJ111QLU OllVUQ1WVLaL IWVOVlXcX (nonna/erweise) 1-t 0!-lOLW OllYXEXQli-tEVE 00!-tE 111 yA.<i:JOOU acp(~EW" Ol 0 avn010lXOUOE 00!-lE, W yvwo16v,
1-lJtOQ( va ELvm 00!-tlXW lOO!-lOQCjJE, 1-tEQlXW lOO!-lOQCjJE i] OllOOAW lOO!-lOQCjJE51
SO flQBA. BOLINGER, Transformulatio: Structural Translation, OEA. 130 BOUTON, The Problem of
Equivalence in Contrastive Analysis, OEA. 145.
5 I LE OXEOll [.I.E TllV "wo6uva[.l.la" EUVOllTO Elvm 6n ng6BA11f.I.U yEVV(XTUL an6 w; AEYOf.I.EVE~ "ouMI.w~
LOO[.I.OQqJE~ OO[.I.E~" ngBI.. !VIR, Remarks on Contrastive Analysis and Translation, OEA. 97 m.

278

3.2.2.2

"laoouva~ia" xm

EnLat~~~ t~~ MEtacpQaa~~

On peut transposer Je semantisme d 'une langue dans celui d'une autre,
"salva veritate"; c'est Ia possibilite de Ia traduction; mais on ne peut pas
transposer Je semiotisme d 'une langue dans ce/ui d'une autre ; c'est
J'impossibilite de Ia traduction.

Emile Benveniste 1

XEI H~H AEX0EI OTI 0 OPOL " ILO~ YNAMIA" !! ta nagaywya to'U !l<pavLl;etm
w; navtaxou nagwv xm t a navta nA.ngwv- to av, 6vtw;, JtAYJQOL ta navta, dvm ~e~aLw; esetaotov! - oe 6,n a<poga tYJ Meta<pgaon xm tYJV EmotiJ!lYJ tY], !lOAov6tL, xata O'UVtQLJttLXO xav6va, !l 6La<pOQtLX6 xaee (j)OQU !lavMa2 Av X !!OVO'U
tO'U VOU!latO euMyw; bY]!lLO'UQydtm OUYX'UOY] W JtQO tL Lvm, V tEAH, Y] ''Loo6uVa!l(a", n6oo !l<lA.A.ov emte(vetm YJ o'l)yxuon ami] xm xatavta xuxewva; aoa<pda;,
av avaA.oyL080U!l xm 8eA.i]OO'U!l va Aa~O'tJ!l 'UJtO'\j!Y] ta- !lQLXU S autwv i]6Y] yvw-

BENVENISTE, Problemes de linguistique generale, 1:. II, oeA.. 228.

OETIINGER , A utomatic Language Translation , oeA.. 110: "equivalent elements"
CATFORD, A Linguistic Theory of Translation , oeA.. 21: "equivalent textual material" NIDA IT ABER,
The Theory and Practice of Translation, oeA.. 12: "the closest natural equivalent" JAGER, Translation
und Translationslinguistik, oeA.. 36: "k ommunikativ iiquivalent" WILSS, Ubersetzungswissenschaft,
oeA.. 72: "mog/ichst iiquivalenter zielsprachlicher Text" WINTER, Impossibilities of Translation, oeA..
68: "as equivalent as possible". - BA.. ertlol] LADMIRAL, Traduire, oeA.. 209: Le concept d'equivalence

ngj3A.. evowmxa:

- si sou vent employe quand il est question de traduction- est d'un maniement delicat et recouvre
sou vent un mixte equivoque engendre par I 'accouplement antagoniste du M~me et de /'Autre.

279

QOJLOLOUflEVO JLEQLEXOflEV6 touc; xm a<p' E'tEQOU 'tEAWVt ac; EV nrnm8i]aH 6n T] uaaywyi] wu 6gou xm twv no/..unotxL/..wv excpavaewv wu atn eewgta tT]c; Mnacpgaonc; etvm navu ang6a<pOQTJ, a[lawc; nagaxatw 8a 6woowe an/..wc; w mgtyQaf!f!U
wu owv tof!a tT]c; EmatiJf!TJ<; tTJc; Mnacpgaanc;o
a) 0 OQO<; "wo6UVa[lla" 8tH we; a~lW[la 'tT]V LClQUOT] OXEOEW<; [lE'ta~u EVO<; XH[lE VOU (i] XHj..lEVLXWV O'tOLXELWV) 'tT]<; y/..waaac; a<pE'tT]Qlac; xm EVO<; XH[lEVOU (i] XEL[lEVLXWV atOLXElwv) tT]c; y/..waaac; acpl~EW<;o To postulatum aut6, 6!-lwc;, 6Ev onf..wvu 'tLJ'tO'tE ano/..utwc; OXE'tLXU [lE'tO El6oc; 'tT]<; LClQUO[lEVT]<; OXEOT]<;o H EV A6yw OXEOT] JLQEJLEL va OQL08d XWQW'tUo H anal'tT]OT], EJ'tO[lEVW<;, va UJLUQXEL WOClUVa[lla
j..lE'ta~u [lE'ta<pQUO[lU'tO<; XaL EVO<; OUYXEXQL[!EVO'U J'tQW'tO'tUJ'tOU, ftvm ClLXW<; 6./../..o
XEVi] J'tEQLEXOflEVOU4o
~) To Etooc; tT]c; L6QU6f!EVTJ<; oxonc; wo6uvaj..ltac; ogt~nm acp' nc; ony[li]c; xa8oQL-

o8ouv w nf..ataw xm m 6gm, nou OXEtl~ovtm flE 'tTJ XQiJOTJ wu 6gou ''Loo6uvaf!la"oAuto dT][lalVEL 6n- xavOVLO'tLXU JLAEOV- UJ'tUQXEl OXEOT] WOClUVa[llac; [!E'ta~U EVO<; 01JYXEXQL[!EVOU XELj..lEVOU (i] XEl[lEVLXOU O'tOLXELOU) O'tT] yf..waoa a<pE'tT]Qlac;
xm EVO<; OUYXEXQL[lEVOU XEl[lEVOU (i] XEl[lEVLXOU O'tOLXELOU) otT] y/..wooa a<pl~EW<;,
6tav 'tO OUV'tE'tay[lEVO O'tl] y/..wooa a<pl~EW<; XEL[lEVO EXJLAT]QOL auyxEXQL[lEVE<;
anmti]OEL<; Evt6c; twv 6gwv tou n/..matou avacpogac;o OL axEnxot 6QOL avacpogac;,
JLOU J'tQOOClLOQL~OUV 'tT]V LOOClUVa[lla EL'tE we; rnl8Eta, t'tE we; yEVLXE<; 'tT]<; LClLO'tT]tac;
EL'tE we; ava<pOQLXE<; [lE'tOXE<; OtL<; EX<pQUOEl<; "wo6uva[!la J'tEQLEXOj.,I,Evou", "u<pOAOYLXi] LOOClUVUj..lLa", "j..lOQ<pLXi] LOOClUVUj..lla", "f..mOUQYLXi] WOOUVaj..lla", "XElj..lEVLXi]
wo6uvaj..lla", "rnLXOLVWVLaxi] woouvaj..lla", "ngay[lato/..oyLxi] wo6uvaj..lla", "wo6uva[lla XQLVOj..lEVT] EX 'tOU UJ'tO'tEAEO[latoc;" XaL "WOClUVa[lla [lE'ta<pQUOEW<;", ELvm 'tO J'tEQLEXOflEVO, 'tO u<poc;, T] [!OQ<pi], T] /..mougyta, 'tOXEL[lEVO, T] EJLLXOLVWVla, T]
JLQay[lato/..oyla, to aJLO'tEAEO[la, T] l6La T] [lE'tU<pQaOT]o H a~LWOT] wo6uva[llac; OT][lULVEl EV J'tQOXEl[lEVW 6n O'tT] j..lE'tU<pQaOT] J'tQEJ'tEl va OLatT]QOUV'taL OL J'tOLO'tT]'tE<;
wu XElflEVOU a<pE'tTJQlac;, tomanv JLQEJLH va 6LatT]Qdtm (i], otw, va xata~6./..f..E3

~Ao VIlHX.tLX.Ct VAN DEN BROECK, The Concept of

Equi valence in Translation Theory: Some Critical Reflections, aef..o29 Elto LADMIRAL, La traduction
com me Jinguistique d'intervention, a1..0 393 NEWMANN, Mapping Translation Equivalence, aef..o 35 Elto o
STOLZE, Grundlagen der Textlibersetzung, aeA.o 167 Elto TOURY, Contrastive Linguistics and Translation
Studies, aA.o 25 I Elto WILSS, Ubersetzungswissenschaft, a1... !56 m.
TIQ~Ao KOLLER, Einflihrung in die Ubersetzungswissenschaft, aeA.. 1860

fw llL<lqJOQa JtQOtLVO[lVa [!Ovtef..a wolluva[!La<;

280

"IW!!YNAMIA" KAI ElliLTHMH THL METMPALHL

tm naoa 6uvat1l ngoona8La, ngoxLf!evou va ow~ttm) w JLEQLEXOf!Evo, to uqJor;,

T] !J,OQ(jJll, T] AELTO'UQyLa X.t.f.... TO'U O'UVtttay!J,eVO'U OtT] yf...wooa aqJtT]QLar; XEL!J,eVO'U
f,teOa OTO XELf,lVO JLO'U O'UvtCtOOEtaL OtT] yf...wooa aqJL~Wr; .

0 Werner Koller5 , EmxaA.ouf!Evor; wv F.G. Konigs 6 , exEL Exnov1loL xm nQotdvEL

ta ax6f...ou8a nevt JLAaLOLa avaqJOQar;, ta OJLOLa JLaQeXO'UV XQL tllQLa yLa tT]V E~a
XQL~WOT] TO'U L6our; tT]r; WOCl'UVaf,t(ar; tWV !J,Eta(jJQUOEWV: i) tT]V xarac5TJAWTXr) WOc5vvaf1[a (denotative Aquivalenz), TJ onota dvm oxnxrj f!E tT]V E~wyA.womxrj ngayf!anx1l xataotaOT] JLO'U f,LEta(jJeQEtaL 0 eva XELf!VO " OtT]V Emot1l!!TJ tT]r; METU(jJQaOTJr; xaf...dtm awraf3ATJTOTTJW TOV JT:EQLEXOflEVOV TOV XELflEVOV (inhalt/iche Invarianz rj Invarianz auf der Inhaltsebene)" ii) tT] avvc5TJJ...wnxrj woc5vvaf1ia (konnotative
Aquivalenz), TJ onota ngooavatof...L~Etm ngor; to L6or; tT]r; Qllt'UOTJr; f!eow tT]r; LOLx1lr; Emf...oyrjr; JLO'U JLaQeXEL T] Cl'UVatOtT]ta EX(jJQUOEWr; X'UQLWr; ClLa tT]r; XQll0Wr; O'UVWVUf,LWV OE mtn00 uqJour;, xoLVWVLoA.extou, ywygaqJLxwv ouvtnay!J,evwv xm ouxv6tT]tar; mava/...11'\jJEwr; otTJV Emat1lf!TJ tTJr; MnaqJgaoT]r; xaf...Ltm vq;oJ...oyLxrj woc5vvaf1ia (stilistische Aquivalenz) iii) tT]V XELflt:voxavovwnxrj woc5vvaf1ia (textnormative Aquivalenz), TJ onota avaqJeQEtm ota LClTJ tou XEL!J,evou xm owur; xav6vr;
(vowEr;) tT]r; yA.wooar; OtTJV Emotit!!TJ tT]r; MnaqJgaoT]r; xaA.dtm, 6nwr; xm TJ ouv6TJA.WtLXll woowa!J,La, EnLOTJr; vq;oJ...oyLxrj woc5vvaf1ia (stilistische Aquivalenz) iv)
tT]V nQayflaroJ...oyLxrj woc5vvaf1ia (pragmatische Aquivalenz), TJ onota 8etL ow xeVtQO tau VClLaqJegovt6r; tT]r; wv oextT] (avayvWotTJ) tT]r; f!EtCtqJQaOTJr; OTTJV Emot1lf!TJ tTJr; MnaqJQaOTJr; xaf...Ltm t:mxoLvwvwxrj woc5vvaf1ia (kommunikative Aquivalenz) xm, teA.or; v) tT] flOQffJLXrj woc5vvaf1ia (formale Aquiva/enz), TJ ono(a oxnt~nm f,LE O'UYXEXQLf,teVr; f,LOQ(jJLXer;-aW8T]tLXer;, yf...W0008E!J,atLxer;-nmyVLWClELr; XUL
E~aTOf,LLXE'Uf,leVEr; 'U(jJOAOyLxer; LOL6tT]tr; TO'U O'UVtEtayf,teVO'U OtT] yf...wooa aqJEtT]QLar;
XLf,teVO'U' OtT]V EmOtllf,LT] tT]r; MEtU(jJQaCJT]r; xaf...dtm woc5vvaf1ia arov xaAJ...LTEXVLxo-caa8TJUX6 TOf1Ea (Aquivalenz im kilnstlerisch-asthetischen Bereich) 11 xar' xqJQamv wobvvaflia (expressive Aquivalenz).
0A.r; amer; oL OLaXQLOELr; EmtQenouv otov Emotitf!ova, nov aoxoA.dtm !! tT]
MttaqJQaOTJ, va ngooyytoL tT]V "woouva!J,ta" xm va 8EWQllOL an6'\jJELr; tTJr;, f! oxon6 va ax8L oE O'UfLJLEQCtO!J,ata yEvLxwr; wxuovw xm ano6xta af...A.a o 8WQT]nx6r;,
JLO'U tEf,laXL~EL tT]V LOOO'UVaf,LLa f,LE tT]V XQ'U(jJrl EAnLCla, !llll'LWr; EX TO'U f,leQO'Ur; owayayEL
tX!J,llQLa, JLO'U 8a TOY 0L'UXOAUVO'UV va O'UAAa~EL XUL va QT]tUOL TO 6/...ov, UJLOt1JYXCtVL yLa 6/...our; tour; naganavw avaqJEQ8evtr; Myour; xm yLa evav ax6f,LT]: OL6n o eva
OtOLXELO, JLO'U avavtLAEXta avrjxL OTO EJLOLXOOOf,LT]f,la, 6nwr; T] "LOOCl'UVa!J,La", tL8EtaL
tQOJLOV nva T] MOOTOArl va f!EtatQMEL 0 OtOLXELO 'UJLOClO!J,rjr; XUL ClLXT]V Atf...avTOr;
va XQatUEL OTO'Ur; Wf,LO'Ur; tT]r; 6/...ov TOV x60f,LO tT]r; METCt(jJQaOT]r; .

5 Bt... KOLLER, Ein!Uhrung in die Vbersetzungswissenschaft, oEf... 187.

6 Bf... KONIGS, Zur Frage der Vbersetzungseinheit und ihre Relevanz flir den Fremdsprachenunterricht,
OEA. 82 EJt.

281

Z:8Z:
m ! 9Z ''(3D 'II 1 'silu!J!.IM P:JJ:J:Jf:JS = Z ''(3D 'UOfJ1JfSU13.I.LJO sp:Jdsv :JfJSJnilun uo 'NOSSO)!Vf !
~wnod:>Dl3ri-Ol.C(l)08A~ t\.01 :5owrio~od:ml3ri omltlX?O t\.Ol}3t\.OOcb1031C A9Q3XD
1'0X Sowrio~ocb'Ol3ri CWl 53lltl9191 511 3ri OA9ri 1'0l}3"(0XD'O 'lt8X?"(3 (l)t\.~l.C'OO'Ol.C 1'0X
5(1)1C9 '11919 OH,t0l1'0X .5ltonocb~13W Sltl 5ltri~1D11C3: 5lt1 ;:>SS;:JJHBW-;:J)lp! lt 1'0X 1'0t\.}3
nA pool.Cri '5(l)ri9 '1"'39llO , 1t3: 59A3Anx sot..~o1 So1nl.Crio1Co1901CD mAp A39 "n1rinA
-ll90D1, H pX9 :mAp ltoltlA~lC'O H (5(1)3~1cbn) noor;>"(f.. '01ri 3D (5n10ltl3cbn) noor;>"(f..
n1ri 91tn A(l)A?ri13X 5~oocbm3ri 5(1) 5ltonocb~l3ri 5lt1 ~xuo1olt1xnonX ~x1ong nw
1'0l3A10X01C'Olt\.'O 5009 0 119 OA?ri09391'0A}3 (),Ocb'O ''01D1"(~ri 5(l)f..9"(ll3 1'0X '5}3A'OX 138
-ltl(l)O'Ot\.'0 'OA 3D'),oool.Cri '08- !5ltonocb~13W Slt1 Sltri~1D11C3: 5ltl 5of..~Ol 5o1Dl.Crilil
-Ol.C01901C'O o .. 5'01ri'OM90D1, 5ltl VWJI3.VVdVU OH 'VI3.0HVV '3.)!H03.d!I V

1UOSQOlfllf

UllWOM

'S:JfJSfnffU!f JO U.l:J:JUO:J [1JJ0Afd

:JljJ pu13 :Jil13nilU13J.JO W:JJQO.Id {13Ufp.I13:J :JljJ Sf :J:JU:J.l:J}J!P Uf :J:JU:Jf1JA{nbg

~aodlmV i\3 npinMtQODI

H AEITOYPriKH HNAMEI IWHNAMIA EN t!IM>OPA

Otav o Roman Jakobson XQTJOL[lOJtOLl]O yLa JtQWtl] cpoga 2 Otl]V Emoti][ll] tl];
Mtacpgaol]; tov 6go "wo6uva[,t(a", tov ouv6w [,t tov 6go woc5vva{.1ia EV
c5wcpoQa (equivalence in difference). "TL; mo noA.M; cpog;", ygacpa o Jakobson, "lJ [ltt<icpgaol] an6 [,t(a yA.wooa o [,tLa aA.A.TJ ayO;JtAl]QWVL !!lJVU[lata o [,tLa
yA.wooa OXL XUQLV XWQLOtWV fVOti]twv xw6(xwv, ana XCxQLV OAOXA.i]QWV [,tl]V'lJ!lUt(J)V O xcmmav aA.A.TJ yA.wooa. Auwu tou tunou lJ [lttacpgaol] Lvm va Loo; nMyLou Myou: o [,tttacpgaoti]; avaxwOLXEUH xm XJtE[lJtL va [,ti]VU[,ta nov A.a~ an6
[,tLav aAA.l] Jtl]yi]. H [,ttacpgaol], 68v, mQL[lJtAEXH 6"\Jo woouva[,ta [llJVU[,tata o
6"\Jo OLa<:pOQEtLxou; XWOLx;", yw va xataA.i]~H Myovta; 6tL "l] woowa[,t(a EVOLacpoga anotA.l to XUQLO JtQ6~AlJ!la tl]; yA.wooa; xm tl] 8[lALWOTJ oxol], mg( tov
a~ova tl]; ono(a; OtQE<:pttm l] rAwoooA.oy(a" 3 . Aga, xavovtw; Myo o Jakobson
JtQL woouva[,t(w; v C:nacpoga, JtQLYQ<icpa anA.w; xm [,t6vo to ot6xo i], xaA.utQa
tl]V OLa tl]; [,tttacpgaow; OLa[lOQcpo"U[,tEVTJ xataotaol] ngay[,t<itwv otT] yA.wooa acp(~w;, Evvowvta; 6n naga n; 6Jtm; "OLacpog;" OLamotwvovtm - OLacpog; xatay6[,tV; an6 ti] OLa<:poQEtLxi] OO[,ti] tl]; yA.wooa; acp(~w; xm, yL' aut6v axgL~w;
to Myo, unoxl[,tv; otou; 6gour; tl]r; yA.wooar; acp(~wr; - , JtQEJtL va OLacpuMootm lJ owoA.Lxi] Looouva[,t(a ava[,ttoa otT] yA.wooa a<:ptl]Q(ar; xm otT] yA.wooa acp(~
wr; . 0 [,tyar; 8WQl]nx6r; O[lLAEL JtQL owoA.Lxi]r; woouva[,t(ar;, axQL~wr; OL6n naga6xnm 6n lJ woouva[,t(a twv m( [lEQour; aJtotA.l xa8agi] amanatl], xa8wr; lJ
an6A.utl] taut6tl]ta [,tta~u yA.wooar; acptl]Q(ar; xm yA.wooar; acp(~wr; Lvm avu
tgou A.oyLxwr; aMvatl] xm lJ ag8QWOTJ [lLar; va-ngor;-va anax6vwl]r; (vm atA.EocpOQlJ, av 6XL angay[,tatoJtOLl]tl], xa8' 6oov OtT] [,tttacpgaonxi] OLaOLxao(a o
unator; xav6var; lvm 6tL JtQEJtH va A.a[,t~avovtm navtot un6'\j!l] OL anoxA.(oar;
nov ocpLA.ovtm otT] owcpognx6tl]ta tou xouA. tougaA.Lxou wtou xm twv yA.womxwv Oo[,twv tl]r; yA.wooar; acptl]Q(ar; xm tl]r; yA.wooar; acpL~wr;.
Ta a[,towr; axoA.ou8ouvta naga0LY[lata gxovtm va ~l]yi]oouv ngaxnxa tl]V
"woowa[,t(a V OLacpoga".
a) 0 LtaMr;, JtO'U 8EAH va [,tttaqJQCxOH OtT] yA.wooa tO'U tl]V fAAl]VLXi] JtQOtaOl] "EmOtQEqJW a[,towr;", [,tJtOQfl va JtH avtta "ritorno subito", Jtgay[,tatwvovtar; EtOL
tl]V a[lL yi] [,tOQ<:pi] woouva[,t(ar;. 0 YQ[,tav6r; [,tttacpgaoti]r;, 6[lwr;, Ov [,tttacpga~H
tl]V LOLa JtQ6taOl] wr; "ich kehre gleich zurlick" - xatL JtO'U ea i]tav to ALy6tQO tgatWOEr;! - , d.A.M wr; "ich bin gleich wieder da", nov xata A.~TJ Ol][,ta(va "(8a) ([,taL a[lowr; naA.L OW", ngay[,tatwvovtar; tl]V yLaXO[lJtOOVLavi] "woouva[,t(a V
OLacpoga", tl]V [lOVTJ, v naol] mgLmwoa, avxti] an6 tl]v EmotiJ!!TJ tl]r; Mtacpgaol]r; woouva[,t(a .
~)

0 Goethe otov <Paovar, I, OtT] OXl]Vi] H

Nvxra rr]~ BaAJTOVQY1J~ (ot. 3835 EJt.),

~a~a tov M<:pLOto<:pA.i] va A.a otov ntavLx6 <I>aouot: "Erlaub, daB ich ein

Irrlicht bitte!'' (ot. 3855). To AATJVLX6 xata A.~TJ woMva[,to tl]r; naganavw Qi]2 Onw~ EJtWl']!J,alVEL o WILSS, Vbersetzungswissenschaf"t, aEA.. 159, xm The Science of Translation, mA.. 135.
3 BA.. JAKOBSON, On Linguistic Aspects of Translation, aEA.. 233 = Selected Writings, 1. II, aEA.. 261 rn.

283

im Volksglauben als Kobold betrachtet; Sy Irrwisch. 4 Avo(yH, A.Oln6v, LO A.Eslx6

0 [lEOOc; [lHa<pQaO'ti]c; Xal [la8a(Vl0'tl LO Irr/ichti) ElVal OJt'tlXO <palVO[lEVO aJtaV'tW[lEVO oE EA.w6Lc; JtEQloxc; xm oE 1Evayn, ii) E(vm xau oav cpA.oyt1oa nou XlveL'tm xm, XlVOUflEVl], ava~oo~i]vEl noA.u ygi]yoga, iii) one; A.a'Lxc; 6o1;ao(Ec; Elvm OWlXlO, Xal iv) W YEQ[laVlXO 01JVWV1J[l0 LOU lvm Irrwisch. Av 0 [lLa<pgaO'ti]c;, xa16mv LOu'twv, EJtlflElVl owvH xm xaM O'tlJV wo6uva[-t(a 1wv yA.woowv
Xal 'tWV XEl[lEVWV, 8a avayxamd, ~aOl~O[lEVoc; 010 E11l[lOAOYlXO [irr(en) +
Licht] xm 'tlJ :LnflaOloA.oy(a, va [lLa<pgaol 'tlJ Msn " Irrlicht" we; "nA.avEQ6 cpwc;"
i] flE xanmov naQ6flolo ouv6uao[l6 A.1;Ewv i], mw, flE xanOla ouv8nn A.sn.
6nou 8a JtEQlEXOV'tm xm' avayxnv ~-t6vo Ol A.1;ELc; "nMvn" xm "cpwc;" i] nagaywya LOuc;. Av, naA.l, ngoona8i]oEL va LO ~-tLa<pgaol nagacpgaouxa i] xa1a LO
lXa~6~-tEVO VOl][la, 8a Xa'taA.i]sl OE EXOOXEc; 6nwc; "'tQE!-tOUAlUO'tO Om~-tOVlXO
cpwc;" 5 T] "6m~-tovlx~ 1-tla cpA.6ya" 6, ayvowv1ac; i] naga~A.Enov1ac; Ev LOlc; ngay[lam 6u LO "Irrlicht" El vm, 6nwc; ygacpouv xm 1a A.Eslxa, ou[lcpwva flE nc; t...aLxc;
6o1;ao(Ec; xaJtOlO OLOlXlO, OJtO'tE, aga, JtQEJtEl va Ola8'tl OVO[la - va UJtCLQXEl,
6nA.a6i], El 6uvm6v [lta A.sn nou va ano6t6l LO v6n~-ta wu 6vo[la JtQEJtEl,
6~--twc;, va Ola8E'tl 10 ouyxEXQl[lEVO "lrrlicht" LOU Goethe Xal yla af...Aov vav Myo: OlO'tl ow JtQWLO [lEQOc; 'tl]c; Tgayw6(ac; LOU <Pcwvar 10 Irrlicht EV'taoonm
ouc; personnae dramatis. 0 Kwmav't(voc; Xm~6nouA.oc;, OLlJ ~-tVlJ!-tElWOl] ~-tna
<pQaon LOU, JtQOXEl!-tEVOU va LO ~-tELa<pQCLOEl, ano6[6ov1ac; LO OWO'ta, EJtEAESE 'tl]
Msn "~OUQX6cpA.oya" 7 : Mta f3owpu5cpA.oya a~ xeal;w, av aya.na~8 .
TIQlV mgaoou~-tE ow m6~-tEvo xEcpaA.mo, 6nou 8a ngoona8i]oou~-tE va 6l1;ou~-tE
ylml nA.nv 'tlJc; " woouva[-t(ac; EV Olacpoga" 6Ev flJtOQl va XQlJOlflOJtOll]8E( O'tlJV EmO'tiJI-tll 'tlJc; ME'tacpgaonc; xa[l[lta aA.A.n ExooxiJ woouva~-t(ac;, acpou 6Ev UJtaQxLwo6uva~-t(a ou'tE flEOa o'tl]V lOla 'tlJV vv0la "wo6uva~-t(a", 8a ava<pEQ80UflE Ola ~Qaxuni
'tWV Xal OE 1-tlUV CLAAl] CLJtO'tj!l], CLOXHl] [lEV XaL' aQXi]V JtQOc; ami]v LOU Jakobson, af...-

4 BA.. WAHRIG, Deutsches Wonerbuch, OEA. 1979.

5 BA.. 'LN. 0E06.QPAKOOOYAOY, '0 <l>aovaT wii rxaiu, OEA. 455: 'EniT(!EljJi fi.OV va X(!a!;w I!va
T(!Efi.OVAtaaTO 6atfi.OVtXO cpwr;.

6 BA.. rKAITE, <l>aovar, A'f.li(!or;, f!E'tacpQaOl]-OJCOALa 'I. rrauA<lxl], oEA.. 184: 6a1J1.ovm fi.ta cpA.6ya Oa
xaAiaw, Civ ayaJT.(ir;.

7 L'ta EAA1'JVLKa umiQXEL A./;1'] "wol'nJvaf!TJ" tTJc; yEQf!OVLxljc; "-E/;1']c; Irrlicht Elvm TJ A.El;TJ OJ.LVQMxt BA.. II.
nAnAZA<I>EIPODOY AOY, flE(!tnvvaywy rAwaatxijr;'YA.I]r; xai 'EO{pwv mii 'EAAI]Vtxoii Aaoii, OEA. 499.
8 BA.. fKAITE, <l>aovar, f!EtUCjlQOOTJ Kwotavtlvou Xat~6nouA.ou, 'A8ljva, OEA. 142.

284

~8Z

'6-80Z ''{3D '53M!JtOcJ St!-01. ifrl Vft!J"'(IO)[ t1.~1.g 'AOV AOIIONOJH

''{8

z- 1 ''{3D 'sw;JocJ '3NNoa ''!8 z1

'NYWN3H Cl.OllJ]DD,\

'SUO[J:Jnp"BlJ S;Jp ;JnbtJ!l:J

03 uqqmrilM.ri Ul ''{~ J;>X1'{'{Dt\ DlD ;)UUOQ U40f Cl.Ol A(t)lJ;>ri U10lL A(t)l A(t)3Dl;>Odm13ri A(t)l \IX111 0X i\Ul D1j
';Jlf "BpUOJ;JS JU;JWnJOSQ"B ;}llA ;;p )UfOd JJ

!1 JU;JfA;Jp ;JI/JUUO./ ;JJU"BJQW;JSS;JJ ;Jp fJJi/;Jp

II

;J] 'UOf}JUOJ

;JW~W "Bf "Blf fdW;JJ tnb ;JSS"BJ!}};} )U;JW;Jf"Bf/_;J JW~)SAS Un JJfl)d;JJfJl ;Jni/U"BJ "Bf SU"Bp J;JAnOJ) ;;p 'f"BUff/.UO ;J)X;JJ
np S)fiJJJ S;JfJ"Bd S;JfJUOd S;JnbtJSffA)S SJn;JJ"BII S;JSJJII.fp S;Jf fJIInOJ) ';JsAf"BU"B,fJ"Bd '1[011"8 ~Jd"B ('") J UOp J!ifiJ,S /[
('") 'J;JljJfJ,/

!1 ;Jf}nOA JS;J S;Jni/U"BJ S;Jp S;JI/;Jf:Jfjlddns S;JJn)JnJJS S;Jf ;JJ)U;J S;JJU;JpUOdS;JllOJ ;Jp ;JWljJflOifJ"B un Jns

;JSOd;JJ tnb UOfJJnp"BlJ "B/ ;Jp ;JpOlJlfJW ;JJnOL :9~ 'Y3D ';JfAJS J f ;JJfnp!11J 'SU;JS ;Jf ;JJ[npruJ..

'81

'N3HY.L 5UD]l!3 ' '{~Oll

''{3D ';JflO;JljJSl./fJljJSU;JSS!M J;JljJSfJ!l>i U;JZU;Jnb;JSUO)[ 'N30H'v'N NOA I !)JHf1H A(t)l 513D(t'{DAD 511 ''{~Oll

01

m 1>8 ''{3D ';JW;JJSAS ;Jf"BfZOS mx 'L 1 ''{3D 'ilu nJ.f!PI.Inv ;JlfJSfiiOJOfZOS 'NNYWHf11 ''{8 6

';)W WOJ] UO{lf!J[J!JOS {{fJ WOJ:f

;);)JJ ;);)IJ11S, ){U!IJJ noq1 JfJIJJ puv

'pu;:Jp wu I 'ss;:JJ,pJnw o 'Uio::>s ;}IJJ lfq U;:JIJM

NOI.LUIV ddV ti:Hl.

n,o1 ~onocbJ;>13rl ~X1AU"f'(3 l! A11C<;nnx mx 01CiL191(l)OlC 9X1y.}J.n 01Dl<!J01C :nA3rlpx
m Ai).OEJiLO'{OX\f n,o1Cc;t101(l)01C c;tOX1'{N\.n n,o1 5omrl~oA n,o1 n,owenx mm101clm A39 5<!J8
--ox ' .. ~1011!, - W?'{ iLOlC 9illD - mAp l!onOcbJ;>131i ~X1All'{'{3 ll119 llciL91CiL 3rliLoffi>'{ AD '1D1
-3A.J3111C3 iLOlC 111;>x ' ..J;>Oocbmg A3 5n1rlDMQ00113rlJ;>M9 5~x1A.OiL0113'{, 5ll1D?Q1 All191CU
50A3rl(tOA1X llonocbJ;>13rl ~xunrlllA.OiL01D10n mrl 13A19 5nrl 5o1o1Co o ~10nocbn13rl n,o1
5mll19X11C(l)0001C 5ll1 O?lCiL 1D13XJ;>rl nrlll101C OA3rl903cb 130J;>OcbU13rl A3 01 OOU'{X9'{0 mx
J;>'{'{D '50'{111 o OA9rl 1X9 '5(l)rl9 .oA.9'{ 5n1rlnMgom 5noc;to1C 1031 3EJJ;>X 13c!t1oonmx nAmA.
J3XOU l(.,nrlOU1AJ;><J> OJ., = ) iL0'{111 iL01UOUOcbJ;>13rl l! UQR "z 1UO!Jf.ITJddV ;Jlf.L 11 ;)IIUOQ
uqof ~1ll101C iLO'{A.A.J;> iL01Drlll101C 010 50'{iL01C9i\ON\.tr 50X1N 0 30(Y)OJ)X03 iLOlC ltonOcbJ;>1
-3rl 1!1 3rliL00~101COrl10l!oX UEJ 01U'{J;>cb3X iL01Q3TI03li\1 AUX19 0191iLU 30 UQJ3'{XU1UX 5~
"01 .. J;>OOcbmg A3 D1TIDAiLQ001 13TIJ;>AiLQ ~X1AOiL0113'{, mrl n1A.101~ ' .. D1TIDMQ
-OD110UrlA.J;>OlC 5101 A3, All1 U1A. 1U113X901C :.. D11iDMQ001, U1A 3rliLOO~ '{1TI - D10(Y)38 1!1
5001C 10A3rl903cb 1DX U~J;>OlC All1 91CD AO?'{lC 5U1A<yli\1X3~ - UA UEJ3TI(t0101COTI1TIOA 3191
OA9rl 1UX 3191 ' J38iL'{ 5ro1A.9 39 13X? AU -J38iL'{ 5ro1A913X?JtV nrll!'{fl901C 9X110UOcbU13rl
01 AU 3rliLOO<yl1011CU1Q UAUO?EJ 30 310DrlJ3 3191 '(Url03'{?101Cl) 130J;>10U1UX llA?rlOQ39 A3
01 3rl XlC) A<yl1AOiL0113'{ nrlA.?'{lC DA? 3rl ~ (..Drl03'{?101CU ro~? U1 5001C, 01 3rl ~ .. nrlll9A
1moM?, All1 3rl XlC) 5l!onocbJ;>13rl 51!1 n1A.Onm13'{ ~1x3go1Cn ~gn'{l!g ~mMg n1rl 3rl
w 5o;nrl~'{goo1C (tOX11Dnocbm3rl n,o1 ml!19001C ll10roAA.J;> All1 3rln,oo~10mnx11An
A\f . J;> 0 0 cb U1 9 A3 U1rl U AiL 9 0 01 13 rl J;> AiL 9 U1A. 0A9'{ 3TiiLOAJ;>X UA AO?'{lC 3TI(t0001CTI
5mll19X1AOiL0113'{ 5ll1 5ltOU10J;>19 5ll1 roo?rl 11n1A. '5l!onocbJ;>13Jt\I 5ll1 l!rl~1011Ctl: Al!1
mA. llm19rl10l!oX mAp Aro1J;>rlA.nolC Aro1 ~xulCo D1AroA. llA?rl1ox3xA.n,o ll1 ~1n,n 91CD H
6,X 5omrl~'{g001C iL01UDiL'{11C3 i\U1U1A. D'{U'{'{J;>lDX oc;tg mmx 1DAJ3 A009 ,cb3 'nrlnA.
-c;tgom 5<y~X1AOiL0113'{ 5iL01 c;t~n13rl mAp ff nrll!1oc;to o1mx v nrlll10c;to 01, uuuwqn1

iL01 ~Xogx3 AU1 3rl UArocbrlc;t:S: 5n10ro3e 5~x1rlll10iL:S: 5ll1 0]931C 010 5D1rlDMQOD1 1031C
0A9'{ 13AJ;>X 501010 0 'uuuwqn1 SllP!!N iLOcb900'{1cb mx iLOA9'{01A(Y)A10X iLOAOOXA.c;to
iL01UcbiLOOX iL01ltclt01CJ;> All1U1A 1U113X90Il 'Drl03'{g101Cl) 01 ))lUX 51!1 ~X11iLX01A3 ))'{
VdO<!JVIV N3 VIWVNAVOII 13WVNAV H)!!JdAOli3V H

bath 'din a cold quicksilver sweat wilt lie

A verier ghost than I;
What I will say, I will not tell thee now,
Lest that preserve thee; and since my Jove is spent,
I'd rather thou shouldst painlully repent,
Than by my threat'nings rest still innocent.

15

0 BPYKOAAKAL
"Orav c:br' r:a xr:vn~flaT:a rijr; neQLcpQOV'I'Ja~r; aov, xaxovgya, ea. nagaowaw r:~v 1/Jvx~.
L:v ea mar:EljJ'I'Jr; nwr; fl' EXeLr; ma yLa xa,la ecpogr:wee'i,
Kai flEva xai r:a ndaftar:a flOV.
"Oftwr; r:6r:e eavm nov eaexer:aL ~ axLa flOV va at: f3aaavil;'YJ flEaa ar:o XQe{3f3an,
Kai ea at: f3Ain'YJ, 1/Jevnxw nageeva, neaftEV'YJ at: XeLQOT:eQ'YJ ayxaALa.
5
'H xavr:~,la aov e dgyoneeaiv17 xai ea r:Qefloaf3vv'YJ,
KL' 0 avr:ear;, onov
at: vewr:m, ~eeeWflEVor;,
Bal;ovr:ar; fA-E r:o vov r:ov, av r:vx6v r:ove axovvr:~a'I'Jr; ~ r:ov OWO'I'Jr; r:GLflndr; yLa va ~vnv~a'YJ,
Jlwr; S'YJT6.r; XL' aAAO,
ea. Xaftweij nwr; Mv at: xar:a,laf3e xai ea. YVQtO'YJ an' dAA.ov,
10
KL' eav, EQ'I'Jfl'Y/ xai ax6mV'YJ, ea. VOLWO'I'Jr; r:~v eyxar:aAeL1/J~ aov,
Kgvor; Iogwr:ar; ea. at: neQLXVV'YJ aav r:ov XQVO r:ov vogagyveo:
M a r:~v d,t~eew, av eaam mo neayftanx6r; f3evx6,laxar; an' n eaflat yw.
KL' avr:a onov cpv,layw yLa r:6r:e va aov mi), M aov r:a AEW dna O~fleQa,
M~nwr; xai r:o axecpr:ijr; XL' dAA.a~'Y/r; r:g6novr;. Twea onov maMa' dyamii,
15
Toxw xa,lAir:eeo va at: Ow xanor:er; va AVWV'I'Jr; OAO nixea,
Ilaea va XQewar:w xai r:o naeaflLXQO ar:ir; dneLAEr; flOV.

ea

o,

I6ou, 'tWQa, ~-tEQLxa 6dwma A.u wuQyLxi]~ 6uva~-tu wo6uva~-tla~ Ev 6wcpoQa JtaQ~-tva a:rc6 1a Mo avu:rrQw XEL!!Eva:

0 murd'ress
I am dead
thee free
my ghost
in worse arms

286

2
4

XUXOUQYU
8a JtUQUCW<JW 'tlJV '\jJUXlJ
!!' EXEL yLa xaA.a sE<pOQ'tW81
~ mwi f!OU
af. XELQO'tEQ'l'] ayxaf...La

H AEITOYPfiKH l'!YNAMEI IWI'!YNAMIA EN i'!IMOPA

will begin to wink
whose thou art then
in false sleep
poor Aspen
Bath'd
a verier ~host
What I will say
Lest that preserve thee
my love is spent
painfully
rest still innocent

6
7

10
11

12
13

14
15
15
16
17

8' aQyo:n:E8aLvl'] xal, 8a 1:QE!loa~uvl']

o:n:ou ea a v1-1E1:m
8a xawu8fj :n:w~ 6Ev a xmaA.a~E
EQl'J!lll xal, ax61:LVl']
8a <JE :rtEQLXUVl']
mo :rtQUY!laLLXO~ ~Q'lJXoA.axa~
Kt' a1na 0:7tO'lJ cpuA.ay(J) yta 1:01: va <JOU :n:w
M~:rt(J)~ xat 1:0 <JXEcp1:fj~ XL' aA.A.asl']~ 1:Q0:7tO'lJ~
ma 6 a' aya:n:w
OAO :7tlXQU
1:0 :7tUQU!lLXQO <Jl:L~ U:rtELAE~ !lO'lJ

287

~taa at~v 'l6ta t~v laobuva~(a!

Das lch des GrundwoiTS lch-Es, das lch also, dem nicht ein Du gegenliber
Jeibt, sondem das von einer Vie/he it von "In halten " umstanden ist, hat nur
Vergangenheit, keine Gegenwan. Mit anderm Won: insofem der Mensch
sich an den Dingen genligen JiiBt, die er erfahn und gebraucht, Jebt er in der
Vergangenheit, und sein Augenblick ist ohne Priisenz. Er hat nichts als
Gegenstiinde; Gegenstiinde aber bestehen im Gewesensein. Gegenwan ist
nicht das Fliichtige und Voriibergleitende, sondem das Gegenwanende und
Gegenwiihrende.
Martin Buber 1

I OMQI, llAPA THN EKlli\HIIOYIA 0!!08U!!LU YUQW mt6 LOV OQO tl]t; wo6uva!!Lat; xm tl] XQrlOlJ tou, unaoxa xannoM xnt..nxnx6tQO OXtLxa !! aut6v:
tO OTl OtLt; 0LU<pOQt; yf..<:i:JOOt;, OllOU anavtatm - OXlJ!!UtLO!!EVOt; J...x. an6 tl] QLl;,a
tou J..anvLxou Qrl!!atOt; aequivaleo -, 6v 6Lamot<:i:JVtm an6J..mn OlJ!!UOLOI..oyLxi]
taut6tl]ta. Ooo XL av <pa(vt:tm prima facie Vt1..<:i:Jt; naQa6o1;o xm (owt;-(owt; xm
/;wnQay!!atLx6, n ayyi..Lxi] equivalence 6v dvm navtm Loo61Jva!!n JTQOt; tl] yQ!!UVLxi] Aquivalenz, yLa tout; (OLOut; Myout;, yLa tout; ono(out; w Ltai..Lx6 petto 6v
dvm navwt woMva!!O !! w t:f..J..nvLx6 J!:irOZ!

BUBER, lch und Du, OEA. 19 rn.

" petto" Ol]!!alvn !!ta~u rrot..A<ilv at..Awv xm TO "at~9o<;" (w<; 6Qo 1:11<; avaTO!!la<;) xm TO
TOU rroux<l!!LOOU I EVc'iU!!mo<;" (rr.x. giacca a doppio petto = oaxaxL !-LE omM I ataUQW1:6 rrTO
prendere qua/cuno peril petto = mavw I aQrra~w xarrmov arr' TO JtETO) om EAAl]VLxa 11 O!!OllXll AE~ll
EXEL 116vo 1:11 OEUtEQll arr6 n<; rraQarravw Ol]!!aol<;.

2 H

vtaA.Lx~ A.~11

"at~9o<;

288

riA T1 AEN YIIAPXEIIWA YNAMIA OYTE MEU

~THN

!AlA THN IWAYNAMIA!

H oumaonx~ OLa<poga !!Ha!;u equivalence xm Aquivalenz EvtonttEtm oa<pwc;, av

EyxmpO'lJ!!E Otl]V LOtOQLX~ EsEALslJ tl]c; ayyA.Lx~c; xm tl]c; YEQ!!aVLx~c; Msnc;. 0 ayyA.Lx6c; 6goc; equivalence xu xgatmw8d touc; tEA.Eutatouc; Mo mwvEc; OXEMv !!Ovoo~
!!avta we; terminus twv Ma8n11anxwv xm tl]c; Tumx~c; AoyLx~c;, !!OA.ov6n - 6nwc;
11ac; nA.ngo<poQd to Oxford English Dictionary- ouvavtatm yLa JtQWtl] <poga OE
ygam6 XEL!!EVO twv !!Eowv tou 15ou mwva xm xtotE anotEA.d BaoLx6 OO!!LXO A.t8o
oto minimum A.EsLMyw tou !!EOOU ayyM<pwvou, nou !!LAUH ta xa8l]!!EQLV<i ayyA.Lxa3. Kat6mv tWV avwtEQW ouvayEtm OtL ota ~Wvtava ayyA.LXU tWV lJ!!EQWV !lac; ta
A.Es~!!ata equivalencexm equivalentvm !lEV, xata ngwtov xm xugwv, u<ptotavtm
we; auotl]Q<i anooa<pl]VLO!!EVOL xm xavovLxa owxgnot an' aA.A.~A.wv EmOtlJ!!OVLXOL
6gm, aA.M, xata 6EutEQOV, nagayouv vo~11ata xm !!EOa otlJ OXEtLX~ xm (!!6vo un6
6gouc;) xavovLx~ oa<p~vua tou xa8' lJ!!EQav ayyA.Lxou Myou, 6nou xovtac; unootEL
vtovl] nooonx~ OXEtLXO:rtOLlJOlJ, xouv tl]v vvma tou "of similar significance" xm
tou "virtually the same thing". ME tl]V vvma axgLBwc; tou "of similar significance"
xm tou "virtually the same thing" EXH mgaou o 6goc; equivalence xm otl] OXEtLX~ !!E
tl]V Emot~!!ll tllc; MEta<pgao11c; ayyM<pwVlJ u6Lx~ BLBA.wyga<pta4
EvtEA.wc; Ola<pogmxa xouv ta ng<iy!!ata !!E tl]v Aquivalenz. ~tango tou 1960 YEQ!!aVLxa A.El;Lxa o 6goc; onavtwc; anavtatm. To agxm6tEQO oxEnx6 An!!!!a ~vtonttEtm
to 1876 otov Sanders !!E tov v611!!a "Werthgleichheit", ~tal: "xat' a!;tav LOOtllc;" to
1908 o Weber ogttu tTl A.sll Aquivalent(= ro woc5vvaf1ov) we; "Entschadigung" ("anotll!!LWOTI") xm we; "Ersatz bietend" ["nagox~ xagw (nA.ngouc;) unoxataotaoEwc;"] tovttovtac; tm to VO!!LX6 :rtEQlEXO!!EVO tl]c;5 xm !!OALc; otll OEXaEtta tau '60 A.aBE lJ Msll ota YEQ!!aVLXU to VOlJ!!a nou EXH l] woMva!!~ tllc; ayyA.LX~ otouc; tO!!dc; tllc; Tumx~c; AoyLx~c; xm twv Ma811!!atLxwv, ~toL "Gleichwertigkeit (z.B. einer Aussage: Logik;
z.B. von Mengen gleicher Machtigkeit: Mathematik)"6. 0 6goc; ngaoE an6 tl]V ELOLX~
ogoA.oyta tllc; Mllxavlx~c; MEta<pQaOTic; otllV ELOLX~ ogoA.oyta tllc; YEQ!!avLx~c; Emot~
!!lJc; tllc; MEta<pgaonc;, xm !!<iA.Lota ngaoE !!E tllV wma tllc; "Umkehrbarkeit", wutonv tllc; "avtwtgrnt6tl]tac;" ~ anA.wc; "tQrnt6tlltac;", Ewotac; onA.ao~ axgoywvLatac;
xm anagaygantllc; oto mxoM!!ll!!a tllc; M11xavLx~c; MEta<pgao11c;7 nag6A.o nou yLa
tl]V an6 av8gwnouc;-!!Eta<pgaotc; rnmA.ou!!EVlJ !!Eta<pgaoll o 6goc; Aquivalenz EnQE3 To auto OUIJ.~a(VEL x.m !J.E tOV ya/../..LX.O OQO equivalence ~/... EV<'iELX.'tLX.U Petit LAROUSSE, OEA. 392.
4 fLa 'tO naga<'iELy!J.a auto nQ~I... FIRTH, Papers in Linguistics, oEI... 35 rn.- Na 'UJt001']~ELw8Elon otT]V
~QnawLx.lj Emotli!J.TJ tTJc; MnacpgaoT]c; o ogoc; equivalent EXEL M~EL ma tl']v twOLa tTJc; "similarity",
tT]t; "OiJ.OLOtT]tac;", X.U'tL ~~aLa ltOU !J.OVO EOqJaA!J.EVO va XaQaX.tT]QL08E( IJ.ltOQE(, JtEQaV 'tOU O'tL ltQO
x.af..E( aoaqJELEc;- aoaqJELEc;, nc; OJtOlEc; <'iLEX.<'iLX.OUV X.aL OL YEQ!J.aVOqJWVOL acp' T]c; O'tLY!J.lic; JtQOX.QLVOV
x.m auwl tl'] XQ'IiOTJ wu t..anvoyEvouc; ogou "Similaritiit" we; wo<'\Uva!J.OU tou EX.qJQaatLx.otawu <'iLx.ou
wuc; "Ahnlichkeit" ~/... DUDEN, Das Fremdworterbuch, oEI... 704.
5 ME 'tO l<'iLO VOT]IJ.a !J.EXQL O'!jiJ.EQa ~/... WAHRIG, Deutsches Worterbuch, OEA. 419.
6 Bl... DUDEN, Das Fremdworterbuch, OEA. 80.
7 ~ta 1984 tooo OL REISZ 1VERMEER, Grund/egung einer a/lgemeinen Translationstheorie, oEI... 129-40,
<'\avEL~OIJ.EVOL EVVOLOAOYLX.U O'tOLXEla alto tT]V OQOI..oyla tWV T]AEX.tQOAOYWV !J.l']XOVOAOYWV, 000 x.m 0
NEUBERT, Text-bound Translation Teaching, OtA. 61 m., IJ.t tT]V aval..uolj LOU JtEQ( "text-bound
equivalence", ngoona8T]oav va <'iwoouv vto VOTJIJ.a owv ogo, xwglc;, wotooo, va x.awg8woouv va
UQO'UV nc; EVEXOIJ.tVtc; OtT]V aQXLX.lj '!j<'iT] oUAAT]\(JT] tOU iJ.OV'tEAOU avtLqJOOELc;.

289

Summa summarum: o 6QO wo6uva[-tla - W MvHa ota8EQa UJtT]QEtouoa ouyxEXQlf!EVO EmOtT][!OVlXO OXOJt6 OXEtlXOV [!E tT] [!EtU<pQUOT] - OEV EVOELXVutm W
terminus tT] EmotiJf!TJ tTJ MnacpgaoT]t;, 6L6u, 6nwt; ano6Hxvunm, wt; f!EV
Aquivalenz nagadvm otaux6t; xm f!OV06Laotatot;, wt; 6E equivalence EXH qyloH
nA.Eov ta 6QLa tT]t; aOT]f-llat;. 'O~H JtOLT]uxi]t; A.uxvlat;, lowt;, TJ an6cpavoT] tou [-tqaA.ou
[!Etacpgaoti] xm 8EWQT]tlxou tT]t; EmotiJf!TJ tT] MnacpgaoT]t; Jean-Rene Ladmiral,
aA.A.a vo[!l~oUf!E 6n EXL an6A.uto 6lxLo o ouyygacpat;, 61av, anoxgouovtat; tov 6go
"LOOOUVU[!LU", JtQOXQLVH va [!JtEL OtT] 8EOT] toU T] idee d'approximation, plus
explicitement investie par Ia subjectivite du traducteur 11 , i]toL 'fJ u5ia r'f]r; :n:ooaiyyLarJr;, Q'f]'l"O'l"E()a JrEQL{3E{3A'f]{JiV'f] 'l"'f]V V:n:OXEL{lEVLXO'l"'f]W WV flEWqJQaanj.

8 BA.. 111 oxEnxlj JtQoBA.111.laLLX!j 01111iLI\axtoQLXll liLaLQL(31j tou JUMPELT, Die Vbersetzung naturwissenschaftlicher und technischer Literatur, 01... 45 m.
9 llQBA.. REISZ, Moglichkeiten und Grenzen der Vbersetzungskritik, o1... 12.
10 LW; El;mQow; aV'IjXEL11 SNELL-HORNBY, Ubersetzen, Sprache, Kultur, OEA. 15.
II Bl... LADMIRAL, La traduction comme linguistique d'intervention, OEA. 393. Al;isEL, EXOUIJ,E 111 yvciJ~J,11,
tov x6rro va l.lE1acpQOUI.lE 1\w 6A6xi..11QO to oxnx6 arr6orrao~J,a. fQ<icpEL o Ladmiral: C'est ainsi que

(.. .)on a vu apparaitre des modeles traducto/ogiques procedant par "idealisation" et mettant en avant une
idee paradoxalement prescriptive d'equivalence, en que/que sorte desincamee, entre le texte-source et le
texte-cible. Un telle concept d'equivalence apparait bien problematique: if designe Ia difficulte beacoup
plus qu 'if ne contibue aIa resoudre. Dans Ia pratique, on pourra lui substituer /'idee d'approximation, plus
exp/icitement investie par Ia subjectivite du traducteur (.. .).

290

3.3

~uaxoALE~ at~ MnacpQaa~

As I see it, a society's culture consists of whatever it is one has to know or
believe in order to operate in a manner acceptable to its members, and do so in
any role that they accept for anyone of themselves. Culture, being what people
have to Jearn as distinct from their biological heritage, must consist of the end
product of learning: knowledge, in a most general, if relative, sense of the term.
By this definition, we should note that culture is not a material phenomenon; it
does not consist of things, people, behavior, or emotions. It is rather an organization of these things. It is the forms of things that people have in mind, their
models for perceiving, relating, and otherwise interpreting them. As such, the
things people say and do, their social arrangements and events, are products or
by-products of their culture as they apply it to the task of perceiving and dealing
with their circumstances. To one who knows their culture, these things and
events are also signs signifying the cultural forms or models of which they are
material representations.

Ward H. Goodenough 1

IE onorMHllOTE rAmLA META<I>PA2:H twv gywv L'education ~~ntimentale

wu Gustave Flaubert, Finnegans Wake tou James Joyce, Die Asthetik des
Widerstands tou Peter Weiss, Quer pasticcaccio brutto de via Meru/ana tou Carlo Emilio
Gadda xm ~TOlXE'ia yux 7:~ LJsxasda 7:0V '60tou eavaOll BaA'tlVOU -yla va [!ELVOU[l
[!6vo oE autr; nr; nvtE xa8aga aueatQEtE, ana Ev6nxnxr; avaq;ogr; - dvm yvwo-r6 6-rl 6Ev d vm xa861cou EUxOAll un68toll ng6xntm yla gya Moxolca, ll bE 6uoxolcta
tour; avaxumn ava na_oa ony[li], ax6[la xm oto mtnE6o tll f!Ef!ovw[!EV'll Msll
Ar; naQOUf!E va EVtEicwr; -ruxato naga6ny[la an6 to ngoava<pEQ8v [!u8w-r6Qllf!U
tOU eavaOll Balcnvou2 :

GOODENOUGH, Cultural Anthropology and Linguistics, OEA. 36.

2 0avaoT]~ BAATINO:I:,l:rotXfta yu'r. r:q L1EIWEr:ia rov '60, OEA. 40.

291

QEL va ano6wou - va ~QEL, 6TIA.a6~, EVa AEL 'tO'\JQytx.6 6uva!J,EL too6Uva!J,o EV 6ta<poQa tou Qi)!J,atoc; - w yveisovrm Ex.dvo nov 6Ev dvm x.a86A.ou m8av6, dvm w 6n
6Ev ea !!JIOQEOEL va ano6wou, ax.6!J,a x.m av 'tTIV x.maA.a~a(vu, 't'llV Evvota t'llc; Ex.<pQao'llc; anovoaaavw~ el~ iO EsWT:e(!lXOV, 6t6n 'l1 EX.qJQaOTI ami) EXEL VOTI!J,a !J,OVO
yta wuc; 'EA.A.TlvEc; (m8av6tata 6E yta x.avEvav aA.A.ov navw O't'll Y'll !-tTl 'EA.A.Tlva), x.m
OTI!J,a(vu 6n 6Ev un<iQXEL nou8Eva O't'llV EA.M6a (towc; 6E x.m otov x.6o!J,o oMx.A.TlQov!) x.aAU'tEQO<; 'tEXVL't'll<; JtEQL 'tTIV X.OJt'ttX.~ x.m QaJt'ttX.i) an6 aut6v JtO'\J 6taqJ'll!J,L~E
'taL O'tO aVW'tEQW !J,LX.Q6 an6oJtaO!J,a an6 'tO !J,VTI!J,HWOEc; ~t~ALO 'tO'\J BaA.nvou.
Ac; JtaQO'IJ!!E tffiQa Eva aA.A.o JtaQ<i6Hy!J,a: w JtOLTI!J,a II porto sepolto (To Oa!J,!J,EVO
AtfJ,aVt) wv Giuseppe UngarettP, Eva an6 ta 6uox.oMtEQa, wuMxwwv we; JtQoc;
'tTl !-1-EtacpQaoiJ touc;, notil!!ata, to onoto !!ELE<pEQE ota YEQ!!avtx.a oxEMv x.ata Msll
Tl onou6a(a x.m, 0'\JO't'\JXW<;, t6oo JtQOWQa XU!J,EVTI Jtoti)'tQta lngeborg Bachman 4 .

IL PORTO SEPOLTO

DER BEGRABENE HAFEN

Vi arriva il poeta
e poi tom a a/la luce con i suoi canti

Dort kommt der Dichter an

und wendet sich dann zum Licht mit seinen Gesangen

e li disperde

under verstreut sie

Di questa poesia
mi resta
quel nulla
d'inesauribile segretto

Von diesem Gedicht

bleibt mir
jenes Nichts
von unerschopflichem Geheimnis

ME 't'llV JtQW't'll !J,ana, x.m xwQ(c; va EXO'IJ!!E E6w x.a!J,!J,La JtQ68w'll JtEQm'tEQW E~a
euvoEwc; one; 0'\JOX.OALE<; ');O'IJ Jtoti)!J,atoc; a'\J'tOU, !!JIOQOU!J,E va JtaQU'tTIQi)OO'IJ!!E 6n Tl
Bachmann !!ELE<pQaOE 'tTIV JtQW't'll A.Esll wu noti)!J,atoc; vi we; dort, 6TIA.a6~ we; exei 'l1
an6600TI a'\J't~ O'tEX.E'taL aQta'ta t6oo YQU!J,!J,anx.wc;, 6oo x.m OE JtQW'tO 0Tl!J,aatax.6
entm6o, x.aewc; 'l1 A.Es'll vi, we; wmx.6 EJtLQQTI!!U, !!JIOQEL va 8EWQ'l18d 6u ava<pEQnm
owv t(tA.o wu Jtoti)!J,awc;: EX.EL, 6TIA.a6i), ow porto sepolto I am begrabene Hafen 5
3 Giuseppe UNGARETII, L' al/egria, Milano.
4 Giuseppe UNGARETII, Gedichte, [.lE"tUQJQUOT] lngeborg Bachmann, OEA. 25.
5 TT]v LOLa emf.oy1l xavEL xm o Patrick Creagh, o f.lE1UQJQU01ll<; wu Ungaretti o1a ayyf.Lxa, xa6w<; r.tnaQJQO~EL wv JtQWW 01Lxo w<;: The poet goes there ~1. . Giuseppe UNGARETTI, Selected Poems, [.lHOQlQUOTJ Patrick Creagh, OEA. 26.

292

6Z
u3 Zl "'{3D ';;~~n:Ju-eJ JO A.Io;;~q.r u 01 -eu;;~wo:J;;~foJc[ 'A3:1SW13CH 8,.
"OA3r1(tOAUOOl!
AOl Soou SpdmMto Sn.oo9 Sn.O'{'{l;> 3r1 mx OD9 .. S31'{0XDctQ 5?X11Doodml3r1, 009 A01 3r1 OD91 J?X1lx
-O'{'{OA3 m1p1ouor110l!oX ..twoodlJ?13r1luD 53noxon.q, Soo9 o So)Do.\o3 SoopX J?AO Sl!1 mDJO'{l! 013: L
-~~1 "'{3D '~rhDoJ lto31.1}3V 'HllV3 O~DDCl.QQ, 9

AOOX9"(lCn"(OlC SooX9~3 A001 5130A"9cbn S~AXnlC Soo 1X>lAO~JOO 13A~A. A3 DA3rlJ3X m nolC9
'010JD"(lC 01 91nn 30 no~w 8SnoO(!>"(A. Smri AOOA~rino"(l.t<;? A').oeonocbx3 DA A91DM<;?
i\001 i\00"(9 1X>X AOOA~riODOcD3lCX3 l.t<;?l,t i\001 i\00"(9 l.tcftl.t"(J03l.Crino 'A;)(SW(;)fH C\,OXJfJO(;?C\,OV
C\,01 9ri0100 i\01 "91DX '(,t A(!>1A.On0113"( 1X>X A(!>riO<;? i\0030"90(;?1lC3"(l.t"("(D i\OOX9"(lCC\,"(OlC
UOi\DcD'). - lX;)l1198DX -(,tAXC\,lC i\011(,t (,t A0"("("9ri 01 "91DX J3"(310lCD "91D1000X OA3rlJ3X
38"9X 01119 59A0/..3/.. 01l.t1(,tgmcbriDAD 019lCD A').OA1X3~ l.tODOcD"913ri l.t1D 53J"(OXOC\,(;? 10
L" l.tonocb"913ri
l.tw 53noxon<;?, Sn~rio1 Sl.tonocb"913W Sl.t1l.tril,tw1lC3: Al.t1 mA. 50ll.t191X><;?nol.Co Sno~1m
-1<;?1 0 J38UOAD1DX DA 1DX J38ADril.t01lC3 DA 9lCOXO 9X11D13"(X0l.Cl) 3rl 1D1A0(;?1Q 'npX3A
-C\,0 i\3 MOo(,tenO"(OXD D8 C\,OlC 'D"("("9 Dl 1DX 5(!>8DX 'DlDri/..p(;?DODlC D1D1X"9"(3 Dl "91C\,\f
amltpttp~3ttp

(].Orhaox (].OOilVDU()
OJ.D1Xp"(1 11.px Vttf!
~3opu 13tt~rl aorl

tt~Q UDUJOU V101.~1. "f!1ri9UV.

73puooxo T?J. Q-OU

1101. V1Q\!OAV01. "f!l ~rl
91.0 S~rl vono,-t,

73pttoa.<vttv~ Sprh

S~1.ltwu9
73~JUp

,tt vy\torl.<uo "f!1rl

]3X151y9rf13ttp1.1f>

INVWIV ON3:WWV8 O.L

:no/..Cl~ no~A 59A3l.tOD190lC A.l.t13ri 13AJDrll.to
03lC9 '9X1138MO 1 9X1A.an01ril.t<;? OlC901 3rl 1X>13A')."( nnoxon<;?l,tX11onocbm3rl l.t OOA~ri
-13xoolC A3 .no1 S9mril,toA no1mo9 nw no~ri Soori9 SmAoA~ri 'no1 .. A1~n .. Alu 9lCD
A3ri 50A3ri"91D1cDD ' 9"9X1AU"("(3 DlD D038').3"(3 Drll.tJOlC 0113cD"90/..DAD~ 'DJ"(OXOC\,(;?(,tX110
-nocbm3ri Soo Ol.Cn1910001C 9X1"{Dl1 01 ool.t"(X9"(0 5DlA(!>00038 'SI.t1')."(3: Sn~oon<;?o o
ji\01 5"91A0fl9X :nOO(;?A"9~3"(V n0"("91..3W C\,01 OlC901
A01 3rl snnoxon9 Sl.topncbnAn SLL1 9ri039 01909/.. 01 30n"(~ s~Xo<;?X3 S~x1wnoctm3ri
53opeAnril.tD1lC3 (!><;?3 O').<;? 511 9l.Cl) l.t1(!>0lC Al.t1 5mAoA.~"(1lC3 uuuwqJ'BS: H o/..9"( 9x11
-l.t10lC 9X1ADri03/.. i\010 D10"9rinne 1D13X~1D DJOlCO l.t l.t00(;?9lCD 'Ull J;JJqJ[G J;Jp JWWO)[
q:Jnff 1DAJ3 DA 30')-000l.Cri D8 nOXJlD C\,01(!>0lC C\,01UOD0cD"913ri l,tX1ADri03/.. .. l.triDA').(;?
-001, l.t 319lCO 'Dt\}rf3 13AJDrll.to C\,OlC 's; nOXJlD C\,01 [W 01500lC "91X11011AD OlCC\,191000lC
ow J383113X~ nolC mx Spo3 13AJDrlllo nolC 'DJrlM001AD (,txmooooolC mAp fA 01119
J38310lCC\, AD '"9"(DX 0091 1D13X~1D Al.tri DA 1DX pool.Cri 'Soori9 'l.t0099l.Cl) l.tA~ril.t013 H
H~Vd41Vl31'1 Hl~ BIVO)!~A.V

Jtl !!EQOU aUTOl XUQUXTl']QW!!Ol LOU XH!!EVOU WXUOW EV OAW, XUQLW OTUV UVTL!!TWJtlS01J!!E ucpaVOH UXQW JtQWTOTUJtWV YAWOOLXWV !!EOWV EXqJQUOEW, OrtW Ta
rrgoavacpQ8vTa JtQWTO:turra Xl!!Va LOU eavaon BaATLVOU xm LOU Giuseppe
Ungaretti, xm H !!ETacpgaoH 111 Ingeborg Bachmann, 1011 Patrick Creagh xm 1011
06uooa EMn yLauT6 xm EV rrgoxn~-tvw o ~-tnacpgaOTrJ (rrgrrn va) A.oyagLasn
6n xu va avn~-tnwrrtoa va xma rroA.u 1JQUTQO xm TaUTOXQOVW va arrdQW
AJtTOqJ1JEOTQO cpao~-ta ~-tETacpgaonxwv 61JOXOALWV 10 arr6 EXELVO J[01J ea avn~-tTW
mt, av ELX va !!ETUqJQUOH EVa XEl!!EVO !!E - U JtOU!! - TEXVLXOU, VO!!LXOU r] OLXOVO!!LXOU OQOU, 6rrou 0 JtQlrtTW01'] 61JOXOAlU ea !!JtOQOUO avna va XQlJOL!!OJtOLrJOH xarrow Turrorrmn~-tvn OU!!Jtayr] xcpgaon r] xarrmo arr6 Ta 6wyA.wooLXW
xa8LQW~-tva A/;Lxa xm 1r] owTaxnxa LooMva~-ta Twv 6gwv amwv, ayvowvTa w
corpus TWV OW61']AWOWV LOU 11
MoA.ov6TL !!JtOQOU!! va rtEQLYQa'\jJou~-t 10 MoxoA.o xl~-tVO xm va EVTorttoou~-t
TL aLTLE Tl'] 6uoxoA.ta wu, 6v Etvm EuxoA.o i) va ogtoou~-t avnxH~-tEVLXa xm
/;aVTAl']TLXa Tl artOTEAEl (xm Tl 6V artOTEAEL) ~-tETacpgaonxr] 6uoxoA.ta, xm !!UALOTa OWQ1JTLXU, ii) va EJUTUXOU!!E YEVLXrJ O!!OqJWVlU W JTQO aUTO TO YAWOOOAOYLXrJ Ta/;EW cpmv6~-tvo rrou xa8oQtsnm arroxA.uonxa an6 TL ouvTaxnx, on~-ta
moA.oyLXE xm I r] ucpoA.oyLXE 6uvm6T1']TE 111 yA.wooa acpET1'JQLU, xm iii) va
xmayayOU!! EX Tl) m8avl] O!!OqJWVlU ~-t8o6oA.oyLXW UTQEJtTU OU!!JtEQUO!!aTU
OXETLXU !!E Tl']V JTEQLYQUqJrJ, Tl']V LQUQX1']01'] XaL Tl']V a/;LOAOY1']01'] TWV 6UOXOALWV 011']
~-tTacpgao1'] . Emrrgoo8TW, ~-tqJavttnm TO rtQ6BA1'Jj..lU 6n OL xa8xaowv yA.WOOE
6V lVaL WO!!OQqJLXE 0 A/;LX0-01JVTUXTLXO XaL XOL VWVLXOXOUATOUQUALXO Jtlrt6o, xm ETOL n xa8~-tLa yA.wooa xwgwa artoTAl - xma w r]8o T1'J cpQ8Lavr]
ogoA.oyta- va ;ro?.,v-avaTTJfW, vav owbuao~-t6 6o~-tffiv, bnA.a6r], rrou, ELT xma

9 llQ~A. EVbELlmX6. VATER, Prob/eme der kontrastiven Grammatik, OEA. 3 WAWRZYNIAK, Einflihrung
in die Textwissenschaft, oEA.. 36,55: SOWINSKI, Einflihrung in die Textlinguistik, oEA.. 17.
I 0 A~l1;,EL tov x6rro va A.~ou~E urr61jJTJ ~ac; tov "rrEOoL~w~6" toll NIDA, Toward a Science of Translating,
OEA. 191, rrou AEEL 6n it would be convenient if we could construct some formula which would assign
numerical values to these different factors and provide some more or Jess mechanical means by which we
might rate different translations. This, however, would be impossible, tor the diverse factors are too
complex, too multidimensional, and to a large extent incommensurate.
II DQ~A. NEWMARK , Some Problems of Translation Theory and Methodology, oEA.. 98, xm DENISON,
Interferenz, Konvergenz, und der Vbersetzer, oeA.. 267, 6rrou blbovtm xm nagabEly~d:ta ~EtaqJQ6.0E

wv

294

~E

XQiJOTJ nayLw~vwvExqJQ6.0EWV .

HLKOAIEr rTH META!I>PArH

wv va LT xaTa wv aA.A.o TQ6Jto, (Etvm 6uvm6v va) anoxA.tvouv an6 nc; avTtOTOlXc; OO!!Ec; 6A.wv 't(J)V aA.A.wv yA.woowv, acpou l] yA.womx~ JtQlygacp~ we; O~AWOY]
Twv VOYJ!!<hwv TYJc; mTaoou 6nwc; 10 v6YJ!!a anoTA.t A.uwugyta vt6c; 1wv ouv8Y]xwv OQW!!vou JtQl~aA.A.ovwc; 12 6mQ OYJ!!atvu 6n, av m !!Tacpgaonxc; 6uoxoA.tc; !!JtOQo1Jv va xa8ogww1Jv, xa8ogttovTm - 6nwc; xa8ogttovTm, xwgtc; va
OUOTY]!!aTOJtOlOUVTm! - !!OVO yLa EVa s1Jyoc; yA.WOOWV Xal !!OVO 010 EJtLJt00 TWV
ogmwv anoxA.towv 13 , av !!YJ !!6vo ow mtJr6o Twv naolO~A.wv OLacpogwv wuc; 14
An6 TYJV aA.A.Y] !!EQLa, ax61-1-a XL av vwmo8o1Jv m antc; Twv !!Tacpgaonxwv 6uoxoA.lwv, Etvm xaTa TYJ yvci>!!YJ 1-1-ac; VtA.wc; ng6wgo va mLOLci>xou!! TYJ ouoTYJ!!aTOJtOLYJO~ wuc;, t'Y] OUOTY]!!a:tLX~ OY]A.a6~ avtL!!ETWmO~ wuc;, xma TY] OTLY!!~ !!UALO'ta,
6nou Ol OYJ!!HWTLxot 6gm mxmvwvtac; o !!La xm !!OVYJ yA.wooa 6v xouv QUVYJ8d wn Jtagxwc; xm ou6tc; tvm am~ TYJ OTLY!!~ o 8oYJ va yvwgtsL av 6LaygacpTm 010 !!EAAOV JtQay!!aTLX~ JtQOOJt'tLX~ va OQW8t xm va 0Qmw8L XLVO TO
m81J!!Y]TO JtA.atmo avacpogac; OXETLXU !! TY]V aJt00l;L!!OTY]Ta ~ !!YJ TWV OQWV TY]c;
OLay A.wooLx~c; mxmvwvtac; 15

12 TigB/... FIRTH, The Technique of Semantics, oe/... 36m., xm Papers in Linguistics 1935-51, ae/... 45.
13 0 Nairn KATT AN, Peut-on traduire Jes civilisations?, oeA.. 402, bLa:JUOTWVEL 6n o !J.HacpgaoTi)<;-EltLXOLvwv6<; :n:of..AE<; cpoQE<; elvm axgw<; a:n:agalnrro va af..AmwoeL evouvelbTJta TTJV 61jJTJ ev6<; :n:o/..mo~ou, :rtQOxeL!J.EVou va xmami)OEL OTOV avayVW01Tj T01J !J.E1UcpQCxO!J.UTO<; 101J oacpfl<; !J.EQLXE "aowi)8LOTE<;" 61jJEL<;
T01J " !J.HUcpEQO!J.EVOU" JtOALTW!J.OU' LOOU Tl ygacpeL axmxa !J.E 1T] !J.HCxcpQUOTJ lTJ<; agaBLxi)<; AEsTJ<; "1~LXCx
Vl": On I'a [Ew. Djihad] depuis des siecles traduit par guerre sainte. Et cette fois nous sommes en pleine
realite car Khomeini lance periodiquement des appels au Djihad, a laguerre saint. Et pourtant, il n 'y a dans
Je mot ni Ia notion de guerre ni celle de sacralite. Une traduction possible pourrait ~tre /'effort. Et un mot
derive d'une m~me racine ljtihad designe /'effort dans /'etude et, historiquement designait plus particulierement /'etude interpretative du Coran. En rea/ite Djihad signifie en fin de compte guerre sainte mais
on parvient a cette n~alite par d'autres voies. II est question d'un effort religieux, d'un travail ardu en faveur
de Dieu. Cela fin it par ~tre une guerre et pour /'occidental une guerre qualifiee, une guerre sainte. Car pour~
I 'Occident, Ia frontiere est bien tracee entre Je sacre et Je profane. Dans une civilisation oil cette notion
n 'existe pas autant Ia guerre sainte n 'est qu 'une extension d'un effort religieux, d'un ardent travail en faveur de Dieu. (... ) Djihad n 'est pas guerre sainte. Pourtant si on est occidental, si on parle Je franr;ais ce ne
peut etre que guerre sainte. Autrement il faut apprendre l'arabe eta travers cette langue penetr'er une civilisation et une histoire autrement dit se transformer en anthropologue.
14 ~U!J.cpwva !J.E wv Roman JAKOBSON, On Linguistic Aspects of Translation, ae/... 236 =Selected Writings,
1. II, oeA.. 264, m bo!J.LXE a:n:oxA.loeL<; avaxa/..umoVTm 6XL 16oo mo 1l !J.JtOQouv va excpgaoouv, a/..Aa
6ao aw 1l :rtQE:rtEL va !J.EWbwoouv m ml !J.fgou<; yA.wooe<;: Languages differ essentially in what they must
convey and not in what they can convey.
15 TigBA.. STERNEMANN, Zu einigen Fragen der Komparabilitiit in der konfrontativen Linguistik, oeA.. 222m.

2<)5

t~~ Mcta~QUOEW~ nQO%UJttouawv ~UG%0ALWV

The junction of the new and old is not a mere composition of forces, but
a re-creation in which the present impulsion gets form and solidity while
the old, the "stored", material is literally revived, given new life and soul
through having to meet a new situation.

John Dewey'

ENIKA MllOPOYME NA D.IATYllQWYME Tl]V un68Wl] EQyaatac; 6n6uax.oA.tEc;

<Jl"l] ~ELU<pQa<Jl] Jt:QOX.UJt:LOUV, OJt:OTEOi)Jt:Ol"E OEV ~OQOUV va E<paQ~O<J80Uv ~E
La~U yA.waaac; a<pELl]Qlac; x.m yA.waaac; a<pt~Ewc; Lao6uva~tEc; LOu -cunou 1:1, wo6uva~tEc; ngw-cta-cwc; A.E~Lx.r)c; r) auv-cax.nx.r)c; x.a-caywyr]c; 2 , 6L6n n x.a-ca M~ll ~na<pga
<Jfl 8a ~ogouaE va auvmax8Et agvl]nx.6 anotA.w~a x.m ~aA.w-ca <JE noA.A.anA.6
EJt:LJt:EOO - an6 LO EJt:LJt:EOO Tl]c; ~l]~aaLoA.oytac; we; LO mtm6o Tl]c; Aw8nnx.r)c;. M6vo ~E<JW Tl]c; auyx.QL<Jl]c; ~ELa~u Ev6c; un6 ~ELa<pga<Jl] <JLOLXELOU Tl]c; yA.waaac; a<pETl]gtac; ~E Tl]V ano8l]X.EU~EVl] <Jl"l] yA.waaa a<pt~Ewc; Jt:Al]QO(jJOQLa Jt:EQL l"OU <JTOLXELOU
auLOu ~OQEL va E~ax8Ei. aacpaA.Ec; au~gaa~a Jt:EQL LOu av o ~na<pgaa-cr)c; avtL~EI
2

DEWEY, Art as Experience, oe/... 60.

llQ(3A.. COSERIU, Sprache. Strukturen und Funktionen, oeA.. 25, 6n:o1J o 01JYYQU(jJEU<; O!J.LAELltQL101J
A.ELt01JQYLXOU 01JOtl\!J.UtO<; tOOV xav6voov t01J AEsLXOU Xat t1]<; ~uvtas1]<;.

296

L6l

oz

"6 "'(3D 'upu1~ds~s~p U9PUIJ:J uun tf 1owu ~p suw~od

'YamEIN O!qlld -xs 9
~:JU~J~dWO:J )0 UOJJUZ!J~J:J
-uo:J [unpJA!PU! :11 "'(3D 'Jf!JUWWllJD u~tpsm~p 1nz pun ~!JO~lfJJX~.L 1nz u~!Pms ~l"iDINHIS/ y illS -xgou ~
"(.,zullUUOJl<ldO!ZOS, 1.. <l:>UllUUOJl<ldopos,) ..SolDliD;J'(3l
-1m c,toxM.ro.\1ox, J03JL J3'(1lio Sn~dmoti.Arw o rtOl9 '9L "'(3D u~JJf~fOJzos pun u~uosJX~.L ')1::>38 -xgou p
c,toliD38 (tOX1.\ro.\10X Sro
SnDD<!l'(.l. Sll.lJ03lL So.I.Q'( 1Dl3.\J.I. rto1.e9 ~p "'(3D 'Jf!JUrJw~s u~ll~JmJfruJs 1~p ~w~fQOJJ 'nni3SO::> -xgou

TJJ!;JJJU;J ;Jp pnJfJ:JTJ

U;J opunw fTJ S;J:J;Jmd ;JJ
9
'SO:JUTJ[q SO[SnW 'SfJU{{O:J SfJ:JUfJ[q 'J;J(nW ;Jp Od.J;Jn:J

:3A?'( -eprudN OIQ"Bd eto1 mmilj,10IJ pxuroog

OZ

X>1 91m 5omrilpo1C Ct01(!)01C et0110XJ10 101(!)01C 10 :nriA.139"1)lOX>lC 9'(1m DA? 30 OA

-9ri 3rh;toeD3xon 5n <!l9'3 ,5mlt19ADX1 51,lxuonodm13ri 5lt1ltoltJol.CoA3ri10X3xMO 1,tx1ri

-OlD lt 1D1300C).11CDAD Ct01C9 mx 'D13X?ACt0 UlO 3TIC).09U'(OXon ne DJOlCO D1 3TI 'nmriA.J39
-DODlC 3TI 'DA3TIJ3X "I)JX1AX310AO'( D1 91CD 1D1AC).01M3A CtOlC 53J'(OX0Ct9 10 - 5303190
-ngoo 10 1DAJ3 5?1CtD 1DX -1DMOOO"I)l1A3 DJOOA.ltlDX U031C).39U1& .. ;)'any lli;)fJOIQ l!lli,
5(1) OA9ri M)93XO "I)JX1ADTI03A. DlO 1DX .. S;)A;) p;))j_"BU l{l!M, 5(1) OA<;>ri A993XO "I)JX1'(AAD DlO

1D13~l)JOdm13ri nriA.139l)JOD1C 0031').39 39 01 ' ..Jl{;))j_J;) A J;))j_l"BlS, 5(1) 31J3 ..Jl{;))j_J;)A J;)ll{:>!p,
5(1) 31J3 "I)JX1ADTI03A. DlO 1DX ..:>!JJBll AA"B;)l{, 5(1) OA9ri A993XO "I)JX1'(AAD DlO 1D13~l)lOd>D13ri
nriA.139l)lOD1C 01(!)0l.C A3ri 01 ... c;tori'(ned>o c;toArietA. n19, mx .. (A(I)11,lA1X01etD) DJOod>o'(x
- etx lt'(~A.3ri, x1.e 5(1)1C9 '?D1'(X A(I)30"I)lod> ltonod>"l)l13ri Lt1 "l)llDX Aet011CC).XDAD etol.C 53noxo
-Ct9 10 1DX AC).09XDM3 DA AC).OOOl.Cri l,l1CtD DJOOA.UlDX AU1& ..;)J"BWOJ Ol"Bl;)!A, 5(1) OA<;>ri
"I)JX1'(D11 DlO 1DX .. l;)ll"BlS;)'all{:>!U U;)l{:>O"B"M, 5(1) OA<;>ri "I)JX1ADTI03A DlO ',);)WOJ ;)p l!Pl;)lUI,
5(1) OA9TI l)JX1'('{DA DlO ' .. 'aU!)J.OWS ON, 5(1) OA9TI "I)JX1'(AAD DlO 1D13~l)lOd>D13TI .. 313~JAlmX
UW, 01 X'( 1Dl? vD1U19A10X l,lX100(1)'(A 39l)JX 30 01C901 9X11300d>D19 3TI 1DMO~Jl.C(I)1
-3TI11AD CtOlC 53J'(OXDCt9 '(0A(I)ffi?'(U1 010) .. 509"1)>'( 'ltri(!}AAACt&, '(il.OA?01 Ct01 00Ct9l)l0Dl.C
o1<;>1.en) ..(1)~? 31311Cc;tx

uw, \,313~JA1CDX uw, 5(1)1C9 A(I)30"I)lod> 5Ltonod>l)l13ri 5lt1 53noxo

-0.910 mMooo"l)lM3 DJOoA.ltmx lt1(!)0l.C Alt1& 5omriA.J390l.Cet c;toxungneto 5<;>MD1C 591X3

31J3 A(l)1"1)lriA.1390l.Cet (A(!)X1ood>ool.C 1,1. 1mx A(!)11CDOA.) A(I)A?ri0100 "I)JX11ngrieto 130"I)lg 31
-J31DMOC).'(11C3 il.Ol.C 53AJ3X3 30 AC).09301D19 DA AC).OOOl.Cri UODOd>"l)l13TI UlO 53J'(OX0Ct910
5DOC).01'(il.OX 51,lX1A(I)A10X 5lt11DX 5etOd>A, Ct01 '5lt~
- D1AC).& 5lt1 'C).OX1~3V Ct01 D931CJ1C3 D10 A0101X"I)l'(Ct01 5(1)3~Jd>D 5DOD(!}'(A 5lt1 1DX 009
5DJOU13d>D 5DOD(!}'(A 5lt1 0091 5(1)301,lOAD1DX D1U19ADX1 AU1 51,l10DOd>D13ri o 131?9D19
C).OTI9Dg CtOJOlC 10X?ri 1DX OO<;>l.C "l)llDX 0191m 1D13AJOX 'ltODOffi"l)l13TI U1 "l)llDX 53A3TI<;>etd>
-DAD 53J'(OXDCt9 Ac;toood>n etol.C 'eto1 A(!)1DDA03 A(!)X1110XA.eto A(l)1 ltongx? 51,1.Xet111C3
lt '51,l10DOd>X>13TI 39"1)JX 0 J39Ct0'(0XD DJDDX19D19 "l)l101C 0.01 5(1)1?XDV "5(1)3~Jd>D DOD(!}'( A
lt10 501DTID"I)>Od>D13ri Ct01 l,lA.(I)A.DODlC lt J3903'(31Aet0 l,l9D'(U9 C).Od>D

'5roA.90X0031Dil

(g 31J3 '5(1)3~Jd>D DOD(!}'(AUlO Ct01 l)JOOd>D13ri U11DX CtOA?TI13X 5DJOU13d>D DDD(!)'(A

UlD CtOA?TIAD131ACtO Ct01 UOCt'("l)lAD AU1 "l)l1DX l,l9D'(U9
-<;>A CtOOJ ~3 J3903'(3111C3 DA J300l.Cri UD10XAC).D l,lX113XO

'5WA90X011l.lJ1

(D 31J3 Dri1ri

"5(1)30l)lOd>X>13TI lt~?'{ "l)llDX X>1

-U191DA.Ct9 13XO"I)ll.Cet AD Ct01J031C '5(1)d>901011AD 'l,lltODOd>"l)l13ri lt10 DJ'(OX0Ct9 13~Jl.C(I)1

N5IVO)I:V.. V N5:V..OllLUOdll ~53~V diPVl3W

~Hl )13

N5l

H1IJJ3~0dll H)IIJOV0~~5V 1 H

LU[-tcpwva f-lE LOV wolfram Wilss, EJtLcpavi] EJtLO"ti][-lOVa 'tr]~ w-racpgaon~ 'tr]~ JtEQLWV'USaarbrlicken, nou aoxoA.iJ8r]xE EVOEAEXW~ LO cpmv6wvo -rwv 6uoxoA.Lwv o-rn w-racpgaon xm 6.g8gwoE xav6vE~ m~LVOf-ti]oEw~ LOu~ 8 , n yA.woooA.oyLxi] JtEQLygacpi] xm E~i]ynon -rwv 6LayA.womxwv "r-tE-racpgaonxwv 6uoxoA.Lwv" ("translation
difficulties") UJt01EAOW XEcpaA.mo LOU LO[-lEU 1WV "Ecpr]Qf-1,00[-lEVWV LJtOUOWV MnacpQUOEW~" ("applied translation studies") XUL L0LUL1EQU LOU UJtOLO[-lEU LOU~ "AVLXVEULLxi] Emo-ri]r-tn -rn~ ME-racpgaon~" ("prospective science of translation") 9 10. H un68wn
au-ri] LOU Wilss, JtOU EQELOELUL O'tr]V 6.JtO'\)Jr] LOU Catford 6n r] 0EWQLU 'tr]~ ME-r6.cpQUOr]~
ano-rEA.EL xm' ouotav 8Ewgta EXXLvo'Uoa an6 -rnv EcpnQf-lOOf-lEVYJ rA.woooA.oyta 11 , wno8E1EL n~ w-racpgaonx~ 6uoxoA.tE~ OE ouvei]xE~ 6L6axnxo'U Egyao-rngtou xm n~ EQEUva (XUAU1EQU: LL~ EJtUVUVLXVEUEL) ~EXLVWV"ta~ an6 1EOOEQU Or][-lELU: A) OL OUOXOALE~
mn r-tn6.cpgaon ano-rEA.ow xa8agw~ Ef-lJtELQLx6 cpmv6wvo acp' n~ OLLYf-liJ~ avayvwgLoeow, f-lJtOQo'Uv xm va avaA.u8o'Uv w oxE-rLxi] axgt~ELa B) n xa8Er-tL6. r-tEmcpgaonxi]
6uoxoA.ta JtQEnEL va xa8ogw-rd xm va JtEQLygacpEL XWQL016. EVL6~ LOU OXEnxo'U XEL[-lEVLxo'U -rn~ JtEQLBaA.A.oVLo~ f) nA.i]8o~ f-tE-racpgaonxwv 6uoxoA.Lwv 6Ev avayvwgttoVLm
unagxouv, 6r-tw~, xm r-tnacpgaOLLXE~ 6uoxoA.tE~ nou, EVW avayvwgttoVLm, 6ev ~EJtEQ
VLo'UVLm xm Ll) n nMov ow8E-rn nA.Euga -rn~ avax6.A.U<I'n~ r-tEmcpgaonxwv 6uoxoA.Lwv
ELVUL au1i] 'tr]~ aJt01L[-lr]Oi]~ LOU~ BCJ.oEL LOU OUV- / O'lJYXEL[-tEVOU LOU~.
[-lr]~ LXOA.iJ~ LOU

7 BA.. Pablo NERUDA, Liebesgedichte. Spanisch I deutsch, f.!HUq>QOOl'] Fritz Vogelgsang, oEA.. 143.
8 BA.. WILSS, TheScienceofTranslation,oEA.. 161.
9 BA.. WILSS, The Science of Translation, oEA.. 158 EJt. - 0 ouyygacpac; XQl']oq.wJtoLEl wv 6Qo "aVLXVE1Jux6c;" ("prospective") aIa maniere de J.P. Postgate ~A.. POSTGATE, Translation and Translations.
10 0 WJLSS, The Science of Translation, OEA. 159, XQ1'JO(!.lOJtOLWV'tOc; JtOOLYXOLl']'tLOV~ OQOAOy[a, DLOLQEL
10 JtEblo <wv Eq>l']Qf!OOf!Evwv onoubwv f!ELaq>QaoEwc; oE Mo unonEbla: O't1'JV Avtxvevnxrj E:marljf-!TJ
TTJ(; MerarpgaaTJ(; (prospective science of translation) xm O'tl']V Avaaxo:rrTJnxrj E:marljf-!TJ TTJ(; MerarpgaaTJ(; (retrospective science of translation) ow f!EV unomNo 111c; avLXVEmLx~c; EJtLO't~f!11c; 111c; f!E <acpoaol']c; EVLUOOOVtOL OL tO[!ELc; 'tWV DVOXOALWV TTJ(; f-!fTCxtpQaOTJ(; (translation difficulties) XOL 't1'Jc; btbaaxaAia(; TTJ(; wrarpQaOTJ(; (translation teaching), OtO DE 1JJtOJtEDLO 'tl']c; AvaaxOJTTJTtXljf; E:rrtaTljf-!TJ(;
TTJ(; MerarpoaaTJ~ EV<aoooVLm OL to[!Elc; tl']c; ava).vaTJ~ rwv arpa).f-!arwv (error analysis) xm 111c; XQtrtxljf; a:rrorif-!TJOTJ~ TT/~ f-!ETCxtpQaOTJ(; (translation criticism). E[!Elc;, om nA.alow trjc; naoouoac; EQyaolac;,
xou[!E XLV1']8El [!6vo [!Eoa om 6gw wv lO[!Ea twv 1\uoxoA.Lwv tl']c; f!HUq>QaOl']c;.
II BA.. CATFORD, A Linguistic Theory of Translation, oEA.. 19: Applied linguistics is a term used to cover
all those applications of the theory and categories of genera/linguistics which go beyond (I) the
elucidation of how languages work and (2) the description of a particular language or languages for its I
their own sake. The theory of translation is essentially a theory of applied linguistics.

298

66'l
rzsi-1:81 'llJ:J>tWf:JH :JfG ;)U!;)H n.m5~/..0'('(I1.D 5~xnu1o11 51!1 mil!1011 z A9ri91oo ,11n. o1 m/..mmx9ou 91
"'(3D 'U1A~rimgnunu 11.00QA~~3'(V, 51Dnoih~13TI 'D}iJrorhL If ?DX vrlltyxti:;J" f!L 'HX~<I>3JOl:S:OV e !;I
"(I

"J:JnpOJd UOfJIJ{SUfJJJ p:11JSfUfJ :11JJ UO '>[fJ:JdS OJ OS 'JU{Jd

J:Jf!UU {IJUOSJ;Jd SflJ S;)AfJ;){ (""") lOJfJ[SUfJJJ AJ;JA:;J : 19! "'(3D 'U0{1fJ{SUfJJ.L JO :J:JU;Jf:JS ;JljL 'SSl!A\ "'(gou Vl
vL l "'(3D 'UO{Jfi{SUIJJL ]0 :J:JU:Jf:JS :11JL 'SSliA\ "'(H !
"1!3 91 "'(3D ' ;J:JU;)J:JdWO:J :J{]UfJW;JS 'll3A\SS3~D ""'(gOl! 50J/..0'(01DOril!:s: 51!1
1)11!0XD 1!1 9110 l!A~rl/..m10x Mnri(lA(l)ACl.D A(l)11DX M;Joodml3ri A(l)1 5l!Doocbl)13ri Sl!1 onoxDn.g 1!1 mJ Zl

:12sn zmu..J: o 3olqol.C0"'(3li3 'A910roAJ.. Sro 'n,ol.C ' 91 !~f~J01 ;)U!;)H n,mqoo3 n,o1 S01

- nli(,t101C CL010(Y)AA10Dl.C CL01 - (),OX11A003j UA?OOV 1DX (),OAUCL~1S: CL01AO(Y)3j 'D?OOS: CLO"'(
-1<b938 - 5130"90<bX>l3li 51301 538CL0"'(9XD 10 ADO(Y)lO? mnliJ..pgnoDl.C .5rol.C90lOOO<hD1Q
1D1AOA(),"'( 1DX 1DlA0~11(Y)13li11AD 531"'(0XOO,Q 5?X110DO<bm3li 10 '5?lODO<bX>l3li 5()-0X1130
-O<bD1Q 0()-Q 91D CLOA?li13X CL01'J1 CL01 5130"90<bD13li 0()-Q 30 119 'A0031(),3Q "91DX '1DX '0,01
"91Dlio"9o<bn13li nw 13Q1Q01D 511 5<!>enx 'n,o1 nliJ-.110 0113li"9ACLQ 13A(,t<bn 5l,t1ono<bm3li
38"9X 0 'A<!)1"'(0XOCLQ A<!)X1lODO<bD13li A(Y)1 A(Y)A?liOQ3Q '119 '5"9XOD ,lDX '13A1Dlilto 91CLV
5n1AX310AO"'( Smlio9xJ..n1 5lt1 AroA?linx Aro1n<hn,oox Aro1 X3 59A3 S3noxon,g 511 5nli no
-O<!}"'(A UlO - (),OX1"'("'(DA CL01 X3 1DX (Y)lO? -130?<bX>l3li DA 5CL019015()-0X1AU"'("'(3 CL015()-0X1Q
3X(,tog 501010 0 '~ 1 ltlA"9liD1QD1CDU CLOOQAD~?"'(V ltono<h"913li 30 DJOrori1.L 1JJX vrlllyx/..a_
UXO<h?1A01001N CL01 5owli(,toOl018CLli CL01 53Q"90D 531<!)01 511 91CX> 0"'("'("9 1DAp A3Q
<!)A3 'lt1A"9liD1QX>1CDU CL01X>liltf..(,t1Q 010l.C"9X !J1A 1D113X901C 119U0(Y)l.C(),lA3 AU1 3liCLOX? 1DX

)[ ttnoru1>11. ttlf~ s9ou Ltettr;ea31Q

5oe{l ttmowr;dJouvttp ?ri 5ro1QVOrJ ?VX 'g QJQ9 [p tt15V]XJO aodJ9oromtt31t 5lty
-r;!.3ri ttlt!.1~o ttlf~ C?UQ- tt3Xpmx ttg 'aorir;yve ttroyu,1u1 .~3ri g,oox1ri g,o~ "1 tt30YM1
5n 5o1tt 'tt~rio3e 5ro~tt9r:rvffo3ur; l?ttn ttvo1uo1 'aonao~o 5l?Xor; 51?~ ?03I!
3liCL0~"99X>1V vt n,o1 "91X>lio"9o<bm3li mo n,o1 nliJ..110 ( O"'(lt1
-1~3AX> 5?00<b 5?"'("'(01) 01- CL01 9A3lipx ltonO<b"913li 5ool.C 01 3li UO?XO l,tX1Q13 13X? (,tg
-1313 5<!)g1oxn -13Al,tdm Altli X>A n,ol 5[,twno<bm3li nX0"91CL A3Q 5<!)X11ltoro3e .noD<!)"'( A

n,o1 1,tx1g lt10 130<!)Q01CX> 511 X>A 130?<hmnx X>A mJ.. A<!)1"'(0xon,g AmA?lilto13 Aro1 5ro
-3D11ro13li11AX> 5130()-"'( poA113 X>A l,t; mx 1311()-'{X>XX>AX> X>A 131?01113 n,o1 CLOl.C ltApx3
mAp [,twno<bm3li 5ro n,o1 "91lt19xmroooo1C lt 119 o1ltoo11AX>AX> 1X>A13 S3noxon,g
A(Y)1(,tl0101C 1X>X A<!)li8X>fJ A(Y)09<bD1Q 13~11(Y)13li11AX> X>OO<!)"'(A UA?~ D101CO AUlD 1DX '13~
-1oroAJ.. n,ol noo<!)"'(k ltA?~ n1n 91.en DA3lipx noo<!}"'(J.. n,o1 1,tx1o1ltli ltw no?<hm3li 5roe
-(,tMO - DlU19AX>X1 (,tX100(Y)"'(A (,t"'(l.C1Q 3li 5?lOX>O<bX>l3li 10 1X>1A()-001D~3 (Y)A?li13X001C i\3
119 mAp o1lt9ACL3 - 5l,twno<hnl3li 5o,qliroAoli3li
5uono<h"913li 5lt1 5lto3"'(?1113 5lt1

5<!)g10XX> X>O<!) AU1 5?10X>O<hX>l3li 91CX> 1D1AOll.C(),"'(X>XX>AX> X>A9AX>X "91DX 11919 01(),011DX
'oA3li9A1X><b 9x1o131Cli3 5<!)onenx A()-0'{310l.CX> ltono<h"913li ltw 53noxon,g 10 5ro1AO
.1 D13fJ10XX> (,tX113Xo
3li A()-08CL"'(X>AX> X>A mx A()-oool.Cli 'A()-0801oroAJ..X>AX> 5l,tliJ..uo Slt ,<bn .OA3li9A1X><b 9x1o

-131Cli3 5<!)0X>8X>X A()-0"'(3101CX> UOX>O<b"913li UlO 531"'(0XOCLQ 10 SSJ!A\ A01 3li X>Aro<bli(),~(V
"SSJ!A\ WlUJ[O A\ CL01 X>13lilto X>0300?1 Dl 3liCLOO(,t1lt~CLO X>8 'zt A(Y)3~?"'( A(Y)li
-(),A(Y)i\0,0 i\(Y)11X>X lO~JB 5lt1 'A<!)OO<hX>13li A(Y)1 UOX>O<h"913li lt1 "91DX M011C(),X001C 0,01
'A<!)1"'(0XOCLQ A(Y)0?11X>1Q1 A(Y)1UOCL3AX1AX> UlO 3liCL00"9Q31C (),01001 1X>X 'X>pX3MO A3

NliiVO)[:V.. VN1l:V..Ol!Ll.)[Odll

~1l3~V dc!>V l3W ~Hl

)[3 N1ll HmJ3Wdll

H)[JJOVm~1lVJ

a' r~r; f3eaovvair; axr:ioatr; Aaf.ll/JTJ xvvet

~ QcXXTJ rov f3ovvoii, :rcoi5vat1/JTJAa.

Der Gipfel des Berges fun kelt

Im Abendsonnenschein.
Die schonste Jungfrau sitzet
Dort oben wunderbar
Ihr go/dnes Geschmeide blitzet
Sie kiimmt ihr goldenes Haar.
Sie kiimmt es mit goldenem Kamme
Und singt ein Lied dabei;
Das hat eine wundersame,
Gewa/tige Melodei.
Den Schiffer im kleinen Schiffe
Ergreift es mit wildem Weh;
Er schaut nicht die Felsenriffe,
Er schaut nur hinaut in die Hoh '.

10

Kaeerat exel ~ :rcevraJ.lOQcpTJ :rcaeeeva

fl-Ea' a' !~V a:rcoxoaJ.lTJ !~ OLyaAta
xevaa aro}.iow aareacprovv xai AVf.lEVa
6}.6xevaa xrevi~et JlaUta.

ra

ra
Me ro xeva6 t'f]r; xrevt ra xreviset

15

xai f.lE r~ JlaYef.lf.lEVTJ t'f]r; cpwv~

y}.vxo !(!ayoiiol YVQW !Tjr; axoe:rcisel,
f3a0eta xaOe 1/JVX~ r~ avyxtvel.
To vavrTJ Ilia' a' r~ f3ciexa ge}.oyta"Set,
f.leyaATJ ava{3et JlEaa rov cpwna
rovr; f3eaxovr;, :rcoi5vat Ef.l:TCQOr; !OV, OeV xvrrasel,

20

Ich g/aube, die Wellen verschlingen

Am Ende Schiffer und Kahn;
Und das hat mit ihrem Singen
Die Lorelei getan.

f.lOVaxa E:TCcXVW Q{XVel !~ Jla!la.

eaeew, ro Jlaveo xiiJ.la :rcwr; ea. cpav
Jlasi a' !0 d}.or; f3aexa xai :rcmOi
xai avra
xavet ~ weaia AoQeAaTJ,
f.lE r~ y}.vxeta cpwv~ :rcov reayovMi.

ra

H AQPEAAH 19

AOPEAAJ2

Llev gtew ain:~ f.lOV ~ A:v:rcTJ d OTJJ.laivn

xai f.l' elxe xavet r6ao O}.t{3ee6!
A:rco !0 voii f.lOV JlEaa oev ef3yaivel
f.llU Iaroeia a:rc' !OV :rcaAlO Xal(!O.

"Ax! va g'f]y~aw d}.~Oew bev Jl:TCO(!W

ywri !Oao {3aQHU elvat ~ Xa(]OlcX f.lOV.
Ka:rcow eva :rcaeaJ.lvOt :rca}.aixo
OEV {3ya{Vel a:rc' !a av}.}.oixa f.lOV.

lJivxeo cpva6. r' ayi(!l xai f3eaova"Set,

oPfivor; OLyava xareaxv}.{i

art.; q;wravyter; roii q}.wv, :rcov :rc}.ayta'Sn,

!OV OQOVr; ~ XO(!cp~ am0o{3o}.6..

LJQOO{set Xl' fQXe!al ~ {3QaOta UQYlV~

xai elQTJVLxa Pfivor; xaref3aivet.

AaJ.l:rcaowae 1/JTJAa ~ f3ovvoxoecp~,

aro y}.vxo cpwr; !OV OelAlVOV AOVaJ.lfVTJ.

17 Heinrich HEINE, Gedichte, ael... 95-6.

18 Mmi<pQUOT] 06q>LI..ou Bogea: 01:0 06<pLA01J BOPEA, Pv8flOl A8avarwv,-1:. A', mol... 66-7.
19 MmlqJQUOT] fECDQyiou BL~lJT]VOU: OTO fEWQY(OlJ BIZYHNOY, Ava rov 'E).txwva, OEA. 46 = 'EQQLXOll
XA~NE, Teayovow, mol... 86-7.
20 MetUCjJQUOT] 'AQOEVT] fEQOVl:LXOU: 01:0 Bacr(LI..Elou] AAZANA, 'Eeebeor; X am:, OEA. 95-6.

300

10
"Z "'{3D 'JDl.U10lJ ?011Dri03J Slu. oA.a? ow '(6 w) ltdJ8orlg
,11t If ,8px If :vuUYU-H)IYV A.000ll DAJlD)j l! 1DX OX]lD 0113~~0ibD1311 Olf901 ct0lt)03lf 01Q1 AOl 3W Z
"Z "'{3D 'JVl.U10IJ ?011Dri03J Slu. o}.lJ? ow
'(v w) ltr/!JXD fp ,up ,rl13/.,rprh "?9 :vuuvu H)!YVA.oeouSnAJlD)! Sl!ll!onoib~1311l!lmx '{~ou zz
"PU!W AW }0 JnO J;J;/ J, UU:J

[ :op "'{3D ';JUf;JH '["1111!3] ::18v-.10:)SNYM8 l~l~d 0 ~X1'{1>J.D DlD OX]lD AOl ~SOld U~ 13~~0ibD13l11D13, l Z

If 1TJ'X. (6 w) rrrrJUO'X. lu!Joorlg <?1U H, :i\Cl)1?911!3 i\(1)1 c;torleng C).OX1139031!(t C).OX110

-nocb1o31! c;tox1All"f'(303A (1.01 5(tol!c;t1 3rl 5~u(tn 5nnoxo(tq 5ll1llooq9lin All1 Anollri11
-001! 59X11A003j 1"0X 59AU(t~18: A3ri 10 "(6 '10) nTJJjiJUn[ ;}JSUQq:JS ;}!G :(ltlOJYYD'X. 'ltl
-pl01TJO(l') =) ;}JSUQq:JS 9ri01001Q0001! 9X113911!3 AOA3ri903cbX3 9ri9nfl 9X1138031!(t 30
A01 3rl 9riO"O(tQMO 30 (DY91tOX ~OXJ3A ~QD'(llg 'DAl()OXJlt =) nTJJ]ifunr 5ll~?'( 5ll1llooq
-91!"0 ll13'(310li"O dli~dH (1.01 91(\.n nrill10li 010 nnoxmq ~xuonocbnl3ri ll'('("9 mw
'zz(I.01 ~t\.0'(11!3 All10 .. 59X11U101!, om 1"0A13DA 5n1A0'(?9 "9'('("0 '9AU(t~1S: A013rl lloMe
-').3l"OX "01Q1 AU1 5001! A3ri 50A3ri').OA1X '(p '10) rwrl pX.?OYYIW l?l ,up 131LJDI.F} IL~Q 13~
-"QOcb"Ol3rl '50'(?1 '59X111\003j 5UA?OOV 3Q 0 '((Z(WYXJilri (t01"01ri(I.A(l'J13ri 5(1) '1ypdJ3X =)
JdO)[ ll~?'( ll1 5ool! lJ.ri(tA<;lMO A9Q3Xo AU1 5"01A<;l1019DX mx 5ll~?'( 5ll1 ~Xoqx3 ~l"OA
-(l.q U0319A310 ll1 5n1AOA131001! '( 1o) 131LJDI.fi?tL~Q DDJrl rwrl (.!.OIL <?:J. <?ltV: 13~"Qocb
-"013ri 59AU(t~1S: 501AO<;l3j 3Q 0 '((1.009 (t01"010M? ~X1AU'('(3 "01DXon AU13ri 'S9rin.() =)

:mw ll~?'( u1 5ool! llriM<;lMO A9Q3Xo All1 5n1A<;)1019DX mx 5ll~?'! 5ll1 ~Xoqx3 ~WMQ
U031').0(1.3 AU1 5"01AOA131001! '(t '10) p1QOD'X. 1Llfl ,up uJ.r;dJ (.I.OriX?IL 13YJ() ~Q 13~"QOcb
-"013ri 5"0?008: 50'(1cb930 A3ri 0 mx 'dU~dH 0 13cb"QOA 'UU!S W;}p snTJ Jq:J!U J!W JWWO>[
STJG :nA.?ri 1DA13 A<;l10Drlllo A(l'J1 5oe~'(li 01 5"0101!0 5ll1 'UU!S 5ll~?'( 5ll1 5lJ.~O"Oli'). 5ll1 (l)t\.
-9'( 5(1)10(1.X '"OOO<;l'(AU'('("Q 39"QX 30 1"0X '3ri(t0~1riOA '"9'('("0 '"QX1AU'('(3 "010 OA9ri 1X9 (1.01!
-').101(1)01! (1.01 (t0X110 (1.010"01?1 (1.01 "QOOcb"Ol3ri lJ. "OT'{OXO(I.Q ~X110"00cb"Ol3ri 13'(3101!V

If fVX Spovrft 9 13~u

'13~u vy~oxovg

If 13tt~x 1,)11,)1rtV
1,)1 rnq~o,{vi111,)1 ?rl

~xay,{

j1~y3ooy

1,)03t1.1,)1 Vtt~riD1AO!Jl,J1 Sf?Olt ron !ll)[

"13~~110X l,J'(Ur/t 13X1 vX~ttorl f1V1A

oz

'f,tox1u tt~113unfi tt~l tt?q va~~ tt~l

'13~poqp So1Xmopgp Sf?ri(!VX

pqao,{vol f!-Olt 9uoxo 9xay,{ 91 ?rl

uppomv If 13ttrlpx 1?11?1av. yg 'Xv"
:pq vor;n vyg.oxovg fVX u1~vtt fDX
73o~dJ

l,)tt3(} vrlg.x 91 Scpu mrlg.ogocp

T>rurftr ,w '13lt1'(f} Ott9rl mtt~ur

'13~rmox tt?q ttaoyypgoou f!-Olt SaoXpog Sf!-O.L
pyvarfl,J113~3'(VO

~ox1rl ~1 vxo~g ~10 vo~rl povrft ttf?l!V)[

13~~ua~

f!-Olt vop1Xvy

tt(/1 vyg.oxovg ~1o u1~vtt 9.1

~1 13~Juooxo f!-Olt SaoX!f Sf!-Ol SQ-owvrlavo Sf!-olg

-9lt0XO Ott3~~0Dlt Q-YOlt 13XIJ"

!.3(}rt3Avrl ~rll,)tt f!-Olt Sg.ott mttp tt?q

"13~J09 tt?q ao1 p1qovx tt~113o~oxr ,1 Smoug

'13~JttnX 1,)1 vtt~lX ~oaoX ?rl scpovx
'9xay,{ 13~qao,{vo119~0AV01 Dtf.J!, 1)[

"f,t(}ttll~

If 9lt0XO Vtf.J! 13~qrtOAV01 fVX

13~Jtt31X 1,J11X~ttnX ooaoX9y9 ,W

Su1 p1yyvrl vottv~pwx l,J113~Jtt31X

poaoX 1,)1 rntt~lttom,{ 1,)1 ttao1dJpo1ov;
Su1 p1dJoorlr; If u1ox9nr mttp, 1x 13~Jovx

p1yyvrl1,)1 Sllll,)OrtoX 1,J113~Jtt31X

'vu;mow 1,)1 Su1 poaoX 1,)1 ttao1dJ~owp

01

X?rurft 13X1 vyy~uox udJoorlg f?1lt H,

Ntl!VO)I:U V N1.l:UOlllUOdll

-~1Y3ltOX llJVOCf> f?1lt If 7tl13(}9X

rnq,1 tt~l ~dJoox tt~1o !J.Ol\1-V vwprlave

~1.lti~Vd<I>V !3W ~Hl

)It! N1.ll HW13Wdll

H)IIJOVm~1.lV 1 H

ZO
ux(lemv 'Q1D"(DU i\lt191lD mli\oXo?OOlC ltgmx 'S(lt\mt\mox S(lxmof13mi\J3JOJJtD
101C(t110 1191D13(ti\X13QOllD 1101C9 ''1C3 69 '"(3D ''JJJ 'l21lS U1lW UIJUUJ[) 'l!P UO ljJUJJ.{ JdA,L JljJ.JO Ufff.UQ Jlf.L

'3.1NY::!NOH O!lmD 1101 Oi\3TIJ3X i\OO?d:JD1<;?i\3 'Q"("(D 'i\311 901<11'1 01 '"(g i\<!)Ood:JDi\D i\('<)1 i\<!)111D 010<!)()1031C 01& 9Z

m LZ'l '"(3D ':lunZJJSJJQ[J -.. f!J[lQ.L, lJp JWJ[QOJd[!JS pun -ijJIJJdS

'INONHIYW-IJ.LD 1l:JU1l!8 Sll1ll1?"(3TI (lg1og1i3 i\U1 "(g '\)X1"(D11 DlD !!SOW U::>qo~ 1101 fi;J[JQ.L :lU!lilQZ
S;Jp U;J:lUnllfA\J;}AflOAO? flOl 'QOOd:JD13TI UlD OUWD90ll 9X1A3

,A+ fS

(tOX1"(Dl1 fl01UDDOd:J'Ql3TI ltl D1J ~z

'UJPflJW JS;JJflJ.I ;Jij,L

:ov '"(3D ';JUf;JH '['1i11C3] 3HWO:::JSNYliH J::ll::ld 1101UDDOd:J'Ql3TI (!X1"(AAD lt 1DX 1Dlj3i\1X 9111D DTIJ"(X 01& vz
-9X1J OlD ))01J81JX 11Jl3i\11JcD 91n.y 'Oi\3ri13X lW1JOcD))13li 500101 .. 13'{?8, 01101? Y,91313
39 01 'OA3li13X010, AO~))OcD1Jl3li 01130A1J11JX 511101? Y,9131? A3li 01 '531'(0X00,9 5?X11D
-nocbm3li Sro m1AOi\)))lin'{X3 n.ou 'M)')1'{oxon.9 i\q>x1913 nlio))cb 01mc;con.3 DA? 3li Sou
-(1)1?li11i\1J 11J138J1 '0,01 9X1li1JM9 9X11UOA OlD 1DX 0,01 5300,0A)))li1J'{0001 5?X100(l)'{t\.
-ro~3 mx 5?X1ooro'{A. S11o SoA3li9~1Dn) '13~))ocbn13li i\1J19 'SY,wnocbn13li SOi\?liroi\

- oli3li 381/X o 11919 'i\c;toelt10uomliltwn.o Di\ i\911Ji\n.91DA13 A39 S3noxon.9 5?X11onocb

-1J13li 5?'{'{01 011 10 119 n.01130Y,810131 i\3 3lic;t0'{31 'Sroi\?liOl3 'S13lia '1Jli03'{?1113 9X
-1101JOcD1J13ri 01 ))X11Ui\01J 310'{'{)/ 1DX ))X1138 310'{'{)/ i\0,0~))300ltl3 Di\ '5ltOlt101000cD
-m9 SY,Anem Slt1 SY,1n.n Sq>)1oxn rot\.9'{ 'mx n.OA?li13X Ltonocb))13li Soou n.o1 SroA.9'{1Ji\1J
S<y>x11o1o1 MOO?cDD19 nA i\91DM9 mi\13 5?A.0'{113 5?X1A.ltmow 10 mx 531lt19i\DX1
10 n.o1 5?1n.n 'i\0031~39 'mx 'Oi\3ri13X Sro3~1cDD noo<y>'{A. Ltw OA?liA.m31MO ow n.o1
Y,038Ac;to Lt1 ))11JX mx 009 n.Oi\?li13X Sn1olt13cbn nooq>'{A. Ltw n.OA?liA.m31MO n.o1 ltm'{
-))AD i\U1 ))11JX 0091 Y,x1t\.lt11J01D 0,01 Y,X19 [U 1380,0'{0X1J 1DX 531U19i\1JX1 0,01 5?X19 511

' ;)U!;)H n.ox1ooa n.o1 SomliY,10u n.o1nliA.139

131?8D19 'i\01<y>ou 'SY,wnocbn13li 381/X
-))01Jl 9'{1101 A?809 (l)0?1(l)i\1J OlD 1D13A11JcDli3 'O,O'{'{)) ~3 '91n.n .i\c;t08U101011Jlilt1D

-n,o Di\ '138X3'{ Lt9Y, 13X? Srol9 'A911JM9 11Ji\13 i\39 'Sn.01 9'{01\~0 011390100 Di\ i\911Ji\
-n.91Di\13 A39119 0,01 rot\.9'{ 'SroA?liOl3 '531'(0XOn.9 5?X1101JOcD1Jl3li 530319001031 10
'59X111J)1J19 ))01J81JX 11Ji\13 '13130Ul0,~3 0,01 '5910XO 0 .5?1.0
-1JOcD1J13li Sn.011J1A.13'{31011J l!SU'I:lll 509131Ji\? 1DX 1DA13 Y,i\310 1DX ' i\(1)30c;t'{ 5130Y,101
-OX19(l)X 5?X11U'{1A1J~3 11J1i\c;tOi\01X3 11JX A<yl1'{0X00,9 i\qJX1101JOcD1J13li 5130Y,lioi\ 1~1Jl
5?X19083li 11J1i\c;t0'{31MO 0,019 'Y,X01031 lt 119 '5ro1A))l '1DA13 59AOA.3j '51J10U13cD1J
1JOOqJ'{t\. UlD lt01J1901 (l)A))l1J01Jl lt 13X? 0,01 1J10Dlilto Y,X11X139 Y,i\3A.t\.3 AU1 5ro3~1cD1J
1JOOqJ"(t\. UlD 3lin.OO<yl9011J 1JA mt\. '01901 O'{U"("()/11JX A01 3lic;too) 1Ji\ '1D1130M3 '31011\
-))1 51Jli\qJAli1o3li 'VJOX>.W lt 3(}0H, ~ 3(}0~ XJ]OXJ.W H Sro 3lin.o~))OcDD13li 511 ))"('{X> '3(}0(l
lt WAJf[ - 5130))0cD1J13li 5?X1i\U'{'{3 5110 Oi\3liqJ1i\1Jl1J ))AXn.o 0091 S<y>X

aou XJ]OXJ.W

-0,100,9 11JX- O"(U~9X1JX 01 3li ?101 3lin.O~))OcD1J13li 511 A39 ';}nU;}A JS;} {nb ;}fJTJ.W JS;},:J

H fAQkLOAOriKH IlPOLEff!LH TQN EK THk META<I>PAkEQk IIPOKYIITOYLQN I'! YLKOAIQN

A.ou8o naga6Ly[.ta tl;ouoLav~; f!Etacpgaonx~; 6uoxoA.ta;: As the lion in our

teargarten remembers the nenuphars of his Nile 27 n MoxoA.n A.1;n teargarten, nou 6Ev
8noaugLl;nm cpumxa OE xavva yEvLx6 A.El;Lx6, 6oo El;avtA.nnx6 XL av lvm, xm nou
anotEA.l Ml;n-anal; oto gyo tou [.tEyaA.ou IgA.av6ou, naQEXEL ngay~-tma 6XL ~-t6vo
OtoV EAAl'jVa, OtoV 6av6 i) OtOV Lv6ov~OLO, a; JtOU[.tE, [.tELacpgaot~ tl'j;, ana xm CJE
auT6v ax6~-ta tov yQ~-tav6, ~-toa an6 (xugLOA.xtLxa {liaa an6) 111 yA.wooa wu
onoLou avaomio8nxE, ~-~.w; xm nagartE!-LJtEL otnv O[.tOl'JXl'J Msn Tiergarten - nou 8a
mL ~woA.oy~XO" xr)no" - yLa va naL1;L o ouyygacpa; otnv L6La wu tl'J yA.wooa !-I.E 111
YEQ[.tavLx~ A.1;n Tier(= ~wo) xm Tl'JV ayyA.Lx~ Ml;n tear(= ~-tnal;u aA.A.wv: MxQv),
acpou tou To Em1QEJtL xm 11 EA.acpga o6ovnxonay~; an6xA.wn wu 6EU1EQOU ouv8Enxou tn; nagal;Evn; Ml;n; Tiergarten [YEQ[.t. Garten I ayyA.. garden]. Teargarten ma
ayyA.oyEQ[.taVLXa 8a [.tJtOQOUOE - XaL [.tOVO OE JtQWtO Ol'j[.taOLOAO'(LXO JtLJtE60 - va
Ol'j[.tatVEL Xr)JrO" TWV DaXQVWV28 OE aA.A.E; yA.wooE;, 6rt01J 6EV (1-tJtOQEL va) Ol'jf,laLVEL
anoA.uTw; Ttrtota, o [.tEtacpgaot~; rtQErtEL va UrtEQ~EL tl'J [.tEtacpgaonx~ 6uoxoA.La mxLva wu ouvTEtaY~-tvou otl'J yA.wooa acpEtl'JQLa; xL~-tvou - !-I.E 6Lxa tou yA.womxa f!Eoa, El;aQtW[.tEVa Ev nonot; OXL ~-t6vo an6 n; ano66oL; tl'J; yA.wooLx~; xm
El;wyA.womx~; t01J 6El;a[.tEV~;. ana xm art6 tl'jV OAl'J JtQOOWJtLXOtl'jta to1J.

B) Kma tl'JV ano'\j!l'J wu Wilss 11 xa8E[.tLa [.tELa<pQaonx~ 6uoxoA.ta rtQEnEL va xa8oQLOLEL

xm va rtEQLyQacpl XWQLOLa Evt6; tou OXEtLxou XELf!EVLxou tl'J; rtEQL~aAA.ovto;2 9.
H xa8E Msn ELvm !-LEV Ol'J~-tELo 30 , ana ouyxg6vw; ELvm xm xan ~-tdl;ov EV oxoL
JtQO; to au8atQEto ava '(AWOOLX~ XOLVOTl'jta Ol'J[.tELO, 6L6TL EXEL '(EWl'j8EL LCJtoQLXa,
ElVaL xata xav6va JtOAUOl'J[.tl'J xm ~aLVEL JtEQaV JtEJtEQaO[.tEVWV Ol'j[.taOLWV, 1JrtOOtl'jQLl;6[.tEVl'J an6 to XEL[.tEVO nou tl'JV rtEQLEXEL' ywut6 xm 11 Ml;n, EV avn8oL ngo; to
(El;avtA.o'U~-tEvo owv OQLCJ!-1.6 wu) on~-tELo, 6XL ~-t6vo ELvm avavtLxataotatl'J, ana xm
xma tva oo~aQ6 nooooT6 anotEA.L xwga avEl;EQEUVl'Jtl'J. Am6 w xan [.tELl;ov twv
Ml;Ewv EV oxoL n;go; ta au8aLgna ava yA.wooLx~ xOLv6tnta Ol'J[.tELa ELVm xugtw;
o nA.ouw; twv on~-taoLwv wu; xm OL axvwtE; 6El;a[.tEv; twv avanagaywyLxwv
Ol'j[.taOLOAO'(LXWV 6uvawTi)1WV tou;, l'j aQtL01l'jta 01l'JV EXcpQaOl'j XaL l'j '(EVLX~ 6l'jAWtLX~ LCJXU; tou; ~ l'j E'('(EV~; 6uvat6tl'jta 1JJtO~oJ..n; Jt01J EX JtEQL01JOLa; 6La8to1JV, XaL
nnyal;EL an6 tl'JV OLXOU[.tEVLX~ xm par excellence [.tEtacpoQLX~ <puon wu ouv6A.ou twv
<pWVl'jTLXWV ELXOVWV' OL J..1;L; '(lVOVtaL Xat' am6v tOV tQOJtO <pOQEL; 8EWQl'jtLXW;
amLgwv on~-taoLWV, 6La DE tl'J; noA.uon~-tLa; wu; ava6Lxvuovtm OE x6of!OU; [.tLa;
6Lagxw; El;EA.wo6~-tEVl'J; EWOl'Jf!atwon; ngay[.tatwv, ouoLwv xm E[.trtELQLWv, nou
tou; EJtLtQErtEL va 6Laowl;ouv ~-toa an6 tnv LCJtoQLX~ [.tEta~oAi) twv on~-tamwv wu;
OAOV toV OE A.av8avouoa XataOLaOl'j E1JQLOXO[.tEVO Ol'j[.taOLax6 JtAOUto [.tLa; '(AWOoa;, nou 6~-tw; [.trtOQEL ava naoa OtLY!-1.~ va acpunvLCJ8EL
27 James JOYCE, Finnegans Wake, ael-. 75.
28 Ecp' 6aov, EVVOELtaL, tear EVt6t; toU l:iEI:iO!J,EVOU XEq.tEVLXOU llEQLB<J,AAOVto OT][WLVEL c56XQV XaL 6XL
x<'m 6.1-1-o, cpEQ' wtelv axiCanj axiat!lOi't an6Qay11a.
29 Bl-. WILSS, The Science of Translation, ael-. 174.
30 fLa n]v axQl~ELa 11 Ml;n Elvm 011!-lELO l:iwtEQotayer; ev axtaeL JtQor; tl'] XELQovo~J,la, rrou elvm 011!-lELO JtQWtotaytr; ~A. WITIGENSTEIN, Philosophische Grammatik, 46, OEA. 13.

303

6n 6A.OL avEl;aLQETwc; oL TQ6rtoL LOll ouyXEL!J.EVOlJ an:oTEA.ouv n:11yc;, an:6 6n:ou an:oxA.Ewnxa aVTAOUVTaL OL EXUOLOL 0111J.aOLt; TWV EXUOLOTE 011A01l!J.EVWV XaL OJL01J
aLQOVTaL OAt; OL !J.ETa<pgaonxc; 01JOXOALt;.
Aal-lJLQO n:agaOELY!J.a OXELLXO !J.E Ta avwTEQW EOTW 11 1J.ELU<pQa011 LOll XaLWTEQW XWQL01J LOll EmxTi)TOlJ an:6 LOV Joseph Souilhe. fQU<pEL 0 ErtLXT11LOt;: 'A:rcoA.d)waet~ o'
elai Otnai-1] flEV iOV VOYJUXOV a:rcoA.iOwat~, iJ M iOV EVTQE:rtitXOV, owv it~ :rtaQauwywivo~ fl~ emvdmv wt:~ evaQyiat flYJO' a:rco u.vv flaXOflEVWV acp{awa&at,

xm ~-tnacpgatu o Souilhe: II y a deux sortes de sclerose: celle de I'intelligence et celle du

sens moral, si /'on s'obstine soit arefuser son assentiment aux evidences, soit ane pas
fuir Ia contradiction33 0 !J.ETa<pQaOLi)c; allLOU LOll OUVLO!J.Oll XWQL01J, JLQOXQLVOVTat;
A.uouc; !J.ETa<pgaonxci:Jv 6uoxoA.Lci:Jv ~amt6~-tVt; 0111 AELLOllQYLXi) 6uva~-tL wo6uvaIJ.La EV OLa<pOQU TWV aQXaLOAA11VLXWV XaL TWV yaAALXWV OQWV XaL EAEYXOVTat; xma
to OlJVaLOV 6A.ouc; L01Jt; LQOJL01Jt; LOll 01JYXEL!J.EV01J, EYXaLVLaOE 0111J.aOLt; EJLEXELVa TWV
"xa8LQW!J.EVWV", L01JAUXLOLOV one; XaLWTEQW EJLTU JLQLJLLWOLt;:

1.

2.
3.
4.

a:rcoA.tOwaet~
wv VOYJUXov
WV eVTQE:rtitXOV
:rcaQauwyftivo~

de sc/erose34
de /'intelligence
du sens moraJ35
s'obstine36

Philosophische Grammatik, 23, oeA.. 60: Der Gebrauch des Wortes in der Sprache
ist seine Bedeutung.
32 OQ~A.. BENJAMIN, Ober die Sprache Uberhaupt und Uber die Sprache des Menschen, oeA.. 10.
31 BA.. WITIGENSTEIN,

33 EITIKTHTOL [Epictete], -1WTQt{3a{ [Entretiens], livre I, oeA.. 22.

34 0 ~nacpQaotl]s; e6w 6ev a:rco6l6n tl]V d:rw:Uewatv ~e tO yevnt6 A.anvLx6 "wo6uva~6" tl]s;, 6nA.a61]
~ t1] A.1;1] "petrification" (au~cpwva ~to Petit LAROUSSE, aeA.. 780: transformation de Ia substance
d'un corps organique en une substance pierreuse), aA.M. ~ va AA1]VLxi)s; xataywyi)c; auvwvu~6 t1]c;
" sclerose" (au~cpwva ~tO Petit LAROUSSE, aEA.. 952 : induration pathologique d'un tissu, 1] ~nacpoQL
xa impossibilite des 'adapter une situation nouvelle).
35 Avtl8na :rcQoc; tO :rcaQMHy~a 2, 6:rcou o ~nacpQaatl]c; a:rcoMiiEL t1] A.1;1] "vol]ttxoil" mota ~E t1] A.l;'T! " intelligence", ato o~6A.oyo :rcaQMELy~a 3 a:rcocpeuyn em~eA.ws; t1]V :rcayLw~v1] OT}~aola t1]s; A.El;1]c;
"EVtQEJ'CtLXoil" (ou~cpwva ~ tous; LIDDELL I SCOTI I KQNLT ANTIN!t>H, M iya At:stxov rij<; <EJ..A.q vtxij<; n.waaq-;, t. II, oEA.. 155, xm ~E QT}ti) avacpoQa oto u:rc6 El;tao1] xwQlo: brtrtfL7Jrtx6<;, bu:rc}.qxnx6<;, xma liE tl]V emQQWatLxi) ~oQcpi) tou em8tou: EAEyxuxw<;) xm tl] ~EtacpQa~n 1], xaA.uteQa,
tl]V :rcaQacpQ<i~EL- Emtuxwc; xma tl] yvw~1] ~as;! - ws; "sens moral", Em~vovtac; otnv ~cpao1] wu
n8txou mQLEXo~vou tou ytyvo~vou EA.Eyxou.
36 To aQxawEA.A.!]vtx6 Qi)~a ":rcaQataoow" otT} ~o1] xm :rcaennxi) cpwvi) (ou~cpwva ~e wuc; LIDDELL 1
SCOTI I KQNLTANTIN!t>H, M t!ya AEstxov rij<; EAA1]Vtxij<; rA.waaq<;, t. III, OEA. 467, xm ~E Ql]ti) ava-

304

~0

"8g)l "'(3D '3:SSOO"HY1l!l;!d "'(8 I P

"O)oroX UDD1~~3 91!\ OlD l)OOcbDAD ~.tllto 3TI 1DX

'178 "'(3D 'II "1 'SUDDf[JYJ 5yx11tUY'(;;J, Sy~ ttqX1~:1V D!..1W 'HVINI.lNY.L:l:NiJ)I I LLO::>S I 113GGI1 "'(8
"8 "'(3D'! ;JlA!I '[SU;J!J;!llU3] JIJf}1a1D1V '[;Jl~lJ!d;J.] :W.LH.l)llll3
"(5;6 "'(3D 'III "1 'SUDDf[JYJ Symttuyy;;J,Syl ttqX1~3V v!..i'W 'HVINI.LNY.l:l:NiJ)I I LLO::>S I 113GGI1
'(g) lJMri(IO'X1A0'{1dJmq ?DX lJAJri9~1a1 Sro lJA3ri9XlJrl D1311 1D13(l31Do1DnD UOfl:J!Pfl.IJUO:J fit 39 01 '( Pll "'(30
'II "1 'SUDDf[J'(J 5yX1ttUY'(;;J, Sy1 ttqX1~3V v!..i'W 'HVINI.LNY.L:l:NiJ)I I LLO::>S I 113GGI1 "'(g) roihupwx ttl
Srp ptt p1 ttl T(03ttDdJ Sro y!..aDttl D13TI 1D13~)X101D sd:JUdPflli' Xnf! A3TI 0~ nX1010JlAD UOfl:J!PfilJUO:J fi/1DX
Sd:JUdpflli' Xnf! l)X11DD1Dn0 Ill 3TI A(!)lnD i\(1)3~'( J\{1)1 5310M~ 511139JqDl!D '531lt'(fla~l!MD A9Q3Xo 531'(0XO
-nq 91X3qDl!D S(!)X1A3A 01~1 m mx S(!)Xn111313DJ1!(1)13TI1li\D Di\ !\OA?TI13X001! '5\J.1000cbD13TI 0 'MOtti'rloX
-vrl ttQ:U \J.XOlJTI AU1 311 L DTIA13Q~Dl! 010 mx 1Dl~ 'wi'!..ODtt1510~ 0139)13 01311 9 n11!..13Ql)OD1! 010 Srol!Q.
")UdWfJUdSSfJ
uos ldSnfdl rro1 mq tt13(13tt1lt1 n01I.JcbTI30Dl!D rt01 rtOl!(t1 (tOX11ltAon rto1ltort'(l)AD lt 1D13A)DTIUD113 (!)Q3

OP
6

8
L

.. oTI3'(91!, mx .. ltXl)TI., 13A(!J'(UQ rtOl! 'Slt~~'( S\J.X1AU'('(301DXOD Slt1 SDJDDTIUD 5\J.X11X3'(010

-nx mx Sltl(!)Ol! Slt1 oXlt91D A01 rto1 DDD(!)'(!.. lt1o 13D(!)QOl!D DA 1D1l)013l!Ol!D \J.1rtD rro1 \J.OD190l Alt1
3TI 1DX ' .. jll;!Uli;Jj, 1DX .. ;J:JU;Jl;JAj)Sl;Jd, ' .. ;J::>U1llSUOJ., i\(1)3~~'( i\(1)1 D)ODTIUD U1130JD~3 0319 'dlJ"I!!UfdO

'di'UfJSqo ;>JUOfOA dun,p JfOtnoA

c.ounsqo,

DTITI\1'( 010

'090 1

"'(30 'S!f!:5Uf!ld U!Jfi1 dlff!UUOfl:J!G

'.lOH:IY!) i\01 3TI DArocbTI(tO) mx i'JPf!Ui'J :Jdll!ildl[:J!!JJ!!.S 13AJDTIUD (I L "'(3D '3SSOO"HY1 l!l;ld 01 3TI DA
-(l)d>TI(tD) rtOl! ' ..l;lU!lSQO' s, SOlDTI\10 (t0XD1TI(li\(1)1AD rt01 501(!)1031\3 5\J.X11D100 Slt1 01(1)D901 ,\. 01131\
)31001 ' .. SoA~TIAD131DODl!., rtOA~TI13XDODl! rtOO~TI \J.X013TI AU1 rt01 1)10001!11 5D1AOX~ 'rt01\J.1X113 rt01
S\t1DDOcbDl3TI SO'('(l)!.. o .Sorlw~i! '5ott!'riDDI!3XD3avu mrtm..o,l13A)Dlilto ( o1oroX ltom~~3 91!\ 010 l)OOcb

-03A3 A(l)1 xnl03"'(iJ101ID 9X1031(l)~3 DAiJ 13AI.})"'(UQDOD1.crlCtO O.OlC 009 ADAiJ 3rl VJ..tt(J.OOOQ-3
u~iJ"Y: 5u1 1,tooq91D AU1 5oou 5ro u-y:oxo'),q u1 13'f3Aurlo3 mx o.oAiJrl13x uonod:>r;>13rl
910. 0.01 UOD10"91<;? l,tX1AO"'(OOOro-y:A.oXo.cj\, AUlD "91riO.OXD 51,tlODOdm13rl 0 'O.Ol(),101(l)01
(),OX1AU"'("'(301DXon 0.01 mtt(J.OOOQ-3 ?DX DM(J.orln.()Q-3 0.01AA.muoooro-y:A. 0.01 nrl03"'(iJ101!D
01 UOiJ8 D]3X10 AUlD 138Xct31113 DA 13001rl A3<;? "9X1"'("'(DA DlD l,t<;?1313 '5rorl9 . 1tPPnJ?!nbU{
SU13S '~[q{Sf13d 1DX UO!J13J!;/13 SU13S 13A1DTIUO A009 ,8DX 'l,tlODOcbD13TI CL01 l,ti\.0"'(113
..UAiJTI"'(Dcb03, 13"'(3101ill DA 1Dl3A1Dcb 'D0"9 '5ro3clt9 5U11.})01 X3 ~mnbUfJJJ 0138113 9X1"'(
--y:nA. 01 otf!J03r1Urt3 'S~Xmm mriJ3 13A1DTIUO 530QA"9 30 UA3TI903cbDAD 'tt(!)OOQ-3 1,tX013rl
H 6;,~mnbueJJ 3d xn~;(o( '1U13f.I u~ JfU13d ~p ~q:>~dw~. w {nb ~:J-Js~. ni) :5roe'),o-y:oxn 5ro
"9X1"'("'(DA DlO 13~"90cbD13TI 01 ;nmnos qd;}SOf 0 01010 01 .'mtt(J.OOOQ-3 ?DU mtt(J.Orin.()Q-3
?VU D.2tt(!)'"(3t! [3rl] n~yrou tt't0 511. rl :n.o.1 tt(!)[j10.1D1V A(l)1 01"'(fl1H 011.})0ll 01 91D
010roX DAiJ 3TI0.0Ai)"'(11!3 '01U1X113: A0191D DlDrlA.13QDOD1 DlO 3TIO.OA]3TIDOD1C DA D1J
o.o-y:9M0 5ro ctOAiJrl13x o.o113clt9 A3 OA9rl 5o.o1 51,toct3"'('("913rlX3
5uoocbo90l 1,tx11uooou 3rl1m3cb"9oA.1031 mx m13~1101A3 AI.})1"'(0Xoo.q AI.})X110Docbm
-3rl DA.i)rl 5oel,t"'(l 119 51.})f)10XD 0A9"'( 01 mA. 'ctOAiJTI13X 0.01 UOD10"91<;? l,tX1AO"'(OOOro-y:A.oX
-o.cj\, AU1 5001 5013X0"9 1DA13 DA poolrl A3<;? AI.})1"'(0XOO.<;? AI.})X110DOcbD13rl 59TID1101A3
5ro3~"91 51,tx1A.o-y:oooro-y:A. 1 51,txworo-y:A. o mx nrl9xn 119 3rlo.ool,toAD1DX DA 131!iJ01
-113 5"9rl ctOAiJrlnxA.o.o (),OX1ooro-y:A.ro~3 mx ctOAiJrlnx-Mo (),OX1ooro-y:A. 'f~D13rl 5uou1
px3 5u1mx 51,tx11nrlrlnoA.mx 5ro3~iJ"Y:- 5uAiJrlo.ooA moMiJ l,tX1"'(3101010D
910. - '),~D13rl 51,tXOMO 5UA3TI(),OOU1DOD1 O.OAiJrl13X 591A3 5u1 'roOiJ11D031 'U1?"'(3rl H
-0"9~3-y:u-y:-y:n

"9

1D?t!OVtt?510.1
tt13~3tt1lt1 rl

UOS J~SfljdJ !?

91"9

8UO{J:J{p13JJUO:J 13[
S~:Ju~pfA.}

L1U~Wf1U~SSfJ

NlliVO)!UV N5UOlllA.)!Odll

ttrott?rloXvrl tt(!).1

Xn13

~5ti~Vd!IJVBW

.~

ml )It! N5l H~IJJt!Wdll H)!IJOVm~5VJ H

90
' [81 ''(30 'UO{llJfSUlJl.l <:IU{IJS!JW Uf SW<:I[QOld :J{lS{ni/Uf7 <:IWOS 'NIAMYD ' '(~Oll . SV
'vLl ''(30 'UO{llJ[SU!Jl.LJO

<:I:JU<:IfJS <:IIJ.l

'SSl!A\ ''(H VV

'1\(!lOO<Tl'(A (l~Dl3T1 Slt010XA(l.O Sltlltiltlt'('((l.O \tX1AO'(OOO<Tl'(A "9X110

-13'(X01lD 1DX \tXD100QDOD1l 1\UlO l)1Xrt3cb91!Di\D 13A\t'(l)1DX ltODOcb"913TIU10 i\(!l1'(0XOrtQ 1\<TllltOrt'(J;li\D
rt0i\~TI13X rt01UlU10"9~3i\D

It 't ''(30 '<:ISAflJUV <:IA{lSlJllUO)/ pun <:IIJ:lllldSW{l<:llUJ '3HYYM i\01 3TI Di\<TlcbTI(\.3: v

'01!1!10(\.0X i\Ol10X~rl SrtOcb900'(1cb 5(l.OX1<Tll~ SrtOlO 1Dl30~cbDAD 1101 01'(~1~ orlo~~ OlD
SoJOllO o

'88'L 'MoM;>Dltrhxoqr;.;g rlJrhoooyJ<P

''1 ttQH mrfrpttJ ?VX 10Jfl 'NOI.ld3YV NHN3JOIV ''(H zv

'9r1eng 0?1U"{3TID 5<!)"{311\3 30 1X9 1\D '51"{9r1

OI\?TID100103ll 30 50l3Dl)OdYX3 mnr1A.J390lln. DI\?Tim1A.Dll 5<!)X1A.0"{030DOcb 30 ~10nocb
-D13TI n.o1 ~A.n.cbOOOll I\U1 I\O,Oll?011ll3 'MlJ30~cbOllD I\(1)1~101DM9 1\<!)"{llD"{"{Oll D10
-nx19n19 mrl 9llD no?rl 53on.Olw;txooll 'n.oll 5130~ocbm3r1 30 ~11.teom no311D1911DI\
-p 5ltonocb~13r1 5mr1 D13l1oxn - ~x1A.o'(ocbn. mx 39 1\ltxA.~I\D ,wx- ~x1A.0"{01onr1lto
H (.;B:>JlUllW;;IS ;;~uorsp;;~Jd rp llZUll:>UllW, I .. lr;;l)[~rsopmuo)l ;;llj:>SJlUllW;;IS, I .. ;;~nbJlUllW
-;;,s uorsp;uctwr, 1 .. uorsp;;~Jdwr :>Jluuw;;,s,) .. 5313l1i':lXDI\D 5?X1A.0"{01onr1lto, 3r1 mx
-n.3cb9llDI\D UI\?TI39 9rleng 1\Di\? 5m? 1DI\)3 Di\ 5n.Ol ~onocb~13r1 lt 310<!) 'ltODlX? lt091
30 mx 5~cbn. 5D101?1 (..ll:>JlUllW;;IS ;;,uorzuuruu;;ll;;IPU!.P r~BSSlld, I .. U;;l!I;;llSSlr;;lljlWW!lS
-;;,quo ;;,lj:>SJlUBw;;~s, 1 .. ;;,nbJluuw;;~s uO!lBuruu;;,l?PU!.P s;;,~ussud, 1 .. s;;~~ussud i\:>uurw
-J;;ll;;,pur =>rlUllW;;IS,) .. DlD10919000llD 5<!)X1A.0"{010DTIUO D10(1)X, MOX?103ll- S;;IJll;;l]
s;;,n;;,q 1\(1)1 DI\3TI13X 39 5m1on.x - DI\3TI)3X ltonocb~13r1 5ooll ~"{"{Oll 5m1?8000ll1ll3
~vn.o"{9MO c;tOX11\3A. n.o1 D"{OI\c;toolln. ~x1913 30 5n.Ol 9TID1ll301n.3 I\01mx ltolt1?8
-0,319 lt1 'ltoltr19i\1~Dl I\U13r1 l\1ll91DX 1DX (O"{OI\c;l003ll(t ~) 0'(01\c;lO 9X11\3A. Di\? 30 5n01
~~Dli\? I\U11DX 5n.Ol ~A.O"{"{n.o lt1 3r1 Dl<!)Oll1Dl31\1A. 5no1 ~010<!)1\A.DI\D 39 lt .53noxo
-n.9 5m 1301i':lmi\A.DI\D 511 Dl\ 13ll?Oll 'I\<!)1"{0Xm9 I\<!)Xuonocbn13r1 1\(1)1 5m3cltJ3'(DllD
1 5m3o~go3lln. n1onx19D19 lt1 5~wnocbm3r1 o 130~i\1X3~ '5mr19 'c;tOloou 'I\<!)1"{0Xm9
I\<!)X1wnocbn13r1 l\(1)1\?rloX391\3 5m3cltJ3"{Dlln 1 5m3o~go3lln. 0909?rl n.o1 ~x1rlow ~x19
-13 I\U1 3TI13~~n.9MO DTIDI\c;l9001 D10ll0 D11DX 'ltonocb~13TIU10 531"{0XOn.9 5300cb~19
5<!)Xn.11ll3 1301ll(1)13r1111\D Dl\ mA. ~oocbm9 1\3 l\mrl~M9oo1 13rl~M9 I\<!)X1A.On.o113"{
DTI~XA. ~11D"{ll D1r1 n.o1 ~038~19 ltlO 13X? (5m3~1cbD) DOO<!)"{A. ~x1mcb D1r1 500ll (5D10
-lt13cbD) DOO<!)"{A. ~x1on.cb D1r1 9llD I\(1)1\?TI13X 5~wnocbn13r1 0 5?00cb 5?"{"{0ll 01ll 511
'D1"{1X10ll I\U1 5ooll 531\?TI01"{01DI\DOOOll1DI\)3 5300<!)"{A. 5?X1on.cb 5300cb~19 10 ~913ll3

.vv1D11\c;l011\03ll3~ 1\39 '1D11\0~10(1)1\A.

-DI\D <!)1\3 'noll 53noxon.9 5?X1wnocbm3r1mx MoXo~lln. 5mll9 '1D11\o~nomi\A.DI\D

H fAQLWAOriKH IIPOLEfriLH TQN EK THL META<PPALEQL IIPOKYIITOYLQN IWLKOAIQN

0 Kafka Otl] "~LXl]" toU, xm ouyXEXQ~[lEVa Oto XE<pa/..mo "lm Dom" [= "Ltl] Ml]tQOJ1:0Al]"]46, <pwttl;H xanma ot~Yflrl fl [l~a M[lJI:a tl]v Ayta Tgam(;a tl]~ Ml]tQ6n:o/..lJ~ xm xm6mv yga<pH: Starend schwebte das ewige Licht davor. To OlJflELO aut6
Lvm va n:6 ta mo Moxot..a va [lEta<pgaotouv, 6~6n, nag6/..o nou 6v Lvm Ol][laowt..oy~xw~ UJI:Q006~6QLOto, Ol Ol][lUOLOAOYLXE~ avaXQL~H~ Otr)vouv n:ay(OE~ OtoV

ouyyga<pas OflL/..L n:goE~ayyEA.nxa JTEQi

flta<pgaotr) o 6/..Es ns t..~Ls tov.
OXATJ()a~ mworjaEw~ rov mwviov cpwr6~, n:gotou xav flU~ n:H n~ mtLEs nou n:goxaA.ouv tl]V mwQl]OlJ xm tl]V ~ami]~ n:agay6flEVlJ EVOXAlJOlJ.
Ltl]V JtQWtl] ayyf..Lxr) [lEtcX<jJQUOl] tou EQYOU to XWQLO aut6 [lE'tU<jJQcX(;Etm w~: The
light from a permanent oil lamp hovered over it like an intrude~ 7 , 6n:ou - xm ~bou to
n:aga6o~ov, OL6n o tva~ Ex twv [lEta<pgaotwv, o Edwin Muir, Lvm OtaXEXQLflEVOs
n:oLl]tr)~! -to 8Ql]OXunxr1s xmaywyns das ewige Licht, r)to~ to auvvw cpw~. tQtnnm
O oxtto light [= cpw~] n:ou n:agayEtm an6 [l~av an:Ar) oil lamp [ = A.ap.Jra JTETQEAaiov],
XaLUQYOU[lEVl]~ EtoL tl]~ EXXAl]O~aonxr)~ aL[lOO<jJaLQa~ Jl:OU ett..H va toVLOH 0 ouyyQa<ptas. aoxttws av m [lEta<pgaot~ n:g6o8wav amoyvw[l6vws tl] /..t~lJ permanent
[= f10VLf.W~, Evtot OE atvao~]. Ox~ [l6vo lJ untgtatl] o~aotaol] tlJs mwv~6tl]tas, n.ou
tovt(;u o Kafka, at..M xm amr) ax6[-ta lJ tQxouoa, lJ yr)Lvl] O~aotaol] tou zg6vou EAAELJI:H OflOLWs an:6 tl]V JtQWtl] yat..t..~xr) [lta<pgaol] tl]s "~LXlJ~": La lumit~re du tabernacle contrariait ce//e de Ia lampe electrique [lEta<pga(;u o Alexandre, Vialette48 lJ 0
Jl:Q608Etl] AE~l] tabernacle [= avT{OiCTJVO], Jl:OU ewttu tl]V E~ga'Cxr) Fete des
Tabernac/es 49 , r)toL tl]V Eoorrj TTJ~ ~ICTJVOJTTJyia~, [laA.t..ov ouoxm;((;u naga OLa<pwt((;u to 'tL 8EAH va Jl:H 0 - E~Qa'lxr)~ O[lOAoy(a~! - Kafka. H LtUALXr) [lEtcX<jJQUOl] toU xa8l]yl]tr) Claudio Magris Oto Ol][lELO aut6 an:otEAEL xa8agr) au8mgw(a: La /ampada
perpetua appesa davanti gli era di ostacolo5, 0L6n, n:tgav tou fa Jampada perpetua [=
ro &aoxt~ cpw~]. to di ostacolo [= Ef1Jt6c5Lo] m' ouOEv( flJl:OQEL va wo6uva[-tL- out
xav o toxato OlJflUOLof..oyLx6 mtn:EOo - fl to starend schwebte tov ngwtotun:ou.
OUt lJ OEUtEQlJ ayyt..~xr) out lJ OEUtEQlJ yaA.f..Lxr) [lEta<pgaous tou tgyou anoxatOtl]oav xa86/..ov ns Ql]8los Ol][laowA.oy~xt~ uvaxg(~H~. Mo/..ov6n o Bernard
Lortholary, E~lJYEL OtoV Jl:Q6J....oy6 toU OtL EnLXELQl]O tl]V vta [lEtcX<jJQUOl] toU EQYOU
yw va tA.eu mo xovta otov xa<pxLx6 Myo51 , to ouyxEXQ~[ltvo xwgto OEv xma<ptgvu
n:aga va to n:aga<pgaou, xm flcXALOta xata tov mo anteavo tQ6no: La lumh~re de
/'adoration perpetuelle faisait un faux jows 2 Ilou lJ mWQlJOlJ xm nou lJ Ev6z'A.lJOlJ tou

46
47
48
49

Franz KAFKA, Der Prozess, aEI.. 246.

B/.. Franz KAFKA, The Trial, !-(El:Uq>QUOT] Willa xm Edwin Muir, OEA. 205 .
B/.. Franz KAFKA, Le proci~s. !-(EtUq>Qaan Alexandre Vialette, aEI.. 297.
LU!-(q>wva !!E to Petit LAROUSSE, aEI.. 1019, TJ Fete des Tabernacles Elvm une des trois grandes solennites

des Hebreux, qu 'ils celebraient apres Ia moisson, sous des tentes, en memoire de leur campement dans le
desert apres Ia sortie d'Egypte Bl.. ~E~oom;, 1\TI", 8 En.
SO B/.. Franz KAFKA, II processo, !-(El:Uq>QUOT] Claudio Magris, OEA. 214.
51 B/.. Franz KAFKA, Le proces, !-(Et<iq>Qaal] Bernard Lonholary, .aEI.. 25 "Note sur Ia traduction": Ia
presente traduction tente de restituer toute Ia force de cette ecriture.
52 B/.. Franz KAFKA, Le proces, !-(EtUq>QUOT] Bernard Lonholary, aEI.. 248.

307

JtELta ~Eta<pQaoti] tou Qyou ota Ltaf..Lxa: di ostacolo I got in the way!
OL /..f..T]vEc; ~na<pQaotc; tTJc; "il(xTJc;" 6Ev ntuxav, xata tT] yvw~TJ ~ac;, xaf..utEQO
anot/..w~a. acpou to ~Ev Qi]~a schwebte xma<pEQav 6XL ~6vo va ~TJV tO ~Eta<pQa
oouv, at..t..a out xav xata JtQooyyLOTJ va to ano6woouv, tT]V 6 x<pQaOT] das ewige
Licht va tT]V El;acpav(oouv EV'tEf..wc;. (... ) yievovra~ <pwuas flE To xAs<pw<pavaeo
r:ov I-lia slxova. To xavT~At :n:ov TQSfto<psyys fl:TrQoaTa r:ov Tov Eft:n:oot~s va ost;
f.tEtf<pQao o adf.tVTJotoc; At..t!;av6Qoc; KotsLac; 55 ( ... ) <pwTws flE T~ Aaft:n:a T~v stx6va wiJ /3WflOV. M:n:QOOTa TOV avallaft:Tr evoxi!.'YfUXa TO alwvw <pw~- ELVal T]
JtQ6taOT] LOU fLWQYOU Baf.lBaAi]56 Xal (...) <pwuas flE TO xlls<pw<pavaQO eva :n:ivaxa. 'EvoxllrJux~ flSUOJQt~orav xsi fl:TrQOaTa ~ axoift'YJT'YJ xavT~Ila - auti] dval TJ
f.tEta<pQaonxi] x6oxi] tT]c; Tfac; AVf.lOYL<ivvT] 57 .

M LU~<pwva f.l toV Wilss T] JtAfOV ouv8EtT] JtAEUQa tT]c; avaxaAmjJT]c; f.lEta<pQaOtLXWV
6uoxof..Lwv dval ami] tTJc; anotL~T]oi]c; wu BaoEL wu ouv- I ouyXELf.tvou touc; 58 .
Euf..oyo d Val 6tL T] OXEtLXi] a!;(a f.tLac; f.tEta<pQaOtLXi]c; 6uoxof..(ac; yxL tal Oto nwc;
!!JtOQd TJ 6uoxof..(a auti] va 6L6ax8EL. Ka8(otatal, <iQa, axQwc; anaQa( tT]to to va
JtQOXWQi]OOUf.lE JtfQaV tT]c; EVaL08T]tLXi]c; aJtO'tL~T]OT]c; tWV DUOXOALWV OtT] ~EtU<pQa
OT] Xal va 6TJ~LouQyi]oou~E !!La otQETJ BaoT], rnavw OtTJV ono(a 8a un6xLtal OE
EJtE!;EQyao(a an6 JtAEUQac; 6L6aoxat..tac; Xal ~a8i]owc; to Exaotot uf..Lx6 nou 8a
fXEL OUYXVtQW8( Xal ta!;LVO~T]8EL avaA6ywc; tT]c; XEL~EVOtUJtOAOy(ac; toU. XWQLc;
va JtaQayVWQLsOU~f nc; DUOXOALEc; toU OXE'tLXOU EYXELQi]~atoc; Xal XWQ(c; va anoOUQOU~E out ~La votaoT] an6 amc; nou xatt8T]oav avwtQw we; JtQoc; tT] <pUOTJ
twv 6uoxof..Lwv otT] ~Et<i<pQaOTJ, TJ E<pTJQ~oo~VTJ ~tta<pQaonxi] Quva !!JtOQd 6L'
ami]c; tT]c; a~Lywc; 6L6axnxi]c; ~866ou va axed otT]V nay(woT] v6c; - a6La<poQo n6oo f.lLXQOU i] JtOOO ~Eyaf..ou - OUVOAOU XQLtT]QLWV, OtOLXda toU OJtOLOU !!JtOQOUV va
aJtotEAOUV OL 6La<pOQEc; 6'\jJELc; ~tta<pQaOtLXWV DUOXOALWV, 6nwc; JtQOXUJttOUV aJt6
tT]V ava SEUYTJ YAWOOLXij OUYXQLOT], tT]V ELDLXi] XELf.lEVO'tUJtOAOy(a Xal tT]V XEL~EVO-

53 BA.. Franz KAFKA, The Trial, !!EtU(jJQUOT] Douglas Scott xm Chris Waller, oel... 230.
54 BA.. Franz KAFKA, The Trial, ~-ttt6.qJQUOT] Douglas Scott xm Chris Waller, oet... 16: "Introduction".
55 BA.. <I>Q6.vt~ KA<I>KA, 'H .dlxl], fieuirpeaaiJ /\U~avoeo~ Kmtui~. oel... 223.
56 Bt... <I>Q6.vt~ KA<I>KA, 'H .dixrt, f1t:arpeaart Tuiieyo~ Bafif3a).1j~. oet... 195.
57 Bt... <I>Q6.Yt~ KA<I>KA,'H .dlx1J, fiHarpeaart Tia 'Avefioytavv7f, oet... 289.
58 BA.. WILSS, The-Science of Translation, oet... 174.

308

H fAQLLOAOriKH nPOLErriLH TQN EK THL META<I>PALEQL IIPOKYIITOYLQN

~YLKOAJQN

OT]IJ.aaLOAOyia toU' OXOJl:O 6 aut~ 11] nayiWOT] XQLtT]QLWV ELVaL 1] !J.UXQOJl:Q08W!J,T] EXJl:OVT]OT] IJ.LU OAOXAT]QWIJ.EVT] !J.c866ou Jl:EQLYQaqJ~, EQIJ.T]VELa XaL a:n:OtLIJ.T]OT] tWV 6UOXOALWV OtT] !J.EtUqJQUOT].
.
XQ~OLIJ.O yLa tT]V mQLygacp~ xm tT]v xatata~TJ twv !J.Etacpgaonxwv 6uoxoA.Lwv
nA.aimo avacpoga !J.U naQEXH- EV 61j!H !J.aA.wta t6oo 11] A.oyLX~ tou "aA.1]8ocpavHa" 600 XaL tT] EIJ.Jl:HQLX~ tOU maM8U01] -tO OUOtT]IJ.U tWV Jl:Evt fV LQaQXLX~ tU~H 6LcU8t1]1J.EVWV fVOt~tWV, Jl:OU Jl:Q01L':H 0 YAWOOOAOYLXO OtQOUXtoUQUALOIJ.059: tT] YQUIJ.IJ.UtLX~ ng6taOT] (sentence), tTJ cpwvoA.oyLX~ ng6taOT] (clause),
tT] O!J.a6a M~~:wv ~ OIJ.a6a cpgao~:wv (word group~ phrasal group), tou A.E~~!J.ato
(lexeme) xm tou !J.OQqJ~IJ.Uto (morpheme) 60 to ouotT]IJ.a aut6 yivctm otT]V mgintWOTJ tWV !J.ftUqJQUOtLXWV 6UOXOALWV og8oA.oyLX6 un66Hy!J.a, av Jl:Q008EOOUIJ.f
xm IJ.WV EXtTJ V6t1]ta: aut~v tou mnt6ou tou ox~:nxou !J.f to XELIJ.EVO (text-related
level), nou mQLA.a~--tBavn n6Lxa xagaxtT]Qwnxa 6Lata~EW twv M~~:wv, xm 611 xagaxtT]gwnxa ALtOUQYLXW xa8oQWIJ.EVa, 6:n:w 6o!J.E Em tOVWIJ.OU tou XELIJ.Evou
(text accentuation structures I Hervorhebungsstrukturen)61 , 60IJ.E ta~EW (ordering
structures I Ordnungsstrukturen) 62 , !J.OQLa ngoo6i6ovta anOXQWOH (shading
particles I AbtOnungspartikeln) 63 xm ou~U~H xugiwv xm 6UtQuouowv ngotaowv (clause I sentence connectors) 64 , nou ava<ptgovtm OtT] OXEOTJ 8t~--tato 1Q~IJ.atO .

EVIiELx:nx.a J. ELLIS, Toward a General Comparative Linguistics, OEI... 32 EJt. SHILAN, An Application
of Contrastive Linguistics, oEf.. 61 m .
60 Og~f... GLEASON, Introduction aIa linguistique, OEI.. 41.
61 ng~f.. THOME, "La mise en relief" und ihre Wiedergabe im Deutschen, oEf.. 399 En:.
62 Og~f.. THIEL, Ansiitze ZU einer Methodologie der iibersetzungsrelevanten Textanalyse, OEf.. 174 E1t.
THIEL, Methodische Probleme einer iibersetzungsunterrichtlich relevanten Textanalyse, OEA. 64 m.
63 ng~f.. WEYDT, Aspekte der Modalpartikeln. Studien zurdeutschen Abti:inung, passim.
64 Og~f.. THIEL, Vberlegungen zur iibersetzungsrelevanten Textanalyse, OEf.. 367 En:. DRESSLER ,
Einf!ihrung in die Textlinguistik, OEI.. 68 m.

59 0(?131...

309

Dolce color d'ori"ental zaffiro

Dante 1
An icon is a sign which would possess the caracter which renders it significant,
even though its object had no existence; such as a lead-pencil streak as
representing a geometrical line. ( ...)A symbol is a sign which would lose the
character which renders it a sign if there were no interpretant. Such is any
utterance of speech which signifies what it does only by virue of its being
understood to have that signification.

Charles S. Peirce2

YMct>QNA ME TON PIER CE H EIKONOIIOIIA (iconicity) /;aQt<iTm an6 tl] YW!J,tQlXrJ i] Alt01JQYlXrJ <pUOlXrJ O!J,OlOtl]ta UVU!J,WG OtO Ol]!J,LO XaL Oto UVtlXtL!J,VO t01J Ol]!J,tL01J, ava~J,wa Otl]!J,OQ<pi] xm Oto VOl]!J,G. Aut6<; 0 tUJtO<; tlXOVOJtOlLG
/;agtatm xa8aga xm ava~J,<pw~i]tl]ta an6 to ~J,oov. H Ml;n-lloQ<pi] "xouxou", A..x .
Lvm HXOVOJtOll]tlXi] we; JtQO to cpwvlx6, OXl we; JtQO to yga<plx6 !lEOov. fla tl]V
avaA.uon tou A.c/;lA.oy(ou twv cpumxwv yA.woowv, 6~J,w<;, fxH !lyaA.utQYI onou6m6tl]ta n O!J,Ol6tnta i] n oxton nov 6l]!J,lOUQyd tm ava~J,wa o 6La<poga voi]~J,ata nov
oxn(~ovtm !l xanma !lOQ<pi] i] !l xanow ouvoA.o !lOQ<pwv 3. 0 mo ouv8tto<; tunoc;

I DANTE ALIGHIERI, La divina com media, Purgatorio, canto I, 13.

PEIRCE, The Philosophy of Peirce: Selected Writings, OEA. I 04.

3 BA. OXEUXa LYONS, Semantics, t. II, OEA. 550 EJt.

310

H MET A<I>PALH THL MET A<!> OPAL

LXOVOJtOLLW; d VaL aut6t; Jt01J OQLttaL aJtO tT] oxeoT] !lOQC(Jtl XaL VOi]!latot; XaL Jt01J
toV JtOQLt6~-taOt aJt6 O,tL 1-!JtOQEL va JtQLYQacpd W JtextaOT] to1J VOi]!latO aJt6 tT]
~aoLxi] otT] ~-tnacpoQLxi] olJ~-taota tlJ MslJ.
H Mva~-tlJ i] lJ a6uva~-tta ~-tLat; ~-tnacpoQat; ~Qtoxnm ont; /..esL - ~-t6vov xd xm
nou8va a/../..ou! o ottxot; tou ilavtl] nov ~-t6f..Lr; 6La~aoa~-t xm nov to xa~-t<lQL tTJr;
xa/../..ttXVTJ <I>AWQvttar; tov ouve8w yLa va JtQLYQU'Ij!L tov ouoav6 tl] AvatoA.i]t; ovo~-tatovtat; tov aanxptQo (zaffiro), ... eva 1Jyvet; 6Lacpavo JttQ<l6L, xm JtQoo6LoQttovtar; tov wt; oriental, i]toL avaroA.tx6v, OlJ~-tatvL tl]V aya8i] XQtlOlJ twv Mswv xaeamer; O ovv6uao~-t6 !l VQYiJ!lata JtQOOLta t6oo oto xa8 aveowmvo ~-tua
M XWQLOta 6oo xm oto ouf..AoyLx6 vou tl]r; av8QwJt6tT]tar;4 , xan nov oottL to
axoov awtov tl]r; ~-ttacpooar;. H ~-ttacpooa autou tou d6our; 6La8etL Mva~-tTJ, 6L6tL
6v anotA.d anAi] avnxaraotaoT] !lLar; ewOLat; an6 ~-tLav a/..AlJ, aAA.a nmxvi&- !l
tl]V ewOLa toll aQXaLOAAT]VLXOU aywvo~ - , 6Jt01J OL Mo eWOLt;, wr; Mo OU!-!Jtavta,
~-tcpavttovtm xm xou~ovtm vaf..Ms tov aywva am6v tov xcpoatL eawaoLa o
Roman Jakobsen 0 eva vaVLX6 t01J eQyo ( 1920) yQa~-t~-tevo ota toeXLXa, to "Ko je
poesije" 1 "TL Lvm lJ JtOLlJOl];", 6nou- o yaf..ALxi] ~-ttacpQaol) - yQacpL: Toute
expression verbale stylise et transforme, en un certain sens, l'evenement qu 'elle decrit. L 'orientation est donee par Ia tendance, le pathos, Je destinataire, Ia "censure"
prealable, Ia reserve des stereotypes. Comme Ie caractere poetique de / 'expression
verbale marque avec force qu 'a proprement parler if ne s 'agit pas de communication,
Ia "censure" peut ici s 'adoucir et s 'affaiblir5' i]tOL: xa8 QTJf.laTLXrj &arvnwaT} JrQOabi&t iJcpo~ IWL f..lTaf..lOQcpWVL VJrO f..lLaV EVVOta TO OV{..l{3av, TO onoio JrQLYQCXcpL. 0
JrQOOavaroAWf..lO~ DW c5ibrat an6 TTJ QOJrrj, TO na8o~, TOV anobiXTTJ, TTJV X TWV
JrQOTEQWV m{3aU6{1VTJ AOYOXQWia, TOV~ OVYXQaTT}f..lOV~ TWV OTQ0TVJrWV. EnLbrj b 0 JrOLT}TLXO~ XaQaXTr/Qa~ TTJ~ QT}{..lartxrj~ DtaTVJrWOTJ~ biXVL JrQiTQaVa OTL
DW 'nov Ta Aef..l JrLXOLVWVia bv VJrCxQXL, T} "A.oyOXQWia" V JrQOXLf..lEVW {1JrOQi
va anaA.vv8i xm avanobvva{..lw8i xm va OVQQtxvw8i.
Av, twQa, cpuyow an6 tl]V JtOLTJOlJ xm 8Ai]oou~-t va !lLAiJoow yvLxa, XQlJOL!lOJtOLWvtar; !lUALOta Q8LO!lata aJt6 tov Andre Martinet 6 , 8a JtOU!l- xm xaVLt;,
~-t<l/../..ov, 6v ea ~-tar; cpeQL avttQQTJOlJ- 6n oL MsLr;, wr; am6vo~-ta ouvtay~-tata, nov
aJtot/..ouvtm aJt6 asXWQL<Jta !ltasu tour; !lOVi]!lata, 0V EL vm JtQUY~-tata, a/..M
ou~-t~oA.a JtQay~-tatwv 7 av 1-!JtOQOU!l 6 va 8wQi]oou~-t tl]v xa8 Msll XWQLota wr;
4 0 EXJtAT]XTLXO~ auto~ OtLXO~ tOU Ll.aVtT] EQELCEtm OtO ~L~ALXO Kai cloov rov ecov wii '/a(!a~J. xai
v:n:o wvr; :n:6oar; avwii wr; lioacpor; eOT(!WflEVOV ex UOov aa:n:cpci(!OV, xai wr; TO OU(!EWfla wii
ov{!avoii xariz r~v xa0aQ6-rqra ("E~ooor;, K!l.', 10).
5 JAKOBSON, Questions de poetique, oEA.. 120.
6 flQ~A. MARTINET, l:ratxc"ia Fcvtxfir; rAwaaoJ.oyiar;, OEA. 128 EJt.
7 Aut~ T] aJt01jJT] avaynm otov Kant - ~A.. KANT, Kritik der Urteilskraft, 59 [Von der SchOnheit als
Symbol der Sittlichkeit], oEA.. 211 m., 6nou mmA.Eitm T] A.oytx~ avaA.mn tou 6Qou "ouf!~oA.o". 0 f!E
yaA.o~ MoxaA.o~ tT]~ KmvL~~EQYTl~ 6wxQiVEL Mo unotunwoEL~ [Hypotypose, Darstellung, subiectio

sub adspectum]: tT] OVJl{30J.Lxi} JW{!CWTQ01) an6 tT] OX1)Jlanx1j :n:a{!aaraa1). H 01J[l~OALX~ JtaQaotaOT]
(symbolische Darstellung) CEV JtEQLyQa<ptt, CEV EX8EtEL a[lEOa 1\vav OQO, ana E[l[lEOa, flE to va JtEQLEXEL
n 1\x<pQaon oxt to au8Evnx6 ax~~ta xaQtv tou 6Qou, ana anA.w~ 1\va ou~A.o xaQtv tou avaotoxa-

311

denotata, 6L6tL aJtAW 6ev evtaooovtm <Jt11V JtQLXO!!Vl] oto 011!!aLV6~-tVO JtQLyQacpi]13. fLaut6, A.mn6v, 11 ~-tnacpoga eLvm ot11v ouoLa va yA.waaonaiyvw 14 - i], xata to
nA.atwvLx6 un66Hy~-ta, va nmxvi& xaracpvylj~ oro A.6yo 15 -, xm 011 nmxvLOL aut6vo~-to, autoxa8oQL~6~-tevo, avel;<iQt11tO an6 t11V uJtaQs11 xm t11 ouveL611011 amwv nou
to naL~ouv t11 ~-ttacpoga W nmxvLOL t11 ouvavt<i~-t xm exd ax6~-ta, 6nou to "OL'
mut6" t11 UJtOXH~-tVLXOt11tU tou XQrl<Jt11-JtaLxt110v ~ogd va JtQLOQL<JH to 8~-ta
nx6 OQl~OVta t11, aAAa XaL XL ax6~-ta, OJtOU 0V UJtUQXOUV xav UJtOXEL!!Va, JtOU
ou~-tJtQLcpgovtm W naLxt 16 Ynoxd~-tVO tou JtaLXVLOLOu, ou~-tcpwva ~-t tov
Gadamer, oev dvm OL na(xt tou OLa twv nmxtwv aJtAW avanagwtatm to nm0[!01). ME toV xalgwv amo 6taXWQLO[!O o Kant EmtuyXUVEL tQ(a JtQUYf!Ota: JtQWLOV, OU[![!OQ(j)WVEtm ngo~ o,n altmwuoe 11 8wA.oytxi) aA.i)8ew tou 6txou tou xmgou.11 onola dxe ev6u8d to oxoA.aonxo oxiJf!a t11~ an alogia en tis 6emegov xgatan f!OXQL<i altO tov 6Eo LOU~ ogou~ nou XQ110LflOJtotouv OL av8QWJtOL yta va OUVEVVOOUvtaL" xm, TQttoV, avaxaA.UlttEL t11 OU[!~OALXi) EQyao(a JtOU EXTEAEL
11 yA.<ilooa nagayovta~ aevaw~ f!Etacpogf.~- oA.a aun1, cpuotxa yta va altolidl;et on to Ka"-Ao~ (das
Schone) aJtOtEAE( to ou~oA.o toU KaA.ou JtOU OQ(~nm altO ta av8g<ilmva iJ811 (das Sittlich-Gute).
8 Kata t11V ogoA.oyla tou COSERIU, EinfLihrung in die Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, oeA.. 262.
9 Kata t11V ogoA.oyla tou NEWMARK, Approaches to Translation, oeA.. 85.
10 Kata t11V ogoA.oyla TWV BEEKMAN I CALLOW, Translating the Word of God.
II TIQ~A. EKO, eewQia l'71f1Lwnx1)<;, OEA. 430 Elt.
12 Tig~A.. ADORNO, Asthetische Theorie, oeA.. 147: Nachzuweisen ware, daB Symbole oder, sprach/ich,
Metaphem in der neuen Kunst tendenzie/1 sich gegenliber ihrer Symbolfunktion verselbstiindigen und
dadurch zur Konstitution eines zur Empirie und ihren Bedeutungen antithetischen Bereichs das lhre
beitragen. Kunst absorbien die Symbole dadurch, daB sie niches mehr symbolisieren [= ea tmooovae
va xarac5etx8ei 6u ra aVf1{3o),a 1). eqJ6aov f1LAI)aovf1e w 6oov<; y),waatxov<;. ot !1W((!OQi<; r71<; via<;
TEXV11<; EXOVV T7IV TCt071 va avroVOf10VVWL a:n:ivavrt OT71 0Vf1{30ALX1) TOV<; AeLTOVQyia Xat va OVf1{3CtAAOVV irat, 6ao /ll[OQOVV, OT71 OVOW071f1W<; e:n:LXQCtreta<; avrt8iaWV :Jl:QOQXOf1EVWV a:n:6 TOV XOOf10
Xat altO n<; 071f1GOi<; T71<; /ll[etQia<;. H TEXV71 altOQQO((!Ct ra avl1f3o),a, :n:etc51) c5ev OVf1{3oAil;ovv :n:Mov
ri:n:ora]. - Tig~A.. Eltt011~ GADA MER, Wahrheit und Methode, T. II, OEA. 176, xm EMPSON, Seven Types
of Ambiguity, OEA. 1 WHEELRIGHT, Metaphor and Reality, OEA. 29.
13 Tig~A. . ROBINSON, The Translator 's Tum, oeA.. 159 rn.
14 Eli<iJ EVVOE(Tat 11 [!HO(j)OQU !!E T11V EUQE(a 011!-LOO(a LOU OQOU- aga, Xat 11 !1TWVVf1{a Xat 11 OVVXDOX1)
- (J)~ TQOJtO~ EXIi11AWOEW~ T11~ av8g<iJmv11~ li11[!WUQYLXOT11TO~ OtO yA.WOOLXO JtEiilO xm W~ aotdQEUt11
lt11Yll Jtagaywyi)~ 011flOOtaXWV [!HO~OAWV, rn( t11 ~UOEL tWV OJtOLWV avaVEWVEtat xm El;EALOOEtat to
exaototE ev xoiJon A.el;tA.oyw.
15 BA.. ITAATQNOL, <Paic5wv, 99 e: "EtJol;e (J~ flO! - AEEL o LWXQUTT]~- XQfiVat de; rove; ),Jyov<; xaraqJVyovra tv txeivot<; axoneiv rwv ovrwv r~v cUqOt:wv.
16 fw t11 oxf.o11 [.lnacpoga~ xm A.oyonmyvlou oto f.gyo tou James Joyce ~A.. ECO, Looking for a Logic
of Culture.

312

1
'901-L8 ''(3D S(l)]Ortx mx 'W!SSlld 'I 1 ';JPOIJJ;JW pun J!;JfJJIJfJM ~awvavo JOZ-161 ''(3D 5(l)]ortx mx
'W!SSlld ';JfJO;JIJL ;Jij:JSfJ;JijJS'!( 'ON~OOV -W!SSlld 'S;JJ{J;JMJSUn){ S;Jp flunJdsm J;JG '~3DD3013H ''(~OU 1Z
';JJOijdiJJflW

61

~awvavo

oz

J;J ;JfWAUOJiJW 'A~N3H o 1311.19 Snri ltDM9(t31XlX 11.lt1 \11rtJJ Sool! JJII.rt30? (l)0?11Xl031! mt\ mnriDJ9303

'9!; ''(3D

'n 1 ';JpOfJJ;JW pun J!;]IJJfJIJM

'1111.01 11130W3(} 11010rlg 91. i1130juhm3rl !3 OJ?A.I?1. :8ll6~rl 'ZZ '5fpmu10IJ J03lJ ':l:AOV3.LO.L:l:IdV "'(8 81

zr

''(3D 'S:JfJUIJW;JS fiJ:JfX;J] '3Sf1K> '1!3

9L ''(30 'AJOfi;JI/V ' ~3H::>.L311 5LlD]lC3 ''(~OU - 'r '801 ''(30 'I '1 ';JPOIJJ;:>W pun Jf;JijJfJIJM '~3WVOVD L 1

-Asd ;;JS?UWUUU.f suup sud l!~U,s ;;JU I! ';;Jnbpo~?lK> suoi\os, :uU;)U1 o 1'D13A]Dd:>OUD
91Cl.D DrlA.139'/))0DU 01 3rl 'I))X113X& 'C\.01 AO'f'{iJTI 01- UXDd:>9XXl1ADW Soourl]9D'(H 0 3A
-3'(iJD8 '13iXfJllDVY3~ VA - 13DI,lAOlX3 DA U~Xll'/))19 U1 ~1Cl.D 91Xl DD?TI13D?OOurlDA 310<;1
'cto1 s~~oDU(). Su1mx s~(l)~ Su1 'l))ouXct1 m A(I)3D'9od:>x3-A(I)A9X13 A<;1X1ood:ml3rl Suo
-~ox su1 (I)OiJrlmx ou9o1 Ao1o1iJ1 ?rl13~1))m1 9 DA 131?01113 cto1D1ouo u '(?l!J;;lA) "0138
-~'(D AUlD '9'('(D '(?l!(U;;JJ) SuouA.~19 Su1 ctOA?TI13X11AD ctOl XllU19X11XlrlA.DOl ~1XA3'(3

AUlD - jDl01'(1))rl 5<;1001 -13UOXOOUD A39 'S~A38DD o 1'D113AU19 ctOU 'D]OOlD1 H "5130
-1))od:>x3-53A9X13 SiJX1ood:>m3rl '(39 S(I)]Octx) 'mx 009 5?X1lX3'(010(l.X 0091 TDlAOXiJ'(url3
5(1)]D)3g D]OOlD1 D]OUO AUlD 'D]OOlD1 mrl 1'D113AU19 ctou '~A38DD 5<;1X1Xctclt ADAiJ
3rlctOD?801ct Sy S'900d:>Xll3rl SU1Xl138~'(D AU13rlctOD<;1lD11Xl19 DA ACI.Ol?01113 SDrl ctOl
XllDrl~g '9X1l010Dd:>OUD 0').9 Xll1'DA13 '5D138U'(D Su1 SXllU19X100l01 5U1]031 D]A.O'(OTIO

u 1'013A'I))l3Act0 ctou '59TID1X1l3Xo o mx 5D138U'(D Su1 5XllU19X100l01 Su1 UD10<;1AA.

-DAD H o'(3A.a AOlD 13XDD ctou ~x111ox AUlD mx UU;)U1 AOlD 'OA3~'90DU 1Xll3A.'),oxD
91Cl.D AD 1X 009 '(1)~1TIOA '3rlct0'(13d:>O 01 'S'I))OOd:>Dl3rl Su1 Xl138~'(D u 1'DA13 S<;1)10XD
11 C\.01]031 A(l)3cjt9UD A(I)1DTID10'98DX3~ O.L '9X1lDTIAD01 01 3l011113~AiJ'(3 DA 1300url
A39 'ct01()-01 X3 5(1) 'mx ~x1101x1138 1XlA13 A39 Suo1m 5(1)19 '01ct'(91D 01 310111131
-?80l(1.oou A39 'D0'9 'mx ~x1octd:>m3rlmA13 A39 ~1ctD Xl138~'(D H , zXl138~'(D ~xuu9om
AXl1rl 5(1)1011(1)01 13~'/))0d:>X3 SuAXiJ1 39 OAOiJ 5(1) 'SuAX?1 OAOiJ]3'(3l01D 1))00d:>Dl3rl H
0 z~X10od:>m3rl1XlA13 AUrlDA ~?lOU 3~0~uct AUrlDA ctou U~iJ'( 13X0'91ct A39 119 '(I)A'I))l

-DODU 5(1)19 '1'('91 mx 3rlcto~10U1oouct DA 13A.u9o SDrl 5'900d:>Xll3rl Su1 ~Xo9x3 ~x1omuo
U 39 ~1Cl.D -~X1AO'( U11XlX DOD<;'}'( A. U11XlX 13UiJ19 ctou 'Somrl<;11~D (I)A9'( A3 ct01 61 ~X09X3

l,lX100lUO U1 '90D1 13'(3l01D A39 's 19X1AOYV.W 01 1XlX 010119 OlD 1Xl13~1DDg Cl.Ol ' ..5'90
-Od:>Xll3rl, Sll1 ctOA.9'( Drl(,lXo 531U19A10X 5?X100(1)'(,\ Su 53'(9 30 9A10X 39 01 'SDOD<;')'(A
Su1 XllU19ADX1 ~X100d:>Xll3TIU9<;11'(3TI38 U1 Xl191 AU1 ~1ctD 30 13X101011AD 'I))'('(D 'S(,lx1A.O'(
Su1 D1A0ct0113'( "0101'/))X 30 S<;l'(l!D 1Xl13A10XOlXllAD A39 AO'('('I)) ADA? 30 DiJTIOl ADA? 91D
SmDrl~oA uoD91lm3rl

H somriA.'I))ou ct01D]octo l,lA18U'(D AU113'(3l01D

D]OUO u 'D?91

AUlD 'I))'('(D 'DriOA9 01 0191 010 1Xl13XO]og A39 SomrlA.'I))ou cto1 D1381,l'(D u 119 'OD9lD(I)
'13A]Drluo A(l)3~?'( A(l)1 5D1DDriuo S(,lxmct13XOD Su1 UD0'9 LtA3rl().0'(31113 A(l)11))riOAO A(l)1
Xl19 -DA(I)1'9'(ll AOlD UA3ri9A.DAD -u l,l1ctV L 11,l1ctD D1DDX19Xl19 u1 MOA().'(OXct319 ctou
5(1)30iJ01Xld:>D Sct009 SctO]DXADAD Sct01130~AOct01riU9 DA 13011AOOd:> 13X? DOD<;')'( Au 11919
'1380D 'I))X1lD100 13X? DA A'90(I) 13~'910ri Su1 D1DDriuo 'D031').'(DX ~xmct13XOD u '(,lxuA
-38ctD u s~XoD ~3 3X~AD A39 o1ouo o1o s~A.orioDd:>3 0193u DA? 3D m130?d:>m3rl u~iJ'( D1ri
S1X'9DO o909?riu1 '900d:>D 11'9 3D Dom~xo m (I)AiJrl13xoou A3 '9mox D1ouo u 'A(I)3~iJ'(
A(l)1 uo(,loX (,lx1ood:>m3rluoct3'(U').'(ou u ;;J;)uun;;J;)X;;) 1ud 13XD'9919 o1 SDri ctou 11'9x '191AX

OTOV JtaQOVTa XQOVO"oMJtOQO'\J~, xm6mv TOlJTOU va JtOU~E OTll] aA,i]8Ha Tl]<; ~E

Ta<pOQU<; ouMA.wc; aJtOTEAEL ~Ta6oon JtA'I']QOCjJOQLac; JtQL ngay~anxou OW~E~l]XO
TO<;, aA,A,a TO XJtOVl]~a V6<; yW, JtOU JtlXUQWVETal,o oo JtOU JtaAl]8UETal OTl]V aAA.l]AJtLClQaOi] TOU ~E EVa aAA.o 23 H aAi]8Ela Tl]c; ~ETa<pogac; ClEV 8E~EAlWVETal EJtUVW
OTlJ owcilwvLa A.oyLxi]c; JtQoTaoEwc; xm ow~aLvovTOc;, aA.M OTlJV avayvwgLoi] Tl]c;
aJt6 EVaV TQLTO JtOU Tl]V HOJtQUTTH24 , - aJt6 TOV avaAUTlXO EQ~l]VEUTi] Tl]<; Xal, UQa,
aJt6 TOV ~ETa<pgaoTi], 6rrwc; 8a ClOU~ EV OUVXtLao MJtOQOU~, mo~EVW<;, va OU~E
QUVOU~E OTl Tl]V aAi]8Ha Tl]<; ~ETa<pOQU<;, JtOU ELVal XWCllXOJtOll]~EVl] we; ~ETa<pOQU
Xal JtOU JtQEJtH va aJtOXWCllXOJtOll]8tL aJt6 EXELVOV JtOU Tl]V EWJtQUTTH, ClEV Tl]V xaTEzH 0 ouyygacpac; WOUV va JtQOXHTm yw XUJtOW JtQlOUOlaX6 TOU OTOlXELOO l]
aA.i]8ua Tl]<; ~ETacpogac; aJtoxaA.UJtTETm i], xaAUTEQa, Cll]~lOUQYELTm TO JtQWTOV, ~6Al<; TlJV avayvwgtou o avayvwonc; I ~ETacpgaoTi]c;o Xwgtc; ami] TlJV avayvwQLOlJ
TOU- 6rrwc; i]C\n ELJta~E - avaA.unxou avayvwoTl] I ~nacpgami] 6XL ~6vo ll aAi]8ua
Tl]<; ~Ta<pOQac;, aA.M xm OUTE l] aAi]8ua TOU OAOU EQYOU TOU ouyygacpa ClEV UJtUQzu: a~<pOTEQE<; Ol aA.i]8El<; JtaQa~EVOUV ~OU~E<;o
Av, 6~wc;, EyxmaAELtjJOU~E TOV 8EWQl]TlXO aywva xm (avayxaOTOU~E va) ~lAi]OOWE
rrgaxnxa, xm 611 oTO mLJt6o Tl]c; ~nacpgaol]c;, xm rragmngi]oowE nc; M~uc; VT6c;
Twv ouvucpmvo~vwv (context) TOuc;, ea rraga6Ez8ou~E ~E~atwc; 6n m M~uc; 6Ev Lvm JtQUy~ma, aAA.a OU~~oA.a JtQay~aTWV, ~ Tl] Clla<pOQU, JtUVTW<;, OTl EXL JtAEOV
aJtOTEAOUV OUOTaTlXU OTOlXLa v6c; ~EyaA.ou ou~6A.ou- Ev6c; VJrEQOVf1(30AOV 8a AEya~ - rrou, vw ~ETQa, Tam6zgova ouvxu ~La cpgaon i] ~w JtQ6Taol] xm rrou, we;
ou~oA.o xa8auT6, 6w<pEQH rrMov an6 6,n ou~oA.L~H ll ~E~ovw~vn A~11 25 Ev JtQOXEL~vw, 6nA.a6i], EXOW va xavowE ~ ~La xaTm8H~EVlJ ag8gwon voi]~aTOc;, 11
0

22 LA CAN, Ecrits, OAo 2560

23 ng~Ao FLETCHER, Allegory, OAo 75 m.
24 H otaxQLOlJ!-LEta~u nA<io~-tmo~ xm ngawanx6tl]ta~ Ov EXH xa~-t~-tla OlJ~-taola w~ JtQO~ to tl Elvm aAtjeua v yvH, xm a).tj8Ha tl]~ ~-tnacpoga~ totx6tQao H V A6yw otaxQLOll naQa~-tvH xan to ~6xw~ acpl]Qll!-LEVo anvavn otov ouyxXQtllfvo ngay~-tmo).oytx6 oxon6 va OAOXA11QW8l to naQA86v xm to 1-LfA).ov tOU YW 0 eva JtQOyQa~-t~-tmtxa XJtOVT]8Ev OXEOLO ~wtj~. Ev OXEOH JtQO~ am6 JtQ~A. BOURDIEU, La
distinction, OA. 45, o onoloc;, E~Ha~ovtac; tTJV mo8nnxtj nuv ~-ta~cilv an6 tl] oxoma tov xaAAtEQYllllfvov
at6~-to1l, otEQYH va tl]V xagaxtT]QlOH we; une reduction systematique des chases de /'art aux chases de vie.
25 Av JtQOO(jJUYOWE EOW ota OLOUY~-tata EX tlj~ 8EwQla~ t01J Ol]!laOLOAOYLXOU JtEOL01J (field theory), ea
nou~-t 6tt, acpou 6Ao~ o OlJ~-taow).oytx6~ xwgoc; ~-tta~ y).ciJooa~ vnootmQdtm a~tw~-tmtxa OE EA<iooova
Ol]!laOLOAOYLXU JtEOla, 11 xa8E~-tta Af~l] aJtOXta Ol]!laO[a, ~-t6VO 6tav EVTUOOHat OE eva xmaAAT]AO JtEOlo
Xat avaJtTUOOH Xd JtOLXLAE~ JtaQaOHY~-tanx~ (JtQWTLOTW~) Xat 01JVtaY~-tattXf~ Ol]!laOLOAOytxc; OXE-

314

~I

uo?o npx1o i\U10 ro1J:)XDomr '(g i\())111D J031 - 5?oodm1

-3ri 531111930310 31]3 5?0X31\ 31)3 Oll!i\ U! 3rii10AJ:)OD1 Di\ 1Di\)3 '3ri110X(t1113 Di\ 3rl(t0001rll101 Oi\9rl 01
'531\91\DX 30 )31D01U9\l MOX? 1101 '531\?TIODri1X09 53)0DX19D19 30 1DX .. lt009J:)OD1, 1\UlD 101\3ri9~10lt1~ [

or

"'(3o ':JfJOJ;:)lJ?J. 10 -'!JdosofrlJci ;:)lJJ. smiVH::>ni s "'(3o 'odw;:}Jf!;:} ;:)JnJJnJJs ;:}1 '3~D3s '(gou o
T"S" ';:Jf!JJ;:)u;:)ff!J:JfJorw;:}s rp oJ!JJJ!JJ.L 'o::>3 '(gou 6Z
"009 "'(30 'ZJ!J)J.fO ;:J:J[JON {!J:J[J{J:J 'NOSI~~VH "'(gOU SZ

"Z "'(30 '(,p;:JJ!J[SU!JJJ ;:J[{ ,.JO!jd!JJ;:JW,

U!l:J '.LflDVG "'(g (SJOljd!J);:)llJ p;:JZ[f!JUO!J01[1SU!) 5iJOOdJVBri53AiJriU13()0riD3(} 511 ))1,\ .51109)3 1101 (l01
-11n J:)Oocbm3rl AO?'(l ]3'(310lD 1\39 .. nsnru, lt~?'( \(X19AD'(A1cb lt 5ror19 1\U'(l 'DX)Di\11.\ ltcboorl9 i\D10lJ:)X
30 3rl(togo3ciJDAD Di\ 3rlrt0'(?9 AD19 '3rl(to1ouorl1oltoX lt111ou .. ~soJ, 1.. 0990, 5lt~?'( 5ltl X'( 5rou9 'Aro
-3~?'( i\(l)09cbD19 5130\(oX 5?X1oOciJD13rl 53A?riltl3()0Ti03() 5())1\8319 MOXOJ:)Uil i\3ri1Di\ 1191D131\)Driltoma

moL "'(3o '1.f!llJ:JSu;:Jssr~r~lJ:JUJdS ;:}Uf;:}W;:}affv ;:}!Pur aunJlJf1JU!:J m~:Iso::> '(gou

LZ

"i\())1ilD i\(l)30?XO 1\(1)1 0'(01\(lO 0191D 0'('(1:) 1Di\]3 1\39 5lt~?'( UOD1?~3 91115\(1 DriU91\ 9X100ciJD13rl \(9X
-11X3'(01011X 0.1 "0)931 OA?riU013 010 J:)X1ADAOO MOX\(AD 1DX ]3()XD1A3 MOX? ilOl 513~?'( 53'('(1:) 511 3ri5130

-3ri (Amli')-101(l)CJl) 5m3D~OA1li3 '),OriowoXLtri om D)!..Oi10113"'{ lt ~9131(3: " 1 rlt8~ "I/X1001UO

DA3'ri!),O!..l.tooli Dl nw mx 53X19(!)X 5!)-0X1001UO 5i10A?riD1liD38 U9~ 5i101 5i10"'{9 5Lt1 5(!)

-3D?A3!.. D)DDX19D19lt 13~"91t)nomr o0319DD103li 0091 '5"1/ClodmBri 5lt1ltDlt9A1li3 ~x1o01

-!.to lt 1DA)3 .. lllii1191(1)0li, 01li 009119 131\)Dril.to D1A9"'{ D"'{"'{"l/3'ri 91i1V "0 r .. )3X3U9~ 1DA)3
i10li, 'U!dSUQ lt9~ 13X? i10li i10A?ri13X 59A3UD(l)"'{~9X3 ~X1ririno/..lt13ri 3'rii10A"I/X DA 3'rii10X?
'"I/Clodml3ri lt1 3ri '(!)93 mx 1D1? 'i10A?rinx/..i1o i101 5i1009 5i101 9liD 1D1"1/10D~3 i10li 'oA
-3ri9A1Dcb 38"1/X 3ri mx 13A)Dgrii1D 5mli9 .6zi10)0lt1DDJ..03 53X~8Ai1D 3D OA9ri ~lin )38DlOOli
Di\ )300li'ri A39 5"1/00cbD13ri 5lt1 D)0(1)38 ~X113i\3A119 01U9Ai13 1DA)3 i\(1)1!),01 A1li91D)J
")38D110D1DX DA 1DlDA')-9 )A39i10 ,li3- 5DDD(!)'{/.. 5lt1UD~OX ([UUUOU) ~X1AOA
- nx All1 91rn A(l)3D)'{XX30Dli A(!)lDAi19 i\(1)1 l.tomli')-10liD ~1liDO!.. 5m - A(!)OOcbm3ri 5o!..o-y
"91DX '5?ri11 5i101 '),~Dl3ri 5?X11300cbD19 AO?'{li 51113X?103li DA !),OriD100 ~3 pooliri DlU1
9A3 ~x10om-y!.. n197 l.t '),Ocbn (/..mx '5l.tAX?1 5ltmDA"I/8 ~ 5~cbn0!.. 5U.Xo~? nri/..)39 )3'{310liD
DA )300li'ri "I/OOcbD13ri .. ~X1'{i1, ~HlD

l.t 'OA3ri)3X Oli10'{9lii1 01 3ri 5lt1ltD?XD U1 9liD 1D13~

-)008DX 5"9Clocbnl3ri 5mlt19A3 38"1/X 5Lt15m3D"I/Clcbx3 ~ri11lt 5~ri!..11D 5l.t ,cbn (g '"I/Clocb"D13ri
1Di\)3 Al.tri DA ~ 1Di\)3 Di\ )300li'ri UDDOcbX? ~1i1D U 1DX D)ri i10A?ri13X i1015(l)/..9'{Di\D (D 119
)O'{UV !01'),01 )O"'{U9 00319X11DD1Di10

U 8z..1D1"1/li\DliD ~1i1D D)OliO DlD 'A(l)A?ri13X i\(1)1

5m!..9'{DAD m1A0~)008DX i10li A<;lri11 5o8~'{li nX? Ltonocbx? l.tA?ri0939 l.t, 119 mAp '3ri?'{
Di\ 3'ri!),OOOliri i10li OA)3X3
-oun 91i1D8DX

a.. ~ri11 Di\)39 AU1 ~ 39"1/1 AU1 3ri

UDDOcbX? ~X100cbD13ri )3'{31

v opX1o10 01, 119 3ri?'{ DA 1D131f?011li3 A39 3191ro .i\0"'{9 OA?rimAn!..Oo 5m

OA3ripx 01 3ri mx 009 i10A?ri13X i10)91 i10l 531AOI.."I/ODli 5i1010ri90Dli 5!)-0li10'{ 5i101 3ri
OD911D13~)13XD ilOA?rinx Lton<'lcb"l/13ri 9lii1 i101 5omri~oA 5m3D"I/OcbX3 5n1AOI.."I/ODli 38"1/X

o 5(!)li 01 )30UlDODli- 5n)!..O'{Ocb A 5Ltl nmri/.."9919 Dl "1/lDX- DA 1Di\)3 ~lDDOcbD13ri i101

AOX~8DX 119 3ri'),Oli DA 3'ri!),OOOliri OA?ri0939 0191i1D 3W "DDD(!}'{AU1D ..5"1/00cbD13ri, 5lt1
5m3D~OX 5Lt1 D19UA3ri(!)1XOliD mlt19191 "1/'{'{D 'mlt19191 llA?riD1008DXOOli 31'),0 ~~38DlD

31')-0 '13~)39 5mA?ririlt'{13ADli3lt9~ 3'rii10X? 5mli9 'mAp A39 .. nrilt9A, 01101? mx 'mAp

ilou "l/1i1D mAp 5nn1rio- 5l.tA3ri')-oo8on 5~1rm1o m9 ~; mx 5Lto80DA?- 5nmo?Cl<'l1o3u

5l.t1 UO?ri "l/li10"'{ Dl mx ~913li3 ')3"'{31X3 11'9 )3"'{31X3 5D)'{1rio 5lt1 500?ri 5m "I/OOcbD13ri H
"nA(!)OOcbD13ri 5?00cbD13ri 9liD - !1X9 )1D1/.. -1DX "1/'{'{D '5?00cbD13ri 9liD OA3ri'),0"'{310liD
9101 i\011D"I/0315(l)0)3liD ADA? 5m DDD(!)'{/..U13'rii10A"I/t)'riD'{X3 Di\ )310liOri1riOA 5Dri D) OliO

:rVdO<I>Vl3W :rHl H:rVd<I>Vl3W H

91
'l3 6 ':J!JOJ;;Jq"H JO Aqdosouqa ;;Jq.L sa~VH::>HI '(g (..;JP!4;JA,) .. nrlllX<;>, oo<;> i\01 D1J t
''(\:JOU
'lOZ ''(30 'UO!J:>!G :JfJ;;JOd 'a13.I:l~V8 ''(\:JOU Z

'6

''(30 ';;JfWAUOJf}W J;;J ;;JJOqdlJJf}W 'A.~N3.H

'l,t1DDOd:>D13rl i\01 "31\)DX, -,;>X11X3"{010ctX ct01 'MOO?cbD19A.3 A.l,tX0~3 ,lDX ctOl 'l,t9D"{U9
'mnrlJ..-,;>ou- DJ3A.ltrlo3onu 5Lt11,tM>811 A.ltlmx -,;>"{"{D 'npA.ltrlo3 A.lt1 'lto3A.?J.. Lt1 'l,trlo9
5Lt11,txuro13rllto Lt11X9 1nx n1oow1 5Lt11,tx1ooro"{A.01A.(l)A.1ox A.ltl -,;>oocbn 'lt1ct193031D 1,t
l,tox3A. mA.13 -,;>oocbm3rl n1rl119 '5rorl9 '59A.OJ..3J.. 01 .130-,;>ocbm3rl nr.. m1J3"{DX 51,twnocbm
-3rl 0 53)010 511 '5?00cbD13rl 531ct193031D 31J3 5?0X3A. 31J3 OJl!A U! 3rlctoJ..-,;>OD1 Di\ 1DA.J3
'3rlctO'Xl),1113 DA. 3rlc;tooo1rl ctOl OA.9rl 01 '53A.9A.DX 30 J38(l)1J..D1 Lt91,t MOX? ct01 '53A.?rlO
-Drl1X09 "-,;>XD10UlDDJ..03, 53JODX19D19 30 1DX "lt009-,;>0D1, A.UlD 3rl').OlX10UlD A.D 'DlA.
-?831X3 5roA.?rlctoJ..Ltoo1 Dl 3rl DA.(l)cbrl').O 'A.3rl1DA. 119 39 (l)990D1 i\3 (l)80I,tora 'DlU19X
-1mrlJ..nou A.U191D lt01"{X91D ltXOlD')-3 5ro 1D13~)A.Dcbrl3 (oy3,{9rlvX 9rl131Wrb X"{) -,;>oocb
-m3rl ltA.?rlrl1o131 o1u Lt mx nrl9xn o1ouo A.013rl Lto?Xo 3o '5noo<p"{J.. 5Lt1 "'?9Ltrl 59rl8n8
5DA.? 13X0-,;>1ct 119 nrlroJ~D 01 91D 5DlA.(!)i\1X3~ '130-,;>0cbD13rl D8 ct01 '5?00cbD13rl 511
13~)AA30001 Vi\ 13"{J3cbO '531"{0X0ct9 5?X110DOcbD13rl 5?X113XO 511 5<pXct1113 130)1(l)13rl
-1li\D DA. mJ.. '51,twnocbn13rl o mx 101? '50A.9"{000(l)"{J.. 59X11ltoro38 o 5ro19 '5roA.?rl013
'Orl?riD1ltWO(}rlV~j3 OJY[}1[} Vrl? J31DA.D1 'r;mrbv 3rl OJYf}1[f Vrl? -,;:>10(1)0 130-,;:>ocbm
-3rl Vi\ 1DX 139 DA. OlD J38XD- ').Orl011Drl01ctD (ct01) ').OX100(l)"{J.. ctOA.3rl').OJ..lt001 591A.D1
A.O)li\Di\3 lt9 1DX - D8 3191 OA.9rl 'ltoltoX-,;>lDX lti\3rl9A.3J.. U1 ctO?A. X3 91ctD 01901 i\01 3rl
13cft')."{nxnA.n 51,t1ct3A.Ltrlo3-51,twnocbnl3rl o "'"~~ 3 pa31rh x'X 5Lt~?'X 5Lt1J1A.n purhv Lt~?'X
lt13~3"{?13 5omrll,tXo ').OX11oltoXnmx 11nrlA.p9nonu A.3 0-01 51,t1ltOA.113 o 11mJ.. 'ct01')-01
A.1191DX 'mx OA.3rl9X31031 01 5<pg1oxn OA.J3X3 13A.-,;> vvriLtX9 01 5<pg1oxn OA.J3X3 cto1
9A.3rlJ3X ltonocb-,;>13rl 91ct OlD )1D1J.. 130I,tOA.DlDX DA. 130?001rl D8 '-,;>oocb U1(!)01 mJ.. 3X
-Lt8l,tOA.113 DA. A.-,;>Oro 130)1(l)13rl11A.D 01 A.D OA.9rl '51,t10DOcbD13rl o 'rtOJYf}1[f rtOl purbv Dl
Drll,tXo 9X11DltOXD1DX A.O?"{l OA.3rl').01X3"{0A.10X 009101 OA.?rl0939 3rl "9"{"{D '- A.<prlDlOl
(l)A.-,;> - 0~09-,;:>0Dl 5(!)"{311\3 1D13A.)Dcb DA. J3001W 'rri\01(!)01 01 J30M3 A.U11DX 131\(!)08
-on A.lt1 ctou ctOA.J3X3 lt0?8 Ltw 3101A.-,;>1 1D13X0?0131ct DA. -,;>x1wnxJ..nA.n 131?01 '5-,;:>oocb
-m3rl 5mrl 51,t1ct3A.ltrl03 591D391 5ro '51,t10DOcbD13rl o 11919 'l,tlDDOcbD13rl ct011,t"{OlD01D
UA.9rl Lt- 5ro3ol,t1lt~X3 5ltA.3rl9XA.3"{3 lt099 D101"9X 3rl 3rlctocb-,;>oJ.. 01- 5roOJ1DA.J3 A.(!)O
-ocbm3rl A.ro1 Ltonocb-,;>13rl Lt '5?0ocbm3rl 91D OA.3rl').0"{3101D 9101 A.01w-,;>o31 5roopun
i\DA.? J3"{3101D DOO(!)"{J.. lt ct01 l,trlJ..110 Ul 91D .l,t10DOcbD13rl ct011,t"{OlD01D U0319"{0XO
-ct9 lt OA.9rl1DA.J3 i\39 A.(!)OOcbD13rl i\(1)1 ltonocb-,;>13rl lt 119 'i\9110"{ 'A.00319A.13Dcb ct01"{H

LI
'(; '"(30 'S'90DM01j 5010'910
DA\1, ~A(l)ADOj3UODodll?:L3ri 'TJOJOW av:w H . opdm~OOX'3N owopyvgTJOTJlj
' A~;IiV A Jnlld 8

ra

m Zl '"(30 ':J.uoJ;}lfH JO .-fqdosottlfJ ;}lf.L 'sa~vH:::>I~ SltoJU3 '(~au l)X113X:S:- 'l)X1~3"( m Mto"(?8
01101? \t(/13l!3 1X9 1DX il01 59A0il01rlltq 0 ]30M3 01101? \t(/131!3 '9X100dll>l3ri '5(l)A?riOl!3 '1DA]3 DriltAqJ<b
-x3 DA? .(2u!Ulldw s,Jdlflldds) A<!JA(l)cbx3 o 13"-1<1 Su1

nou nril,toA 01 9:un l)"("(D '(:lU!UlldUI d:lUd)uds) Suo

Dl90lL Slt1 Drilt9A 019lLD 1D11)10D~3 A3(/l)OOcbDl3ri lt 'L81 '"(30 'JOlfd'IJJ;}W ':n~V3S A013ri XJA(l)cbri(t:S: L

'II Z "'(30 'S;}Jnfft:l '31.13N39 ' "(~OU 9

'1!3 081 "'(30 ';}AfA ;}JOlfd'IJJi}UI '131 '~1130:::>1~ ZZ '"(30 ';}nb{Ji}Od ;}ff'IJffU'IJf np ;}JnJ:JnJJS 'N3HO:::> '"(~OU ~

-UOOl S1301 Srt010 'I)OOdm13ri 3~1l91A3 ne A39 SDA?ADX 'SOX110 S010D1?1 0 3XOI_.tlrt
A39 A9Xct1 A'l)3 119 31DDri91cb3XO mx SrtoX110 SrtoXOO?lct SrtOl S().OlctD 3rirt0~'9fJD1V

xn;}j ;}p ;}Sodwo:> A' ;]JSn( ;}f !P!W

'VJVXUJ ''9aau J?l ~rf ]3Xf 13l1(;l1tllD VJaF}rfUD3W If

.13YY'fJ2t 5aOrD'fJl5Q-Ol C(UV 1X VD3rf'fJttp VX(]32t J?l C(Ut;

j;J?:JU;JWWO:J;}J SJno(nOJ 'J;JW 1Jf 'J;JW 1J1

jDllt'fJU 13~JXavttv~ Q-OU 'VDDDY'fJ{;l {fl 'VDDDY'fJ{;l lfl

ma1lma3u ttao~3{!9 aoug uXva'9lP If lfl!JV u"'1w H

:s;}QWOJ S;}[ ;]JJU;} ';}]fd[1Jd SU{d S;}[ ;]JJU!J

'S;}QWO{O:J S;}p ]U;}lf:JJ1JW IJO ';}fl!nbU1JJJ J!OJ

;]:J

:8r,OJ3cbV100X3N owopynenonu OL OlD S'I)ODMD1J S010'1)1DDAV SolOllAri

-pn o 'I)X1AU'{'{3

nw 3DDOcb'l)13ri Sctol Srou9 mx rol().101roou A3 UfJTJUI dJ~!JdUIP d1

019lD AI?!UA IHBd rtOl SctoX110 rol'I)XDODl Sct013rirtOD'9f!D19 Sn rto~1?ri031A1 AUX1V

oy3/..9rinX WAJ3 nriq){) 9A131rocb 0191fW l_.t Srocb WAJ3 oy3/..9rinX 01 91fW Suo
-D190l S').09ct3c!L Slt1ltorooeo'9 3ri 'D131?ArLO 'l)lDX ' mx Smlt19101 Slt1 Sl_.tXon Sl_.tx1101ri
-erto Sl_.tX1A0'{01DriADOl Slt1 llOD1fJDODl l_.tX1DD'{X 3ri 'A0031().39 'mx 13~J1Wcb oy3/..9riXJX
01 rtOl().1 rtol SnnnriroAn S~X1A0'{01onrilto ltoroll1031 l_.txu01olt1xnonX 3ri 'AOl(!)Ol
'3rirtOA'I)X DA 3rirtOX? DO '9X11X3'{010rtX Drill9A 3ri l_.tlrt3AUri03-l_.t10DOcbD13ri A01 9lD
pelloAnmx 'D031().'{DX 'l_.t pelloM3 oy3/..9rinX 9A131rocb 'I)Oocbn13ri lt AD :Slt1 9AO'{'I)O
-Dl 0113010(l)AADAD DA 131?01 'DriUA(!lcbX3 9X100cbD13ri - Al_.tX090lD ,lDX 'I)X11Df)rirtO
- DA? 'I)X100cbD13ri 130().3AUTI03 DA Slt1X?90lD Sro 13D?OOlri DA D1A 'mx 91rtD1A .SD1~
-3'{01ortx Slt1 Aolro'9 Aoox'l) o1 '9'{'{D 'L'9oocbm3ri Anx 13o~oro39 1.!1 Allri DA pool!ri So/..
-9'{001X3'{lt SDA? oy3/..9riXJX 9A131rocb 'I)Oocbm3ri UA?riri10131 '3riDD10U1XDODX Alll Srol9
' AU1119 130?~ DA 131?01 ' A0031().39 'mx 'A(l)3~?'{ A(l)l D19 Spri3 3TI().OOi\i\3 'I)'{'{D 'S13~
-?'{ 10 A().OOi\i\3 A39 '3rirtooo'l)'{rtcb1l3 Srtol Spri3 rtou S~J..orioncb3 Slt1 Sro/..9'{DAD mlt\o/..

-'I)ODl rtol 'Aro3o'l)f)rirto A(l)l Smll19'{0 Slt1 npX1o10 '9'{'{D 'D19AOA3A Dll301'9 1DA13 A39
S?lrLDODX S13~?'{ 10 ~91313 '119 D?91 l_.tX1DD) Ul 9lD 13'1)A1X3~ DA 131?01 'AOl(!)Ol 'Sl_.t10
-DOcbD13ri

0 S'I)OOcbD13ri 1DX SD1~3'{010rtX ').~D13ri A(l)100 A(l)l Sltoro1ADl S310DX19D19

S31Drt3c!L'919D mx 1X9 Srori9 All '{l 'S3ri1ri9A A().0'{310lD ' 9AroA?ri13x/..rto Arol ~rt3XOD1
-nx l,tlllAX31 Alll 3ri mx 39 SroA?riOX39A3 ',Sll~?'{ Slt1 AO'{'{'I))1031 9X1A3ri13X 01 3ri ().OX
-113Xo A?9llri ').orieng Sro Sn1onrilto Sl_.tx11X3'{01ortx SltlllD1A9X13lD ~X11D11D1D H sn1o
-Drillo Sl,tX100cbD13ri Sill mx S~X11X3'{010rtX Sill ().~D13ri 0109 01}3'{310lD ne (1,01 'l_.tri
-riDOA l},X11010(l)XD19 ltAOlt\? l_.t1U80l Alll S0191 0 13~'1)0DX DO ( 00319'{0X0rt9 mx 0319)
S<;ll l_.t 130)l0lt\3 DO S(!ll - U01'{X9lD ltXo10';t3 Sro 'roA'I)l 011 S39'1)0D S3/..1'{ 3riDl13 Srol9
'1D13~)ADcbri3 'I)OOcbD13ri UA?riri10131 011 lt mx Dri9XD 0)010 AOl 3ri UD?XD 30 'SDOO(!l'{A

Sill A?9Uri S9rieng SDA? 13XO'I)lrt Srolt\9 119 01 OA?ri0939 3ri- 1DA13 'Slt1l_.tonocb'l)13ri Ill
mx 'I)OOcbD13ri Ul 3ri 'I)X113XO ~1DDOcbD13ri AOl .. 3AJDX, rtOl 'DlDriA'I)Ol D1 9lD DAtL

:rVdO<I>Vl3W :rHl H:rVd<I>Vl3W H

-----

8I
6z ..'(3D 'AJ!I13<1?f pu13 JOlfdiJJ<JW '.LHDHIT':EIHi\\ ..'(gOU Ov
o 1T 'ofiiii!Jnffu!ff<JP 13!JoSof!J <1
IJJ{JO{W<JS '0::>3: -xgoll .~ni01ADXlni 50.01 9X1Wl13TillD 01 MOD\(,\1!~3 DA MOAO?dmmx A3Q 5?60dmnri SUD
5DJ38U'(D A<))TI1l A<Dl S\(x1,\0'( S\(X11lrll Smri S\(,\orio00>3 530131191)) 53A31i9A3,\ S(t001DX ~lDX 10 11m,\ (tOQ!

ctoriD9X ').OXD10lJlADcb 59A3 '5lJlU19X1mriA.nol! Smri D}AOct01riu9 Ul Su1

5310~oX Scto1D 131!?0111!3 'D}013l!ri3 AU13ri Su1 S~OD09}l!3"'(U"'("'(D Su1 01!901 A01 )/lDX

'DDO(!)"'(A H mu19"'(0 D}D1A3 A')-08U0(1J38 uri DA OlDA')-9"0 1DA}3 DA 310(!) '9ri8Dfl 0101
-?1 30 1D1AOX?"'(l!rictO A99Uri8Dfl mx U"'("'()/ AUlD (I)AJ;)l!3 D}ri u A')-0091l!3"'(U"'("'(D D}013l!ri3
mx DOD(!)"'( A 310(!) '101? ctori09X ct01 nri~Xo 9X1913 Su1 9X19 01 A')-0"'(1ri U1 Sct009 30 13"'(
-"'(J;>)11!3 DOD(!}"'(A U D}ODX19D19 ~lctD UDA?D AUl )/lD)I Somri~10ct0 ctOl 5130A')-8ct31DX
3ri 1DX Sct009 3ri ct0l!ff>08AD 38)/X ct01 D}013l!ri3 AUl 0l!(I)08AJ/ 38)/X A010 DD?ri priOA
-1~m mx pom19 'nriu10')-D oriOA91ctD mx 5?"'(3101ctD '9X1ADAiJo Sro 'noD(!}"'( A H t\iW~
-J~rodJ

110lt D"(3A9riDX

~9D"'(U9

'D"(3A9riDX r;JA 13~rodJ Sro1A9 MOXO)/l!ct DA A91DM9 1DA

-}3 'mA 'ct0l!9 '9XD10lJlADcD Ori09X ADA? 30 Somri~Xo ').OX100cDD13ri ctOl OA3ri9X3103l!
0113"'("'()/f)OOl! DA 1DX '5(1)8')-0"'(0XD '13"'(}3cDO ' 0 p5Dri AW1)/riU801DMO A(l)1 WO?ri 3rictOA
-J;>f)riD"'(DOOl! A01 Srou9 'Ori09X A01D1A D}013l!ri3 Snri ~%1031(1)03 AU1 3ri DD3ri)/ 1"013?9
-MD '59X1DD(I)"'(A Sou9o1 Sro 'J;>oocbm3ri u S(!)g1oxn ~9131!3 'nAooX91ctm J;>"'("'(D 'A3ri J;>X
-11X3"'(010ctX nriuX9 9X100cDlJ13ri 01 }30AlJlDX DA mx }30M3 DA 'A01f!)Ol! )/lDX '13"'(}3cDO
'SJ;>oOcblJ13ri Su1 5uOct31J;>rlA.nol! S~x1oocbnAD SuA3ri9A3"'( Su1 A10J;)X 'mx )/"'("'(D 'mmA
-').9 OA9ri1X9 5~10DOcDlJ13ri 0 So1AO"'("'(J;>f)103l! ').OX1A3ri13X "').0%1913, ct0"'(9 ct01 9l!OXO
01 OA9ri 1DX )/X11013"'(XOl!D 130~130Ul!ct~3 DA ctOA?ri13XOOl! 'SOA?A 30 3XU8').300ADAD
ctOl! 'Dri010f!)AA 9X11010U1XDODX 9A10X DA? '0}3X1010 9A10X DA? }3A3"'(1l!3 }3X313X? A(l)1
- J;>riuriuo 0')-9 A(l)1 mx Aro1~1o191 Aff>XD1303cb1o3l! Aro1 ').~lJ13ri ~9131!3 'J;>oocbnnri Sro

Su19A3ripx 010 pA.octo113"'( J;)oocbm3ri

6rDA3ri').O"'(U9 - 3101DJ!X3 -m 5?10Docbm3ri
Sro 3ricto~}l!(l)13ri11AD O}Ol!o A01 3ri 'Ol!9019X1onl!ri3 SrooxJ! A01 J;>oocbn no3riri? OA9ri
3191!0 'A(l)1)/riuriuo 0').9 531U19191 30 D03ri)/AD Smu1910riO UO?XD 13Af!)080D ~9D"'(U9
'A(I)30)/0cDX3 A(l)09cDD19 A(l)1 A(I)A?riOX3103l! A(l)1 ').~lJ13ri Smu191ctlJl S~x1riuo UD?XD
13Aff>080D 'J;>"'("'(D '5)/00cDDAD DA3ri}3X11AD lJlO DD3riJ;>AD 5lJlU1910riOODl! UD?XO U"'()/A3ri
u ~OX1riD10l!)/X 13~}00 A39- UO(I)}OriOODl! Sro 1D13~)/0cDlJ13ri 'UD?8 D}3X10 30 '(1)1)/XDO
-Dl! 3ri').09 D8 Srou9 'ctOl! '5130(!)11!1031! Suo mx Dri9XD- J;)OOcDlJ13ri u 119 310Dri9X39
AOOOD"'(? 01 513 50A0~}3ri ctOl X3 nriuopX1l!3-DriA139J!ODl! 01 91ctD 9l!D 10A3ri9MD"'(t[
nJ..O"'()/AD 'Sro}D)3) '130)/0cD
-lJ13ri U1 DA mx DriUA(!)cDX3 9X100cDlJ13ri Sro 130~0AD1DX AU1 DA ~1ct3AUri03-~10DOcb

61
T6 '(ao 'Jpo]dlf~ 10 ,{qdosoftlfcl dlfJ. sa"MVH::>nl '!a 1v

p:nilt101))'1iD 9X100lDllOOll 01)<DOll 3(j1))X 13111))0llD1Q D'),t[ UAg'liU013 l.t 119 01 5DlAOA
-)DcD'Ii3 '1))X100cDDl3'1i 13~1))0cDDl3'1i AU1 DA 1300l.C'Ii 'oy~rf X:M} JC001t 3(J9X 13CfJ01 X>l).fl H
LlODl90ll AU1 Ct01 9A3'1i13X UODOffi1))13'1i Sooll OlD 13~1))fJD19 etOll '51}.1et3All'lio3-SI,tlODOffi
- D13'1i o rl01')-01 l\D18rlO"{OXD ,m)l s~,txoDll303llrl1D13A}ox '13A<y>1g 51}.1rl3All'lio3- SI}.w
-DOcDDl3'1i <DA9"{ A3 0 (lOll ''),O'Ii0111"{0ll (1,01 1DX SD0')-01"(ClOX Slt1 010)D"{ll 9X1A3!.. OlD
UA3'1i900D1A3 D}OllO l.t 'U01101))lDX rl011}.X1Q1DllO"{XrlXA3 l.t -

i 5D"{91X 13"{"{1)))1l.C3 01 Cl01

A3Q AD - 13llg011l.C3 01 (1,01 91rlD 119 50Ag'li013l.C3ll 1DA13 I}.Q13l.C3 '(1,01 9A3'1i)3X UDDOcD
-1))13'1i 500ll OlD 1))1ADMO D(j ClOll DlD'Iii}.A<DcDX3 Dl D"{9 1))X100cDXH3'1i 13~1))0cDDl3'1i D(j
119 13~)0DcDOllD DA 1300l.C'Ii DA 51}.1rl3AU'Ii03-51}.lODOcDDl31i 0 'Oll011)) OlD 3'1irl001))1cD DA
1300ll'li 50ol3'1i1))0Dll D)Dlrl3"{31U 13clt)3"{ A9Xrl1 AD .1}.1U"{1'1i0 Cl01 51))00cD103ll'lirlD Sl.t1
1DX Llclt9llrl 3l01A1))ll Sl.tAg'liOADg'liD"{ ''),O'Ii0111"{0ll AOlDDXg(jDX (1,01 A(Y)30<y>A!.. A<y)X19
-1DllO"{XrlXA3 A(Y)1 500'),3 01 1DX (l0Ag'li13XAClD Cl01 5Cl009 SClOl ' (l0Ag'li13X (1,01 UO'),cD U1
9llD D'li03"{glOllD A01ll'),XOOll 5D)3All'li03-5<D301))0cDDl31i Sl.t1 X3 3Q 01 ' 51))00cDD131i Slt1
(l0A?'Ii13x 0,01mx 1}.1Cl3All'lio3-1}.1oDomDl3n 0,o1 ')-~Dl3'1i mmw 1m(l Cloll LtoDoq)ll3"{Lt"{
-"{D AU1 9llD 1DX A<D3cjtgXO 0')-9 UOD09)ll3"{U"{"{D AU1 9llD '5<DAg'liOl.C3 '1Dl3A1)}1DX D13A
-Lt'lio3 l}.x1ooffiDl31i

H 11,Srlo1 Sl}.oDoQ)ll3"{lt"{"{D

Sl.t1 D'liD3"{?lOllD o1mA13 0,o1 1))10M?

l.t ClOll (UO"I)>OcD l}.l.t~?"{) OA3'1i)3X 010ll1))X 9llD 1DlAO~)OUlOOllrl 1DX '),OA10X 9llD 1D1A')-0
-10llOJ..03A3 ClOll DlD'Ii!.."I)>Oll 1))X11300cDD19 0')-9 D1/.. 513cjtgXO 0')-9 3'1irl0001))1A3 91CtD OliO
-9x AOlO D.6g'li 1DX 'O'Ii09X 9XD10D1ADffi ADA? 3'1irlOX? '1))00cDDl3'1i D)'li 3'1irlOXg AD10

Ludwig Wittgenstein 1
Inwiefem kann man den Wunsch a/s so/chen, den G/auben, die Erwartung
"unbefriedigt" nennen? Was ist unser Urbild der Unbe/riedigung, das wovon
wir unsem Begriffnehmen. Ist es ein Hohlraum? und wlirde man von einem
so/chen sagen, er sei unbefriedigt; ware das niche auch eine Metapher?

Ludwig Wittgenstein 2

EXPI IIOY- ANAPQTIETAI 0 AOY WBIKOL WITTGENSTEIN- 1-lJtOQOU!J. va an:oxaf...oU!J. "avLxavonoLrrnl" tl]V mSu!J.La xaSauti]v, tl]V nLotn i] tl]V JtQoo6oxLa; TIOL6 ElVaL to aQXEtUJtO tl]~ !J.l] LXaVOJtOll]Ol]~, an6 to OJtOlO QXO!J.aOt E!J.El~
xm f...a!J.~avou!J. tov 6Qo aut6v; Elvm xanow~ xv6~ XWQO~; xm Sa 1-lJtOQOUOa!J.,
<iQay, va JtOU!J. yLa vav ttmov xv6 XWQO 6n ELvm avLxavonoLnto~; XL av to f...Eya!J., 6v Sa i]tav XL aut6 !J.Eta<poQa; 3
El6a!J.E mnv JtQOlJYOU!J.EVlJ V6tl]ta 6tLl] yf...wooa, xata wv tQ6no tl]~ af...f...nf...rnL6Qaoi]~ tl]~ !-t tl]V E!A-JtHQLa, rnLtQrnEL mou~ XQrlot~ tl]~ tl] Ol]!J.LOUQyLa !J.La~ JtQUy!J.anx6tl]ta~, v6~ cpavtamaxou x6o!J.ou. H OlJ!J.LOUQyia cpavtaoLaxwv JtQay!J.atLxoti]twv yiv-

Ludwig WITIGENSTEIN, IIo).maf16r; xm A!;iEr;, !!EtCt<:pQUOTJ MllQtW ~Qaywva- Movaxou / KwotT]~ M.

KwBalo~. aEI.. 17.
B/.. WITIGENSTEIN, Philosophische Grammatik, 187, OEA. 133.

3 H !!EtCt<:pQaoT] tOll an:oonaO!!atO~ Elvm OtxT] 11a~.

320

IZ
"8tZ "'(30 'llDlJlD~1V illOVliJL '(6L6! 8) 3:0:Uid L
!;r ""(3D ':>fJOJ~IJH 10 Aqdosott!Jd ~IJ.L 'smiVH:)HI 9
q L!;t! '5pm.U10IJ ?03IJ '3:AOV3.10.13:IdV !;
":J[ffO{ JO )(JOAI ~WfJJj JO UOS
fJ uodn P~JJnJJSUO:J u~~q ffU[AfliJ JO UO[JS~:Jffns lJ 1! IJJ!M S~.UJ!J:JJOijdlJJ~W {!JJU;)p[J:J!J ;)ljJ JJ!Jj U[

cy "AJf{lJ~J}O

UO!J!UffOJ ;JJ!J[p~WW[ UO Ufl!JJ J~lj]fJJ 'm~pf JO S[S~IJJUAS lJ UO 1D1AO~JO'O\J 53]0l!O 10 '!OZ "'(30 'UO[J:J!G :J[J~Od

'G13BHV8 0 13ti.\)D13 ClOl! 'SJOijdlJJ~W {lJJU~pp:JlJ 009 11.01 3TIClO~\)Odl013TI1Dl~ :5iJOOiblJl3rl 53]JJrlltXfi.L

-11110 Ct01l)1'(DX D1 X'( '11l)X 3~DAJ1 Ull903W Ll AD 3TIC).08ADd:>OlCD DA 3TIC).0001Cri A39

'O'('(l) 3101C11 3rietOOC).OXD A39 AV .. 3~DA11 D1 Ul903W

H, 13?'( DA A0101Cl)X 3TIC).OXV

5x;>Clod:lm3rl 5Lll .. etOA9'( Dri~Xo, 01 ACtOX?1031C 5?ri09 5(1) 11919 '010~1Ll901D 5Dri
9X100(l)'(A 01 ACtO'('(l))oool! A39 Drill'()9Clll 9x1ri09 A<YJOetoX31031C A(l)30l)100ll 5(1) 5etol

~OUA9'(01~D Ll 'D1'(1TIO ~i\103rlll9DX AUlD 1DX l)'('(D 'D1AX310AO'( Ll10 OA9ri1X9 D1D19AX
-CtO 1DlAC).0101COri10llOX Ct0011d CtOl 5?1CtD 1X ADO 5130l)1001C 5(l)ri9 ~9131C3 .10'{DTI(!)AD
5<YJX1A0'(010Drillo 1DA13 '5(l)A?riom 'JOletD 10X110 10 119 mx .. (l)ld:Jl)Cl10D, mx .. <YJ'{3AOri
-DX, A(l)ll)TIUO A(l)l (UOJl:)!JlS;}J !BUO!l:);}!;}S) 5~A0'{11C3 5Lll 9 n01001031C AC).O'{DXOl.CD 10A
-9'{000(l)'(A 10 CtOlC 91CtD 139UAU1D010DlDX 13X? 119 3TIC).Ol.C DA 31C301C? D9 (!)93 l)X1AOAD)I

"51ttrodJ rox '010/fl.OU ttmdJvo:wp 01 D1A 1DX S!pUBlnW S!lBlnW 13C).X01 91CtD 0.1 "513~

-n OA3TI13X01Cet oXetcftl) 01 3rl OA3TI900Dli\Ct0 3Til)lADi\CtO 01 DTIOD1CD91CD (l)Al)lCDODlC

010 .( 0(!)~ ~ 01C(l)08Al)) OXetcftri? OA3TI13X01Cet 13A?'{11C3 l)X1AOADX

tl'OD[]OAltMtX Dri~O 0.1

L51ttrodJ !'OX '010~1.0U ttD:ldJ'OOl.DJ? rwug

ttroJDOurlrw tt(!n vono{),?D tt~l. ,up '5no9u 53tt1riD73"(X 5?J. ,up ro1.px 5D:lMfJtt03U
5vrl ottug, ttol.o vo1rl5t;p ttvogoAltttnx 5prl '51o3rlool. '513~1"( 53tt3~povu
:et0011d UMl)1J Ct01Ul~l.X0"(1cJ> A019l1) 5etOX110 (l)ll)XDODlC 5et013ri3rietOO~A1X3~ 5v
"3rietOX?lDX CtOlC 5300(!)'{ A 53A?~ 511 9l1) D101Cl)X 30 AC).OlODOd:lD13TIDA ADOC).OOOl.Cri D9
5(!)1C 310DTI911C3XO DA orlllXOl) ADl~ D9 A39 'D13X3i\Ct0 A3 3rlcio~l)JD19 D1 D9 5(!)9DX 'CtOlC
'D1DrlAJ39DODl!- LloDod:lx? Llo319cftrlox Ll Am~ D9

mxmp -D11C09XD DA?riD1oo 3D 3ri

-C).0903d:JDAD C).OlOOlC '5?00d:lD13rl10 1Dli\O~l)Od:JD13rl 5(!)1C 3TIC).Ol.C DA 3TICtOOC).31CO D9 A3V

"CtOA Ct0111d:>D 010 ~ 11l)ri 010 A(l)A9X13 ~3XOD1DX 1DA13 A39 '5DOO<YJ'(A 5Ll1DJA0ft0113'{
1DA13 l)Ood:lm3rl

H ~1DDCld:lm3rl

AOl ~ U10(!)MDAD AOl 5Dli\(!)130Ul.Cet~3 3113 D?d:JDOAMO

no110~1DX 01 5Dli\0Al)X 3113 513~?'{ 51113~10lll001Cet DA '5Dri A<YJ30~901D A(l)1 (l)O?ri 5Dri
A<YJ3~'{DoClll A(l)l nod:ll)OA11AD c;to101ll AllX19 'poollriDA9X13 38l)X Ll 5<YJ1C o1 3rlnAx;>x DA
13X? DA 01U1J00Dl1) 1DA13 A39 'et0A9'{ Dri~Xo 5(1) 'l)Ood:JD13rl

H A(l)A9X13 A(!)X11X3'{

~Ct3XO

- mDx ~x11xmmx ~'{l1) Ll ~'(0100l1) 5Ll1 ~x1XOD1(l)Ol 13'{310l1) 31').0 .SDOO<YJ'{A 5Ll1 5D1A
-oeto113'( Ol901 - ~orl1ri9A mx- 9X1AOADX A61 9l1) Ll01'(XX?OD1C ~1(l)l!etO'{DX D10l.Cl)X 31
- c;to mA13 A39 .5DOD<YJ'{A 5Ll1 Llo~ax Ll1 5ool 13D?Xo A3 9x113om~3 o1mx 9x19n o111x;>x mA
-13 1\39 x;>Clod:lm3rl

~x1Clod:lm3rlmA13 'LlA3rlc;tooA A0'{9 5(1) 'DOD(!)'{A Ll 'mll19X11DriADOl!

All1 5oCll! 5Llo?XD .. 5~x1wn)1gm3rl, 5Lllmx 5(l)3ol))1gm3rl 5D10DX19D19 (l)A9'{ A3 5Ll1 5(1)
-3oc;td:l 5Ll1DX3AtL "(9sp1B4:)m v1 et01D1AO'{oClo All13riDAmd:lriC).O ';unp;xJoJd ;J:JUJJJJSlmJJ)

5ro3Dp[}7[}m3rl DJDDXUJDUJ mrl 101? 5mAOA<YJ1D093 '5mll19X11DriADOl! 50913 O'{'{l)

DA? 9l1) DO?ri 5mll19X11miAD01C 50913 DA? 30 (5Ll1 ~1DDCld:lm3rl et011DX DOl)) 5Ll1 ~1Ct3A
-Llrlo3 no1 Ll~d:lx;> All1l)X11DD1oeto HA1Drillo 5DOD<YJ'{A 5Ll1 Llo~ax

H sttoAoypttp ~u "l!mx

-D1AO'{OOO ~X1'{3101010D 3rlet00~101COTI10UOX DA D1A - 17..A(!)Clod:lm3rl A(l)1DrillXet1, D191D1

nDI IN3J ~V d O<PVl3W ld3Il

ZZ
.. ~nbn~od p ~nb!Jsrnilun, :omwcJl3x 06 01 ooll"(X9"(0 ~fTJJ~u~il ~nbrJsrnilu!l ~p sruss3. 'NOS80)1\ff "(gou
rwri prlOi!f! ,1. Saori90Q Si!Ol:i :9(; '"(3D '!lO(JI}ri (]OJ. D10f? T(L 'AO!d30A3V3
[S;ni!DJ.DDX i!(j0AOY(~3 ,W]AI
I '"(3D' [ 'lwlqo11 ':?.\f:UIV\fU\fU
'III,JIIW :z:g ''(3D 'OL6[-9[6[ 10XJl:i 531.11DltV,, ':?.\fUWid\f)l:?.
'53oyJ.roOJ.DO(,!Q, :~'"(3D', V DJ.JJrl/j10IJ ':?.OV AOUONOJH
'll3 1j7 '"(3D 'UO!Jl?SJ~A.UO:J pul? :J[i/0] '3:)HI9 '"(8

:or

Z1
11

01
6

-rtOA1)riUD11.C3 nA 3ri').oool.Cri \,rtoli},OA-n, Snoqul.C1o31.C Sgonenx mx I (A(l)3Dq>1orioonl.C

1DX) AqJOOcbD13ri D1DTID1)AX31 3ri A(l)301)0cbX3 AqJX11U101.C SgX09X3 3TI1)1ADMD rt01.C9
'A(l)11)ri/-139DOD1.C A(l)l AqllrtD D)01DXrt3 , l.C3 'Zl rt0)038rl3"{3 50A1)W 0 'SO"{gl '1)9rl0AD01

'5ottlty1o,nJu ttJ?D v~99 J?1ri 3U3dJJ 5ndJ10()DX 5Q-o:w 5~ri; vnr;riro9 J?:LD 3X30:LJ
5ottXvyuo!! 5vi'Jl'? 5DttJ! . 11Sno1)9Dl.CDlJ 11 suo11,triuv o 13?"{ Snri '53auu9xvrixvm
ttmdJpi'J:Lov rwri 9yvnri f?:LD .01 Snl.Cri)ODX& 5UM1)1J o A91A1W rtOlUAgriUl.Cn/...n AUl
'D13"(1:L J?:L 5lt:L m99u J?:L 5c;:LrodJ ltdJJ~ .6So"{rt01.C9A0/.../...3 Sox
-)No 13cb1)0/... '51/.vurino oXnor;y c;up Ott3ripxuttp DttJ! mttp nori p19i'Jvx H, :Sg1U101.C
m/... 1D1)3AO"{Orio~3 Snri

3ri 3rirtooq>13"{31 DA 1DA)3 AOl.C?Ol.C mx A9"{DX '5?1U10l.C 3ri 3riDD)XOn mx Smri 1D)J
'DTIU9A DAgADX 3/...I},ODl.C ne A391)X11300cbD19 'SUl D)ODriuo I},X11X3"{010rtX u Sq>X100cbD13ri
1D13A)31X31.C31},9131.C3 '1D1)30Amnx .. (rto10l.C1)X) m11;>ri (Dl) (1)~1)/...g, uonocbx? u Snri 1;>ri/...n9
-1)0Dl.C 9"{1.C101 01& 'rtOcb1)0A0013X 59A3 A01D(l)AA1)ADDrt9 0191.CD 1}, DriDD)1)19 '),"{Ol.C 0191.CD
1,t 3rinxl},1onortox 119 5(1)/...9"{DAD SD1Aq>OM3 .. n111;>ri D1 3Anxl},/...g rtori, 3ri'),Ol.C rtol AD19
'D)OOl.CD 3ri 13~1)110X Snri D8 A39 'SO"{gl '5)3ADX .5130[}

ve A39 DA9ri3 1K AXJD '513~r;>rft AXJ

1K 009 )31.C DA 13"{?8 '),019rl0AD01 rtOX11gl.Cri30 rt01 Aql1(1)1"{3TI38 A(l)l X3 0 11913A)Dt)D"{D1DX

)1D1A ' .. 3A(),OOg ne A39 DAgri3 1X ADD I 3A'),O/...g DA rtOO D1X1)1Dri D.l,, 1)9rl0AD01 DA UOJ)XDg
-ring OXOJ)W A0113()-0XD AD19 'pool.CD A39 mx 13~1)riool A39 SpAnx 5UD)l.C3 .1},101omcbo
-0901.C rt0"{1)A3ri rt01UD0991.CD I},X11301D~3 AUl 3rirtOD)A01 DA 3Tirt0"{?8 119 13t)1)"{D1DX D8
)1D1A \,D111)ri 3"{D/...t)g DA91ADODW 0 5D1"{D1I-51},A11t\3AO\f DAqJAD t\01&, 119 3Tig"{ rtOl DA
130')-0XD Snri AD '13~1)ri001 ne A39 Smi Sl,t1U"{1TIOArtO 001DcbD9901.C 01 3ri 59X113XO SpADX
'1m3, o/...9"{ 9A103riuenx Aolo mlt\O~)ADcbri3 rtol.C 513D1)ocbx3 Sgx1oocbn13ri 5391/1"{1X Su
S3)DDX19D19 Sgx1/...o"{ 5311.Cri3ri1) 3ri mx uo3A1/ 3ri 3rirroclw0/...1o31.C nA 131C?0111.C3 S1;>ri A(l)11)ri
-uoAol.Crr A(l)l D)O(l)38

H rro1 1},~1"{?~3 u 1D13X/...?"{3 mx So/...0"{1)19 o 1D13A'),8(l31DX SD)Ol.CO

5U11301)t) Ul )l.C3 '(;}[dpUfJd ;)A[JTJJ;}dOOJ) 5D]DXJtW3MW 5111 ~Xav -1)1010(l)X 5DODql"{A

Sl,tx10rrcb S1)1ri3enx Su1 mo9 Dl nmoA )Dt)031.Crr 'rrOl().Ol X3 5(1) 'mx Uclt?XD UA mc:poeAn
I},X1AO"{ Ul Dm01?801.C(l001.C - AUlD 5(1)10)1001.C 1D139)303 D)O(l)38 I},X113XO H .8 (mvri~OA
-ou11 pK7Aoymg) S;)JnJTJ:JffdW! fTJUOfJTJSJ;}AUO:J 13~1)riOAO g;,!.ID 'd'H SocbOD9"{1cb o D)Ol.CO

Z
OWl '(3D 'VJ/..OyOO[)(T)YJ (luu/u]ro3E) UW il/..ro/..vmg 'NO.Uif19W AVH)IVUUlVI<I> l)X11X13\IA3 5<;>'(3lA3 o'(fJOll 8 [
0

1!3 08 '(3D u~ffunJ{J~W~EI ~lJ:>SflJdosof!IJd 'NI3.LSN3!::>llli\\ '(8 L l

0

1!3 OL '(3D 'JJTJlf:>Su~sS!Mlf:>TJJdS ~u,~w~ffuv ~!P u1 ffunJlJflJU!Ef 'onE! sO::> o'(gou 91

0

o ~X1001lld U1DA)3 'l)Oodmn1i ll Dlmi<;J1DX1\Il)X1Xomon:x

5l.ll'0"(9 5(l)O~'(l! ]3XD'O 0.01!9

''0131l)OX1l!3U119UcftOl!l) I\U113(t3f)D30l! ScxbOD9'(1dl SO'(l),\,311 0 OO.O]I\,\,1l)l!ODD(l)'(,\, ~l!(l)103l! Al.ll]3'X1\I'X319

0.01!9 ''0~901! ~X11U10l! lL/\3119,\,3'( l.llD mx '01i9X'O l)Ocxb'Ol31i U13DD(t1l!'OA'O 53],\,00.0113'( 531D1Xl)'(3 o,\,9'( 01
A910.'0 ,1,\, S<;>f!10X'O 119 910.'0 311 l)X113XD ]30lll'OO'Ol! '9 ~ '(3D 'II 1 'J!~lfJljTJ)d pun ~POlJJ~W '~3WVGV!::> 0 ~~
ollr/tiJUO ilOJrl(lAv H 1'0AJ3 - smBJlS!Aill ~pnuo o 13DJA01'0A 3'(38~ 11 (t01llcftol!l) All1
0

9l!'O ~oo - llDnodll)131i ~eoo

uolll\?1iDnel\n'( 5<;>'(311\3 1'01\13 llr/tiJUD ma/..p H

5(l) ~ffTJAnTJs ~9su~d TJ7 cto'(

-111 n.o1lLDnoilll)131i lL 119 (l)l\]n1ilLD1l!3 n)omxn.3 lLl]l!tl - 13'('(l)g103l! 1\01 n.ol! cto1iD9X ao1 pwriDJ(}303
0

'OlD 1'0X 10l~Vl0'01tflt:1'01t 'OlD '~TJ!JflU!W '010 1'0131\)0XOl!'OlA'O '01\ )300l!1i '01\ m,\, 'O.Ol!<:JOSi\'0 O.OI\0,\,9l(l)Ol!

lin o 1'013X0?131i ftOl! l\(l)0?1i l\(l)1 '~\I'O'(U\1 'o,\,o'(

0.01\3119,\,3'( 0.01 50.01\ 59X1,\,0'(0I\X3llL1i mx 50I\?1i(l)dJOo1i

l)1'0X 1\'01\? 5(l) :~ffTJAnTJs ~9su~d TJ1 n.o1 o,\,Cl? olD )30M3 01 5(l)l!9

'ssnuJlS!A?l

~pnuo n.o1 .. ~\Junm!JQ,

Ol SOI\31i90011\1'0l!O.- ..13(t3001D'01i, 0.01 mOM) 1\Ul 311 .. 131\<;JO'OXD, n1i~o 01 <;l\13 <;J10l!01i1DlLOX vl

81 Ol())O:tr 01 Am~ A"J;>3 Sm OA3ri)3X11An 911m 00310-39 01 mA. 3TI"J;>'(1ri nA ne3ri0-o

-1o:uori1rioA nA 310()) 'Sm10-0 OA3TIJ3X11An O'('('l;> DA? 3D 1'01AO~"J;>)1ln13ri

11D1AOO?cbm

-3ri CLOA?ri13X11A'O 59A3 513ch,9:U'O '13D())l:U103:U UD'J;>:U A3 '~ 531U19191 ~ D)3X1010 AmJO:UO
A(l)11 3D"J;>g U1J1!3 '53JD'OX19'019 5?X1DD(l)'(A 511 53A)3X3 3D 1'0130?cDDA'O .. "J;>OOcDD13ri,
U 119 3TI0-0:U DA 3TI0-000:trri 1;>X109AOX 5())'(31A3 mx 91CL'01j o(O!J"fJ[SUTJJJ 1'0131..?'( 'J;>OOcDDl
-3ri u 1;>X1A11'0'( '010 119 3TI0-08cD3XD 'D1D1'(1;>ri 'AD19) 3TICLOD'J;>OcD'013ri Ul 'OA 1'0A)3 O'(OXD
-0-9 01 o'J;>OOcD'013ri Ul 3TICLOD~OA'Ol'OX 'OA 1'0A)3 A39 O'(OXD0-9 OJ. :wmuwwns uwwns
:aottp,{oo (tOXwnroy,{ ao1 ao1q7 ao1 5ro3~opua OA9Y o1wx oy9o
01, XJ()3ri(I,OAOXJ XJA AXJD WAJ3 ue 'XJ0~1XXJOXJX 51101 91CXJWXJriltD 01 3rli10D~OAAXJ tt9X111
Ap3 '119 WX '5ro3~p1 5~XWDroy,{ro~3 53XApAXJ WAJ3 'ttroqpttori MfJXXJWXJriltD A01DXJX
-?eXJx A(l)1 XJJA0110113Y lt 1XJ13~J13XD 53J01t0 511 3rl '53XApAXJ 10 119 m3e~YXJ AU1 3rl(I.OeX
-3qouu ttltrl XJA 3rl(tooourt tt3q AXJ19 '5?oocbm3rl 511 3rl 5urt p1XJriAJ39XJOXJlt ro091rottXJ
XJ1 5cpX11111t3 A(t01DXJOdJXJ13ri ue '110riD9X 1101 AmA?riOq3q Am1 5XJJAOOXXJ 5lt1 13DCfJAA
t\3 '5cp1t :5~~3 5m 13X? DriU1())03 003191<1913 39 OJ. :L 1A901Jlt OlD OA9ri Al10(1.3eltyXJ 5XJri
513.0p1oou 3q 10 '5ottooXp mtt J3 59111XJ 5~rt,{ 110 5lt , cbu 'ttrott?rloq3q ttro1 orln9x A01 m,{
3rlpy1rt XJA 3rl(tooourt 5cpu :Sme0-o'(oxn Sm 1'013A()):UCL1'019 mx UF>lSU;)~hl!A\ CLOl 513D
-~OUl'OO'O:U 5?X1cDOD0'(1cD 511 91!'0 1'013A'J;>l'OX nriU1())03 00319X1A3A A3ri OJ. 00319X1913
0

DA? 1X 00319X1A3A DA? :nwri~l(l)03 00-91'01A38Jl 'Smri9 '1Dl? 1)1 91 DJAOCL0113'( 5CL01 ~X
-'01D'OTIUD U191!XJ 1'01AO~J008'0X Dl'Ori~10CLD (1)/..9'( A3 D1119 OA?TI0939 011'01'010JcDCL DA
pxon 'nwri~10CLD '0'('('9 9:un AmA?rioAngrin'( A())'(3ri mx Sowri~lDCLD 59A3 (1D1AOJ3'(X
-O:U'O'(U'('('O 0-0TID100 ~3 CLO:U) A())'(3ri UDUJO:UOri1DUOX ~A10X AU1J31U~11!3 CLOA9'( CLOl
UD~OX 'ODCLOX?Ol U OD9:U O!JBJ}Um ;) M00-AX13901'0 '53XA'J;>A'O 5?X'01D'OriUD 91it'08DX

511- A())1riMm13ri 1'0X A())OOcD'013ri (l)D?ri 0-'(01! 01J:U3 Sm- AltoAJDl03:UCL CLO:U '513D'J;>OcD
-X3 5?X11U10:U S11 9:un mx OD9 .. 01l!9A- n, 9X'010(1)8103:tr Smox1;> 01 9:un OD91 MOll!
-0-X'OA'O CLO:U 'Ol'Ori~'()001! D1 '13A?A A3 UD'OOcD1;>13ri Ul (1'0X 1;>'('('0 'UDCL'(1;>A'O ~X11XD1A
-ltD Ul Sm10Jl(l)O:U) 'J;>OOcD'O 11'9 3:S: (g mx os 1CLOA9'( 0-0A103riuenx Sit08~itD CLOl D1U19~
-31! U 131!)3'('(3 'OTIUJO:U 010 ~9131!3 :o/..9'( 0138D90:U ADA? '01A1'0X 13AJDlriitD 91CL'O o1'013A
-Jncbri3 A39 Sln SnO~lXDODX 5~8U'('O o 310()) 'CLOA9'( CL011;>00cDX3 AU11'0X A(l)3~?'( A(l)l 53
-10M? 5113ri 1'0X 1;>'('('0 '5(1)10Jl(l)01! 5CLOX~ 5CL01 3ri 5~1U10:U 0 tl13A())O'OXD CLO:U ''019JAX
-1'01! D1 3ri 0-'(01! OD911'013~J13XD 1;>00cDD13ri U 'OA3TI)3X 1;>X11U10:U Dl:S:,(D :1;>A11 00-9 3ri

:n5)[ JN3J :rVdO<I>Vl3W ld3ll

Meraq;oea M ianv 6v6;.wror; d.UoTeiov i:mq;oea, ~ dn:o rov

yivovr; in:i eloo r; ~ dn:o rov doovr;'in:i To yivor; ~ dn:o [rov]
t:Loovr; in:i door; ~ xaTa TO dvaA.oyov.

lllllfl
.&.

KOllOI MAL EN llPOKEIMENQ OfV dvm OUtf vaJtQO~OU!-tf Of tQOJtOV tLVa LOtOQLXi] mwx6nnon twv ELOwv tT]~ 1-tftacpoQa~. 6nw~ tL~ ollvavt<i~-tf xataxwQLO~-t
Vf~ Of nA.ELaOa xA.amxwv Qywv xm OllYYQa~-t~-t<itwv - an6 tT]V "Timnnxi]" (y'\JQW ota
360 n.X.) xm tT] "PT]toQLxi]" (~-tfta1;u 360-355 n.X.) toll AQLOtotA.oll~ xm tT]V
"lnstitutio Oratoria" (~-tna1;u 92-96 n.X.) xm ta "Rhetorica ad Herennium" (JtfQLJtOll
86 n.X.) toll Ko'CvnA.Lavou, noll mmvouof tT]V eloquendi suavitas, tT] Q'f/TOQtxJj r}DVrr}ra toll AQLOtotA.oll~2 , 1--LEXQL tT]V "La scienza nuova" (1725) toll Giambattista Vi co
xm tT]V "Abhandlung tiber den Ursprung der Sprache" (1772) toll Johann Gottlob
Herder xm an6 fXEL 1--LEXQL tT]V "Philosophy of Rhetoric" (1936) toll Ivor Armstrong
Richards xm tT]V "La pensee sauvage" (1962) toll Claude Levi-Strauss-, outf va EJtfI
2

APILTOTEAH:i.:, flt:(!i flot'f/TLXfir;, 21, 1457 b 4.

B/.. QUINTILIANUS, Rhetorica ad Herennium, I 0.1.83.

324

"9Z "'(30 '! "l ';}if{O:f J;}l{:J!{J!;}Z U! ;}Jl[:J!P;}[) '3H.L309

"L81 "'(30 '! "l 'VMVltV,, ':S:OWtiY03:
DJ31/J(}VW ':S:ODlld.l'v'll
Lwlqou H, :pg "'(30 'pAn~

L
9

')l~'v'WM.3N '(g .SJ!oocbm3r1 SolXlr1

"Ill "'(30 'UO!J!JfSUfJJL .10 ){OOQJX;}L
-?eoun ~3 So'g )3 )3'(3l01D 5(l)r19 i:>Jouo lt '(Jol{dfJJ;}W p;}Jdupu) paodm13rlliAfJriDorlavooau Alll SDli\01

m 901 "'(30 'UO!JfJ{SUfJJL}O )/OOQJX;}L V ."13 !;8 "'(30 'U0!1fJ[SUfJJL 01 S;}l[:JfJOJddy ')l~'v'WM.3N "'(8

!)

-?80001 'A<))OOcbDl3r1 A(Y)lC(tllt~? )031 J3'(1r10 l(lllWM;JN 0 .. UO!l1l(SU1ll~ JO l(OOQ)X;J~ 'r/, ClOl OJ'(g1g 013:
"SJOl[dfJ];}W PJf1PUf11S
Jo ){:JOJS Sl)oocbx:mr1 S91n.D Sogp Ol13~J!r1ow '801 "'(30 'UO!JfJfSURfL JO ){OOQJX;}L

v ')l~'v'WM.3N o

'){JllWM.~N Cl01 SctOlCI)-1- poocbm3rillll}riJJorlovooou ll/\3ri9.\3'{ ll1 "Q101ClroX

3rictOO"Q13~3 ne t\39 - 31/\?l.C Sct010 i\1).08XD1Cct '0/\ {\(l)t\?riDM9 t\(YJOOd:>D13ri llonod:>"Q13ri

ll1 "Ql'OX 1'01/\<yli\i\3.\ ctOlC D1Dril,t'{g001C '01 3ri 3rii),O(jll'{OXOD D(j 'npX3MO t\3 'Spri3
1~nri "Q1ctD D'{91,t 1mx 501Di\"Q8 o 1,t SOi\lCI). o 1,t cto1 D01/\?9 m

3ri SoO"Q9 o1mt\J3 Dt\ pool.Cri S"Qood:>m3ri Sll1 Oi\3rlJ3X11t\D 01 ct01C9' 8 , qnN JS! Uf;]Jd!D
U;}[[T? J;}q{) ~1.11~00 rt01 Drill101C 010(l)t\.\10'01C 01 J3'{310ll'O ctOlCI)-1 ct011),01ct'O D1Dri.\p9
-DODlC D0310?t\Dd:>11C3 '01 91CD Di\?- t\<yl100.\ll'{'{D l,t i\(l)1"Qrill101C t\(l)OU'{X9'{0 llol,toX ll1
lli'lX?ri 13/\"Q(jd:> mx - 5?Clod:>n13ri 5313(ji\I).O i\I).0'{3101CD 01 ,rft'3ar;wx ?VX <?J.rfv ,.2 ,or;1u
llonod:>X? Snri 53i'l?ri Suo llh?riD1(jllMo 1)-'{0l.C lll,t LVttJrlviJmi J?l J?X1()roo J?lD J?W
-OiJr;J .. ool.Cri"QV, t\01 91CD 1)-0riro'{O:S: rt010ctt\01V ct01 SoX110 S910DrirtD8 0 X'{- t\<yJrio
-11nriro191 l,t t\(1)3~?'{ i\(l)0?10001031C l,t 01).9 llol,toX ll1 91CD "Qi\ 1X3~ "QOOd:>D13ri ll13(ji\I),O
ll .9viJJrl llttJrlrolxviJau ttll.2o 5~rl [W1r;Jmoxo ottaorJar;x :cto1X101Dll cto11.1 rto1 oX
-110 O(jrt0'{9XD t\010 Sllt\d:>1D 3ri"Q1i\DMO '900d:>'013ri l,tX1.lX3'{0t\Ori l,t'{1C1V '(SJOljdT?J;}W
X;}[dWO:J) 5313()MJO l,t 53XOy1tri(W 1DX (SJOljdT?PW pJOM-;}UO) 51'X1l'X3YOAOri
3o 5?ood:>n13ri S1113t\1oxm9 .Sctol.CI)-1 531t\?803d:>ni\n s1wri Srto1 Srtow 3o m13Cl?d:>Dt\D
'Srori9 'n1o1Co ll 't\<yJood:>n13ri i\ro1llD1oX"Q19 nrrill'{'{"Q 3o mx 13/\}ngool.C ){JUWM.~N

.' p(JOljdT?J;}W [T?U{~UO) r;JOOcblJ13ri V1JJ~A). l,t ~'X11A3()rtV U1DX

't\(l)i\?riOi\DgriD'{1031Crirto (SWS{ffO[O;}U) MfJrlJJ7).oy03A i\(1)1 '(JOljdT?J;]W JU;}:J;}J) r;JOOcblJ13ri
ll111M1A. 11ov 1,t ~uroA ll '(Joqdmdw )[::>OJs) r;oocbvl3rii1Alrimormolleouv 1,t 501Vri1()01tv
'(.IOljdT?J;}W i)lj:J!P) poocb1J13rl/11t019A10'X l,t U1tfll93031JJ ll '(JOljdT?J;]W pr?;}p) pooch
-1J13rl ~O'X'3A ll :t\<yJOOd:>Dl3ri 101CI)-1 31/\?l.C /\rtOXO"QlCrt ){lllWM.~N t\01 3ri Di\rod:>rii).:S: '(886l)
~3 ll

.. UOrJll!SUllll, JO ){OOQlX~J, V, 1DX (l86I) .. UOrJll!SUllll, 01 S~lpUOlddy, rtOl D.\0? '010

'){lllWM.~N J;)l;)d t\01 'SllonCld:>"Q13ri Sll1 Dt\Oril,t1011C3 9t\D13og O}Dd:>ctoox t\01 91CD 1'01

- 3/\J31001C rtOlC Oi\J3X3 1'0/\13 Sl,t1rtn Snri Sll1?'{3ri Sll1 Sl,tX0901Crt 010}D'{1C Ot\?rionri1x09 Dt\
-?ririll'{13t\D1!31DX "Q'{'{D 'O'{U'{'{"QlDX Ot\9ri 1X0 Sct01 S"Q1ll19ri1onod:>n13ri '(1)10? 'l,t Sllt\X
-?1 Sl,txuonod:>n13ri Sro3cft91CD 91eu t\<yJood:>u13ri Sctol.CI)-1 SI).OX1o3ri 3rirtool,t13'{3ri U/\ '9'{
-'{U 't\<yJClod:>m3ri t\(1)1 Sro3ol,triot\1~'01 Srt01C901 SctO?t\ 3rictot\J31001C Ut\ mx 3rii).08oU.\03~
~Vd04>Vl3W

&Hl HVI3 Vl

Le Jangage (...) institue ces transferts analogiques de denominations que nous

appelons metaphores, facteur si puissant de I 'enrichissement conceptuel.

Emile Benveniste'

N MllOPOYME NA llOYME KAT! ava[.tqJLoBiJTTJTO yw TO Tl dvm "[.tETacpoga",

aut6 ElVaL 6n T] [.tETUqJOQU UJTOTEAEl JTUQEXXALOT] aJT6 TO XUVOVLXO xm JTQoBoA.i] (foregrounding) TTJc; !-tTl xavovLx6TT]Tac; OE JTQti.no yA.womx6 JTA.avo. 'Ooo, 6~-twc;,
XL av aut6 cpalVETaL TOOO aJTAO, acpou T] JTUQEXXALOT] xm JTQOBoA.iJ OE JTQWTO yA.woOLXO JTA.avo El;agTaTm aJT6 ~-tLa xa8LEQW[.tEVTJ "v6g~-ta" i] - 6mg xm TO aut6 - aJT6
EVa "cp6VTO" JTOU TT]V VO[.tL[.tOJTOLEl, TOOO JTOAU [.tEYUAEc; EVOTUOELc; 1-tJTOQOUV va EYEQ8ouv we; JTQOc; TO JTWc; 8a XUQUXTT]QL08ouv OL xa8LEQW[.tEVEc; CO[.tEc;, aJT6 nc; OJTOlEc;
"JTUQEXXAl'VEL" T] [.tETacpoga CLOTL, acp' T]c; Otly[.ti]c; ~ [.tETaqJOQU aJTWAEOEL TOV "JTaQEXXALTLX6" xagaxTi]Qa TT]c;, JTE8alVEL- ~JTE8alVEL", CT]Aac5i], [.tE TT]V EVVOLa TOU OTL
ytvETm auTo~-taTwc; OTOLXELO TTJc; xoLvi]c; yA.wooac;, JTauovTac; va BgtoxETm OE JTQWTo

BENVENISTE, Problemes de linguistique generale, t. 1, aEt... 28 EJt., l]tOL: 11 yJ.waaa (...) EIJXETat xm
t:yxa8tOI}VEL TL~ avaJ.oytx~ EXEi VE~ J.L6Taf3t{3Ctat:t~ OVOJ.LGOLWV, TL~ OJfOLE~ GJfOXGAOVJ.LE J.LETa!pOI}E~ Xat
OL onoit:~ EiVat naviGXVI}O~ nal}ayovta~ EVVOLOJfAGOTLXOV EJllfAOVTLOJ.LOV.

326

H NEKPH MET MOP A

nf...avo2 . Na OL'\JXQLVW8L, navtw~, 6n ta avwtQw wxuouv xuQLw~ yLa to minimum tn~ xmvi]~ xa8n!lQLVi]~ yf...wooa~, OOOJlEVO'\J 6n n AHtoUQyta tn~ rwLnnxi]~
yf...wooa~3 ouvtotatm otn JlEywtn ouvati] nQo~of...i] tn~ JlEtacpoQLXi]~ xcpoQa~ CJ
nQwto nMvo, nQav tou 6n nnmnnxi] yf...wooa Ov XQnmJlonmdtm nQo~ l;unnQtnon tn~ mxmvwvta~, af...M xaQLV tn~ o nQwto nMvo nQo~of...i]~ ti]~ LoLa~ ti]~
JTQasn~ ti)~ OJlLALa~ 4 . IlaQaJlEVOVta~ Ota OQLa ti)~ XOLVij~ yf...wooa~ - 600 XL av
JTQoowmxa aQCJXOJl8a va ouf...MyoUJl naQaOdYJlata an6 to AHJlWVUQLO tn~ notnon~ - JllTOQOUJl va lTOUJl 6n yLa tOV JlEtacpQaOti) anotAL JTOAUtLJlO qJOOLO to
va yvwQL~H 6n 6/...~ OL JlEtaqJOQE~, VXQE~ i) ~WVtav~, aJtOtAOUV "naQXXAlCJH~"
avaMyw~ tn~ oxnxi]~ onavL6tnta~ i] ouxv6tnta~ EJlcpavtow~ tn~ LOLaLtQn~ oo!liJ~ to'U~5 an6 ta JTOQlOJlata ami)~ tn~ yvwon~ SXLVWVta~ 0 JlEtacpQaOti)~ JlEta(jJQU~H OQ8a tL~ JlEtacpOQE~, JTO'\J anavta Ota XlJlVa tO'\J, JlOVO av JllTOQEOH va tL~
owxQLVH xavovLxa avaJlwa O JlctacpoQE~ tono8nnJlEV~ CJ xa8LQWJlEVO cp6vto
xm o JlnacpoQE~ EJlcpavL~OJlEV~ w~ QWYJlE~ oto corpus tou xa8LQWJlEvou xwOLxa.
Ltnv lTQWtn mQLntwon OL un6 JltUcpQaon JltacpOQE~ avamuooouv CJXEOH~ ouvtayJlatLXE~ (i] oxeoH~, 6nw~ Myovtm, EV :n:aoovaia i], anf...w~, avn:n:aoara;w;) Jl
ta ana otmxda nou nQonyouvtm i] axof...ou8ouv Jleoa oto xcpwvnJla, JlEOa otnv
LOLa ouvtmmxi] v6nta, Ml;n, cpQaon, nQ6taon otn OUtQn mQLmwon m un6 JlEtacpQaon JltacpoQ~, w~ OLaonaoH~ wu xavovLxou yf...wooLxou cp6vwu, avamuooouv CJXEOL~ JtaQaOHyJlatLXE~ (i) OXEOH~, 6nw~ anoxaf...ouvtm, fV a:n:ovaia i),
anf...w~, avuetaw;) xm JlE af...A.a OtOLXLa nou, XWQL~ va EJlcpavt~ovtm otnv LOLa ouvtaxnxi] v6tnta, ucptotavtm AHtoUQyouvta JlEOa oto yf...womx6 ouotnJla. Euv6nw dvm 6n an6 tL~ VXQE~ JltacpOQE~ JTO'\J VtUOOOVtm OtO JtaQaOHyJlatLXO
oxiJJla, tL~ JlYaAU'tQ~ 0'\JOXOAL~ OtO JlEtacpQaCJti] tL~ OnJlLO'UQYOUV OXL OL JtaQa2 I1QBL GADAMER, Wahrheit und Methode, t. II, OE/... 176.
3 Ert' ElJXULQ(a U 61JI.lT]60U!-(E tT]V JtEQL(jlT]!-(T] - a/../..a, (j)Ell, rto/../..artl..ti.> JtUQESTJYTJ!-(EVT] - rtQ6taOT] tOll
Roman JAKOBSON, Linguistics and Poetics, oto Selected Writings, t. 3, oE/... 27: The poetic function
projects the principle of equivalence from the axis of selection into the axis of combination. - OrtW rtQO
O(jlUW EltWT]!-(ULVEL ad hoc 0 xa6TJYT]Trl XQWt6cpoQO XAPAAAMITAKHI, NeoeUT}VL){.Or; A6yor;, OE/... 57,
TJ e.mJ.oyl) wwreJ.e TTJV nQWTTJ q;aOT} rT}r; yJ.wam"l)r; "W<St"onoiT}aTJr; )!at yiverw an6 ro avvoJ.o rwv
yJ.waat){.WV OTJfJ.f{wv nov {3Qi(J){.OVTat arov "W<St"a yw va "araJ.1)5et ae llW aUemMATJATJ oxi!OTJ avawaa
ae ova ovvar6rT}rer;, TJ anoia 1J.q;avi~ETat ae oxi!OTJ vno"araaraOT}r;: wobvva!J.ia, OIJ.OL6TT}ra 1avo!J.ot6TTJW, avvwvv!J.ia I avrwvu!J.{a. 0 avvovaa!J.6r; avvDI!n yQaiJ.IJ.L"I!r; a"oJ.ov8er; f.11J.Ovw!J,I!vwv armxfiwv
ae IJ.W avwrQTJ yJ.wam"l) ev6rT}w, anoreJ.ei eno!J.I!vwr; {3aat"6 na{}dyovra )!L/.f.VL){.1)r; avvoxl)r;.
4 8/... tT] 6aU!-(UOW ava/..uoT] wu Jan MUKAROVSKY, Standard Language and Poetic Language, 01... 43 rn.
5 ITQB/... CRUSE, Lexical Semantics, o1... 42: The metaphorical strategy of inte~pretation is most likely to be
triggered off by a perception of incongruity or inappropriateness in the sentence when inteipreted literally.
If, however, a metaphor is used sufficiently frequently with a particular meaning, it loses its characteristic
flavour, or piquancy, its capacity to suiprise, and hearers encode the metaphorical meaning as one of the
standard senses of the expression. Jnteipreting it then no longer requires the activation of the metaphorical
strategy, working through the literal meaning, but merely requires the looking up, as it were, of a dictionary
entry, in much the same way, presumably, that idioms are inteipreted. However, very often the link with
the original "live" metaphor, and hence with the literal meanings of the parts, is not w~olly lost. Dead
metaphors for which this is true can be "revived" by substituting for one or more of their constituent parts
elements which (in their literal uses) are near-synonyms, or paraphrases.

327

!!Ut6c; tou nmT]ti]c; I!Jl:OQEL 1-LE ta tgux xm ta Ecp tou va 1-.lttanT]M avtta an6 to va
Oto aAAO, yLatL T] avaotUOT] tWV VE'XQWV !.LEtUqJOQWV ELVUL OtOLXELO tT]c; ars poetica
xm 1-.lEOW autwv o JtOLT]tr]c; btva - xata Mallarme - un sens plus pur aux mots de Ia
tribu, r)tOL VOrlf.W 6avyaTe(}O OTL~ A;n~ T1]~ cpVA~~~U!!CfJWVU 1-.lE tT]V xatT]YOQWJtOLT]OT] tO'U Newmark unagxouv tQLWV abwv tUJtOL
vExgr]c; 1-.lttacpogac;7
a) ~to ngwto dboc; ouyxataA.yovtm A.1;ac; 6nwc; i) Ut.!1JT:W we; "blaXQLVOI.Lm", ii)
XVV1JYW we; "bLWXVW", xm iii) m()1}xi~W we; "1-.lLI.LOUI-.laL avor]twc;", 6nou EVtEAW<;
nEQlOtamaxa r] tuxata anavtatm t6oo TJ ax6va 6oo xm TJ vvma touc; xm oE !!EQLxc; aAAEc; 1;vEc; yA.wooEc;: i) shine (ayyA..), scheinen r] strahlen (YEQI.L.), briller
(yaA.A..), ii) jagen (YEQ!!.) cacciare (LtaA.), xm iii) monkey (ayyA.), o6e3MIHH'f8Tb
(gwo.), nachiiffen (YEQI.L.). Ol !!Etacpogc; autc; ~-.tnogouv, cpuoLxa, va 1-.lttacpgaotouv - one; yA.wooEc;, Evvodtm, 6nou anavtwvtm- "xugwA.Exnxa".
~) ~to

bEUtEQO ELboc; ouyxataA.fyovtm XLAL<ibEc; A.1;nc; nou xatabT]A.wvouv avtLXEL1-.lEVa xm nou bEv I!Jl:OQouv va anoxtr]oouv "xavovLxa" 1-.lEtacpOQLXrJ OTJI-.lUOLa bLa
1-.lEtatgonr]c;, acp' nc; onyi.LiJc; bLatT]QELtm n xatabT]Awnxr] touc; OTJI.Laota. Kata xav6va JtQOXHtaL yLa !!OVOAE'XtLXE<; l-.lEtacpogc; r), xaAUtEQU, 1-.lEtWV'lJI-.lLE<;: OTe~, 'ljXXQ~, xaocpi, yvaA, acpsvr6va, xa:n:v6~, x.a. Ol A.1;ac; amc; unotL8ttm 6n xouv
avtL'XUtaotr]OH - JtOAAEc; cpogc; bE JtQUYI-.lULl'XU E'XtOJtLOH - nc; A1;ac; cpvA,ax~, veOaVAAeXTO~ aroanwr1}~, xarac56r1]~, T1JAe6Qa01J, !leeva11ivo~r] raxvraro~, s;acpavw1J avttotmxa. Eyw ei!lat rapoc; Mao 'EAA.T]vac;, 6tav 8A.a va xataoti]oa oacpi] tT]V ax(}a eXe!liJ()s~a tO'U, 'XaL 0 Pwooc; EUXEQEOtata I!Jl:OQEL va ~.LEtUqJQUOH .Jl-TO
MOrHJI8, bL6n T] (XUQWAE'XtLXW<; VEXQr]!. .. ) autr] 1-.lEtacpoga 'UJtUQXH 'XaL OtT] bLXi]
tou y'Awooa. Autou tou dbouc; m VEXQc; l-.lEtacpogc; vm !.LEV bEv anotEA.ouv avnXEL!.LEVO tT]c; 8Ewgtac; tTJc; MttacpgaoT]c;, bL6n TJ tEAEUtata aoxoA.dtm mWtTJI.LOVLxa 1-LE EmA.oyc; xm anocpaoac; xm OXL 1-.lE tT]V LbLaL tEQTJ 1-.lTJXUVLxr] twv xa8xaotov
yA.woowv, nAT]V 6~-.twc; otr]vouv ava naoa OLlYI.Lrl naytbEc; ax61-.la xm otov moxataQtW!!vo xm Ex ouotiJI.Latoc; unmjJLao~-.tvo 1-.lttacpgaotr].

XagaxtT]QWnx6 nagabaYl-.la naytbac; L vm TJ xm v6tatT] A.sTJ 11ava, 6tav ~~ma

bEV OT]I-.lULVH "1-.lT]tEQa": i) 0 HaVV1]~ eivat uava ora 1}AeXT(}OAOy~xa OT]I.LULVH 6n 0
6 IlQ~A. FRAN<;:OIS-GEIGER, Be~-tara Katwvvtx~c; xm GeWQ17rtX~t; D.waaoJ..oyiac;, OEA. 114.
7 81... NEWMARK , Approaches to Translation, OEA. 86 NEWMARK, A Textbook of Translation, OEA. 106 Elt.

328

6Z
-3XA.no 10 OD9113ri'9MQ MOX0'910,MD 0,019 'nocb'9okoon:u SltA~noA.ltoo:u SmO?ri'D
Slt1 S?1nn Ano DA9ADX '91'DX 1X9- S13~J'{ S3Q'91'(1X 1'01AOA.?'('Dl'DXMD Soqp 01101 01& (A.
j(;)SU;)SUOU) S'DQ'9D1'('0l'0'( U0(r)111031 ~O'D8'DX 3rinOX? '59,{
-ltXop J31DDOcbm3ri DApri lt~?'( lt AD '31910 'Snri S9wriA.J3Q'DO'Dl no1 oXJ1D 01()101
AOlD uq~ 1D13X?1031 no:u lt~?'( ' ..S9A.LtXon, 13AJD'lilto oXJlD 003lc;t3Q 010 DAl}ri l.t~?'(
~X100cb'Dl3ri Lt ~<;?1313 '()JQ3 1'01J3A0(t01riltq 'OJ'(OXOO,Q U138D901113 .(JO.WOl.;i (JOXPJV
ao1. 53tt"9ri JO mtt, ~ou; lto-v,, ttqJ. ?DX ltdJT?oDg q2 'lttCorfni.DoD)[ ttqJ. sq,ol.ltXop
,W 1qc;toA.no1 OX110'91AD OAJ3X3 9x1mou ow X'( Sm:u9 'S'90ocbn13ri Slt1 Slt~?'( Slt1
mx nOA?ri13X11AD nOA?rioo3cbnl3ri no1 LlA?A. '9X1Dncb m Ac;toAmcbrino A3Q SDJOU13cbn
'DOD()')'( A UlD A'D19 'ltonocb'913ri lt10 1311c;tXOOl 'DJ'(OXDO,Q U031c;t '('DA3ri Dri9XV ~13A
'9X '08 )1 '9X1'('DA01001 '01 ~ '9X1QA'D'(D1 '01 ''9X1X301 'OlD S~lD'OOcb'Dl3ri 0 .1'(fl'9113~J'D:U
'S?1nn S3DD()'J'(A. 10 1'D1Ac;t0'(1rio no:u9 'S30()'JX Suo Sorio9x o ~<;?1313 '(S9x1oocbn13ri
~ S9X11X3'(01onx) Soo9 S9x113Xo o nXo'9:un S?1nn S3DD()'J'(A. Suo 1191q 'nrilt'(g90l O'(
-'9A.3ri 130)1(r)13ri11A'O '08 A3Q ''9X10031 '01 ~ '9X1gnon '01 ''9X1XOO,Ol '01 Soo:u 13~'90cb'Ol
-3ri A3ri A'D 1X .IJAl}i1 Ul.D DYltJ<:J 1'013XD)Og 0,01 ~Q'D'(UQ 910,'0 '.. 91Cmwyu, OlD (W1y[}m
no.1 "1Y(Wlt, l}013D l}liJX 003.11)39 01 '9'('('0 \,S'DJ3'(Dcbon DQJcbO'DX, lt 31'),0 ..S9cb001, lt
31'),0 1'01]30M3 A3Q ()'JQ3 119 13fl'9'('Dl'DX 'DA 131?01 '08 S~10'00cb'013rl 0 jiJAl}i1DOIJ1t AUl
(DI.DdJ, I)OD ~ IJDUltl)lX noD ~) IJDIJ11t, I)O,S :.. '9ri'Orl, \,'DD1JA'Dri, ' .. D'(C),OA'Drl, S?XOQX3
Su Soo?rl '91'DX SmAOA~cbn ' .. SnA'9rl Slt1 nwriA.pqnon:u mA'91Don:u m 91'0 01101 010
3rlnoclt?01D113 Sy -~wnocbnBrl A01 D'('9rl 'D113AJD03Xonq no:u nriA."90l 'Sm3D'90cb
-x3 10l90110031J'D1Q1 Sm 1'01AOcb'90A.nwx 'D031c;t'('DX ~ 1'01AOO?cbDA'D '9'('('0 'S?oocb
-m3ri Sm ?101 A9Q3Xo 1'D1AOA()'J13rllto A3Q S?oocbm3ri S?OX3A 10 ''9TX .. 9X1AX31, ' .. 9x
-J.D'(, ' .. 9x1oocbn13ri, Sm:u9 S13~J3QA31'01A()'J1AD:trn '9AXno c;t'(Ol 'S?wnocbm3rl1o Ac;to
-1o:uorl1oltoX no:u '(noom'(A.19 ~ 1mx noom'(A.9AOrl) '9X1~3'( noocb'91Q nw 119AO'(OW
'll'('X '':U'('X .13~J3Q01'0 01 'OA DJ01DXn3 AUl 13XDJO[} A3<:J ''9'('(01
13XC),131 'DA S31U19A'DX1 nX? 119 13'),31011 ()'JA3 'no:u S0101'9X 'Smcb901011A'D ~ '010
-?X m 91rn no?ri13A.c;tcb no1 nA 3ol.tcb'9 Alt1mx 1l'9X nXc;t131 nA DJamxn3 AUl 3XJ3 nou
S0101'9X J3AO'(OAOri jnort IJAl}i1 30 V (!!!A -A~1n'D ,1A. 0891 no1 0'('9A3ri A011'DX 'DAOOX
-91nm '9'('('0 '9rionrlnn9 0113D'90cbx3 Sl.t1 nA SmA0'(?8 'no1 A()'JrlmA.o'( Am1 DA1o:uo
-?Q UlD SOA?rl0,31(r)03 S90'03A 0 13~'9Amcb jnort DAlJW (!!A .Di1A13<:J91tn 'DA? 91'0 '13'(
-?8 no:u 'Ocb'DOA9X1Q 0113~'91MD 'DA S'OlA()')Oi\i\3 'OA3rlc;tOXD'D A01D S009AUX1Q 0 13?'(
jDAl}i1 Lt1 3cf1,n0A.J1AV (!A -c;t01qnA.non:u no1 'D0101XA'9 '011'011\0ri?OX nOl9 91'0 '~Q'D'(
-uq 'JA10XD 01 'DJOU13g lt113X?D001 'DA SmA()')Oi\i\3 '1Q'9A'DO'Dl MOAXJO no:u 'DO()') AU1
'0,01 O'(Jcb OlD S'90'0cf1, Soon:uri? 0 13?'( jiJAl}i1 U 13A.I)dJ noD uri 'noD tWA O.L (A -903A 130
-?cb 'OA (DAl}i1003A UlD =) fWill AUlD 13'91 'OA S'OlA()')Oi\i\3 91A (t0190X1ri 010 SDO?l'Dl 0
13?'( i903A 513o~dJ DA DA1Ji1 u10 3AmA.(l,IJ (A! .13DP,x1A A01 nA 'no'9 'mx .. 91mxn'(:u, ow
0,01 0,0'('911lA'D 0,011'('),01 01()101 011QJAX1'Dl 01 91'0 13DJ3'(X01'0 'DA 303cb'91'DX '910
-n~ ~'(nx nni 3rl no:u soo9qn'(gm o '9X11n3grimo9 13~'9Amcb i"i'5MJff u1(DI.Drh, I)OD ~ DD
-Ultl)lX noD ~) DDmlt, I)O,S (!!! . :5Dynoupol Sill 1J110DX m 13jpd10i1S9102t S'OlA()'JOA
-A3 '.,DA?mAmo1, 9xmooqnon:u o1 3rlno~1n:u A'D19 'S'91AooX01mou Su1 ~Aorinon:u
AU1 3ri'91(r)0 :IJAl}i113Al}X S910IJ (!! .S013<;JP,l11t3 '59X1<:J13 1DlJ30W3(} IJA J3001tri 31D(j)
'px1A.oyoo1x3yu mpyDx OD91 130~~ lJYYD 'SOA.9Y001X3YU 1DAJ3 A3<;J Mri mA SUAA1}1J
Vd0c!>Vl3W Hd)!3N H

duction avt(otmxa. H LtaA.Lxi] yA.wooa 6La8EtH tl] xww6l] [Letacpog<i figlio di prima I secondo /etta "letto" xavovLx<i Ol][LaLVEL XQE{3rm, xAivrr [LEtacpogLx<i, 6[LW,
Ol][LaLVH tO ya{lO' OJtOtE l] EAAl]VLXi] [!Et<icpgaol] tl]t; EXcpQaOl] OE [LEV X'UQLOAEXtLXO
mtnE6o ea E(vm nau5i an6 rov nowro 1&vrEQO yauo, oE 6E [LtacpogLx6 mtnE6o
A..x. nau5i an6 ro nowro I &vrEQO arapavc OL 'EA.A.'Y]VE Mw Ei{lm el;w an6 ra vEDa
f10V, xm m [LEV AyyMcpwvm [!Etacpg<i~ouv be out of my depth, EJtL6i] yL' autour;
'UJtUQXEL [LOVO "depth of water", OL 6E faAA.m [!Etacpg<i~ouv n 'etre pas aI' hauteur,
xm m ItaA.ot non essere all' a/tezza, mn6i] auto( avnA.a[L~<ivovtm [!6vo tl] 6L<iota-

OlJ tou "hauteur d'eau" xm tl] "altezza dell'acqua" avt(otmza.

Autou tO'U E(6out; OL VEXQE [!EtacpOQE ouzva EmcpuA<iooo'UV Oto [!Etacpgaoti] tl
JtAEOV 6uo<iQOtEt; EXJtAi]~EL, X'UQLW 6tav "avaota(vovtm" OE 6L<icpoga XEl[LEVa [LEow O'U!LJI:Al]QW[LatLXWV O'UV'UCj)aLVO[LEVWV XaL nagayow JtOA'UOl][LLa JtQOXEltaL, 6l]Aa6i], yLa EXELVE nr; JtQLntwoLt;, 6nou ll t6La M~l]-OlJ[!ElO, wr; zagaxtl]QL~O[LEVlJ an6
aoU[L[!EtQLa OE 6,n acpog<i tl] OXEOlJ tl] [!OQcpi]r; JtQO to JtEQLEXO[LEVO, EXEL 6L<icpoga
voi][Lata !LE E[Lcpavi] Ol][LaOLOAoyLxi] OXEOlJ [!Eta~u tour; EtoL, wotE to Eva v6l][La va
!LJI:OQl va 8EWQl]8l mExtaol] tou <iAAou8 9 Ax. AE!LE "~LoA(" xm EVVOOV[LE X'UQLOAExnxwr; to [LO'UOLXO 6gyavo, [!EtWV'U[LLXW toV [LO'UOLXO ("na(~H JtQWto ~LOA( Otl]V OQzi]otga") XaL [!EtacpOQLXW, [LEta~'\) UAAWV, tl]V L6L6t'UJtl] O'U!LJI:EQL(j)OQ<i ("autO, JtaL6( [LOU, to ~LOA( tou" i] "auti] EXH 6Lx6 tl]t; ~LOA(") AE[LE "Eugda XAL[Laxa", aAA<i xm
"'U'\jJlJAU otl]V xmvwvLxi] xA([!axa" AE!LE to "[!<in tou xuxAwva" xm "~g(oxo[Lm oto
[!<in tou xuxAwva" AE[LE "xiJ[La 8EQ[LOV aEga" xm "EVEOXlJ'\jJE xiJ[La xauowvor;", 6nwr;
EJtLOlJ AE[LE "xiJ[Lata Aaou" xm "Aao8<iAaooa", xm "xu[!mv6[!EVlJ O'U!LJI:EQLcpog<i" aAM xm "xu[!aLVO[LEVO rnLt6xw". fL' aut6v nou (X'UQlOAExnxwr;) EAEYXEL - f3aaavil;a
d vm lJ 6LxavLxi] Excpgaol] - mL{lEAW~ ta 6E60[LEVa nou EXO'UV tE8E( un6'\jJl] tou, !LJI:O8 Tigj)A.. avrl rroA.A.ciJv DUCROT /TODOROV, D ictionnaire encyc/opedique des sciences du Iangage, oEA..
303: On par/era(... ) de polysemie plutot que d' ambigui'te Iorsque des lois relativement generales font
passer d'une signification aI 'autre, et permettent done de prevoir Ia variation, lil)A.al'n\: yiveTaL De TOTe
.1.6yo' (.. .) JTeQi JTOAVOTJ!lia' xm oxt JTeQi EJTa/l({JOTEQW/lOV, arp ' TJ' auy/1~' ~rot v611ot xaTa ro !16A.1.ov ~ 1)TTOV yeVlXOi JT(}O~eVOVV TTJ DlfAeVOTJ aJT6 /lla OTJ/laaia Oe /1WV aAATJ OTJ/laOia Xat /la' EJTlT(}f JTOVV, a(}a, va JTQ0{3AfljJOV/1E TTJ /1EW{30A1).
9 BEj)alws; urraoxouv xm m rrEgmrwons; A.E~Ewv Excpga~ouowv EVIiL<if!toE xaraoraons;, 6rrou lJ oxeol)
ava[!wa OE 1\Uo volj[!ara liEv Elvm r6oo liwcpavljs;, orr6rE liEv f!JtOQEl va arrocpaow8El f!E arr6A.utl)
UXQLj}ELa av JtQOXELTm JtEQL cpmVO[,lEVOU JtOAUOl)[!LU 1j O[!WVU[!LU, 01tW A.X. OTL JtEQLJtTWOEL TWV
A.~Ewv "ygacptlo", "j}toA.l", "f!OQcplj", " ouola" xm "8Elos;".

330

..(!Wy>loxo, no1 D10M? Alu 3rl ,.(ll~1on/Juwcbo, 1..m()-301DD13~, 1..m~1onenx, l ..mAcy>

-13"(31, 1.. cy>A.Omnx, Sm '9X1AU'f'{3DW mx ' .. ;uezzmuure, 1";)Jgpp::m, rtOlD10M? Altl 3rl
..;}J;)U'iJ;)dS, 1.. ;)J;)llBqqu, 1";)lBII;);,uu;,, 1..;)JB[nuuu, Sm l)X1"(D11 nw '.. U;}lQl, rt01D10M?
Altl 3ri .. u;)'i!(!lsnu, 1.. u;)tpsmsnu, Sm JIX1Anrio3A. nw 1390901.m nA 130ourl Sowrl~o no1
lto~oX '~X100cbD13ri 'D1Dlrt3"(31 H .. i\poqJ;)WOS l;)plnW Ol 'IIPI Ol, 13A1Xlrilto 'i!UB[S S~X1A
-DX103rln Stu Jno Apoq;)wos qru 01 '1/"("(D ...'ilu!qqru i\q (;,l;) ''ilU!l!JM 'S)[lBW) ;)AOW;)J, 13A
-1nrilto JnO ~U[qJ;)WOS qru 0.1 'A(y>OocbD13ri ACYJOX3A ~(!)~ UW A(y>Drt08"(3AD13 S13Dcy>OXOl.m
S31X'),ri S11139190l.m DA ~nx1 - Soo9 S9eoo o mAp ~UTJfS -noocy>"(A. 13X0'91rt Sm3~1cbn
DDD{y>"(A UW i\OD9cb3 'OA9ri1DlAOi\'),"( DlDri~"(gOOl Dli\011()-XOOl A(l)3~?"( A(l)l SD1riltDrt"(
-ou Stu X3 D.L no1A.0"(1~3"( rtOlltDm?ADAD AUlD mx 9riD11rt0"(1 9X1A.0"(01Dnrilw i\OW 13"(
-"('9grirto rtou D1"(1X10l ~x1A.0"(01onrlltoox1~3"( Ltri11901 Sm 'SD9JIAOri S~x1~3"( Sltrllto'),"(Ol
Smrl S~rio9 S~x1A.0"(01Dnrilto S~x1031(l)D3 Slt1 9X11mmo Sm 13X3 39 13XOJ;llMrto ... ~x11x
-3"(01ortx, LlA3ri9A.3"( Sm"("('9 Altl ~x11xonwx Altl 3riD"(U"("(l)Onu nrlltw'),D 9X1A0"(01Dnri
-ltD-9X1A.O"(OX1~3"( ow 13X0'91Mrto Srtol D1Dnrilto ~x1oocbm3rl .. LtA.mA.'9onu, A131113 Sm1
-'),0 lt 'S~3A0031rt39 39 lt 'OA3ri'),O"(U9 91D"(Dl 01 3rl SrtOl UD?XD Ul MOA))X A39 'roXA?3
Sowrl~o no1 SmoM? Slt1 S?oocbm3rl Sm 'vor;wlti'Jx 1 OA1XD9'X mx JJ!S S13~?"( S3rllto')-"(
-01 10 Snrl ~D(l)ll1031 AUW .SltonOcbl)13W Slt1D10(!)3E) ltw DA3ri903cbDAD mnrl~"(goou
'Sn1riltm"(Ol SltA3ri9AmcbnAn Slt1 mA.9"( 'Smo?rin 1DlA'),OA.Orto1rilt9 ''9oocbm3rl ~OX3i\ n1ri
..1D13A1DWDAD, 31019 '119 3rirt0~139D1DX DA 3rlrt0"(?8 nr!A.139l)OD1 01Dlrt3"(31 01 3W
'DA?ri0939Dl (XJO~Wlti'J'X [lyu{l, ~) OA1'XD9'X 9Y1r/t 91CXJ 13~1l031t 'D031
-'),"(DX Dri9XD '~ lJil'pf0(}3g XJ113~Jil1'XDO'XOY1r/t 119 3ri'),Ol ne 'SJ:J"flj ;)qJ SJJ!S A[SnO[ndruJS
;)q UDDOcbX? ~X100cbD13ri ~X1"(AAD i\Ul 'I/X1i\U"("(3D1D 'I/X100cbD13ri3rirtOD'I/OcbD13riDA 131
-?01 An .SPUJ ;)qJ SJJ!S AJSnOJndru:>s ;)q 119JIX1"(AAD nw Scy>x1oocbm3rl3ri'),Ol DA 3ri()-OO
VdO<I>Vl3W Hd)[3N H

Kmv6toJt~ Meta~oQa
(... ) der poetischen Forderung auf bewuBte Entreglung der Sinne anhing.

Peter Weiss 1

HEPEOTYDH ('H KOINOTODH) META<I>OPA (cliche metaphor-: EA)... 'XAWE/'XAa6.QW, ayy'A. cliche/[cliche-ride2], yEQ!k. Klischee/klischieren, Lta'A. stereotipato
I stereotipare) OEV E(vm navtotE EUOL<iXQLt'l], OL6tL ta am.inata 6QL<i t'l]<; ouyxEovtm xata xav6va !LE ta 6QLa t'l]<; VEXQtl xm t'l]<; El; ano8E~Lato<; !LEtacpoQa<;.
TIQotou :rtOV!LE t(:rtotE a'A'Ao, a<; l;ExLvi]oowE Myovta<; 6tL '11 LOLa '11 ya'AA.Lxi] Ml;'l]
cliche a:JtOtEAEL !!Etacpoga! Av l;EC(JUAAL<JOU!LE EVa yaAALXO AE1;Lx6, ea OOU!LE 6tL cliche
<J'l]!laLVH planche metallique obtenue par clichage, portant en relief Ia reproduction
d'une composition typographique, en vue de son impression. II Image photographique
negative. II Fig. Lieu commun, banalite sou vent redite 3 Cliche, toutE<JtLv, O'l]!latvn xu-

Die Asthetik des Widerstands, GEA. 8.

ayy1cLx<i a:n:avlw~ XQTJGL[W:rtOLEltm to gi]r.w cliche-ride :n:Q~A. tT]V EXqJQUGTJ a cliche-ridden

WEISS,

~ta

newspaper article.
3

B1c. PETIT LAROUSSE, GEA. 219.

332

11.010 mrlJ3 1 roAJrl 1 rox910 :13~'9'f'(O nri~o 01 OA9ri itOl.C9 ''9ood:m13ri Ul.Cit19303lO itOOJ
~3 AD1ri 3rl '9X1AU'('(3 DlD 1D13~'90d:ml3ri TJnbiJ ,p JO!] 1J OUOS '900d:ml3ri Ul.Cit193031D
~X1'(Dl1 Ll 5LlOJl.C'.3: udqd[ U;)JJIJlPS Wf 5(1) '9X1Anrio3A. mo mx IJJqwo, lf;}U ;)J;)AfA 5(1)
'9X1'(Dl1 nw nrill'()90l.C 5)0(l)X m13~'9od:m13ri ' .. 'l!dlitox nw, 1.. noe'l!'(, ~9D'(Ll9 'p1xo
luo ro~ '900dlDl3ri Ul.Cit193031D Ll119 3ri').Ol.C D8 UO(l)11.C)031.C UH)101.C AUlD 5DlAOA?W
'(UODOdlX? ~X100dlDl3ri UA0'('9AD AD1ri 591
-ltD 5DlA<ylOA11!3 31)3 '5(l)3~)dlD DOO<yl'( A. UlD 13X0'91.Cit A9AD811.C itOl.C 'UODOdlX? ~X100dl
-Dl3ri UA0'('9AD AU1 31)3 ' ~9D'(U9 '5DlAOAJ9) '9X100dlDl3ri 31)3 (5(l)3~)dlD DOO<yl'(A UlD
5D)OU13dlD DOO<yl'(A ll1 91.CD D10').01itD '900dlDl3ri UA3ri9~DOdlD13ri ll1 '101~ '5DlAOO
-?dlm3rl) '9X11X3'(01o~tx 3113 13o'9odln13ri nA pool.Cri (l)A?ri13xool.C A3 5~wnodlm3rl

'9TX l)1XD luo roog .mOV, Slt1

ro~J03f}odJ .13l)13U (vgprlo lt) ~ 19yoo 13(t3YfW<;J (vgprlo lt) .llOri90D<;J1l)A 01 roAJ<;?
.D03<;JJD m rof!J01 .(Smlt191Dorlltg Slt1) SrodJ 010 roAoJrh X'( :(JoqdiJJ;)W X;)[dwo:>)
Spoorhv13rl Sltull193031D S~x1gv,\ 1ri ~ Sltxoyurl(to J031.C 5oA.9'( m13A )A. 9X11omo11o
9X100dJXJ13rl + Dri~o 9X100dJXJ13ri 3ri A<ylOOdlDl3ri A(l)l.C')-1030310 UO(l)11.C)031.C AU1:S: (g
([vxvyu9~31yvrl] vxpyu ~ovevx =) ;)JIJfS UIJ;)P 5(1) 1nx 5<y>x1oodlm3rlm13~'9odlm3rl
p;)J;)i/uu-uudp mxpdpuuq-uudp '90odlnl3ri Ll1DlA09190l.CD 5<y>X1lX3'(010itX D191.CD 591X3
- '9X1'(AAD DlD 'mll191ri11 DOX'9 AU1 DOitOA<yl'(U9 'D10JX l)OD()DX '900dlDl3ri ll 5(l))OriO
.(1A(tOD11U =) &uop:>fd 5(1) 5<y>'(l.CD 59'(Dll 39 0 '(111.91X 01 ADD 59XIl3Y =) &ilf&U JWWo:J
:>UIJ[Q 5(1) '910(1)0 130'90dlDl3ri AU1D8 50'('('9] A3ri 0 '5DlU19(l)8D UO(l)'(~9 5(1) 'l)031D103U
~X113Y llonodlX? AU1 'l!'('(D .D1X(1A ~X113Y ll1 DX1010)li\D 50'('('l!J 0 mx 59'(Dll o Ait0~'90dl

-Dl3ri &q:>UIJ[Q J{nU 1DX IJ:>UIJ!Q JJJON '0138)1!3 OlD '9X11D13'(X01.CD A993XO 1D13~)1.C01A3
D1'(0XOit9 ll 'D1'(0X0it9 13X0'91.Cit AD '130<)111.C1031.C U0'91.C A3 '1DX A<ylOOdlDl3ri A(l)1 A<yl1itD
UODOdl'913ri UlD D1'(0X0it9 U031)D191 13~)l.C(l)13ri11AD A39 DA9ADX '91DX 5~1DDOdlDl3ri 0
'9TX .. '91'('(Dri DA?ri(l)9D'(, ' .. 50l.C(l)08A'9 59A1310XO, ' .. D1A9'( D1dli).OX, ' .. D)ri(l)AA
-o1o~tdlllA.03J031.C, ' ..'9031D1031.C ~xit3'(, .. mX').A ~Xit3'(, .. nrl~ox ox1ri<y>og, .. nu

-'l!ri DA'9'(1.C, 5130'90dlX3 10 ADO(l)lD? itOl.C')-1 it01 ').01itD DlDriA)39DODU (,IOqdiJJ&W

x&fdwfs) Spoorhv13ri Sltull193031D 5(1oA1rtv ~ S~11y J031.C 3rl').o'(1rio 9xuovwllo 9x
-11X3Y0101lX + 013eJU3 9X100dJXJ13ri 3rl A<ylOOdlDl3ri A(l)l.C')-1030310 UO(l)11.C)031.C AU1:S: (D

'l)X11DD1Dil0 l)X11X3Y0101lX 0(1<;? 3rl

(9 1DX '~X013riUAJriU10UOX113()1U3 DJrl ~ 013()JU3 9X100dJD13riDAJ ~ 9X11DD1Dil0 9X
-100dJXJ13riDAJ 3ri (A. '9X11DD1Dil0 9 x100dJXJ13ri + Dri~O 9 x100dJXJ13ri 3rl (g 9 x11DD1Dil0
9X11X3Y0101lX + 013()JU3 9X100dJD13ri 3rl (D 5?00dlDl3ri 531.Cit1930310 :5130300?1 109
-it0'(9XD 10 1DA)3 A<ylOOdlDl3ri A(l)A?riD10DD1'(X 10l.C').110A3ri<ylli\Dl.CD '9AXitO AO?'(l.C 10
nJonrillo 5ll1 ~x1oodlm3rl Ll13ri ''9X10itdl 'm1J310l.COri1olloX 5llonodl'913W 5ll1llri
-~1D11.C'.3: AUlD mx 009 'D)dlDCJAOX1~3V U11DX D)AO'(OOO(l)'(J UlD 0091ll~?'(

H ''l!AXitO llA

-3ri9ADgrin'(DADl.C3 vDJl.COlOA1ox mri '01.e91 9A10X A01 39 5<y>x1oodlm3rl 'ri'(1dl I).OX1dlnoA.

-Ol(l)dl 1to1 9X11llAon 01 mx 009 'A<)110DA03 A<)1X1dlnoA.ol.Cit1 A(l)09dlD19 Ll03'(?111.C3 All1
mA. 1D1)3101.COri1DllOX itOl.C 'DX'9'(1.C U1XAD0'9XA3 UA1'('('913ri mri 0091 A3ri 5<y>X11X3'(010

Vd0$Vl3W HUOlONIO)! H. HUJ..l03.d3l:r H

P
'16L "'(30 '3:SSf10~Vl.li.L3d '"(8
'DOD<;l"(A \(X1"(AAJJ i\UW 11J11,J1AD1ID 119/\0"(0li ' )f.ffiWA\;JN 0 Cl.0"(98DX OA9"( 131\l,JX i\39 \tillD U0(1)11t)031f i\UllJ1j

-lL13cD'D 'DDDq:>'{A.

lLw

9
~

5o.ol 'DD?ri MOgQ,ox o.o:u OlQ,O'{:U 9X1A.0'{01D'DrilLD AOl 911:'D 'anD?

90X1ri '500?ri 'DA? 5(l)3~l)cD'D 'DDDq:>'{A.l.llD }38(l)D 'DA 3ri0.0'{?8 5(l)J'Dl3l A'l))3 '1))X100cD'Dl3rl
OA9ri 1'DlAO~'I))OcD'Dl3rl ' .. lLA?ri(l)Dl31!0'{(l)X, 01 1'DX .. S91D11X, 01 5(1)1!9 '5?X013ri 53A?ri
-Lt1o:uoxu3 8 1:u3 10 mx 'm3mm '9X1wrluo m s(l)1oo.x mx ''Dl3SJ1!3 '9x1oocbm3rl 'DJ.
'O.Ol10}'Dl 01 5oo:u 50A?ri0.3l(l)03 5'DA? 13AXpq o.o:u 5mlL1903cDO.Ol 5ltl
9rleng 01 5q:>'{:U'D 'I))'{'{'D 'A(l)A?ri0.3l(l)03 A(l)l 5oA.Q,3~ 01 13A}'DrilLD A3c;l "u;n.pqn):lJ., 1191c;1

'(ncp031.D1031 =) U;}lpqn:f!.L 9X11D100XO:UO. 011'Dl'DlD}cDO. 0.01! 0'{90'D:U '1))X1A'Dri03t\. 'DlD

31!),0 'jc;l;}dnp ;}SSfTJ[ ;}S {nb ;}WWOlf 13A}'DrilLD 'I))X100cD'Dl3ri UO;)Ji{d }3X3 1191c;1 '1))X1'{'{'Dt\.
nw 5ltl ~wnocb'l))l3rl 11.1 3rl mx o1q} 01 '5(l)ri9 'pgrlo.D 'DA poo:uri A3c;l .nori mxpArtOD111
XJ1 5(1) Q,OX11D100XO:UO. lLD~OX 3ri 3rlO.OD'I))OcD'D13rl ILl 'DA 3rlQ,OOO:uri 'lLD'DOcDX? ~X100cD'Dl
-3rl U1!019A10X ltA.O'{'I))A'D lt 'Oc;/31!}1!3 9X1A.0'{01D'DriltD Olq:JO:U 3D A01D1X'I))'{O.Ol '13X01))1!0.
'I))X1Alt'{'{3 'DlD ~c;/131!3 .Juop:>fd dnp! 3A?'{ 5o.Ol 'I))X1'{'Dl1 'DlD 5o.OA?ri0.3l(l)03 50.0J. .. o.orl
lt'{Q,OOO.'DDILS, 1.. o.orl ?OO.'DDltS ?OX1ri, 13AJ'DrllLD .. u;n.pZlJ:l4JS, 119 O.OA?rioq3q '9X11D'D1D
-cw 9X100cD'Dl3ri 3ri 51;>00cD'Dl3ri 5lt:UO.l93031D lLD'DOrD1))13ri UD(l)l1!}031! lt031Q,3c;l 3c;l ltlD
'9X11D'D1DO.O 9X11X3'{0100.X 3ri 51))00rD'Dl3ri 5lt:UO.l93031D lLD'DOrD1))13ri 3TIO.OX? 'D8 lto'(l)ll!
-}031! Ulq:JO:U A3rl AUlD 0.01!9 ''DX101D}lA'D U;)l[:JZJ.f!lf:JS 1'DX JiUJ[lTJp 131! 01 'D8 .1))X1A'DTI03A.
nw Jlf:>rJ Uf;}W ~ 'I))X1'{A.l.n nw Jl[Ji!l Jfw ?101! 131! 01 'DA poo:uri A3c;l 5owrl~8D1'D Q,OX11
-(1)03 UD0.3X}03l(l)~3 5(1) rtOri 5rodJ 9X1AU'{'{3 01 :'I))X100rD'Dl3ri 31}3 'I))X11X3'{0100.X 31}3 13D
-'I))OrD'Dl3ri 'DA poo:uri ''D1A?831X3 (l)O?l(l)A'D 5(l)D?ri'D 'Dl 'l))l'DX '5~1D'DOrD'Dl3ri 0 q:Jc;/3 1'D)I
'9'l'X '(5/11 910XD 3101DpX3 A0.113AJVXrt131
VA 5WA9iJXt\rtD WX 5;mto10XVX 511 13A()3dJOUV VA 01901 A01 130;?~ rtOl VXJVArtA
~x1riVArtq mx 11Aurt~? 11 =) 11A;?riWD1310'(WX '(llrixJM;tq 11ypt\3ri VAoiJX91rtm mx llo
-vyup1q ~X11DriWD ~XVWW1rt1A3 13X;? rtOl 591rtV =) 591D11X '(p13'(rtOq ~011 '(XD WX
~yyou AUlD 13X;?1AV nou 591nv '5oumoeAP 5oAoriJ1t3 :A(l)'{'{'9 Q,~'D13rl =) 1opynori
'(Sooope 13X;? =) p1qomc (13X;?) '( { VJOVDVdJ ArtOApX 5XJ1AOJJVU rtOl A(jnqmu MfJOX
-1ri vqprio 5~euyun you} =) WDJY3ri 01 '(nori uupt\v =) nori 5mdJ X'{ : s~xuDnrioAo
(5cpxungrlo.D) ltDq:>l:U 3D ~X013ri UA?JTU1010X113811t3 V]ri ~ 0138]1!3 9X100dJlJ13ri
VA;?~

9X11DV1DrtO 9X100dJXJ13ri VA;? 3ri Aq:JOOrD'Dl3TI A(l)1!!),103031D UD(l)l1!}031! Alll:r (/-..

vqJDrt yv Al11 WJJAvxoo ~qn'{lLq 'TJU;)JTJ:> TJf ;)J;)POJ 13D'I))OcD'Dl3ri 'DA 131!

\IX1'(UXJ AUlD 1XJ1\)1AXJ1LXJ 119AO'(OTI 'lf11lWM~N 0

0!.9'(

"XJDD<;J'(,\.
r1.0'(98DX 13AJ?X \llrl.XJ l!Dmlll')031! AUl m,\. 31(\Q

.. S91(l)lfr1.0'(XJX,
1XJX .. S91(l)XDrl.Ocb, '.,50A(l),\.J?0131, :.. S91011X, n.o1 XJTIM<;JArl.D J;JX100cbXJ13TI 51!0]1!3 XJ1 Xl1A.13(\XD1 0191 0~

-1901eD 5XJJrh01trt ~mw 3ri?"{ 119AO"{Ori - 5XJJY0[/1chriv ~mw * 5ro 1X9 J;JlDroo 1D1AO~J;Jocbm
-3ri J;JX1AU"{"{3 mo 'o[qqnp !P llJqwo,zuJs ~X1"{D11 5lt1 ~X101D11AD LlmxJQnOpJo MOplllfS
ll puolfdq 1JnOlfJ!M ~X1"{AAD Ll X'{ 5ro1C9 '513DJ;JOcbx3 5?X10ocbm3ri 531C019A1ox 5Lwp.'3
"3TIC1.0DC)')901CD AU1 DA D1A '5?cbDAC1.0 O"{"{J;l 0101CJ;JX ~ .. roA1DXC1."{A, ' .. roAJ;J11C
-O"{DX, ' .. roAC)')XD"{Dri, DlDri~O D1 91CD 0101CJ!X 3TIC1.00~101COri1DUOX DA 3ri(:tooo1Cri ()193
.5ro1'),"{01CD 3101C1113A1Drillo (DA 1J001Cri) A3Q J;JX1AU"{"{3 DlD .. mDri'),X DlO 19J;l"{ roAX
-10,11919 'U;}f/;}!fi UJfiO.M. J{pJnll[Q UODOcbX? ~J..morio AU13ri 0191 0113A1DJrio.o A39
'purodJ lllD 19"J?Y (rottXJO) J;JOOcbD13ri U1CC1.1930310 Ll1 3ri J;JX1AU"{"{3 DlD UJf!J!fi J;}n;}:[
SU! !Q UODOcbX? ~X100cbD13ri ~X1ADTI03A U1 D11COX0901CD 3riO.O~J;JOcbm3ri C)')i\3 'J;J"{"{V
~mw 3DlllA~lXJK I 3A 1A} 3TI'),OlC AU1 ne MOpllljS ll OJ UJOM
UDDOcbX? ~X100cbD13ri ~X1"{AAD AU1 J;l"{"{D .J;JX1"{D11 DlD OSSJJS ?S !P llJQWO.[ JJllJQWJS
mx J;JX1"{AAD mo ./fdS J;}WJO.! Sflf .JO MOplllfS Jl[J A[UO Sf Jlf 5ro no1 (WlrtXJ3 no1 p1KD
3DltlA"J?lXJK1 3A 1!-;7 Llonocbx? AU11DX 'J;JX1"{D11 nw OffO , 1JWO:J OWfll:J ;}Jllw 5ro 19"J?Y XJD
-DXJY"J?() J;JOOcbD13ri U1C019A10X AU1 3riO.ODJ;)OcbD13ri DA 3TI'),0001Cri '5D10U13cbD DDOC)')"{A
UlO 1D1A'),0101COri10ltOX 5309 91CD 513~?"{ 530319001031C 3ri ~I 1DX 5310ri90D1C 3ri J;l"{
-"{D '5Ll011C3 'D13AJ;J .nail 5XJJK1YU SU1 5o()A"J? OlD mrlJ3 9X1AU"{"{3 01 3ri fUUll ![JJdp JJOf.!
[JU JJJSSJ 9X1"{D11 013TIC1.0~J;JOcbD13ri 'J;JOOcbD13ri UDDOcbJ;J13ri 91CC1. AUlD 013X1010 9X1A
-ooX 01 C1.0"{98DX 13A18 A39 O.OlC ' ~AD"{"{DODlC ~OX1ri mri 3ri J;l"{"{D 'D13AJ;l 0.001 ~3 .J;JX1"{
-D11 DlD llJJ;}nf! !P ;}PJ!d [nS 5ro rtOriiJYOlt 59901 Jlt3 UDDOcbX? AU11DX J;JX1ADTI03A DlD

pUllH SJJJO[) 5ro 105JX 01 (W38 rtOl UODOcbX? AU1 3TIC1.0DJ;JOcbD13ri DA 3TI'),0001Cri D13AV,
'9'1"X '(ltA~YXJA =) 19"J?Y XJDDDY"J?() '(XJ1XJrii)3Alt XJA5Jrf
-rt~o lt9~ XJ1 W~J()303 =) purodJ ltlD 19"J?Y (rottXJO) '(Ori3Y91t XJ1A 10ri1015J =) rtOriiJYOlt
59901 Jlt3 '(XJJI-Oyrt3 1XJK ltXI)l =) 105JX 011)038 rtOl '(001XJ5J() 01 'OK1A5JDOKYXJ1t 01
=) 5vlfripo 5Ltl mf!JdJ m '(SoriXJAI)9XJ mx 5o1XJAI)9XJ mttJ3 =) rtOli)OlXJrt3 no1 p1KD
'(~rixn =) 5DJK1ylt Slt1 50()A"J? 01 '(no1t~9110 0113A"J?K XJA J30olfri rtolt 591rtXJ =) XJDl
-ypK rtOY9D19 Xu : 85ro1?8001Cri3 0031'),3Q 3Q 01 '~X110DTIOAO UOC)')11C 30 01()101C A3ri
01 (g 1DX '~X1A3A UDC)')11C 30 0031'),3 9 3Q 01 '~X110DriOAO UOC)111C 30 01()101C A3ri 01
(! 'pK11DXJ1DrtO "J?K11K3Y010rtK 01)9 3ri AC)')OOcbD13ri A(l)lC')-1030310 UD(l)llC1031C AU1:S: (9
i9X1I..O"{ mou11 5ro1')-"{0lCD 13A1Drillo (DA poolCri) A39 J;JX1"{D11 nw
910.D 11919 'ofon:J !P Ofn:J un uo:J rJuop 5ro DKJXJArtl- lttl}rirom31toyrox J;JOOcbD13ri Lt1 3ri
-C1.0DJ;JOcbD13ri ne '5rori9 '1A39C1.0 ,1C3 "L(XJrl05J9 'JD131t) 10pri0190ltyxD 13X? S0101CJ;JX 119
131C DA 13"{?8 o.olC ';}Jnp JfOfn:J Jf JJJAll Llonocbx? ~x1oocbm3ri Lt1 3ri 3113 J;JX1"{Dl1 DlD
mx 'XJOlA"J? 91XJttrt9 I) yo1t A01 SC)')x1oocbn13ri mx OOI)XJ1 A0113A1Drillo o.olC ;}[[nff JJP
9X11DD1DC1.0 01 91CD 1D13X0?001C 0101CO 01 'fi![[nq 013811C3 9X1A0"{03A 01 3ri 3TIC1.00()')9
-OlCD AU1 DA 3TI'),0001Cri J;JX1ADTI03/.. DlO .38"{~001C AO"{"{J;)TI C1.01C9 91CD 'J[!nq OlC')-1 i\01
3ri J;JX1"{1..AD DlD 3TIO.OOJ;JOcbD13ri AU1 DA 3TI'),0001Cri X'{ 591D11X J;JOOcbD13ri Ll1 .5D10

Vd0\ll3W HllOlONJO)! H. HlLU03.d3l:r H

oaxgi]owc; ( t vxa xaxi]c; XQTJOwc;. 0 Newmark avacpQH [-tQlxc; an6 amc; nc;
Ml;uc;, 6l]"A<.i>vovtac; [-tac;, [-t6."Awta, tl] vamta tou: "parameter", "strategy", "infrastructure", "model", "profile", "crucial"9.
'Ovtwc; ttvm ad nauseam Ol (6i]8v) Vto"A"Al]Vlxc; [-tttacpOQlxc; xcpgaouc; "Mov
ngocpal"A" (sic!), "otgatl]ylxi] tau n"Aoutau", "ouyxgoumax6 [-tEAl][-ta", "taxnxi] tl]c;
1J1tOVO[,t1JOl]c;", X.A1t., X.A1t. - xm C(J1JOlXU 6V [,tttacpga1;,ovtm ngay[,tatlXU 0 Xa[,t[,tLa y"Awooa, 6Lcm 6 v o 11 !A- at v o u v t t not a. To yyov6c; 6n [-t1tOQd va [-tttaCflQ8ouv [,t tOV EVa TJ [,t tOV a"AA.o tQ01tO 0 XU1t0la SEVl] yf..<.i>ooa, 6V Ol][,taLOVH
xl6"Aac; 6n "[-tttacpga1;,ovtm" an"Awc; unagxovv we; "Al;uc; oxtc; i] xo"A"Al]ta 11 [-tia
6tn"Aa otl]V a"A"Al], xwotc; va ogi1;,ouv xavva v6l][-ta, anot"A<.i>vtac; otl] [-tV xaf..UtQl]
mgtmwol] l;va OtOlXia ow corpus tl]c; l;vl]c; y"Awooac;, Otl] 6 XHQ6tQl] tunouc;
axatav6l]t01J, av !A-ll 6.0l][-t01J l6loMxtou twv XQlJOt<.i>v wuc;.
A v 8A.ow va yvlxuoow, xata"Ai]yow ota l;i]c; OU!-tJtEQUO[-tata:
a) 0 [-tttacpgaoti]c; !-tJtOQd va [-ttacpQ6.ou [-tLa otQ6t'U1tlJ [-tttacpoga tl]c; y"Awooac;
acpttl]Qiac; [-t tl]V t6w otQ6t1!1tlJ [-ttacpoga Otl] y"Awooa acpil;wc;, xovtac; xm
tl] 6Laxgmxi] 1JXEQHa va natl;El ow Ol][-taOlo"AoyLx6 m6to [-t ta ouvwvu[-ta twv
"Al;wv !-tJtOQi mtol]c; va ano6wou tl]V ngoc; [-tttacpgaol] [-tttacpoga xata Msll
(xugw"Axnxa) i] xata ngooyywl] unoxowutm, t"Aoc;, va tl]V ano6wou xata
to nvu[-ta !A- mxta xcpgaol] ti]c; y"Awooac; acptl;wc;, ooaxlc; 6v [-tJtOQd va [-tttaCflQ8t xa86"Aou tO YQU[-t[-ta tl]l:;.
~)

0 [-ttacpgaoti]c; 6Lxmoutm va "ana"A"Aayd" an6 nc; otQ6tunc; [-tttacpoQc; xm va

[-tl]V nc; [-tttacpQUOEl, 6tav EXEl va xavEL i) [-t n"Al]QOCflOQlaxa (informative) XL[-tVa,
01tO'U Sa 81JolaOtOUv rut"A<.i>c; xm [,tOVOV yyov6ta i] 8WQLc;, xm ii) [,t XL[,tVa "XOlVWVlx<.i>c; "AHtOUQylxa" ("socially operative" 10) i] xL[-tVa "mlXAl]tlxa" ("vocative"
- 6l]"Aa6i] XL[-tVa, 6nou xugwgxouv lJ ~ou"Annxi] xm lJ cpanxi] "AHt01JQYic; 11 tl]c;
y"Awooac;), 6nwc; ivm ta ngonayav6wnxa i] 6La<:pl][-tWnxa xd[-tva t6LaitQa one;
Mo t"Autaic; 1tQlntwoHc; tO Qioxo tau [-ttacpgaoti] ttvm !-tV [-tya"Ao, avtwta8-

8/.. NEWMARK, Approaches to Translation, OEA. 87 NEWMARK, A Textbook of Translation, OEA. 107 rn.

10

o NEWMARK, Approaches to Translation, OEA. 87, E~T]ycl6n o 6goc; aur6c; ngOEQXEtm an6 to ovv6vao~-t6

tov 6gov "der operative Text" tl]c; Katharina ReiB xm to'\J 6gov "'social' function of
language" tov John Lyons.
II llg6xutm yw Mo an6 nc; E~TJ - otl]V ovola Elvm ox-tw!- AEttovgylEc; tTJc; y/.wooac;, nov ngo1:Elvu o
Roman Jakobson, 6l]/.a61j l:TJV fonction conative xm l:TJV fonction phatique.

336

""900dY019 1\3 D1liDM90D113li"9A.CLq (,lX1AOCL0113'( 130"9liOA.O U0?8 npx

-10 30 3liCLOX? CLOl.C C).01CLD (,lX09X3 lt1n19li1liOA. D'(9 ,enx 5(l)li9 A.U'(l.C 'A.3li D1DOXD A.lt1
3li 3liCLOA."9X DA. 3liCLOX? <;l93 - oppuJA JOd ;}SJrJp 5(l) 1;>X1A.Dl.C01 39 DlO ';}ffuods Jql Uf
MOJqJ(,l Jffuods JqJ dn MOJqJ 5(l) 1;>X1'(AAD 39 DlO 'DX101011A.D fWJrJ J[ ;)JfJSOd 1DX XJ'(119
XJ1 Wl?(}XJlXJ'K 5(l) "9X1'(D11 DlO 1DX 1;>X1A.U'('(3 A.3li DlO :5?00cDD13li 3li UJJ.f![)[JJ JffJ{SJq
q::J[S UODOcDX? (,lX11X3'(010CLX (,lX1A.Dli03A lt p10DOcDD13li A.D 'pglino D8 '50'(?1 '91CLD
OJ. "A.<;:JX1liOA. A.(l)1 Sno'(xc;tx Snow A.0101X1;>'(CL01 5(l)30c;tX/..no ltO(l)111031.C mm101cbn
1\39 3191 '9iJI1XfU Olll'(91JXJ SnA.lt'('(? o mx [[flJnz JJWJJlXJ '5ltA.cb1D '131.C A.lt1 S(,lwnocb
-m3li S9Anlio3/.. o "-D '<;:J"-3 .sJlfrJJUJwwrJsnz sJp 1 zuJpfZUfO)f J;)P purJH JffUrJf JfP 59"-nlio3/.. o mx 5XJJXIlltillD I 5ro3DCfJlltrillD 5111 013X r;;axmt l11301;>0cDD13li Lt1 S(,lwnocbm
-3li SnA.lt'('(? o AD 'J::JU;}ppufO::J JO WJrJ ffuof Jql "90ocbn13li (,lx1'(AA.n Lt 13A.1nlilto 11 911.C
-Lt'(11A.n 5(l)Ol,l'(l.C 13"-1/.. A.ltli nA. 50M9"-1X 13X01;>1.CA UfrJq::J frJnJJdJJd 1 XJqJDil yXJ S(J.xamq
13A.1Dlilto DA. 13001.Cli 5(l)1A.9 11 A.C).08cDU'(11A.D D8 10101X1;>'(3 1;>X11300cDD19 'JUJWUOS
-{JdWf Jjf[ 5(l) 1;>X1'(AAD 39 DlO 'r;;rimq mf}9D1 5(l) 1;>X1A.U'('(3 A.3li DlO 13A.1A DA. 131.C?Ol.C
rJnJJdJJd lWJprJ::J 51;>00cDD13li S(,lx1liOA. Slt11:019A.10X S(,lX1A.Dll:D1 Slt1 Lton0cb1;>13li H "5130
-<;:J111:10311: 53/..0'('91\D 3liDO(,l1A.DMO 1\39 'A.Dxlte(,l/..ltOOll: CLOll: ' 5?lilino/.. 5110 11919 'Dl
-nli/..139DOD11: 1;>X103li 3liCLOO<;l9 DA. 3liCL0'(?8 '5omli01;>0311:liCLO CL01D1CL3'(31 CL01 C).01CL\{
"1;>X11X3'(010CLX 13X3p10DOcDD13li 1;>00cDD13li lt A.9XCL1 A.D '5(l)3~1cDD DOO<;:J'(A
ltlO 1D13A.1;>X CL011:C).101(l)011: CL01 nlilt9A. 01 CL011:9 '1;>X11010DcD011:D 13A.1Dlli311:3 DA. 13'(
- pd>O 1\39 11913A.1Dlilto 1"-39CLO ,11:3 '5(l)li9 '91CLD -1;>X1liOA. DA.3lipX 30 39 5(l)10CLX '(SlXd}
dA~SSdJdXd) D1AOCL0113'( (,lX110DOcDX3 lt pXOD10CLX CL011:9 ' DA.3li13X 30 53A.3li<;:J1A.Dll:D

5?00cDD13li 5311:CL1930310 13~18 DA. A.DX 1D1C).01DX19 1\39 DA.9A.DX 1;>1DX 5(,llODOcDD13ri

0 (/..

"UlO<;:JA.ADA.D CL01 ltOD0911A.D (,lX1138 U11301'(DcDOD~3 DA. CLOA.?li13X

ltODOcD1;>13li 911:CL C).01 D?cDDOAMO A.01130(,l8ltOg DA. CL01(,l~(l)19111:3 A.lt1 3li 5(l)ri9 1D13~1li

VdO<I>Vl3W HllOlONJO)I H, HIIA.l03d3H H

8
"[[[ "'(3D 'UO!Jr!fSUf!J.l JO )/OOqJX;I.l

V ')!"HYJt\IA\3N "'() .5ijJi)Or.b013ri 53ttiJrlDOriODD001! 53A3TI9A3'( 10 1DX 1Dli\.(!1013Yhicto 91CU> 01D'(l;>d>3X 013:

"!0! "'(3D ';~J;;>lSAW J;IJn;~Jn~ '"HYH:::>

rtOlC 'i\("()3~9'{ A(l)l D1U19D01C AU1 A3li Sool.C Sm 1Dli\OAJOXD1Q S91rtn 5?00d:m13li 10 Sill
').Oortnoue ').OX1l'X3'{ rtol Soo?li A').0'{310l.CD rtOlC 'A(!)Clod:ml3li mlll9A10X l},X1DDm'{A. mli
30 (S(!)X100cD001C 1D'X l)'{.'{.D 'S(!)ll.CDOA. Al},Xon ,lD'X) A(l)A?liml.CrtlD1Q llql,! A(l)l O'{.OA').D
OA3TI').03ADAD Sml)A3D 01 1DA13 5?00cDD13li SolDTI?801CD ~tl "O?lU'{.3TID rt0'{.98D'X 0A.9'{.
l)lDX 5?0X3A Su 91CD mx l)'{.'{.D ' ot\9'{. nA.?li l)lDX 531C019A1ox Su 91CD S(!)'{.Dcbon A')-08
-1oxmq DA- Sll1?'{.3li Sl},X1AOlilllD11C3 Smli A(l)JOO A(l)l 591A3 S(!)'{.l.CD mx AmA?liOAmcbrt
-ArtD i\(l)l 59l'X3 DlD1'{.l)TI 1D'X - 0'{.01<').3 1DA13 A3Q rtOlC 1D'X i\(l)Ql)1'{.1X 53Ql)1'{.1X 1DA13 rtOlC
'zA(!)OocbnHli AmA?liD1ortnoueoun

1,! Sowli?80l.CD ~3 Aml SllDOQ91CD 5?X1AX3lmx nwli

-l},lll~ 3TI - D)A.0'{.01D(l)ll.C1031C AUlD l.wncbli? U03l').'{.DA.3li 'SmlAl)lC 'SDlAOA1Q

- 3TI').OlD

-D11CD1D'X D8 (!)Q3 mx 1019 'Sllonocbl)l3li Sill S(!)l.C 01 DlA(!)OOcDD D1DTI?8 ADDU'{

-9XDD1CD Sl)li 5?00cDD13li 531Crtl93031D Su 3li O)I!HX:S: 01 OIVVVc:!>'DI OH Wil

1Jlllj;) ;;>Ua"M
";liJIFJUIJJllS;I an!?Ur!f r!fl;;J :JOJ lS;;J ;;J:JJnOS f!]

~oodm13W ltA~timonnnlteouy

5;

'S;}nb.UOJS! l[;;JJd S;}fi/ffJJSOU S;}p ;)JUfrJfdWO:) :69 '"{30 'S;)J~fdWOJ S;}fS;;JOJ '3f1D~O:IV1

'SU;}Q;}] U;}J;)ffn.f! S;}p ;}PTJflrJfi : ~:z '"{30 'I 'l ';}.YJ;)Jtl. ;1Jf;1WWTJS;}[) 'lVH~SNNVVHOH NOA

'z 'l 'IJ1Drl(l101LIJ.L ':S:OZAOdV)I

=v8 "t3o ';}fS;loJ ':~s:~Av d

vnroy;Jdl3A-11A V

:I~ '"{30

A o,nus;)TJJ

s;)JJTJQ0'8f;}rJlf:>!W 10 uofS!A ;lfqnoa ;llf.l

=Z61

'"{30 'SW;)OJ p;)JJ;)I/O:) s~v3A

'1C3 801 '"{30 'UO!JflfSUTJJ.L}O .YOOQJX;).l V ')IMVI'\li\\3N L8 '"{30 'UOfJTJfSUlJJ.l OJ S;)l[JfJOJddy ')I~Vl'\li\\3N '"{8

8 50~')-00D)l

ZITXplD9JlVS"'U""yw;p""y3"'1"~t 1D~tJ3 ~urow u

OMlJd59d"111 OlD 11\JODMJX Dl\;1 1DitJ3 purow U
1DX 'L;JS;JAlld
"'Tlp'"~fl"'n""''iJ-.,.;J[";J"'[O"'S--..-[! ;"! '![OJ;JS OJ;JSSOJ ;JWOJ

!f!QOWW{ OUf!JS;JJ {Od 'f!Q[f! ,/[;"IU ~ OUOS

O[;J{J [! OUO{dW;J{l ;JijJ !/!Q{SU;JSU{ ;"/U!l/OJ

;"11

'9fll4lSUUllWJOH
"'u;J"'iJ'"'nv""u;J"''}"';J!"JJ"'!W"'Jnf! U;JSlfJT!M J;Jpur>J pun
's;}n~JOJlll

U!A

fJ srndntoA

'J!SSf!W un,p Sf!Q fll !/l!fl{ !l:J

';JU{S)}'iJ U;J S[OS SJp X{f!d ;!pn?J.
'SJU{Sn SJlllf!QWfll/ Xnf! SlllllljJnO:J
jSj!J!W{ld Sl{OS spUT!J'iJ SJp SOIJYiJ

lLIOIJ JJ/j SJP!IJ [f!lS M;JU Jljl puy

A>{S Jljl WOlj PJifS{Uf!A Sf uoow p[O Jljl UJ/ji\\
UJOQ ;JJf! Jflljl SJ{l{dS p[O:J ;!IJJ dn p;J/[f!J Sf!H
;JI\;J s,pu{w ;!IJJ [;!IJSf!:J JO >[:>OJ A;JJ'J ;!IJJ uo

~53enowxn 511 ADD 5iJood:m13rl mA J3 D/\ 3A.nor,> 'Srorl9

'N),OOOl!ri 531TID9XA.mc OD9ll '531rlD9XADlt 1\UXAT)/\D ,mx 1D/\13 D/\ 13lliJOll D1Dln3"'{31
Lt .. J310llOri1DltoX, noll '5iJood:m13rl1o no1!)-01 X3 5ro mx '531rlD9XADll 1DAJ3 D0319X1!;?13
LlDLl10ll lt mx 5())X1/\3A.lti\XiJ1 lt 119 OAiJTI0(;/3(;/ 1DAEJ: '9"'{DX 11T)X 5ro10100D Jt:Xncf1,, lt mx
DJ.ncbn3 /\U1 .. !),Oll3"'{D, lt ' .. 9/\AD, 01 1DX .. 90D8DX, 01 5ro1riDOXADll 13~1"'{0grino D/\9/\DX
T)lDX ..9Xn3"'{, 01 :Xy 5rol/\T)TIUOO/\Orl '),"'{Oll 0111t3 5ro '5())X1/\3A. /\nO!),XD1 D/\ mx 5ro1rlD
-oxA.nll A!)-08ro"'{llD~3 D/\ 53DCLO/\ J31 5iJoocbn13rl ~qn"'{ltq '5ro3D!)-3X1"'{08DX 513DT)1 3rl 5iJO
-ocbm3rl mA. 5oA.9"'{ 1D13A1A. mx 91nmA. .1\0"'{"'{?rl 010 iJlOll mx 13~or,>lln ne /\3';1 AO"'{"'{T)rl
1DX D03ri~O 13:XOT)lln /\3(;/ '91DX3 5101 91DX3 '5())X1"'{08DX nono'),XD1 T)OOcbX>13rl119 3rl
-noo~oltmonll DN 513clt9llD 5iJX1/\3TI13XOlln 5rooXT) 530!)-0Xl.tllD 101~ '(s:pddSlJ dA[}:Jd{

-qns) 5lX1rt01lJ 3D mx 'MOAT)grln"'{mnx noll 5LtomxiJ 5~x1oroX 5~x1ooro"'{A. 5lt1 5roA.

-9"'{DAn (pFdJds AfdP!M ) 5paouorng 5uypJ.3rt 51301)1 3rt 5lX1tt3J. 3D mx (jFSJdAfun) 5ro
-30(1.3X1YO()lJX 51301)1 3rt 5lX1A3A 30 '0010!),0"'{ 9X110111"'{0ll 5?!;?13011\Dll 1D13/\1DriUD11t3
~ UOD109llD ~X110111"'{0ll 1D13~T)OcbX3 /\Dl9 '(jFJnJ[n:J) 5lX1YlJOfiD1 yaox 30 5n01 nOAiJrl
-oX3103ll no1 mlt1910ll Alt1 3!;? 5ooll 5ro '53xoyurtf)D mx 5lX11X3yottort 3D 'MoXiJ103ll

VdQ!jiV l3W

HN3W~ I dA V~H80IIV

H. ~Ol VW380IIV :::3 H

XELWOWV [.tEtaqJogwv, rrgawa noll ea- yw va aotLll8o1Jf.t A.LyaxLEAa(j)QUVEl xata tL ta [.taQtUQLa tWV [.tEAAOVtLXWV [.tEtaqJgaotwv ...
ilLxTJv rrgomf.t(Oll ota 6oa axoA.oll8ouv, 6rroll ea oouf.LE rrw~ f.LEtaqJgasovtm m Es
ano8[.tato~ i] ano8T]oallQLo[.tv~ f.LEtaqJog~. LOou rrw~ f.LEtaqJQ<isH o Kwvotavt(vo~
E>EOtOXT]~ [.LEQLXE~ tEtoL~ [.tEta(j)OQE~ arr6 tOll~ JtQWtoll~ OtlXOll~ toll ''A,ttAeT toll
Shakespeare: xavH XQVO Dat{.lOVW ('tis bitter cold) .u~r' eva novrba Oev eaaA1/Je
(not a mouse stirring), roiJ voiJ ro cpw~ (the mind's eye), arov ij?cw xa?caa.uov~
(disasters in the sun), rij~ avyov?ca~ elvm 6 aaA:rr:tariJ~ 6 neretvo~ (the cock, that is
the trumpet to the mom), ~ avyiJ ara xoxxtva VTV,UfV'YJ I anavov ariJ OQOOOVAa
JrQo{3are'i (the mom, in russet mantle clad, I Walks o'er the dew), ~Av xai x?cwQiJ elvm
axo.urJ [. ..}I~ .uv~.u'YJ (Though yet [ ... ] I The memory be green), ,ttf: xaQa aa va nov.ue
aQaxvtaa.uivq (as 'twere with a defeated joy), ra e?ct{3eQa Ta QOVXa Ira ,tte?cava nov
avvqOtwvrm (customary suits of solemn black), ol cpovvre~, I ol aro?cta,ttoi rij~ ?cvnq~
(the trappings and the suits of woe), '0 af3waro~ xai xa?co~ rov 'A,ttAirov ?coyo~ I
xa.uoye-16. ara cpv?c?ca rij~ xaQOt6.~ .uov (This gentle and unforc'd accord of Hamlet I
Sits smiling to my heart)9.
'YotEQa an6 allti] tl]V rraga[.tll8T]tLxi] yLa xa8 [.tEtaqJgaoti] ollBEQtouga, axoA.oll8wvta~ tov Newmark ea rtQOtE(VOllf.t xm Ef.LEL~ EqJta BaoLx~ OLaOLxaoL~ f.LEtaqJQaoEw~ twv Es ano8[.tato~ f.LEtaqJogwv. A) AvanaQayw}'l] TTJ~ avn]t; ux6vat; aTTJ
y}.dJaaa acpil;wt;, B) A vmcaraaraaTJ TTJ~ Lx6vat; TTJ~ y}.dJaaat; f.lWcpOQat; f.1
nQ6TVnTJ Lx6va OTTJ y}.waaa acpil;wt;, f) MaacpQaOTJ T1Jt; f.lWcpoQat; f.l naQo{.loiwaTJ, Ll) MTcXcpQaOTJ TTJt; f.lTacpOQat; {.1 JraQO{.lOiWOTJ Xat XVQWAXUXf/ Jrl;f/yTJOTJ,

E) MWTQOJrf/ TTJt; f.lWcpOQat;

0 XVQWAXTXf/ EXcpQaOTJ, kT) AcpaiQ0TJ TTJt; f.lTacpoQat; aro f.lTacpQaaf.1a, xm Z) MracpQaOTJ TTJt; wmcpot; f.1 naQaAATJATJ Qf.lTJVia
xm I fJ ml;f/YTJOTJ.

A)MrtOQOU[.t va [.tEtaqJQaOOll[.t EmtllXW~ [.tla [.tEtaqJOQa OLatllrtW[.tEVl] [.t XQiJOTJ

Hx6va~ otn yA.wooa aqJEtl]Q(a~. av [.tEtaqJEQOll[.t, OT]A.aoi] av avarragayayOllf.t
tT]v Hx6va tTJ~ otn yA.wooa aqJ(sEw~. agxEL TJ Hx6va allti] va arravtatm ollxva
Exd xm va EXH avtLXQllO[.ta oto mxELo yA.womx6 agxLo.
H OLaOLxaoLa allti] dvm OXEtLxw~ TJ EllXEQEOtEQTJ xm anA.ouotEQTJ Ollvati], xm, EV
rraoT] rtEQLntffioH, 8WQT]nxw~ wxuH rravtot yLa n~ f.LOvoA.Exnx~ xm n~ mo
9 LAI:::nHP, '0 ~A,uiln, OEA. 22, 22, 29, 29, 31, 32, 33, 33, 37, 38 xm 39 av-tlm:mxa.

340

It
mhi\l'( opx1o Ol D 'Lv "'(3D 'N3ana '(~ .AClOAJD11Lw .. sox111<)lo~, l)omr O'(W
JSJ;JX o.o11 'Uf;}Ailf:JS 5DA9X13

1su~~'( Sll1 LlD\loX Ll1 311 s~ood:n:m11 SJ'(W mx MoXol)llo. J;JX1MJ11oJJ. m~

11

"1!3 88 "'(3D ' UO!JIJ[SUIJJ.L OJ S;}lj:JIJOJddy ')!N\fWA\3N

0 13Al)X Xl<)l~ 311 A<)l111M<lll311 Mlll1DX Mll3D<!l101100Xlll Mlll 'A<)lOOdlXl1311 Mlll UDU!.9'(01~Xl1DX U~Dll)lD)! 01

opXon 9X100(l)'{A 9X1A.U'{'{3 010 mimOXJlA.D 13XOJog A.39 rwrt 5319uri 511 3rt roii.JV(J3lt
lL0099llD ~1DM9 lL UO(l)lllJ03ll Ul{!)Oll A.3ri A.UlO 11 9 19 'mnri~'{goou J3AOCt01'1ilL9
"9X1A.U'{'{3 DlO Setal ~ODOcD"913'1i (DA.9X13 ,lDX =) Ll~?'{ "91DX lL S130(!)1ll103ll 00-9 Suo
mx .S3110(!:JOOD ~ SetOA.9ll 9llD 130?cDOllet DA. SJO(l)X 13A.JD83ll S010ll"9X 119 MOA.JD'Iillo
SS;:JW13l[ Uf ;:J{p 1DX UO SJOOq S, ;:JUO I{J!M ;:J{p OJ S?OOcDD13TI S01DTI?80llD ~3 S?X1'{AAD

10 .. et01"9A.D8, etOl SDA.9X13 SLL1mx ..(l)A.JD83ll, SLL~?'{ SLL1 LLo~oX LL1 3'1i DlD'IiA.J39DODll
"9X103TI 3TI0-09 Sy "UA.1ll(!)08A.D DJOCtO ~ O(!:ll 'DriA."90ll "900cDD A.39 1DX D1U1910ll
UA.?TI0939 D10ll"9X ~ S9A.OA.3A. 010ll"9X 9llD 1Dl"9rioocbn S"900cDD13ri SLL1 D10M?
lL et0ll9 'S130(!)1ll103ll Suo 1D13A.JD03XDet9 S(l)3~JcDD DOO(!:l'{A. LL10 SDA.9X13 S~x1Xon
SLL1 ~A(l)ADODllDA.D 3'1i A.(!)OOcDD13'1i A.(!)X11X3'{0A.Ori U0099llD lL 119 J38(l)101llD19 13X3,

S(l)3~JcDD DOD(!)'{ A. LL10 SDJOU13cDD SDOO(!:l'{A SLL1 SDA.9X13 SLL1 ~A(l)A

-DODllDA.D 1DlJ3'{311ll3 S(l)1A."9ll 1019 1D)J 'Ct01'{~ CtOl 1DA.J3 A.39 - ~1U10ll CtOl 0A9'{ 01
9llD lLD1'{XX?ODll "90cDD'{3 "91DX-

etou S300(!:l'{A. 30 'D0"9 'mx S3o(!)X 30 6A.9ri

-0"9llet DA. J3oollri A.39 Llonocbx? S(l)

"90Dll13~

(i) oy3A9riXJX 010fWY91YU 'A.910(l)A.i\ S(l) ' 11919 'oyJ,{

-9rtvX 91l131rorh 3TI0-0ll DA. etopriLLo et0110X?ri 13A."91cD SDA.9X13 SLL1 ~A(l)ADODllDA.D lL 'oo

-910(1) '"9X1A.U'{'{3 D10 .U;:Jlj:J13j S;:Jff{UUOS :SLLl SDA.9X13 SLLl ~A(l)ADODllDA.D 3'1i "9X1A.DTI03A
DlO 3'1iet00"90cDD13'1i A.Ul DA. 3TI0-000uri ;:Jf!WS Jfuuns "900cDD13ri Somri?80llD ~3 ~X1'{AAD
A.U.L '5XJ~?JUY3 ~ltriDYXJilXJ "9800 1DX 39 "9X1A.OA.DX '5V(jJltyJ Urftrlpy A.3TI "9X11Dg'liet0
"9'{'{D '5V(jJUY3 V(jJlXXJ "9X1A.U '{'{3 DlO - 3TICt00"90cDD13ri DA. 3TI0-000llri A.39 'D0"9
'1DX- 3TI0-0ll DA. 3TI0-000uri A.39 'J{OdS;:J,p UOA13J "9X1'{'{DA D10 1DX [![13JJSS'3UnUJJOH "9X1A.
-DTI03A DlO '13ZUfJJ;:JdS;) ;)p OA13J "9X1A.Dll01 D10 '13ZU13J;)dS

!P

Of'ii'313J "9X1'{Dl1 DlO ';)dOl[

]0 A13J "9X1'{AAD D10 - 3TICt0l"90cDD13TI 'D0"9 'mx - 3TI?'{ (!)A.3 'SlLOJll3 'JXVD OlD XJli)JA

3rlXJO~lt 119 'O:J:J13S [;)U 131113'3 13[ ;)J13JdWO:J "9X1'{D11 D10 1DX '1Y;JMWX XJ1A JlllXJ 01/))A 3rlXJD
-poo,{XJ 119 A.110?1Ct01 ';:JJq;:J![ Jod 0113'3 ;)SJ13JdWO:J 3Tiet00"90cDD13'1i D8 'S(l)Ti9 '"9X1A.Dll01

n10 .;)){Od 13 Uf ff!d 13 Jfnq OJ :etOll0-101(l)Oll etol DA.9X13 A.Lll "9lD1ll SD1A.OA."90DllDA.D
"9X1'{AAD DlD 3TICt00"90cDD13ri A.Ul DA. 3TI0-000llri JXXJD OlD 1/l(l.OOrw).(ro~poo,{XJ)
roii.OJVU X'{ UODOcDX? ~X1A.U'{'{3 A.Ul :(l)A."9llDODll S(l)O?riD - .. LL~?'{ "91DX, - 3XU8990llD

0-0llO Oll901 A.Ol 3'1i 3101A."9ll 1D13QJQOllD A.3Q 'S?OOcDD13'1i 3'1i A.(l)A.?TIU138013X1010
A.(!:l1TI100Dll A.0'{'{"9g1o3ll 9X1A.3TI13X 010 SD1A.(!)A.Oet0113'{ '" 1A.0-00etoA., LL~?'{ ~X100cDD13'1i
LL S(l)riO, 11 ..S903Xetl, S(!:l'{llD "9'{'{D 'S0ll(l)08A."9llet ~ SOJDQetX ~ SlL0"91ri(l)og A.l.LXA."9A.D
,mx 1DA.p A.3Q '(U;:Jq131{ Uf;:JMI{:JS) 11l(100fl0A 13X;J "9X1A.DTI03A D10 S010ll9 119 'S1010-01
A.3 'lL~D'{0-cD1ll3 A.Ul 3'1i ' 01 .. etOX1'1i(!:log, - A.0101X"9'{Ct01 - etOl D10M? D10ll"9X 130(!:!<;'

-OllD DA. D1A 'et0ll0-101(l)Oi.c CtOl DA.9X13 A.Ul S(l)3~JcDD DOO(!:l'{A LL10 '~QD'{UQ 'SDlA.OA
-"90DllDA.D '"9X1'{AAD D10 ;)U{MS ~ ff{d '"9X1'{Dl1 D10 ;:J[13{13W '"9X1A.Dll01 DlO OU{lf:JO:J
~ O:JJ;:Jnd '"9X1A.DTI03A DlO Uf;:JMI{:JS '"9X1'{'{DA DlO UOL[:JO:JSDlA.OA?'{ SLL1 DA.9X13 A.Ul

"910(1)0 130"90cDD13'1i DA. J300llri '111.(100fl0A "900cDD13'1i LL1 etOl 9A.3TIJ3X 010 13l"99D19 etOll

'S~10DOcDD13'1i 0 S?OOcDD13'1i S13~?'{ 00-9 9llD S3A.3TI0-0'{310llD S11 mA. S?oocb S?'{'{Oll

VdQcjJV BW HN3W:{IdAV:{H80IlV H, Wl VW380IlV 23 H

zv
o,{oq {;} U;} ;}[dun UO:J :J;JX1i\Dl!D1 DlD 1DX 5(l)]OriQ l
uow ;}1/;}Q liS J[Jnow 1Di\]3 Di\ pBol!Ti J;JX1'('(DA DlO OAO'(J;li\D OJ. Zl

aorl3109dJ 011VAJ3 A39 19(10AD01 01 Sm 3TictOD~Od:ll:>13rl ne 'OJO:U:O Al.ll ~oodm13rl

~u~nj !W S~ OU OJUl?:J [~ 13?'{ 'OA 9A'O:U:DJ A010~X 3rlctOD().OX'O 'OA J300:u:ri '5?1019

-ct0A'001JO'{'OX 5<)1X1A3A1'0AJ310A'O:U:DI 10 119AO'{OW (A 1odJp1 A01D 1991t VA;? 01 3rl

:Slt1 9X101011A'O 01ct'{9l!'O 01 13X? ~Al?Ji! ~l[J U! JOOJ ~uo l[J!M ~Ood:>'013rl ~X1'{A.f...'O

(A~ 1opAm~ 01 (oyyp 1x) roMJrhD 1'013~~ocbm3rl '531'{0XDct9 5?X1riOAOX10 MoXo~:u:ct

A'Ol9 1'013A?'{ ctO:U: 'U~[[l?Ulj:JS J~i!U~ U~W~[N u~p l[:J!S ~00cD'013rl ~X1A'OTI03A

mvrlDJOrtA m 5llX(l1

5/.u

H (!!!

Sm 1'013~~ocbm3rl ~unuoJ ~p SJ~A~J S~f ~oocbn13rl ~X1'{'{DA.

(~~ "rt0101t1)X AW(j)AA 513 (()O;?dJ ~X1AU'{'{3 ltX101D11A'O Alt1 3rl 1'013~~0cD'Ol3rl

oum[l?nb !P l?ZU~:Jsouo:J l? ~Jl?uod ~oocbnl3rl ~X1'{D11 Somrl?eo:u:n ~3 H (! :53o

-D<)'l'{A 53'{'{~ 9:1!'0 A<)100cD'013rl A(Y)A?TI010ct'ODU80:U:'O ~X1AU'{'{3 'OlD 5~,\mf...'OO'O:J!'OA'O
5~101:1! 5130<)11:1!103:1! 5?X11X139A3 5?X103rl 3TI().OAO'{OctX'Ol:r :~,{ro.{voDltDAD ~1D1Jl (D

Slt1 S~A.mf...DO'O:U:'Oi\'0 '01TI'OM9'0 ( 9 1'013A<)1101l!'019 '08 ct0:U:9 1'0X

~'{'{'0 '5(Y)3~1cD'O 'ODD<)'l'{A UlD ~101:1! ct0'{98'0X (,\ 1'0X ~101:1! A993XD

(g '~101:1! ('0 1'0AJ3

ne ctO:U:().l01(Y)O:U: (1,01 5'0A9X13 Slt1 ~A(Y)A'OO'O:U:'Oi\'0 Lt (1,0:1!9 'A<)1TID1l'OTI(Y)191 ~ A<)'lOOcb

-'013rl ACDX9'{:u:rictD 'Ol'OTIAJ39'00'0:U: ~X103rl 3rlctOO?cD'OA'O '08 npX3MD A3 S~X090:U:ct
5DDD<)'l'{A Slt1 0010().0'{ 9X1'{'00ct01 '{ctOX 01 9:1!'0 1'01~10'0~3 130<)11:1!103:1! 39 ltD~:U:
A3 'DJDDX19D19 S~o3XDct9 ().'{O:U: no~:u: 1DAJ3 Sm3~1cbn DDD<)'l'{A. Ltw 5DA9X13 S~1ctn
Slt1 ~A.mA.non:u:nAn 3rl A<)'lrlmmrlm191 ~ A<)'loocbn13rl A(Y)X9'{:U:rlcto Ltonocb~13rl
~SJ!JOW ~p

l?SO:J

S~

OU

:~X1A'O:U:D1

'OlD 1'0X

'u~qJ~JS

Ul?Jp lj:J!~[i/ Jlj:J!U JSJ!M np :~X1A'OTI03A 'OlD 1'0X 'lt~?'{ ~l'OX A993XD ''0131\~ 1'0130?cb
-'013rl ~1ct'O 'OA9X13 lt -~1rllt~ ~OX1rl ~ D?1lt'{3ri'O '010~X J31DO:U:ct 13X? 5010:U:~X ctO:U:9
'5130<)11:1!103:1! Suo ~X1AU'{'{3 'OlD 3TI?'{ '01\ 3TI(t0~18UMD 5D'(91X D9 513A1)(}3lt ve 3V
:513D<)11:U:103:U: 53031D?03Xct3 mx MoXo~:u:ct 'Smrl9 'S<)'l'{Dcboy a9pog1 9"' 1y139 1 ouaoo

-(!OD 01 mdJ;?lt ~ vo;?rl l.t 13A(l3dJ ~X1Alt'{'{3 'OlD 'i/U!lfl?J Sl?M Jlfil!U Sm 3rlctoo~ocbnl3rl
AU1 '08 A~1ct'O 'OA9X13 AU1 ~X1'{A.A.'O 'OlD 'Smrl9 .DO?ril.t 13AJD(}3lt :~9'0'{U9 '10A(Y)cD9A
-n:u:o1 10 3A?'{ 'l?JP 1~ l?.uow mv9(1 vuo~pAri1y Sm ~ 90311, orlwpw Sm ~ ~'{'{D '903A

OA;?riD(}3lt 1 90X3A Sm 3rlctoA.~on:u:nAD Alt1 A39 l?UOW l?nbl? ~oocbm3rl ~X1'{'011 Alt1
'A<)10X3A 1'0X 1\<)1031\ 103:1! 50A9'{ 0 1'0X 5'01TI1'0)1 '903~ (()11,1}/! 11D1AU'{'{3 '5'000'0'{~8 Slt1
'013A~cD1l!3 AUlD UD?8 '011:1!(). 30 1'0TIOXDJOl ~'{'{'0 'OA;?riD(}31t A01 mAp X 13A1DriltD 1\39

17
"DX10lD)lAD (purod> /110 illXJ}lD ill 91t\f) U;Jpf! /!J U;J)(STJ fJJjWX (purod> illD 11\l}Aill 01 ,lt\f) ;JJ!} ;Jlfl OlU!
UfJd-f/U[AJj ;Jlfl JO )nO lf1Jj1D<\)3 513DJ;>O<hX3 ~X1J.ltgoO<\ 1DX ~X1"'(J.I.D 53/.0"'(J;l.\D 10 "U;)lllJ;Ja ;JJ;JWW!ilj::lS

lj::lOU ;JU!;) U! ;J\llll U;)WW!Ilj::lS J;JU!;J UOA :U;}WWO)( U;JjnfJJ.L ;J[p Uf U;Ja;J?f WOA

:W U"'(~lD 'N30110 ""'(f)OU \;I

")(JOM A;J)(Uop ;JlfllfrJ op 01 :J;>oo<hnnri ltJ.O"'(J;l<\D lt J;>X1"'(UD DlD mx 13XOJ;>:U:A

vi

t.wlteJolt31t01rtn 3rl 13~y1ri AD19 9'('(D '(i) 5ortu;

3ri 13~'(1ri AD19 1X9 'Jn;)Jm?l[ ;J;)Ab' ;)[J!?d D1'('(DJ lUO 501019)1 (A ~/..[/m-e m/.. OA?rirt'(
rt0110~Aro~ 0113X? 1 ~/..gnx m/.. 5VMO{l30rt/.. 13~1 '- owi ft? S;}fd S;)JJ Jt?:>snq - D1991

D)CJl 3li 019,\ D1A. 13AX9clt DA 13(),3AiLQA1XD19 0li09X 0A(l)cD9AD101 A010 501010, (A!

jJJ1q]1rtOXD 513A~'il Allri 3liiJ'( it01 9AXILO '(l)19X DlDli(,toX AClOOi)lf (),01 it01019X AD19
- mq]1rtO'ilD U~i)'( lu 3li 1D13~J?OcDD13li (,t1iLD 900cDD13li U DQ9'('(3. AUlD .DAD1t90
-1)/../..rtOcbD i,tQD'(U9 'U;}ddt?] 5qJX100cDD13li 3Ai)'( D1 D1DliO]liOA010DX D1 DJADli03j
U1~ (!!! ~ro~ ~X1riDO'il A(l)/..~1q mm*oX 3ri 50ltrooeA~ 1D13~J?OcDD13li UMOJ JnOQ!?
ut?w!? J?Oocbn13li l,tXT'{MD H oX~yg D99'('(3. AUlD 3lic;to'(nxoun DlD1DiJ8UACtO cwu
'(,tQD"{U9 A91iLD ~oocboou UX11~10roX 13X? rtOlt A91rtD 13A)"DliUO 900cDD13li U 1DX
5mli '(j) 50DD(l)'(A{l1D'(lt ]31DDOcDD13li DA ]3001J:li p;}niUOJ-pt?OJq 011DX AD]A.O'(DAD
,lDX 119 3li(),08X3q DA 3li(),0001J:li A39 '5ori01D{l1D'(lt 9X1AU'('(3 DlO 1D13~90cDD13li
p;}l[JnOW-pt?oJq 9X1'(A.A.D 01 AV (!! "ADXlle~lllt 119 9'('(D '5iL01 9901li 01
ADODXiJ119 A(),OOM3 A39 't?it?d 1?[ ;}J;)pJ;}d 3Ai)'( D1'(Dll AUlD ADlO, (! :nmliA.pqnonl
9X11X13QA3 9X103li 3li 3li(),08UA1X D8 1'(91 1D)I :~/..ro/..JJOJJ1DAD ~1011 rt0'(9eD)[ (,\

~ 1 uqgao~x LL10 vyy{lxg LL1 91tn

(l)1cb?lt - UODOcDXiJ (,tX1AU'('(3 D0(),08iLO'(OXD SrooiJliD A[U 13~]liiL8 A3Q A(l)30iJ8001
A(l)1 AU'(l 0'('(9 3101]1 iLOl 0'(90"01- 9'('("0 'D101)113A]DliUO A3Q iLOl 'lt90000qrt
AUlD ~Xoog lt1 91ID mrioXO? 1X)13~90cDD13li A39 'U;)WWO>[ ;)jnt?J.L ;)fp Uf U;}i;)N WOJi
(A "JJDDCfJ'(A 13~~/..[/ rt01 9'('(D ';}UO;)WOS OJ d!f S;}A!i J?X1'(MD DlO 501019 50'(J3X
13AJq A3V (A! ao101t~x mOA{l3 All1 roA~[/rivyoltn 5ro 1D13~90cbn13li un, nb[;}nb
;}p S;};Jf}Ji S;}UUOq S;}[ SU!?p ;)JJ~ 900cDD13li (,tX1'('(DA. H (!!! "5?13'(rtOqoyvrinX
571 m/.. mrlJ3 l,t 171 ( oo9x 01 139gno1 1 13AOiJO nou) 70{!oq.1n/.. 01 ADD ro{l3'(rtoq
5ro l,t Jltrtox ro~gno1 5ro 1D139190lfn OJJF:> f;)P Jt?J!J 900cDD13li l,tX1AD1D1 H (!! (73X?
1 3rl 1DAJ3) (,txuncbmnx 30 1D131fiJ01 (Flf uou) uom901 (,txuuAon u 9'('(D '(530CfJ 1
fUJO!i) 0]3X101D 9X1AOOX 01 A3li 1D1]30U1D19 9X1AU'('(3 "010 (,tqn'(U9 - rt01 530(/J 511
13X? 5ro 3113 rto1 530CfJ 511 3rl 1DAJ3 5ro 31]3 1D1391901D 1,t1nn J?Oocbn13li u 9X1AU'('(3
DlD .59'(301 1391AD1DX DA 31Dql 900cD1031J:liiLO Uli8iL009191 0091 13X? A01019 D1A.
D1'(D1l AUlD 3A?'( fUJOfi {Ons!

!JJnJ t?l[ UON (!

:9X1AU'('(3 "010 A(l)3090cDD13li 5130ql11

-1031 5?X11X13QA3 5?X103li qJQ3 1DX 3lic;toA.O'(OiLXD1~ */..ro/..JJOJJltDAD ~1011 A9q3Xg (g

";}Jfq s,;}UO Ut?l[J ;}SJOM Sf >[Jt?q s,;}UO Sro nliu9A 01 91nx 9X1'(MD 39 n10 ';}pJ;}nW
OU Rip!?{ ;}nb OJJ;}d 5ro U~?'( 91DX 9X1AD101 A3li DlO 1D13~90cDD13li iLOlf '13A(/JxADq A3q
13~]/..[}n/.. rtolt J'(rtXD 9X1AU'('(3 o1mx rto]drt1dnrt ao1 90rtJJ1D A01 ro~yngaox 1 roACfJXltD

1 roo?cb

5ro 9X1AU '('(3 n10 1D13~9ocbn13li nou ';):>OD t?fJdOJd t?f ;}Jt?Uod 9X1"{D11 01

X'( 5rol9 :Aro13X1o1o AqJX11X3'( - umoJncbn AU1 '5roA.9'(DAn

'l,t

ux(,teooou AU11DX 9'('(D

- l,tA.n"{'(D AU1 3li 5(,tA.roA.nonlDAD 5(,t1011 5U1 UO(l)11]03101fit u 1DX 13XOJ?lfiL 5ro]nfl3H

VdO<I>Vl3W

HN3W~ldAV:rH60UV

H. WlVW360UV 33 H

oiw~ (!) xan an6 rn f.1VrJf.111 f.1ov v) H lTa"Alxr) ~nacpoga trovarsi in cattive
acque 6v on~atvu 6n ~gtoxo!lm o xaxa VQa (!), at...A<'t. 6n JTQvaw ouyf.l~
an6 naan~ an61jJw~ c5vaxo).~.

B) Kma TlJ ~nacpgaon ~ arro8!-lmo~ ~nacpogwv ~ogo'll!-1- va avnxmaoTr)oow

- 10 6wmo1woa~ ~ af...Aou xm o ~Qlxa rraga6LY!laLa n~ a!low~
JtQOl]YOU!-1-EVl]~ VOTl]Ta~ - OW ~nacpgao~a Tl]V HXOVa LOU JtQWLOTUJtOU ~ ~W
rrg6Turrn ux6va (standard image) TlJ~ yt...wooa~ acpt~w~. Et6a~ rr .x. rrw~ n
yg~avlxr) ~wcpoga vom Regen in die Traufe kommen ytvnm oTa AAlJVlxa
ncprw an6 rn .LxvUa orn Xaovf3c577 - va on~lw8L, 6!-lw~, 6n, av ~a~ 10
mTgrru LO XH!!Vlx6 rrQl~at...Aov, ~ogou~ va n ~nacpgaoou!-1- xm naw I f.l
nav an6 rov A vva arov Kaiacpa. Tnv 6!-~-0QCfJYI ya"A"Alxr) !!Wcpoga d'autres chats
fouetter, rrou !llAal yla "yaT~", n !lTacpga~ou!l o1a ayy"Alxa !! avTlxaTaoTaon TlJ~ Hx6va~: other fish to fry, 6rrou o Myo~ tvm yla "tj!agw"! To "A"Anvlx6 ovr tcQVO ovr ~ar17 ytvnm ni chicha ni limonada (= ovr rairaa ovr
Af.1ovac5a) oTa wrravlxa xm neither fish nor fowl (= vwt...oylxa: ovT 1jJaQttc6
OVT JTOVAQttc6) OTa ayy"Alxa. Kara cpwvrj tct o yatc5agoc; AE!-1- OLa AAl]Vlxa OTa
yat...Alxa o "yaL6ago~" ytvnm xma n !lTacpgaon n~ !lLacpoga~ auTr)~ "f...uxo~": quand on parle du /oup, on en voit Ia queue. fla LOV Iorrav6cpwvo o arrg6oxt...nw~ mwxmn~ xm o xMcpTlJ~ tvm "yaw": aqui hay gato encerrado, vw yw
LOV AyyMcpwvo n t6la ux6va ~nacpga~Wl I can smell a rat, 6nA.a6r) o arrg6oxt...nw~ mloxmn~ xm o xMcpTlJ~ dvm "agougato~".

Yrragxouv rrQlmWOl~, 6rrou n nx6va wu rrgwTmurrou ~axot...ou8L va rraQa!-1-EVH

!lEV ow [.tTacpgao~a, at...A<'t. acpou rrgonyou~vw~ xn ytvn E~H6txuor) n~ - LT
mx1aon ELT rrQlOQlO!l6~, ELTE A.oylxr) avaoTgocpr) Tl]~: n lTa"Alxr) !lTacpoga riconoscere Ia mana di qua/cuno ~Ewcpga~nm OTa EAAl]Vlxa avayvwoi~w ro ygmptx6
xagaxrriQa xanowv av8Qwnov, xm n o~otw~ lWAlXrl ~Tacpoga espresse if suo alto
compiacimento ytvnm ow EAAlJVlxa !;cpoaa rn Ba8ta rov txavonoinan. H
EAAlJVlxr)- HAlXQlVELa~ on!-1-aVLlxr) - !lTacpoga {3a~w ro XEQt arnv xag&a ~nacpga
~ETm ow lW"Alxa w~ mettersi Ia mano sui/a coscienza, 6nt...a6r) OTlJ ouvd6non. LTa
wrravlxa M!-1-E nadar en Ja abudancia, ~wcpoga, n orrota !-1-ELacpga~ETm ow lWAlxa
vivere nel/'abbondanza xm essere affogato nel'oro, oTa ayy"Alxa w~ to be rolling i!J.
16 H avaA.oyT] ayyA.LxiJ xcpgaoT] lvm: to rattle off something of memory.

344

(~1A01t003A

ltyp/..3rl I 1ri(WY

-1101 01 3rl ~Xoog =) ;JU;JUU!Jrl:J u1 f:JJO u1 !lf:J:J;JS u unb:Ju 01 91!D O'(v_r;J 13A1Drilw A3Q mx mn/..~'( 'mng
-~IJ 'cwu 'psoJ:JS u I OJJOJ!P u ;JAO!d J?aoctmnri \tX1'(Dl1 Slu \tA.owno Alu 31i mx 009 u;J:i"un{J;JJSnLf:JS
I u;Jp.f!JPU!fiJ;JU:i";JJ S;J \tX1ADria3A. Stu \tA.owno Alll 31'1 OD9113A1D\J1icw S!puumw snulnw o1g1 0.1 L 1

;JqJ .10] AI:> OJ 7)000l013'ri lptT'{N\:o lt TOX '511Xf)15111 V10Af)3 1)'{'(0 'JtoADO(to rLOl Driltuc;uX,
'mD}?1 'T013~l)Odl013ri A39 '[;Jp np dno:> un "J)OOdl013ri ~X1'f'(DA lt ' ..c;tOADOrLO, 1031 50/..9'{
"9ADOIW 11.01 ,:Iro ro1d>91t 1 SomFJ?mxoAooao mrlJ3 "9'{'{D '- j!13X?o9
o mx 5mr1 TO)I

DA 3ADO"J) 3Dc;tooo1ri D8 c;tO'{'{D (tOll 91ID- .. 9ADOrLO A01 ,liD 13X?og, 5ro T013~l)Odl013ri
A39 'Of;}P fTJP ;J.J;}AO!d l)OOdl013ri ~X1'{Dl1 5ro1orio H (Soamx9waou ~ Soamx91DXD
~) 5001U'X91YU1t 5q:J'{1ID "9Y'f0 'l)X1AU'{'{3 DlD 138DlD DA - rLOq:l~ DA9X13 13X?1031 119 rL01
rof..9y_ 5ro1oax - 513D?801{1oou 53A?rimoo 91ID ro1"9x poollri 91aD AD 1x Dri9xD 'Sao'Xf) y
S9amx lt~?Y. "J)lDX 1Dl3~7)odml3ri A39 odnr up odW;JJ l)OOcbm3r1 ~x1y_m1

1 oxn

m,{

lt .5?Xoog D1A 3TIDD~'{1ri 51'{9TI TOX 5mri 'DA3TI9ATOcb l)X10TOX DlD 3TirLOA13ri 5y "9X1DrLcD
1D11J0(1)38 DA 31Dq:l '9AD811 OD91 1DAJ3 5087)"( 01 rLOl9 'Aq:JOOcDDl3TI 50lDTI?801D
~3 Dmr1f..J39DOD1 D"('{"9 "9"('{01 MoXo7)1rL '- 508"9"( ArLOA"J)X A39 'o1 57)1AO~"J)ocbD13ri

'mx MOO?~ 0110'{9 J31IDAD1- 5?913009/\0X DO?:U: D1A DO?:U: TOAJ3 DTIA1397)0D1 A?8ADTI
-lt0113 51'{9TI 01 AD 1D)I (~X09X3 5Lt8~ArLD 00319/..1"() 53~p)1tU1t 13X90[} ~ UOU!:J91tOYX
-30U'X 13X90[} 'A91D(l)AA 5ro 'TOAJ3 5l)OOcDD13ri 5lt1 5~1rLD ltDDOcD7)13TI ~X1AU'{'{3 ~X1AOrL01
-13"( 1.t .mol11 13A1Drilto A39 ~91313 '"9X1Alt"("(3 mo 13D~f..oao113'{ DA poollri A39 5Dri
~DDOcD7)13ri Lt 5ror19 Alty_:u: 'L 1 lt~?"( "J)lDX ~9D'{lt9 ' ..7)1DroD, A3ri 3riao~l)ocbm3r1 ' .."91'{rLXD

mx 7)11DA 13X?og, 5ro

sffop puv SJTJ:> SU[TJ.I 1! l)OOdl013ri ~X1'{AAD AU1 3TirLO~l)OcDDl3ri

AD19 - Drif..1397)0D1 91DroAf.. AO?'{:U: 01 3TI(t08D3"(DX113 DA

mf.. - 11919

.13D~AOrLOl13'{

DA rL01 ~DDOcD7)13TI lt 1J001ri AUTI DA TOX .."J)lD(l)D, 13~7)0cDD13TI DA OM9A1X A01 513ADX
13X?OlD19 '5ro3~1cDD DDDq:l'{A lt1D DA9X13 3TI 138DlDDlDX1li\D D8 DA9X13 U1rl191(1)01
lt ~91313 '39 5q:J}10XV .MOD~AOrL0113"( DA 1D113X901 rLOl9 'AO"('{l)}1031 9X1A3TI13X
9X1913 OlD DD?ri TOX OD9 '5ro3~1cDD 5DDDq:l'{A 5lt1 9101 9X1A3A AOlD DD?TI OD91 DlDlD
-?'{3TI113 13~1ADDDg 511 DA '531 57)lAO~"J)ocbD13ri 'mx 9TID1X1113XD 3r1 13~1f..f..3Doo:u: 511
DA 13'{1JcDO 5~lDDOcDDl3TI 501U9J3ArLDrL3 0 5?00cDD13ri 50lDTI?801ID ~3 53XO'{llric;tD 511.

"MJrl tt3XnJ!mx soag tt3tt1QP 'Aoo319X1Alt"("(3omXoD

01113 ~ Ul01tJ1 9/..gu ,uu 1x '9xox-9xox oy9 ~ Ul01tJ1 01 mi.. UJOuoudJ ~yyou 1m3~
-"J)ocbm3ri l)X1AU"('{3 DlD '[OOM ;J{JJ!f puv AI:> q:>nw l)OOcDDl3ri ~x1y_AAD H n01 UOJOrl 11
1x S9Xro1d> aou9 5ro "9Y."(D '1mr;;godJ 111 A3Q ~Xoag 111 5oA?ril..3ag o 5ro - 5pADx 3AD9ri"9"(
-31(1, D8 5roA?TI'{DcDD3 AU'{l 'A3TI 5rof..9'{rl3 5ro:U:9- 1X9 1D13~7)0cDD13ri OJTJUffTJq rns ;}AO!d
l)OOcDD13ril},x1y_m1 H o1 uyJd> '513DCfJxl..uq 01 UA SJ3aourt A3Q aou 109X 5ro l)X1Alt"("(3
DlD 1DX W;JqJ U[O( 'W;JqJ JfJ;JQ J, UTJ:> no,{.!! 5ro 1D13~7)0cDDl3TI l)X1"(AAD DlD - U;J[n;Jq
U;}]{QA\ U;Jp J!W gnw UTJW 5DlA9 5lt1 9TIDAc;t90D1 01rL'{91D 01 l)X1ADTI03A DlD 13XD10l
sdnor S;Jf :>;JATJ .J;}f.Jnq JnTJ.I l! "J)oocbD13ri ~x1y_y_Df.. 1.t xv o:u:a191roo:u: 01 13~1ri"8
q:JA3 -

A39 D10111 31Dq:l 'DA9X13 lt c;t'{O:U: OD91 UDDOcD7)13ri lt1 "J)lDX 13~7)"('{D 5?0ocD 5?"("(0ll
"DX101011AD UD'f)JO m

I 5003A9YU'X (T)'f)Jlt

(T)'f)J131t TOX S9XDAOri mrioA j,{

MOA1DriltD 513Dl)OcDX3 5?1rLD 5?X100cDDl3TI10 .l)X1'{Dl1 DlD 3A?'{

'OJ!Qf!,f ;J.ITJPSTJf mXOJ!Qf!,l ;J.J[JS;JA Ulf)oyu uw ror;;urtayox 5ro l)X1AU'{'{3 DlD mxA;}UOW
VdO<I>V l3W HN3W:ildA. V:iH80liV H. Wl VW380l!V :::3 H

ayyALxi] to cut and run, n YEQ[laVLXi] unter Dach

xm oro xtQL naoa Otxa xm xaoriQL, n yaAALxi]

und Fach, n EAAlJVLxi] xaUw nivr

acor et acri, xm m 6[-tm<;.

f) H !J-ELUqJQaon !J-La<; !J-OVOAxnxi]<; xm I i] OU!J,JtAOXTJ<; f!ELaqJOQ<i<; !J-E naQOf!OLWOlJ xm fl 1au16XQOVTJ 6La1i]QTJOTJ 1TJ<; JtQW161unn<; ux6va<; OLTJ yA.wooa aqJtt;Ew<; ELVaL EVa<; aJt6 LOU<; mo OUVl]8LO[lEVOU<; 1QOJtOU<; anoMOEW<; bUOXOAWV
!; ano8[!aLO<; fl1aqJoQwv, LOLW<; 61av au1<; anav1wv1m O XEL!J-EVa A.oyo1XVLX<i i] qJLAOOOCjJLxa n xa1aqJuyi] ax6[la xm 1ou nA.ov buvou [!EtaqJQaoi]
01l] OLaOLxaota au1i] OCjJLAtaL OLO LOXUQO oox JtOU Mxnm, 61aV EA8H saqJVLxa avn!J-E1wno<; fl [!La sui generis anoenoauQWf!EVTJ flLaqJOQ<i, nou unQ~at
vu LOV OQL~OV1a 1WV JtQOOA.i]'lj!EWV LOU, JtOAAE<; 0 CjJOQE<; 0LXaLOAOYL1m an6
nv LOLa nv abuva!J-(a n<; yA.wooa<; LOu va 6t;Lw8L n !J-EtaqJoQa fl f!ELaqJOQ<i. ~EV UJtUQXH y/...wooa - W<; y).dJaaa acpil;ewr;, VVOEL1aL, av [la<; EJtL1QEJtLaL va !J-LA.i]OOU[l ELOL - nou va ELvm Lxavi] va 0!;Lw8t 6A<; n<; buvm<;
JtQW101UJt<; ES ano8E!J,aLO<; [l1aqJOQE<; !J,E avaA.oy<; !J,ELaCjJOQE<;.

LU!J-CjJWVa fl 1ov KLXEQwva n !J-EtaqJoQa E(vm [!(a ouvLO!J-lJ !J-OQqJi] naQOf!OLWOEW<;

ou!LJtUXVW!J-EVTJ<; o f!(a Mt;n n Msn ami] LOJto8L(1m o f!La 8on, 6nou xavovLxa
6v avi]xL, woav va Etvm OLxi] 1TJ<; n 8on av !J,JtOQEOH va y(vL xmavon1i],
JtQOOCjJEQEL UXaQ(01l]Ol]" av 0v mQLEXH Of!OL01l]1a, anOQQlJtL1m 18 H JtaQo!J-OlWOTJ, ~E~aLa, 0V EL VaL !J,ELaqJOQU 8a !J,JtOQOUOa[l [lUAWLa va JtOU[l UJtQ~<iAAOV1a<; (ow<;, aAM, EV JtaOl] JtQLJt1WOH, UJtQ~<iAAOV1a<; m(1l]O<; - 6n l]
JtaQO!J,OlWOl] ElVaL 0 CjJ1WXO<; ouyyvi]<; 1l]<; [l1aqJOQU<;. Evw l] !J,EtaqJOQU W<; "1QOJt0<;", w<; "oxiJ!J-a Myou", nQouno81u 6n n XqJwvouf!VTJ oLO XEL!J-EVO !J-E1a~(~aon
xu ow~( i] 6n ( vm wuA.axwov buvmi], n naQO[lotwon, XQlJOL!J,OJtOLWV1a<; 1a
xaQaX1lJQWnxa f!OQL<i 1TJ<; (aav, waav, aav va, wr;, 6nwr;, xaewr;, aaflnwr; x.A.n.),
EL1 "JtQ01EL VEL" 1l]V EXCjJWVOU!J,EVl] !J,E1a~(~aOl] EL1 1l]V "Esl]y(", ouvmay6!J,Vl]
1aULOXQ6vw<; xm 1l] 6uvm61l]1a va EXH o A.i]ml]<; 1ou XCjJWVi]!J,aL6<; 1l]<; [!(a oxon
xa8aQ01Ql] aJt6 aJtO'lj!EW<; OJttLXi]<; 1WV OLOLXELWV JtOU LOU !J,ELa~L~U~OV1aL 19
18 CICERO, De oratore, III, XXXVIII, ISS Elt.
19 0 WHEELRIGHT, Metaphor and Reality, OEA. 71, JtQOtfLVEL va ayvol]6fL l] OLUXQLOT] ~tnal;'\J ~tacpo
QU<; xm JtQay[tanx6tl]ta<;. Ta!;tvortwvta<; Of ta elOTJ tl]<; [tftacpoga<; ml tl] ~aon wu tQ6Jtou wu OTJrtaowA.oytxo'\J [tftaOXTJftUtLO[tOV TOU<;, noayn Mo OQOU<; JtOU JtfQLYQUq>OUV tL<; 6E[tfAtw6w; OO[ttX<;
LOt6tl]tf<; xa6E Ol][tUOLOAOYLXOV [tfTUOXTJftaTLO[tOU: toU<; OQOU<; "epiphor" ("Emcpoga": 0 OJtolo<; EX -

346

H E3 AIT08EMATOL 'H

AIT08H~A YPI~MENH

MET MOPA

I6ou flEQLxa Ev6nxnxa naga6Ly[Lma: o AwxuA.ot; ygacpEL: xvavwv a' Oflftaat

AVOOWV I cpoviov OE[!Yfla oeaxovrot;, I Jr0AVXt[! xai .noA.vvav-rqt;20 xm 0 xaMt;
flE'tacpgamijt; wu Tacrot; Po'\J(J(JO [LELacpgatn:
-ro f3Aiflf-ta axo-retvo xomhvwt; I
xa8wc oeaxovwt; cpovu!x.t; -retyvew I .noA.vxaea{3ot;, .noA.vxef!ot;21 . LWU nagaxa'tw
Mo mtxout; wu Baudelaire, xm <J'tl] YEQ[lavtxiJ [LE'tacpgacrij wut; fll'tOQOUflE va 6tam<J'tW<J01JflE La axg61ma 6QLa amijt; 'tl] [lELacpQacrnxijt; 6ta6txacrtat;:

Me

Vous etes un beau ciel d'automne, claire et rose!

Mais Ia tristesse en moi monte comme Ia mer, (.. .)
Herbsthimmel, Iicht und rosig, will ich dich verg/eichen!
Doch Trauer steigt in mir, wie Meerestlut an Klippen, (. .. j-2

Etgijoew ev nag66w 6n A.6yw 'tlJ avw1gw Ql]8ELOTJ xa8ag6'tEQlJ on'ttxiJt; nx6vat;, J't01J 01JVij8wt; E~aocpaA.ttn O'tOV avayvciJO'tl] l] JtaQO[lOLWOl] EV 01JYXQLOH J'tQO
'tlJ [LE'tacpoga, 6Ev dvm A.tyEt; m cpoget;, 6nou [low naQO[lOLciJoewv mt'tuyxavov'tm E1JQU'tQa xm nMov mt8aQXTJflva ano'tEAeO[lma Ev oxeon ngot; 1a xma
xav6va oxo1nva iJ Mo'tgona fllJVU[laLa, nou xou~aA.ouv o'ta cpuga wut; m [lE'tacpoQt;. 16ou 6E [lEQLXcX naga6ELy[la'ta O'tLXWV flEYcXAWV l'tOll]'tciJv23 , Ol't01J O't' aA.ij8na Etvm oxt:Mv aMvaw va l'tOUflE nmt; etvm mo ano'tAW[lanxt; nml]nxa:
OL [LE'tacpogt; iJ Ol naQO[lOLWOHt;;
Voici le soir charmant, ami du criminel;
II vient com me un complice, pas de Joup; le ciel
Se ferme lentement com me une grande a/c6ve,
Et l'homme impatient se change en bete fauve.
Baudelaire24

Era e/ crepusculo de Ia iguana.

Desde Ia arcoirisada cresteria
su /engua como un dardo
se hundia en Ia verdura,
el hormiguero monaca/ pisaba
con melodiose pie Ia selva,
e/ guanaco fino como el oxfgeno
en las anchas alturas pardas

20
21
22
23

24

<:pgat,u tT] OLEUQ'IJI.LEVTJ OT]!-(aola nou mLtuyxavetm !-(Eacu tT] XQ1\0TJ tT] naQO!-(OLWOTJ) xm " diaphor"
("ow<:poga": o onolo ex<:pgat,u tT] OTJ!-(WUQyla vtwv evvmwv OL' avnrraga6oEW xm ouv6oEW).
AILXY i\OL, ITEQOat, 01. 79-81.
AILXY i\OL, TQaywfJi<r;. !-(Eta<:pgaon Taoo Pouaao, aef,_ 23.
BAUDELAIRE, Les fleurs du mal I Die Blumen des Bosen, OEA. 114: Causerie 1 Plauderei.
nagarrE!tJtOWE tov <:pLAEQEuvo avayvtilatT] ato rroln!ta tou Octavia Paz Trabajos del poeta XVI, rrou
~QLaxnm otT] auf,Aoylj l Aguila o sol?, to orrolo elvm T] ano6wan tT] naQo!-(oLwan: Como un dolor
que avanca y se abre paso entre visceras que seden y huesos que resisten (... ).
BAUDELAIRE, Les f/eurs du mal I Die Blumen des Bosen, 0EA. 196: Le crepuscule du soir.

347

1..

The yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the window-panes,

Licked its tongue into the comers of the evening, (.. .)

T.S. Eliot27
Tu sei come una terra
che nessuno ha mai detto

Pavese 28
ro ar611a 'CI'f~
elvm aav 'COV ewpv}.w TCOAcflO
( ar~v '/anavia)
0 AaiflO~ 'CI'f~ clvat eva XOXXLVO
a:1oyo

'Eyyovon:oul..o29
~) H

clLacmmo(a 1T]<; ~ELacpQaOT]<; 1T]<; ~ELaqJOQa<; ~E rraQO~OLOJOT] XaL XlJQLOAEXUXi]

rnEsiJYTJOTJ, rrou ExcpQa~n OLXOJ<; aAA.o xa8aQ6 owj3Lj3ao~6. EXHLO rrQO'LEQT]~a 6n,
amu8uv6~EVT] 1000 JLQO<; 10V "EQaOL1EXVTJ" 000 XaL JLQO<; LOY "EVi]~EQO" avaYVWO'LT] I ~E1acpQao1i] ouv6H1TJV rnLxmvOJvLaxi] 6Lao1aoT] 1TJ<; ~E1acpQaOTJ<; ~E 1a
OT]~amoA.oyLxa owLxda 1ou xn~vou, XL 1m xamQyEL LOV x(v6uvo ouyxuoEOJ<;,
rrou wxov ea rrQoxurm arr6 'LTJV
xa8aQi]<; ~EmcpoQa<; ~nacpQaOTJ ~La<; ~E'La
cpoQa<;. Kma rraQa6ol;o 1Q6rro ~6vo o Evi]~EQO<; avayvci:J01TJ<; d vm oE 8oTJ va
aVUAT]cp8EL OLO ErrLrrEOO ~La<; ~E1tlcpQaOT]<; j3aow~EVT]<; OLT] OT]~aowA.oy(a 10 arro1EAEO~a i], xaA1l1EQa, 1TJ OT]~ao(a 1TJ<; wo6uva~La<; (equivalent-effect) 30, JWVarrEL 1TJ
~EW~L~aoT] 1TJ<; nx6va<;, 1TJ ony~i] xma 1TJV orro(a o EQaOLLEXVTJ<; avayvci:JO'LTJ<;
aQXEL1m O'LTJV arr6A.auaT] 1TJ<; OL' rnEl;T]yi]OEOJ<; 1EAOU~EVTJ<; XlJQLOAExnxi]<; xmav6TJOTJ<; 1TJ<; ELx6va<; (arrA.w<;) 1TJ<; ~1acpoQa<;. 'E1m TJ EAATJVLxi] ~EmcpoQLxi] xcpQaOTJ
y6QDELO' De0f.10' ~JWQEL - 61av 10 EJLL1QEJLEL i] 10 EJLL~tXAAEL 10 ouyXEL~EVO,
EVVOEL'Lm! - va ~E1acpQa01EL ma YEQ~avLxa 6XL arrA.w<; OJ<; gordischer Knoten,
aA.M xm OJ<; wie ein vom sagenhaften altphrygischen Konig Gordios geknilpfter,

ow

25
26
27
28
29
30

NERUDA, Selected Poems, OEA. 112: A/gunas bestias.

WORDSWORTH, Selected Poems, OEA. 433: [Sonnet] Written in very Early Youth.
T.S. ELIOT, Collected Poems 1909-1962, OEA. 13: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock.
PAVESE, Poesie, OEA. 183: [AntA.o, an6 tl] oui..Aoyrj La terrae Ia morte].
ErroNonoYAm:, llotT)Jiara, t. A OEA. 41: 'E).rwv6ea (sic!).
BA.. NEWMARK, Approaches to Translation, OEA. 90.

348

617
'006 ''(3D '3SSf10'MV1 .LI.L3d ''(8 I

-oqry}.. Slt1 opXOD 010 500').3 9X11X3'{010CI.X O'{'J!A3TI Sro}OTIO 3TI DA9X13-ltODOcbX?
D1rl 91.m 5D}Olt13cbD 5DDD()'l'{A. Slt1 opXOD 010 500').3 9X11X3'{010CI.X O'{'J!A.3rl
3rl DA9X13-ltoDocbx? mrlmlD1018DX11AD n.o:u9 '53AJ3X3 513D<Jl11103:U Suo m1'9rl
-uoo:u Sroe~An.o mx ~Mox ').'{O:U mAp ltoDocbx? ~xux3'{01on.x 3D S'J!oocbD13rl Slt1

S~:uoo1m3ri D}DDX1QD1Q lt n.oA?rl13x ltoDOcb'J!13rl Soo:u n.o1 n.o:U')-1 n.o1 SroA.9'{DA

v (3:

'{l.Ol3"(V AVO 590UA01t 1VAJ3 Sro 'J!X1AU'{'{3

D10 1DX 009 XOJ tl Stl i!U{UUn:> put? dJtll[S Stl Sf ;Jlj Sro 'J!'X1'{AAD DlD 0091 DA9X13 1DX
ltO<D}OTIOOD:U 3TI }310DOcbD13rl DA }300:url 'plt?U;JJ un JS;J, :> 'J!OOcbD13TI lt ' 1t"O:U<D08A'9
ooltA9:UrlD:u, A01 ~QD'{ltg

' .. ?snJ ;}WWOI.[, A01 'J!X100cbD13rl mx S').Ol3'{D Sogp

DA? 'J!X11X3'{01on.x 13A}Drllto plt?U;JJ lt~?'{ lt 'J!X1'{'{DA. D10 ~gn:u-a SmoM? S~xuDrl

-ltA.lt~3:U3 S~x11X3'{010CI.X opX1o10 9X11D1Dn.o DA? mx DrlDDOcb'J!13rl 010 Sro1?eooo:u

-113 13831 A3Q AD '5<D3~}cbD DDD()'l'{A lt10 5}3'{31D A.CI.OA?TIDOD:U 1DX 1DA}3 5?00cbD13TI
5309 130()')QO:UD DA ~lDDOcbD13TI 0113A').'{OXCI.31Q D}DDX1QD1Q ~X110DOcbD13TIU ~1CI.V
'SD}TIDA.CI.QOD1 Slt1 DTID3'{?10:UD 010 Sro}OCI.X
m13Q1Q ltoDcbrl? 319:uo '5VJA<DA1ox 5/lxnmymooo 511.1 5J3Avuvxo 1 1orfoog9ou 10
'MA?V mx 5y3xM.g__ ~opw '{lorfoMM3V-{l.Orfm~ovw rw1 (5J3dmoJ..J..rw) Joxwvyx
10 Sro 'J!X1Alt'{'{3 D1D mx AJ;Jpos JS!ft?pos JO sJosJn:>;JJd ;JC[J 'UfU;Jj puu spilug
'XJtlW 'WSfUfU;Jj-WSfXJtlW JO SJ;JJfJM ftl:>{ssup ;JC[J Sro 'J!X1'{HD D1D }31DDOcbD13rl

DA J300:Url SnWS{UfU;Jj-SnWS{XJtlW S;Jp J;J)[{SStl[)[ ;J{p UD'J!Ocb lt 31910 'ltODcbrl?

.AM?V mx 5y3xJ..Ag__
ao1 (5J3cbvoJ..J..ao) Joxwvyx 10 sro 'J!X1Alt'{'{3 Dw

lt pcbD01D11AD DA A91DACI.Q mAp ltoDOcb'J!13rllt1 '91DX Sro}D)3)

~opw '{lorfoMM3V-().Orfm~ovw

mx UfU;Jj puu spilug 'XJUW 'WSfUfU;Jj-WSfXJtlW JO SJ;JJ{JM ftl:>{ssup ;JC[J Sro 'J!X1'{A.A.D
D10 1D13~'J!OcbD13rl SnWS{U{U;Jj-SnWS{XJtlW S;Jp J;J)[{SStl[)[ ;J{p UO'J!Ocb lt 91CI.D 011901
A01 3W '5D}TIDA.CI.Q001 Slt1 DJODrllto lt10 'J!OD:U 01'{9XO 9X11DrlltA.lt~313 D0~1XDODX
').OX1cbDoA.oooro'{A. 010 ').'{01 om 1D13Q1Q ltoDcbrl? lt 'Srorl9 '5Drl ~D<Dll}031 Alt1~

[ Z8l ao1 A<DA/lyyg A<D1 /J.omopAVl3 !Lxnro03(1il3"(31tVX1A(13

All.w ao1 531(ynwow 10 mx 5ll.A.C!J010xoyo)[ 5oorog93f> 59,{/J.wow o AVXJ3aou 53g
-p1MOO 51l01 AVO '590/J.rfXm ().YOlt WI! 50t\}rfro10ill! 5p1MOO :n.O:U').l C\.01 ~q 1DX 'DJTI
OA9rl AUXA'J!AD ,lDX 1DA}3 D8 S9go ~X1lODOcbD13rllt DTIA13Q'J!OD:U 01}01 OlD '019110
A011DX ooltrlO, A010 DX10lO}lA.D 'J!OOcbDAD 3TI D}~3'{010CI.X 1DX UO(l)}OTIOOD:U 5(!)3~}d>D
DDO()'l'{A. lt10 3TICI.00~10:UOrl10ltoX ltrl DA ~ 3TICI.OD~10:UOrl10ltOX DA Sn.o1 ~ODOcb
-'913rllt1 '91DX 3rl').ooo:url SDrl 'J!lDrlA.J3QDOD:U Dl<JlO:U O').Q mo AD '119 3TI').O:U DA 'Sroo1
'13').311103ll

.5ox1JVAroo1oxoyox 5p1J..aoo

'(50llt'{)'J!13rln.3 mA13 n.o1 5Do~1xDoDX

0 ~ 5qlXOD1Q 13~'9'{'{D UD1A'J!cbrl3 lt CI.0101'9X 119 3TICI.OD}A01 DA 3TICI.0'{?8 AD19 ''J!AXCI.O

3TI?'{ '5130cyJcboorfm3rf 5;?XV1g1F}o 13X;? 5ouroOf)A.p o 5911lV) 513o(J'Jcboorfv13rf 5;?xmg
-1go '(13XO'J!:url A<DA<JlA.D 5?lDD1'{0Xo 10 5?0ocb S?'{'{O:U 3A?'{ '53Xprf 5;?1!10/J.rfo mMOAJA
1(1pyvx 01 91tV ro1px) 53Xprf 5;?1!10/J.rfo 5130'J!OcbX3 5?X1AU'{'{3 C1.01~0A-D C\.01 D109 D1
530CI.O~}M3 1DX 53A3rl').OOM3 'J!X1l'X3'{010CI.X CI.0'{98DX '53A3TI()'llA.DlD 'J!AXCI.O ').'{01 10

5(l)}OTIQ q;J{Cjlj:>Jnp ;JJJ;JMC[:>S W;Jp J!W ;Jf!OJQ J;Jp J;JpUtlX;JfV U;Jp 'U;JJOU)[ J;JJtlqSQ[Un

Vd04>Vl3W

HN3W~W.V:meOilV

H. Wl'v'W380Il'v'

~3

ELvaL noA.u6Laatatl]. Kata xav6va lJ XUQLOA.Exnxi] Ex<'>oxi] ~-tLac; xcpgaol]c;-ELx6vac;

EXEL Mo ouotanxa otOLXELa: va ouyxLvl]max6, avacpEQ6~-tEVO oE wwtEQLxa 6QwllEVa, xm va ngay~-tanx6, avacpEQ6~-tEvo OE EsWtEQLxa yEyov6ta. Ta Mo ama ouotatLxa otaLXELa, nou ag8gwvouv an6 xmvou va oox, ucplotavtm xata tl] ~-tcta
cpgaol] !lLct !lELWOlJ tl]c; EyyEvouc; UJtEQ~oA.i]c; wuc;, xat' avtLOtQOcplJ avaA.oyta ngoc;
tl] ~WVtCtVLa tl]c; !lEtacpogac;. l6ou !lEQLXCt LtaAOEAAl]VLXCt JtaQaOEL'(Ilata !lE tl]
llEtacpoQLxi] XQiJOlJ tl]c; A.EslJc; pane I '1/Jwpi: to pane militare, 6Ev w ~-tnacpga~OWE
"otganwnx6 '\j!W!lL", aA.M anA.wc; xovoaf.u1va i] xovQa{.u1va an' ro OTQaT6 I rov
aTQaroir w pane perso I perduto 6Ev to !lEtacpga~OWE "xa~-tvo '\j!W!lL", aA.A.a xaoap,oqxfnc; to pane sudato 8a i]tav aotdo, aA.M xm av6l]to va !lEtacpgaotd ''L6gwllEVO '\j!w~-tl" - og8a !lEtacpQa~nm '1/JWp,i {3yaJ..pvo 1JroTwp,vo flE u5owra lJ ~-tEtacpo
QLxi] xcpgaOl] vivere di pane duro, OEV 8a JtEL "~W llE sEQ6 '\j!W!lL", aA.M l;w p,aa OE
wyaA.n cpTdJXEta I '1/Jwp,oA.vaaaw 1 Uw To 'ljJwp,i '1/Jwp,axt. IIaQa~-tvovtac; oto naga6ELYlla tau '\j!W!lLOU tl] ~-tnacpOQLxi] xcpgaol] {3yal;w ro 'ljJwp,i p,ov tl] !lEtacpga~OWE
xuQLOAEXtLxa ota yEQ~-tavLxa sein Brat verdienen, ata wnavLxa ganarse el pan, ata
LtaA.Lxa guadagnarsi iJ pane xm ota yaA.A.Lxa gagner son pain lJ ~-tctacpgaoi] tl]c; ota
ayyA.Lxa 1-tJtOQEL !lEV, ~E~atwc;, va ylvEL X'UQLOAEXtLxa, we; to earn one's daily bread,
JtAl]V 6~-twc; lJ og8ornELa xm lJ ayyA.ocpgoo'Uvl] anmtaw tl]V avaA.uol] tl]c; oxEnxi]c;
ELx6vac;: to earn one's living.
H xcpgaol] buono come il pane XQELCt~Etm ouyxEL~-tEVLxi] avaA.uol] twv ouotanxwv tl]c;, 6L6tL av !lEtacpgaotEL - avEl;aQti]twc; twv ouvucpmvo~-tvwv tl]c; xugwA.Exnxa, 8a EXEL !lEV v6l]~-ta: xaA.6c; I xaA.6 aav TO 'ljJwp,i, JtAl]V 6~-twc; Etvm
a~-tcpt~oA.o av 8a OlJ~-tat VEL navta rov El;mQEnxov xaoaxT~Qa av8QwJro. To tow
LOXUEL xm yLa tl]V xcpgaol] mangiar pane: lJ X'UQLOA.Exnxi] ~-tctacpgaoi] tl]c; dvm
TQdJw 'ljJwp,i, aA.M lJ xcpgaol] ~-tnacpoQLxa OlJ~-tatvEL l;w Ira f3yal;w nQa. H ayyA.Lxi], tA.oc;, A.a"(xi] xcpgaol] to be crummy, av avacpgnm A..x. oE yuvatxa, anmtEL
O'U'(XEL!lEVLXi] aVCtA'UOl] tWV O'UOtatLXWV tl]c; OtOLXELWV, OL6tL XCtAALOta llJtOQEL va
Ol]!laLVEL tl] OTQOVflJrOVA~, tl]V acpQclT'f/, tl]V aVOtXTOXaQD'f/, tl]V JrQQWX'f/flEVWV
tc5EdJv xm vooTQoniac;, tl]V omaeoc5oop,tx~, tl] flLXQOVO'f/ xm tl] {3aQET~ yuvatxa
o !lEtacpgaoti]c;, EA.yxovtac; 6A.a auta ta !lEL~ova ouotanxa otoLxcta tl]c;
EXcpQaOl]c; xm EVtaooovtac; ta OtO O'U'(XEL!lEV6 tl]c;, JtQEJtEL va EmAEsEL !lLa an6
6A.Ec; autc; nc; 6uvatc; Ex6oxc;.
LT)Av lJ llEtacpoga dvm JtEQLtti], 1-tJtOQEL va acpmQE8d oto ~-tctacpgao~-ta, agxd va
!ll]V JtQ6XELtaL '(La !lEtCtcpQaOl] VO!lLXOU i] JtOLl]tlXOU XEL!-tEVO'U i] XEL!lEVO'U Em-

350

[ !;

'Jq;J{ZU;JWUR?Snz WnfJ.I}U.IJS U;JU;J~{;J W;;>p .lOA ~J].IUU;J]J;J)[ J.!Uq:JSUUfJW ;J]UR?S;J~ ;J[p

.!.![.I~UV U;Jq:JS[.I;JU~;J~ W;JU[;J {;Jq q:J{S .I;Jp {;Jq 'fl;J{dS[[TJqffn..J W!] )[{Uq:J;J]S~unff_Ip{;JJ.I;JA

;JJ;JpUOS;Jq D100cDOOlt"(1 ~X111Jlilt,\.lt~313 Alt1 13DCJ)9 D8 'ltoct3"(?19 lt1 131?01113

1\39 0,01 D91W"(D ~9D"(U9 ' .. D91W"(D '1)1XDX, 13A1DliltD l)X10ocDD13li 0,01 op:JUU;J]fJ:J
lt~?"( lt1 l)OOcb U1(!)01 13D~1ADAClD AD19 :ao1 D1001D1 AU1 11JX 0011JcDD9901 9X

-1"(1Jl1 01 D1A OA3li13X DA? 13~l)OcD1Jl3li Cl01 ~1DDOcD1Jl3li 9ADli03A 1\01 3li mx pgnaD
D8 0191 0.1 '9Aa~ 9X11WA131ClJ1 91ClJ (1)1~X 13()'019 VA ADDDxA~AD 11.01 WX 91DOW
9X.1X)riWO 11.01 ADD11(fJ'(DriXW S31JArlDI 10 SVJOUO Stu 9ltWA310 DJrl 30 'SDJADuriD)J
S(-LX1'(D11 Stu DOOA{!O DW U'(91t (J,X111AriDO DJDXOD Am(-t 0191)D)J 01 119 D100cDOO

-lt"(l ~X1Wlilt,\.lt~313

1 ~X11Cl3Altlio3

Alt1 13Dq>131iltD01Cl A3 13D?8D001 DA mx 'S11009

SI)OX11D1'(31113~3 wrlmoJcb11 5ro ~9D"(lt9 'ltD0991D

,wx ~

Lt~?"( 'l)WX ltDDi'lcbx?

AU1 13Dl)OcDDl31i DA - ClOA?li13X ltDDOcDl)13li 91Cl (),01 D1AO"(OcDOOli lt 11JX ltD(),cD

Lt 131?01113 ao1 11 ao1 5roJ-.9"(DAD- pool1i 'vAvoxyg ~Amg11vx 91t11 wrloX0?19
ltDDOcDX? ~X100cD1Jl3li Lt Xl 13A1DliltD 11 13gl)"(DlDX D8 1\39 0,01 5~DDOcD'l)13li 5lt1
5Ltwq>AADAD o 119 131?801(1, AD19 '1D1'il n~l)ClcDDl31i aol 5'l)Clocbrll31i 5lt1 Dlilt9A
01 ltDropliltDOl0, 3li ~ ClOA?li13X 591A3 13D(),3Altli03 DA 50A?liro30X01Cl 11J13A'l)8D11J
'1DAJ3 1\39 AD 11JX Dli9XD '5~1DDOcDD13li 0 ClOl9 513Dqll11031 '50"(?1 'MOXO'l)l). (z
'ACJ)X19AD"("(O 11JX ACJ)X1"("(DA
'Aq>X1"(AAD D13X101D 3li 1JlX131i'l)AD ACJ)DD(l)"(A ACJ)X1101 1\(1)1 D13X101D 13X?1031
aol mx 5aoi'l911i3 5ao1D1roi'la3 31i Aq>A3AD81 Aro1 (),OliD11rooXJ-.aD ao1 DX3A?
5~"(0WAV ro1V, 5lt1 mx 5~x1ocbv 5~x11m7 5lt1 53oq>X 511D AD<ItClX?OOl aol 53D

-Dql"(A 511 91D D11i 1DAJ3 U{~p{d 119 31\(1)"(~93 Cl01 AD '50l1JliD'l)OcDD13li Cl01 ltDlt9A
-Dwx Alt1 5oo1 5ro ltwq>AADAD A01 DlOl11 3D '98ltog A39 119 mx aOA?li13X ao1
~X1130lt1Cl~3 mAp A39 5lt1DJ3Altlio3 Lt 119 13A1i'lx 5~wDocbDl31i o 11919 'ltDDocb

-'1)13li Lt1 91D 1D1J301DcDD '5l)OOcDD13li 5lt1 DliltX9 01 mx J3"(3101D ClOl 'U!~P!d
lt~?"(

-~13'(1109 I D10AA?110rl ~1X1r;? WAJ3 A3r;? 'Dt\}rl3 S~1(1)0 3rl

uw 131DDOcD1Jl3li

3li AUXA'l)AD ,lDX 131?01 U[~p{d .Ina;( S,JUqJ :;Jw )[SfJ J, uoa UDDOcDX? ~X100cD1Jl31i
~X1"(AAD lt Xy '13~0'1)10, DA J30011i 1\3 9 'S3 1DDA03 5?X11DDOcDDl31i 511 53"(9
3D lt1lt "(g'l)131iD 1"01J30Ul1J19 D8 11JX UDCl'('I) AD ~X1A3li13X 91D 11J13X0?001 D8 ClOl
'Aq>1~D D1XOD031 5~"(311\3 mx ~x1J-.o"( 5q>8DX '5ro3D'l)g aol')-W 113 'l)X11D13"(X01D

11JX OA3liJ3X UDDOcDl)13li 5001 38l)X 01 1J1A 'l)X1913 A'f08UA01X3 DA A(),00011i "010
-~110X l)X113XD 1Jl 119 1D1130M3: "1X9 '1)101 11JX 'ltDDOcDl)13li lt1 91D ltli1D?011JcDD

DOl) mx ~x11DliDDA03"(1 mA13 l)OOcDD13li '1)101 13D1DDcD01D DA ~lDDClcbm31i

AOlD 'Dmg?g '1D113X91V "5DDD(!)"(A 5lt1 D1A0Cl0113"( ~X11DDOcDX3 Alt1 5011\(),0"(31

VdO!IJV l3W

HN3.W~IdA V~H80l!V H,

Wl VW3.80l!V :::3. H

MEtacpoQa xm mNEOAoyw~ot
Words are not coined in order to extract the meanings of their elements
and compile a new meaning from them. The new meaning is there
FIRST, and the coiner is looking for the best way to express it without
going to too much trouble.

Dwight Bollinger 1

I NQTIEL 2 'H APT!fENNHTEL META<!>OPEL (recent metaphors 3) lvm xavOVLXE<;

1-lEtacpoQ<; (r] VEOAOYLOI-I.Ol) nou anotEA.ouvtm an6 M~a<; xm I r] EX<:pQaoa<; tou

O'UQI-I.OU r] ~vE<; M~EL<; xm I r] EX<:pQ<loa<; - VOI-I.LI-I.W<; JtOALtoyQacpTJI-I.VE<; xm I r] OXL- OtT]
yA.cbooa acpEtTJQLa<;. 0 Newmark anaQL8~-tli-I.EQLx<; an6 aut<;4 : "casser Ia baraque",
"dans le vent", "the name of the game", "head-hunters", "building disease" (yaA.A.Lxr] xcpQaOTJ), "Eintagsfliege", "tug-of-love", "walk on", "low-rise", "juggernaut", "RUckstau",
"bunching", "flak", "stick" EI-tEL<; 8a 1-lJTOQOUOUI-I.E va JtQ008EOO'UI-I.E tT]V "EAAT]VLXrJ" OW~oA.r]: "~EvQwto<;", "xaoacpA.Laonx6 mao66LO", "~uA.Lvo naA.t6", "m EI-I.JtOQOL tou
AE'UXOU 8avatou", "OL XUQEXAOXEvtU'UQOL", "OL ~UQWVOL tWV 1-lrJVtLa", "<:pALJtUQLOI-I.Evo<;", "EL~-tm vtaouv", "vtaouvLa!;,w", "l~-tm ota xaL ~-tou", "A.oyLxr] A.ou!;.EQ" x.t.6.
I BOLLINGER, Aspects of Language, OEA. 109.
2 ngotq.ujoa!J.E tTl !J.Etacpgaon tou 6gou recent w~ vwn6, yw tov e!;rj~ Myo: Tl H!;n recent ata EAATJVLxa OT]!J.ULVEL JC(}OOqJaror;, XaL :n:(}6aqJaror; OT]!J.ULVEL XUQLOAEXtLXa o VEWiJTL aqJayfir; JtQ~A. LIDDELL I
SCOTT I KQNH ANTIN!t.OY , Miya /ldjpuiv n]r; 'EUTJvtxfir; TAwaa7Jr;, t. 3, OEA. 766.
3 NEWMARK, Approaches to Translation, OEA. 91 m. NEWMARK, A Textbook of Translation, OEA. Ill.
4 NEWMARK, Approaches to Translation, OEA. 91 NEWMARK, A Textbook of Translation, OEA. Ill Elt.

352

nX10l0)1i\D ;Jf!nl[, 1 f1 ;JJnJUf;Jd 1 O;Jf9f!J VJnJUfd I OffO v

OfJU!dfp 1 2lufJUfVd f!O 1 1g9y ~mdmo/..ro~ 513D'QOd:nG S11D ;Jf!nl[ 1 O;Jf9 I OffO I f!O I 1!{9Y

xu Srou9 :1o1X39o1n '),011\Dl mi\)3 mx l!~?'{ 'QlDX 31011\'Ql m1i\O~'Qodm13'li 'S0'{?1

'1009 )OX1i\X31 )OX100dm13rl 5)31\8319 10 "(A9F}30Ef 1101 59rf8Vl~ 59X1A(I)dJ01!{Vd

=) UlJM;JJEf OfPVH. 5(1) 'QX1i\Url03/.. DlD mx (9A1DDV"(V8 1!{Jcb =) ;JJ!JW !P ;JJU;JdJ;JS

5(1) 'QX1'{D11 D10 3rlllO~'QOdm13rl i\01 V"((}F}OV 01!{90 9rlD1A0'{03i\ 9X1i\U'{'{3 i\0.1 nX
-1010)1/\D 180YY9 01llX9riV1VXV mx 11ori VJV1113"(31 VlD 1VriJ3 1D1i\O~'QOtDD13rl 'OJJ;Jj
!P fqJ[lJ 1DX OJU!JS Of[O, [[!J ;JJ;JSS;J 513D'QOtDX3 5?X100tDD13rl 5?X1'{Dl1 10 .51101 110AX;?1
110XJ"(UAV 1101 V13"(;?ri1113 AU1 13D~1VOX

ve 591011 01 m/.. A(I);?AOA Of}!{ A(l)1 5VM]JA.V

50?YVDDI1Y s(l) 'QX1i\U'{'{3 DlD mx JU!JjU;J un,p ;JpJvn2ilJ[ JfOA!J Jnod SJU;)J!Jd S;J[ ;]JJU;}
;J:}UJ!Jl[:J!J ;JJJn[ 5(1) 'QX1'{'{DA D10 ]310DOtDD13rl Di\ 3D'),0001rl D8 'V!;>A J1DI1X"(31!{ U1 131\

-]nrll!o nou 'JVM -Jo-21m Sl!onotbx? Sl!1 0138]1/\D 5(1) 3rl\llX?001 ;]AOf~Jo-21m l!onotbx?
~X1'{/../..D l! ~91313 .JOAUAI1XO"(Vcb3X 10 1Di\)3 X'{ SJ;JJUnq-pV;]H S'QOOtDD13rl mx SU)D

-nrll!D S~X11X3'{01onx 9rlDnn9MD 3rl 31)3 D)Dnrll!D Sn01 ~X11X3'{01onx i\U10 ~/..(1)/..
-Di\D 3rl 31]3 '5(1)3~)tDD DDD(!)'{A U10 5Di\9X13 5U1ll191(1)01 Sl!1 ~/..(l)/..JJOD1Di\D 3rl 31

-13 i\'),010notbn13rl

Di\ mx 5?ootbn13rl Somrl?eoun ~3 5(1) i\'),01011(1)13rl1li\D Di\ i\'),OO

-01rl '!JZZ;J[;JQ lJUn2iUJU S;] UOU 'QX1i\D1D1 D10 1DX V"(X(WX 91rfrfVX 1VX V!{ 1VAJ3 A3!{
'QX1i\U'{'{3 D10 3rlllOD'QOtDD13rl i\U1 Di\ 3rl'),0001rl ll01 ';iU!JUflJd f!O OU S, ;]l[S ~X1'{/../..D
U 5(1)19 ~ 'OA;?riU1D31VX 01 (1)19X 5(1) 'QX1i\U'{'{3 D10 1DX ;]:JU;][OfA ;(q J;JpJO p;]l[S![Q!JJS;]
;]l[J AOJJS;]p 01 AJJ 5(1) 'QX1'{/../..n n10 p10notbn13rl ni\ poollrl nou ';]nbvJvq Vf J;]ssv:>

~X1'{'{DA U 5(1)19 '5?00tDD13rl 53138i\'),~ "lJfUlJW 2iUJPf!nq ;JSfJ-1[21!1[ 5(1) 3rl'),01 i\U1

Di\ 3rlDD'),0001rl D8 ''QX1'{/../..n D10 ;JS!J;JSfp 21U!Pffnq UDDOtDX? ~X100tDD13rl (i) ~X1'{'{DA
U1 3rlllOD'QOtDD13rl Di\ 3rlDD'),0013X113 i\V no1 S~ongrl?ODl Sl!1 9X11X139i\3 0)3rll!D

O'{'{'Q 0101'QX 31]3 530~1XDODX 5Cl01A'Q'{1 ~ 5llOi\01i\? 31]3 'QX1/..(l)/..JJD13 31]3 Smi\(!)
-1010rl1Dl!oX Sl!1 ~DDOtD'Q13rl D)30ll3 13D~013X113 Di\ ~ 'QOOtDD13rl l!1 13ri\'QOA1031
Di\ ~ 1D13~'QXADi\D ''QOOtDD19 i\3 orlUi\'),90D1 9X1A0ll0113'{ o/..O'{'Qi\D 13XO'Q1ll i\39 llOl9
'5~10DOtDD13rl 0 'Sn009 - ..S'),OX1i\X31, mOM? U1D1'),0ll3 i\U1 91ll '~9D'{U9 - S'),OX

-1i\X31 S'),OX1i\3A 5(1)8~i\(LD M0]3'{X1031 ]OrlD1A0'{03i\ )OX100tDD13rl 10 )01(l)J ~91313.

IOW11JOV03N 10 IV)! VdO<I>V l3W HlHNN3JlldV H, HlHJN H

rv~ma MnacpOQU
Ein bewegliches Heer von Metaphem, Metonymien, Anthropomorphismen kurz
eine Summe von menschlichen Relationen, die, poetisch und rhetorisch gesteigen,
Ubenragen, geschmUckt wurden, und die nach langem Gebrauche einem Vo/ke
fest, canonisch und verbindlich dUnk en: die Wahrheiten sind Illusionen, von denen
man vergessen hat, dass sie welche sind, Metaphem, die abgenutzt und sinnlich
kraftlos geworden sind, MUnzen, die ihr Bild verloren haben und nun a/s Metal/,
nicht mehr als MUnzen in Betracht kommen.

Friedrich Nietzsche 1

Y0ENTIKH 'H fNHLIA META<I>OPA EINAI l] cora~ ('nat1JJtW~EVl] ~Etacpoga, l] AEy6~EVl] xm JWtT]nx1} ~nacpoga tLJtOtE ~E~a(w~ OEv anoxA.ELEL ~La au8Evnxi]

~nacpOQU va dvm ta1JLOXQOVWc; xm vwni]. IOou EV OWEXELa ~EQLXU EVTEAWc; t1Jxa(a naga6Ly~ata au8Evnxwv ~nacpogwv: Ef.loir; f.lEV el:rcar; owf.1aatv cpaor; f.liya I
xal ..tevxov fJf.laQ vvxror; lx f.ldayxif.lov (AwxuA.oc;)Z Hinc via Tartarei quae fert

Acherontis ad undas. I Turbidus hie caeno vastaque voragine gurges I aestvat atque
omnem Cocyto eructat harenam (Vergilius) 3 rov cptAOf.1axd..tov ~wv xvva vovv
xm cpt..t6{3QWf.10V ('Iwavvl]c; tfjc; KA.(~axoc;) 4 D 'un bel chiaro polito et vivo ghiaccio
I move Ia fiamma che m 'incende et strugge (Petrarca)5 d'une vue immense et d'une

2
3
4
5

NIETZSCHE, Ueber Wahrheit und LUge im aussermora/ischen Sinne I, ow Siimtliche Werke, 1. I, oEA.. 880-1.
AI2:XY A02:, Ilf(.JOaL, 01. 294-5.
VERGILIUS, Aeneis, BtBA.lo VI, 01. 295-7.
IQANNH2: o 2:INArTH2:, KAtfta~, A6yo aoXI']1LXO JtQW10, L~'.
PETRARCA, Canzoniere, CCII, OEA 327.

354

__/

H AY8ENTIKH 'H fNHLIA MET AII>OPA

solitude profonde (Bernardin de Saint-Pierre)6 ' ~r:o nQt{36A.t r:rJr; 'l/Jvxfir; r:o ,uoaxava{)Qf.U,Uivo (~oA.w[!6c;) 7 A sugarsticky girl shoveling scoopfuls of creams for a
christian brother (Joyce) 8 H Kor;I,a c yJibi6Koff MHMOXOJI.OM I PacrrpRMJIIO R rpyJI.b, I
Jl3biKOM 3BJITJJKeT Herroro,II.a I IIpoJKHToff Moff rryTb (Ecemm) 9 ruinas vivas en un
mundo de muertos en vida (Paz) 10 es ertriinkte ihn, zum Beweis, daB waffenlose
Schongeistigkeit einfachster Gewalt nicht standhalten kann (Weiss) 11

To 6n OTOV XOO[lO OEV llJtCtQXH XCtTL JtOll va [111 [lTacpgal;1aL, tlVaL - [lJLOQOU[l
va JtOU[l rn' EllXaLQLa 1WV avaAUOEWV [lac; yugw an:6 111 [LET<'.tcpgao11 1WV all8VTLXWV i] yv11otwv fl1acpogwv - yvwm6 EXELVO noll 6v lvm yvwo16, lvm TO n:61,
TO o n:ma xgovLxi] ony[li] JtL1llyxavnm 11 [lnacpgao11 [!Lac; MoxoA.11c; all8V1Lxi]c;
[Lnacpogac;. Ooo JtQL0001QO an:oxA.tvu 11 fl1acpoga an:6 w; yA.womxc; v6Qfl 111
yA.<i>ooac; acp111QLac;, 1000 JtQL0001QO OllOXOAU01JV 1a JtQCtY[laTa yLa 10V [lTacpgao1i] JtOll EJtLOLWXH [!La [l1acpga011 all0111QOU 011[-taOLOAOYLXOU JtQOOaVaTOAL0[-lOU' XaL OllOXOAEUOllV, OL6TL i] EXJtA11~11 i] TO OOX, JtOll OOXL[!Ctl;H 0 O[lLA111tl 111
yA.wooac; acpET11QLac;, TO 6oxL[!<'.tl;u O n:oA.u flEYaAU'tEQO ~a8[l6 ax6[-ta xm o LOavLx6c;
6LyA.woooc; [-tTacpgao1i]c;, o on:otoc; EXEL an:ooTOA.i] va [lnacpgu 111v Ef!JtHQLa TOll
a mi]v OTOV avayv<i>OT11 111 yA.wooac; acp(~Ewc;. Ax6[-ta xm av llJtCtQXOllV [-tnacpga01E, JtOll XaTaVOOUV JtCtVTa [! TO JtQWTO TO E~aLQETLXOV XaL 1L 1QO[lQE MOXALOH 1WV [lETacpOQWV TOll JtQWT01UJtOll, OEV l VaL JtCtVT01 ~E~aLO 01L OL LOLOL amo(
[l1acpQaO'tE [lJLOQOUV va 1L [l1a~LB<'.tOOllV a[lEOW 0111 yA.<i>ooa acpL~EW . H OJtOll0aL01111a [!Lac; [l1acpOQCt EV [lEO(!) 1(1.)V OlJVllcpaLVO[lEVWV 111, 11 XOllA TOllQaALXi]
0LCt0Ta011 111 [l1a{jJOQCt, TO EUQO 1(1.)V JtQOOAa~aVOllOWV TOll avayvffi0111, JtQO
TOV OJtOlO aJtll8UVTaL TO [lETCtcpQaO[-ta, aJt01AOUV TOll 1QEL ~aOLX01QOll n:aga-
yOV1E an;6 alJTOU JtOll [lJLOQOUV Va Jt11QCtOOllV TOV [l1acpQa01i].
Av o JtQWTO o1Lxoc; Wll mo OLCt011f!Oll n:oLi][lmoc; Wll Octavia Paz La mirada
interior se despliega y un mundo de vertigo y llama nace bajo Ia frente del que
suena: 12 , 11 1Amata aga6a an:6 TO "Finnegans Wake" A way a lone a last a loved a
long the 13 , oL n:a gaxa1w 01LXOL TOll Paul Valery Chute superbe, fin si douce I Oubli
des Juttes, que/ de/ice I Que d'etendre a meme Ia mousse I Apres Ia danse, le corps
lisse! 14 ' XaL TOll Jaroslav Seifert Smrt chodi k ranu, I v zrcadle ma tmu 15 ' aJt01AOUV

[l1acpOQE, 0111V avan:aQCt01aOi] TOll i], av JtQOTL[lU1, OTO OX11[laTLl;O[lVO 0111

yA.<i>ooa acpL~EW ElOWAO TOll OEV o<i>l;1aL [lOVO TO XOllATOllQaALXO - XaL EX 111
6 BERNARDIN DE SAINT-PIERRE, Paul et Virginie, off.. 82.
7 LOAQMO~. liOL'I)!laTa, T. l, Off.. 248.
8 JOYCE, Ulysses, oEf.. 124.
ECEHMH I ESENIN, H36paHHHbie cmxorBopeHHH H no3Mbi I Selected Poetry, oEf.. 70.
PAZ, Selected Poems, oEf.. 20: Him no entre ruinas.
WEISS, Die Asthetik des Widerstands, oEf.. 20.
PAZ, Selected Poems, oEf.. 24: El can taro rota.
13 JOYCE, Finnegans Wake, oEf.. 628.
14 VALERY,Poesies,oEf. . 106: Odesecrete.
15 SEIFERT, lm Spiegel hater das Dunkel, OEf.. 36.

9
10
II
12

355

'-

XOO!-tO Tl'}<; E!-tJtELQta<; T01J avayvWOTT} Tl'}<; !-tEt6.qJQUOT}' OE TETOLE<; JtEQL:rt:TWOEL<; 0

!-tETUqJQUOTij<; OqJELAEL va XataqJUyEL OE f...sEL<; TETOLE<;, Jt01J va EXqJQ6.~01JV TO yvoc;
T6oo xa8ag6., <boTE va 1-tJl:OQEt va xaTavon8Et xm TO Et6oc; 11 YEQ~-tavtxij Msn TOlpel
xm ot tTaf...txc; Ml;Hc; goffo xm tanghero, oTa Ef...f...nvtx6. ~-tETacpg6.~ovTm !-tE TTJ Msn
{3J...axo~, xt ac; 1-tl'JV unagxouv {3J...axoL, itaQ6{3J...axm, oxar6{3J...axoL, oxari{3J...axoL,
xwJ...6{3J...aXOL X.f...rt:. OTT}V ltaf...(a XaL OTO YEQ!-tUVOqJWVO XOO!-tO.
'EXEL 1Jrt:OOTT}QLX8Et OTL OL au8EvtLXE<; 1-tETUqJOQE<; rt:QOEXOVTW<; X01JAT01JQUALXij<; qJUOEW<; OEV !-tETUqJQ6.~0vtaL, XaL EV rt:6.0l'} rt:EQL:rt:TWOEL l'} EVOEXO!-tf:Vl'} "!-tET6.cpgaoij" TOU
art:OTEAEL 8f...t~EQ01JJt0Xat6.otaTO T01J JtQWTOTUJt01J 16 KL 0!-tUl OTT} !-tET6.qJQUOT} TWV 0'
01JVavt6.!-t !-tEQLXE<; 8a1J!-t6.0LE<; art:OOOOEL<; E~Qa.LXWV "xouf...TOlJQUALXWv" 1-tEtaqJOQWV
an6 nc; nMov Moxof...Ec;, 6nwc; t....x. Ttc; !-tETacpogc; TTJ<; ExnogvEu6~-tEVTJ<; (aJ...A.6rQw~
olxo~) xm TTJ<; l;vnc; (cpQiaQ au:vov aA.A.6rQwv) yuva(xac;: nieo~ yaQ TETQYJf.lEVO~
emiv aMOTQW~ olxo~ xa cpQEUQ aTEVOV aAAOTQWV 17 iJ TL<; 1-tHUqJOQE<; TWV ~agxa
OLWV (ev Tat~ OVVaj.lEal ... roiJ ayQoiJ) xm TWV Ef...aqJLWV (Ev Tat~ laxvaeat roiJ aYQOiJ): "QQxWa vwi~, (}vyarEQE~ 'leQOVaaA'Ijf.l, EV Tat~ ovvawm xai EV Tat~ laxvaEat roiJ ay()oiJ 18 0 KwvoTavt(voc; E>EoT6xnc; !-tETUqJQ6.~EL Tl'} ~QEtaVOJtQEJtEOtaTT} !-tf:TUqJOQ6. take thy fair hour we; WQa xaA.1] 19 xm o fL6.VVTJc; Pttooc; !-tETacpQ6.~EL TO mo "goumxo" !-tHacpogtx6 TETQ6.onxo TOu fwvtv To1f Tbi, Pyc'b, MOH poJI.HaH, I Xarbi- B
pH3ax o6rra3a ... I He BHJI.aTD KOHll,a H KpaH - ToJI'bKO CHH'b cocer rJia3a20 we; axof...ou8wc;: "OL aXQt{31] f.lOV eav Povaia, f.lOVcixQt{31], I aj.lcpta elx6vwv ol tOf.llCE~ aov &j.laTta' I aQxl] xai dA.o~ noveeva Of cpaiVETat, I f.lOVaxa TO yaA.a~w {3v~aiVEl ra j.larta21 .
Timot8noiJ ~-tac; dvm 6n 6oo tof...!-tTJQOTEQTJ xm 6oo mo Ef...1J8EQTJ dvm ~-tla au8Evnxij ~-tETacpog6., T6oo m6 Euxof...a !-tETacpg6.~ETm, bt6n o ~-tETacpgaoTijc; OTTJV
JtEQLnTWOT} auTij 1-tJl:OQEL va ayvoijoEL TO 01J~OALX6 Tl'}<; JtEQLEXO!-tEVO, xa8ffic; EXELVO
nou rt:QE:rt:EL - avTt8na ngoc; TL<; Es ano8~-taToc; ~-tnacpogc; - va avanagax8t oE ~-tta
yvijota !-tEtaqJOQ6. Etvm 11 Etx6va TTJ<; 22 . TLc; tof...~-tTJQOTaTEc; ~-tTacpogc;, nou
I6 Bl. DAGUT, Can Metaphor Be Translated, OEA. 22 E1t.
I 7 llagotptwv, Kr, 27.
IS '{\apa 'Aapd-rwv, r 5.
I 9 2AI:::IIHP, '0 ~ApAt:T, OEA. 36.
20 ECEHM:H 1 ESENIN, H36paHHHbie crHxorBopeHHH H II03Mbi I Selected Poetry, OEA. 46.
2 I fE2ENIN, llotrjJlara, an61iooT] ruxvVT] Plwou, OEA. I 7.
22 ngBA.. KLOEPFER, Die Theorie der literarischen Ubersetzung, OEA. 45 NEWMARK, Approaches to
Translation, OEA. 93 NEWMARK, A Textbook of Translation, OEA. 1I2 En.

356

L~

'5voruhopu

ow

"l31>1 """(30 '(9661 Sxwyrrl13X) 9L X1

'(ltort3Y:JK H) 5om~t~e rt0,1'(11..07f!'H:::>O"M!:I uullWJ<lH :Snnlpnq 1DAJ3 Ltonod:rJ,Jl3'11 H sz;
a """(3o 'f!flJ;}II s;1p po.r J;}a 'H:::>O"MH a
u """(30 '5~llllihA3)15o,\o<!.J1J LtonOd:n;mn 'JOriD3V 'VIZ AOW 9l
r;L I ""(3D 'U;}Jf;}Zq;}'I nz gTJ[q:JTJN W;}p snTJ pun fJSOJd ;1qnJi 'l!Sf1W r;z;
"1t3

8 X1

'5oXoo~n3.

ow '~troy~I..3W T?BW T?ou1w v7aue

Z01

"""(30

'(96615DA<pri13X)

van"M3N O(Qlld :Snn \IX1Q mAJ3 Ltonod:n;>13'11 H t>Z

"STJfJS;}q STJunfltv :z !I """(30 'SW;}Od p;}J:J;}[;}S 'VGf1"M3N Z

MOX"~ C\.019 '{..lUlUAnO:> ;}~"BSn,) .. UDl}.oX X>DC\.011()-'fOX, UA3r19A3'{ UlO 5~1'{X>'{01:U:

-01A 511 9:u:n mx 5~1'{X>'{01l!01A 511D mX3'{9191 m

9:u:n 5<!)Xn.11l3 '9A03:U: X>A- mD

-1'{'9r1 'Cl.OA9'{0DD(l)'{A ().01DlX>OX AU1-q9 -13'{1JcDO '5~00cDX>l3r1 53A3r1().0'{3l0l!X> A(l)1X~'{

-0191 ~3 511 13D'90cDX>l3"rl X>A 1DX 13Dl}.OAX>lX>X X>A C\.OA~r113XOO:U: '5l}.lOX>OcDX>l3r1 0 "5X>JO
-U13cbn 5X>DD<!)'{A. 5lu sndJO:>

ow nD~ri

A(l)3D<!)oXo:u:n X>?'{1X10:U: X>11D'903l mx mlt19x

-11UA1x lt'{'9A.3r1mx M0~'91on.oon:u: n.o:u: 'A(l)1X~'{0191 (l)D~ri no31').'{X>X 1D13A<!):u:n.w:u:n

91n.n 5(l):U:9 n~cbnoA.A.n.D n.o1 OJ3X1olD 9X1l(l)Doo:u: o1pXomon.x n.o:u:9 'A<!)oocbm3r1
A<!)X11A38C\.X> UDX>OcD'913rl U J3'{310:U:X> UD(l)1:U:J03:U: U0319'{0XDC\.9 X>rl9XX> 5(l)JX>t)3g

.gz0011JX"f)rf0911t3Y091ltO'X OJ}'XD 1?U1Jrf 1?1rf 5(1) LiJffny S;JU;Jq;JOJS

-;JffSml 'S;JU;JSS[.I;Jffsnu 'S;JU;JSSOq;JS;JffSn"B Uf;J 4:>019 Ulffilli;}H C\.01 1DX ' 9zrott"f)lt 1?1. 500lt
3ttm[/Jttp 1?A1D-"f)A1D ttltJ. 5r;>J.ttO~Jrf3tC '5ltJ. Sm/1-JXD Sp ,ur; VD3rlr;ttr; 51JJ.MfJtt03lt '?vx
5UJ. "1)1.(1)0Jl ttt;>J. 3{1,39"1)rfUD Q-Olt 'rWJ."f)lt1J(J 50(J9lt 9 5t;>J.Q-1J ttQJJ.? tt{!)J. 19"1)J.O'XD t;>'X1J.3ttOrf
-Oltf} t;>J. ,up ,DJrf 3Y'(D[/901t ttQ)10ltJ.op ?VX ttQ)[/3ydJ lttt909 tto3cbaiJJ. qup roDJlt 5QJdJ
ttl?~ 5(1) r;clOdW;J ;Jq;Jf7 J;JJq{ Jq;ynsuq;JSSU;JqJ;JJS ;JS;JfP 'pU;J[fnqU{;J ;J{S q;J{[l[.f!W[[U ';JJqrJ[
J;Jp [;J){una U;JpU;JUUM W;Jp snu U;}){UUp;J[) U;JJq{ U;Jq;JS{MZ ff;J{1S J;JP.f!;J[) W;JUUZ J;JJU{q
Jq;Jf7 Uf;J ;JfAt nsnw udqo~ n.o1 5~oocbm3rl 5~X11Xlt'{:u:x3 (l)1'9Xnon:u: 511 3rln.o~'9ocbm3r1
1}. 9'{119 01 X>038().3'{3 5X>lA0~'90cDX>l3r1
'9X1l(l)D00ll "A<!)OOcDX>l3rl A(l)1 X>rilt9A 9'{l!X>'{'{O:U:

13D'903l3~ X>l X>A 1JOO:U:r1 X>JO:U:O X>l 'X>A3ri9A1DcD l}.cDX>AC\.D '9110'{ 1DX X>1AAJX>:U:OAO'{
'53Jr1Uon.'{o:u: '53Jr1UD1cbrln 13DJ:U:(l)13r11lAX> nA X>A9AX>X '9WX 13X~ 5l}.wnocbnl3r1 o 5~1n.n
513D<!)1l103:U: 51lD . X>rilt9A 9'-(l!X>'{'{O:U:

1}. 9'{119 AC\.OX~ AX>l9 5(l))OC\.X '9'{'{"0 '53XO'{:u:ri').D

1DAJ3 AX>l9 1X9 l}.lDX>OcDX>l3r1 OlD nwriA.'90:U: AC\.OX~on:u: 5~oocbnl3r1 5~X11A38C\.X> 10

"'91C\.X> 5<!)t)1oxn 3lOlA'9:U: AC\.OAJX>riltD nA 5Jo(l)X '5(l)XJOlD1lAX> mvrf~cbvAltydJ 1 53JDltOAV
I V1A9Y vyp,{3rf 1 53q()r;wltrf mx V1A9Y multyr;>J.vxv (l)1'9X-(l)A'9:U: AC\.OAJX>rlltD n.o:u: 'Jf"B
JOq 1DX q;ymp ;J[qnop )OrlD1lX>ri(l)191 JOX1'{A.A.n 10rlC\.A<!)AC\.D A993XD 10 '90X>:U: '"BpnJ;}N C\.01
OA3rl)3X (l)0~1(l)AX> 5(l)D~rln 01 1D13~'90cDX>13rl - jX>'{OX()-3 'l}.9X>'{U9 'A13A~'{ C\.01 50:U:901
- X>'{OX()-3 011 .5()-0rlD11X>rl(l)191 5n.Ol 3rl UD10XA.().D 3D "00319131\X> 1D1A0~'90cDX>l3rl
'513DJ13Xon.D mx JOrlD39 JOX1'{X>OC\.01'{n.ox JOX1913 10 5~1n.n 3D MO~JAX>:U:D 1}.91313
mx '9'-('{D '53038().3'{3 mAp l}.9nm '5~oocbm3rl 5~X11A3en.n 10 5<!)X1A3J vzao~c;tow

ao1. ttQJ19aoym3u ttQJJ. 1 oyaocboc;tocboocbvyr; ,tt1yc;tourf1~ q;. Smtto~r;1cbvyr; 1x 1 5lto

-c;ttC VOV(JJY003~ 5mtto~Joavolte 5Y,tCmvx 1 ttQ)tt1(Jro1 ttQJJ. 53(1Xf?5?W 1 qxJJ.roonttvu
1JJ.UJ.f}3YJ1."'? 1 vttz a1.X79 ttvttmcbf} Mr;>rfo9aorf.?vrf ~9 l?L :51}.~3 5(1) 3rln.OD<!)90:U:D
5n.Ol X>A 3rl().ooo:u:rl flosnw fdP susodpuw STlf ;1p 1 TJJ;J[O!A opn11 fd opuuwuds;J A
I U;J[Od ;1p sOJnw opuuqf.I.I;JP 1 'UJOJnu "Bf ;1p STJJ;Jq[.I STJ[ U;J 1 O;Jf19J;J ;JJU;JW;J[q"BUfUIJ;JJUf
1 ouq un uuquzu;JJJ souow so7 "BpnJ;)N n.o1 5n.oXJlD (l)1'9XX>on:u: 5n.ow 1D1AOX~103:U:

VdO<I>V BW VEHNJ H. H)!JlN38A. V H

tou LbwA.xtou 30 xm tou tQ6nou, !! tov orr:otov EmtA.Ltm o cpwvou!lVot; Myot;

tO'U O'UVtaXtl] toU rtQOt; !!EtUqJQUOl] XH!!EVO'U, xm - nt; EVVOLt; tl]t; A'U8QLUt;
twv atO!!Lxwv EmA.oywv xm tl]t; avoxi]t; rr:got; nt; yA.wooLxt; xgi]ont; twv aA.A.wv vvoLt; JtQOEQXO!!EVEt; an6 ami] tl]V Lbw tl] yvLxi] avayxm6tl]ta xm an6 nt;
LbLx6tQt; avayxt; tl]t; Emxmvwvlat;. H xagLv !!Etacpgaonxwv avayxwv XQrJOlJ
!!Lat; yA.wooat; rr:goUno8tH, rtO!!vwt;, 6XL 116vo tl] yvwol] tl]t; yA.wooat;-QyaA.Lo,
aA.A.a xm tl] yvwol] t6oo tou x6o11ou, rr:ou arr:oxaA.umn otl]V rr:mxLA.O!!OQcpta tl]t;
lJ yA.wooa-EgyaA.Elo, 6oo xm twv an6 bLaMxtou 1 LbwA.xtou XQlJOtwv tl]t; yA.wooat; ami]t; 31 lbou va A.a!!JtQ6 rr:agabHY!!a !!Etacpgaowt; !!JtaA.avtat; !! LbwA.Exnxt; !!EtacpOQEt; to'U Fran\;Ois Villon art6 toV LJtUQO LXLabaQEOl] 32 :
Contres de Ia gaudisserie
Entervez tousjours blanc pour bis,
Et frappes en Ia hunterie
Surles beaulx sires bas assis
Ruez des fueil/es cinq ou six

KoA.btber;; or:~ yA.er:~ituxq (Uqr:eia

Tovr;; f.lnovcpovr;; oqf.laoever:e xaA.a
l:i: xa8e avaf.l7COVf.l7COVAa ~ cpaoaoia
Kai xaver:e or:ir; r:oiner; r:ovr; f3ovua.
'Af3ior:a xaf.laxi~er:e novyyui.

29 'OJtuJ 1-..x. wus; turrous; twv xg6vwv tTl ogwuxl]s; tou Ql]f!atO "xavw", tov rrof.uo8Evl] EQWtT][!aux6
OLOQWrt6 "rtl]rrws; ... " xm- ow xwoo wu AE/;Lf.oylou- us; rtovaoEc; UJtEQmjJT]Al]c; ouxv6tT]tac; 6rrwc; "Elrtm", "EXW", "Aw", "rraw" X.Arr. LtU xmva OE 61-.ouc; wuc; O[!LAT]tEc; OEOO[!EVU, XWQlc; ta OJto[a XU[![!LU
yf.ciJooa OEV AELWUQYEl owota, OUf!JtEQLAallf:lavovtm 61-.Ec; OL AELtOUQYLXW OT]f!UvtLxc; f!OQqJc;, af.M
xm llLaqJOQOL JtEQLOQLO[!OL l] OWl]8ELEc;, JtOU UVUqJEQOvtUL 011] OELQU tWV OW01JUO[!WVtWV AE/;EWV.
30 Yrroonrtnci.lvnm 6u ta L6L6AEXta mo gyo EV6 ouyygaqJa, 6rrwc; 1-..x. tou fLaWT] Lxagl[!Jta, tou Nlxou Eyyov6rrouf.ou xm 1ou Nlxou Kagou~ou, llnf.ciJvow uc; yf.womxc; owl]8nEc; wu ouyygaqJEa xm
6XL "tO OUOtT][!U tWV atO[!LXciJV UqJOAOyLxciJv YVWQLO[!UtWV tau Jtg(3A. DUCROT /TODOROV, Dictionnaire
Encyclopedique des sciences du language, OEA. 79: [Le tenne "idio/ecte'] designe Ia fa~on de parler propre
un individu, consideree en ce qu 'elle a d'irreductible I 'influence des groupes auxquels if appartient, lln1-.alll]: 0 OQOr; "u5t6AEXW" 01'1/.W{VEL r:ov 7CQOOtc5ui~ovra a' tva CtW/10 TQ07CO owMar; 8WQOV!1fVOV xara
ro arotxdo r:ov exdvo r:o 1-lfl avay6wvo OTT/V en{c5QaaT/ rwv O!-lac5wv, anr; ono{fr; ro aro110 aV?)xet.
ITQ~A., EJtLOT], XAPAAAMilAKH, Nwt:UT/Vtx6r; A.6yor;, OEA. 49, xm 259 rn., 6rrou [!EAE"tciJvrm ta LOL6AEXta OtO "Egyo tOU LtQatT]YOU MUXQ1JYLUWT].
31 ITgoc; [!E"tUqJQUOnxl] UOXT]OT] JtQOtELVOvtm EllciJ [!EQLXU EvtEAW tUXULU UALEU[!EVU JtUQUilEly[!atU [!EtUqJOQWV [!E LllL6AEXLU rut6 Tb a6).o roii <l>{yxaQO tOU fLaWT] LXUQ[[!Jta: "ol;w ~ AEJt1:EJtLAEJt1:0t1] 1fi
qJQU01]<;", "rrag1-.auvav [!E oi; qJEuyaf!EVa qJ6vta", "!'ii;v tJJtUQXEL evw; nou va ~AEJtEL ~Mmva xat
va llL"IjJUEL llL"IjJLOLa;", '"H UVUf!VT]Oi) tT] f!OU axnvo~OA1]0' EXEL, Ao.s<; Aaf!"lj!EL<; xat OJtLO, f!OU f!VQLOE
EOWQQOUXU qJQEOXOOLOEQWf!EVU xat 1-.1')81]"' o;<H U1f!Ofl1JXUvTJ 1fj<; VUX"tO<;, an' OJtOU 6 fl1JXUV001JYO<;
ea f!E ~AEJtEL, ea EJt(t)Q~EL - aut6<;-1Qlywva xat UQL8f!OU<; llLULQE1EOU<;", "0a "tfj<; EllELXVU tOtE( ...)
n6oo x1fivo<; imagxw" .- l:KAPIMilAl:, To l:o).o wii <PiyxaQo, oEA. 34, 38, 74, 75, 83, 91 avtlotmxa.
32 VILLON, 0 Mna).avur;; xt NA},).a llat1f.wr:a, f!EtUqJQUOT] LJtVQO LXLaOaQEOT], OEA. 174-5.

358

6~

~-v~ "'(3D

-(lOMJO'(JJ)i rtO)J.il(l)3J UDJJOibJ;>l3TI1JJX SoJ.0'(901!

'vivrflpou

'/?X1"'(D1[,

1?.1 'AOWUVO:r

'rwa

rtO)Df1.A01V "'(S: ~

1-08 "'(3D 'n.oa

-(lOJ.DO'(JJ)i rtO)J.il(l)3J UDJJOcbl?l3TI1JJX SoJ.0'(901! 'mvri~Wll "f!X1"'(DJ.[, "f!.l 'AOWUVO:r f1.0)Df1.A01V "'(S:

"6-89 "'(3D 'n.oa

- (lOADO'(JJ)i f1.0)AO(l)3J UDJJOibJ;>l3TI1DX SoJ.0'(901! 'mvrf~10ll "f!X1"'(7JJ.[, "f!.l 'AOWUVO:r rtO)DflA01V "'(S:

>voryhoou lttt10(;w ~D S"[nOm() 5/!1 DttJOX l?L "I)OOcb

-"01311 ~wn11n,n8 lu 101? 13oq:>onxo n11. mi-. 'rx'Jc;uhoou 11.lt1 13~JOlt1xnonX n11. lltt10I)1t
9110100190001 9X1138113 11.01 5~X11U101 5Lt1 5ltAX?1 5lt1 11.10"QX 39 5mfi.01?80001
'DII.JOX 5m (D0101)0A1Y '591l.Omioo311. '591l.Ortri010AD 13fi.JD11lto ctou) [.IJSn;i!{ U~?'{ U1 mx
009 '- ~J1ome mx 1;movu 513~?'{ 5u 311 (:no?~ 59101) 5moJ '5mAo~Jnu - ~J1ome 5m
(oyrw.{pri 01 'p130D1t fi.U1 13fi.JD11lto n,ou) lJJO;i U~?'{ U1 0091 D038~3'{3 5Dlfi.091901CX)
'5oo~oJ.oo'{n)J o 13~"Qocbnl311 va(;uhaou lttt1af}u ~o Sp1amo S{!1 DttJOX I?L; Dtt?rlrlaax
ttDtt13r/,? mx '5n1'{'{J0ct'3: 5lt1 n,o11"1)/>. OX09 11.01 m/>. 5911m'{O:S: 0 13cD"QO/>. lJAfA !J!d lJJOdJod
lJ[ [.IJSn;i!{ I I ;}SO:JSlJ lJJO;l lJlf;}a
"v011.91 91CX) 13fi.JDt)D'{DlnX 11.39 (1,01 ~01XD031>. (1,01
DJ10U'{1CX) fi.U1 130111.01 Dfl. mi-. 'n,o1 911Mq:lfl.(t0 0931113 9X11-.0'{010D11lto OJ"Olct3'{31 30
DA? 311 0138113 01 5mAoOO"Q'{'{Donu 5oo~oJ.oo'{D)J o 13~"Qocbnl311 1Xf}tt ottoup ,1 mx
'OlOU'{l"9 mx OA?110DA131 nlfi."Ql m11.p 91ctn nn,ou 01119131 n11. 5mfi.0'{?8 ~o1xno3/>.
ct01 1X~11. 01 mi-. 5911m'{O:S: 0 13cD"I)OA lJJlJWTJjjlJ uu;Jn, 1 (!! "5oo~OAOO'{D)J 0 "I)OOcDDl311
U1 Ll~?'{ "I)WX 13~"1)0cDDl311 ?Y1rh ~1omgm~3 mx 5911m'{O:S: o 13cD"I)OA ;})UlJJ;iU.IJ op:Juq
(! :ctoo~oJ.oo'{n)J n,oJI>.Oro3J uonocb"Q1311 3o ~o11m'{o:s: n,oJOctA01V n,o1 mn11~1ou
"I)X1'{"011 m 91CX) nm111-.J39DOD1 DJ01 311~0AO'{OctXmo m0?1mAn 11.m1 ltomOO)l3 51'3:
5u1 n1111"Qol>. 01 n,ow9nx 13803cbm311 n11. poouri 11.39 n,ou9 'uommJ031
AUlD '5m3~Jcbn 5nooq:>'{A 5~1 ltonocbX? npx10 5mll.q:>10101110UOX n11~3Al 01 "l)lnX
130<;:l901D fi.U1 l)fl. '50'{?1 '1"01~030X01(1, .UD1AA?0001 "l)lnX ~ ("QX11X3'{010(tX) U~?'{ "1)1
-nx "QOOcD"Ol311 UODOcD"I)1311 5001 fi.U1130<;:l901D Dfl. 5UO)l3 poouri .fi.(Y)3~?'{ fi.(Y)1 n11M
-q:>MO "01 311 0)931 9Xmon11lto OlD 13~Jl)l Dfl. D130?Xct3 ~X1110Xn19 U1 mx 5"01/\.0X?
DOOq:l'(A UlO "QOOcD"Ol311 .. ~X1111.38(tD, mg1 fi.U1 311 5DJOU13cDD 5nooq:>'{A
5U1 "I)OOcDDl311 ~X1111.38(1,D Am11 130"1)0cDDl311 l)fl. )300111 '50'(?1 '5~lODOcDDl311 0

em

un

'5m3~JcDD

t:

{aX1arh lwtt 9u ao;. vnJ.'l)rt1a~t;,. H,

"f!18VrJ Svn uor;ori ~J. 13Df!J/,.09 tt~W
~Xonoou DQ90 ~J. qup Smrto,

VdO<I>V l!IW

VI~HNJ

"<'JOW !J{ <'JJ{!Jj JU1JS{1Jj Jn<'J{

J3.

S!Ji/ np <'JJUTJfd S<'JJfS nu tni)

<'JOJ TJ[ <'Jp U;J!Q S?PJTJi! snoA

J3.

H. H)JilN38A V H

t~~ Argot xm t~~ ~lang

'0 XV(! l:wfl6:r:1]c; elvat naALel [aweia xai XVXAOCf!O(!cL dna rov Xat[!O
nov r' d).6yaw reaf3ayavE 'l:el reliflta arv 660c; l:wOiov. Ka).
inox~, d:tJEQcpi flOV, elxc Vel nOVflE niaEL 6 11axagir1]c; 6 Mnai"ga -

xrae1Jc; xai
(!~fla~E
flayxta, E[![!L~E xaena~el move; f3aewvc; flE
rv 1/JVXa(!a rov XaL rove; W.WVLOE rove; XOVWa{3ovc;, dAAel OaO Vel
n ote; fldVaVE xan Oc(!LVel vn6).oma flE '1:0 Oavar6 rov xai M xa01JXE
1J anoea. nacpiQ1]c;, Byixac;, TlEQiavreoc;, o).a xaAel nau5axw, nov
xearayavE dx6fla '1:0 naALO '1:0 naU1Jxaeianxo. M naivavE OE
xacpEVE fli flayxcc; arv 'OflOVOta, xovaOVflagavE '1:1JV flnLO'l:OAa xai
na(!ayyi).vaVE "v' d<'Jctaa1] '1:0 xara0'1:1Jfla xa(}' oao yovara(!W va
nuii EVa xacpe flE rv ~avxia flOV xai flOVaxoc; flOV, xai xavrov flOV
fli cpovaxcc; nE(!LXaAW ". Kt ' afla aOcta~Ec; xacpEVE ei flliyxEc; arv
'OflOflOLa, ytv6aovva d11iawc; dexma.l..l.1Jxag6.c; xai xa.l.oc; xai ai
~vyta~avE ntel or wyaA1J ~vya(!Lel, c5wn elxc xai areir~ovc; nov M
{3yaivavE xai rorcc; nayatvEc; ytel Cf!OVO TJa.l.ta l:rgarwva ~ nayatvEc;
xai at Oaf3avE "~ew"ixa" [,] a' E'rewyE Vel novw 6 a.l..l.oc; xai xaOaQL~Ec; dna rove; AExic5Ec; rijc; nagova1Jc; xmvwviac; rfic; dxaetar1]c; xai
rijc; 11nayaatx1]c;.

lANA MHN ITEPIITEWYME LE ATEPMONEL:- !!EQLXEr; qJOQEr; 6E,

xm clVE'U OT]!laoLar; - outTJiloHr;, ea !!LAa!!E yLa aQyx6 xm yw aA.avyx, Evvowvar; 6A.Er; nr;
L6LaL1"EQEr; "xgucpr;" il ''ouv8T]~wnxr;" yA.woot:r; 2 :rr:goowmxa :rr:gon!l<i!lE 1ov 6go
I T};I<I>OPO};, Tel Tlau5tel rijc; Tltliwac;, OEA. 78-9.
2 ME wv 6Qo slang !!HO<pQa~EL wv 6Qo argot TJ Catherine Porter ato OLXElo ATl!!!!O wu Dictionnaire
encyc/opedique des sciences du Jangage LOJV Ducrot xm Todorov Bt... DUCROT 1TODOROV, Encyclopedic
Dictionary of the Sciences of Language, aEA.. 59.

360

I9
"L 11 ..,(3D ';Jj/fJnj/UfJ] JO AJO;}l/J. lJ OJ fJU;JWOj/;JfOJJ 'i\31SW13fH
"{g .(;Jf!Jpom UO!JlJJOUuo:> 1 UO!JlJJouuo:> tflf:JOS!J) 573Di!J'(IlqMw 5;n!7MlJA10xD 'A;l1SW1;lfH n.oluJI.O"{
-000 Al!l 3TI 3TIClOD\1"{1TI DA 3TIClOD\1"{38AD 'J3"{DX001! DJ/.0"{000 \IX110Xt\On 3D \ll.ctdlDOOl! l! Dl(tDl J?OPU

';}ffJU!j/JlJW S!!JW- ;JJ~!fn:>!U!Jd ]U;JW;J{n;JS UOU- ;JflJ[:>OS UO!JflnJ!S ;JUn,p ;JUj/!S ;JWWO:>
;JWuW-!n{ ;J]U;JSi}Jd ;JS !nb UOj/J!J( un JS;J,:>: uoj/JfJ( ;Jp J;J!fn:>!U!Jd SIJ:> un ;JWWO:J i}J;JP!SUO:> ;JJJu ]n;Jd
]Oj/J!J, 1 :m !8 ""{3D ';Jj/!Jj/U!Jf np S;J:JU;J[:>S S;Jp ;Jnb!pi}dO{:JA:JU;J ;JJ!IJUUO!P!G 'i\O'l:IOGOJ.IJ.O'l:I::>OG ""{IJOU !;
SLLx1oJ;JJ..nun 5~115DJAOOA1ox suo
-c;wouu 5~153Qj!X3"{ S~o1 quv 53~1o'9enx 1DM)llDol~ J?1"{Dll OA9dlJ?11. 53A1DA'9l.C 13ADA)DJ..g ?Q ~ou
Srro~l)OlD 1x:nouJ..rr~ U"{'9A3ri 1!-w J?1l.C 3AD~'911.ct~ ?D 1D"{91D1l.Cri 11.lL1 3ADo'9riaooaox 1'9001.CD LL 3XU8
-'9X ?Q 1Dl.C10"{9l.C'} J?A1038 11'9X 3APA]3ri 1Srrognol(tOX 5~0l3D1A<)l"{"9 S~o11 aol. uo'9Xnch.Al!-l. ?ri S~mo
-ug S~ol.o J?~Duoux 3~1oo~ 1 ctO)QDl.~ SqqgAL!-w mri'9i'h J?l. 3ADA'9flnol. mn/.9"{'9 ,l.IPJ001DJJ?1"{Dll p
"16Z ""{3D 'Jj!Jlj:>SU;JSS!Mlj:JlJJdS ;JUf;JW;Jj/f/V ;J!P U! jfunJljflJUEf 'ni'l:I3SO::> ""{IJOU

"5()-0XU.ftni\. MOX? i\.39 TDX DDDD'(1;>8 91fD TDlAOXiJOg i\39 TDX 5D1'rl '5DDDD'f98
5lu A(l)l!C!:J08J\.D A(l)l o1J...9"(1~3"{ 01 3'rl131D1lilO"(ltrl3 MOX? i\39

cwu ~9D"(U9 53DDq>"(J...

3D 'DX1~iJODAMO DW ~ DX1XiJDl DW 9xAOD 5(1) 130iJd:>Dl3'rl Ul DA 5131\.DX 13001trl i\39

Aq:JX1lilDA 1\q:JAUgClOi\ i\(l)l 9xAOD A.U1119 'O"(Yt;> 5(l)X1<? '1m13oM3 .5(l)3~1d:>D 5DDDC!:J"(A
5lll 5ctOl!()-l 5ctopx10 3ri 5lll ~Dct9A? Alll 9l!D O"("(T) mAp A39 5lll ~Dnod:>T)13ri
ll 1DX '5lu ct01A0"(1~3"( ctOl LtDct"(T)i\D A.Ul 9l!D O'(.'(.T) 1Di\13 i\.39 5Ltl ~d:>DOA103l!
u '9xJ...on 5lll Aq>wuoX A(l)l D9'f)rio Alll 13D~l3801oo DA 130iJd:>nwx 5~wnod:>nnri
o AV (539T)AOri 5iJX11X3'(. 5iJX103'rlmx 5(l)1ADl!D 1X9 TJY..Y..D 'mnri~~3Y.. 5(l)10ctx) T)1913'(.X
-513~?"( 5iJX103ri ctOl T)X19C!:JX /\.OlD 1Dli\OOiJd:>Dl3ri DX19C!:JX 9A10X i\01 9l!D 1198DX

'5?1!1"('(.3 T)X1A3ri13X1lAD 1DA13 TDX 5D1i\(l)i\.10X11!3 ctOAT)AOO (),Oi\10X 59A3 5D1AO'(.OA.rocb

5lllmx 5~x1mririnoJ... 5Lt1 D1D1DY..l mD nD?ri TD138TJY..1fD19 01A.911~3Y.. 9x1wxJ...on 0.1 (n
:n9ct0"(9XD Dl 5?rJriooJ... 5?X1i\3A 3D 13ll'f}Ol! Di\ '5(l)A9'(.Di\D 'mx 13~10(l)M DA 13'(.13d:>O
i\(l)3D'f}Od:>X3 Aq:JX110xAOD 5~WDOd:>Dl3'rl

'D1'(.0XDct9 A.OiJ'(.l! 11!3 D1ri TDi\.13 DA ()-"(01!-c;t'(.Ol!

01 'Ul'(.'f)1d:>3 13'(.3101J:D i\39 AO'(.'(.T)ri T)'(.'(.D -~WDOd:>Dl3ri i\.01 D1A Ul"(T)1d:>3 13"(3101J:D Di\.
T)X1i\Oi\DX 313011;1 D8 'g D01 ori ~i\.1 ox i\01D1XT)'(.ct01 D1ri '1Dl? 1X 3'rl(),Ol! 01 5D ~ ;)SS;)J;)lU!
9A10X i\.01D1X'I)l"(ct01 DA? 131\q:Ji\3 5ctOl ctOl! 'A(l)l!C!:J08i\D 539T)riO TDX 53D9 9xAOD 53D91
MOXOT)l!Cl T)X11UO(l)38 119 59AOA3A O.L '5DDDC!:J'(.A 5~10X 5lll 9ri01013X 01 131?801!{1001!
ctOl! 5D1A(l)i\.10X113 OADA09 - T)X100d:>Dl3ri 3rictODT)riOAO 01 Di\ 3riDD(),0001trl D8 '9X11
-1DD0Dl!- 5gAD1003lil39 DA? T)'(.'(.D '5iJ1"(D"(01l!OlA 31')-0 101X3"(T)19 31')-0 TDi\13 i\.39 9xAOD
Lt 11919 'DiJ91 5(1) 31(),0 1DlDlD1d:>ct Di\ 13001trl i\.39 TDX '1DlDlD1d:>ct i\.39 9xAOD 5~J\.831V
'5(l)3DiJ8AClD npX101D Dl1DX OD9 5~}...(l)}...DODl! D1JX101D Dl OD91 'D1Dl?l '1Dli\Oi\
-'f)griD"(1031trlctD ctOl9 '093111!3 9X1A0'(.1~3'(. 01 DlUl~gmd:>riDAD T)OOd:>D 1DX ,(uo~Jll()
A9XttOD~ 50913 DA? 1DA13 9XA.0D

H 'vctOl 91A9'(.1~3'(. OlD 'f)X1W13"(XOl!D 1Dl3'(.pd:>o ClOl

59riD11Dri(l)OX 500311D191 0 119 3ri()-09 D8 '9X110XA.OD MOi\T)X 01 ctOl! 'npX101D T)X

-1DD(l)"(A Dl 3rictOD10019DOOl! DA 5DlAC!:J8Dl!DOOl! '3rictODT)l3~3 01 1DX '019ri 5(1) 0193
3rictODDT)lOOl! ctOl! 'ct009d:>1D.L ct0X1N ctOl DriDDl!D9l!D 01 9l!D 3rictOD~i\.1X3~ AV
~x1A3J... UDC!:Jll! 3D 5ll~?"! 5lll 513rlt~Y..DAD13 531

-U8D1D"(DXD 1DX 5pX3MD 3rictOA.()-3d:>Ol!D DA OW .. 59X110XA.0D, ctOliJ811!3 ct01 U~ODl!C).

u 13A()-'(.OXct319 5nri 11919 mx- r9X1A(l)~DDO'(.HD T)OD8DX OA3ri9A1Dd:> 1DA1J .. xA.AD'(.D,
U q:Ji\3- Di\3ri9A1Dd:> 'f)X1DD(l)'(.A T)X1i\U'(."(3 DA.O'(.T)AD 3D 1DX 1Dl30gd:>DAD 11919 ' .. 9XMD,

DNVlS

~Hl

IV)[ lODlJV

~Hl H~Vdii>Vl3W

xm aut6c; EttE xa8aga ~OQ<pLxEc; dtE EVVOLOAoyLxEc; amoA.oyi]oac; - Etvm xma

naoa m8av6tT]ta to anotEAco~a wu 6n m OLacpoQEc; cpuoLxEc; yA.wooEc; OEv
EX~EtaAAEUOV'taL l'tO'tE O'tO AE~LMyL6 touc; 6AE<; nc; 01JVatEc; axOA01J8tE<; C{JWVT]~a'tWV. H agyx6, yLa va xataQttoa AE~LA6yLO, JtQO'tL~a va EmotQatEUH xugtwc;
onavLOuc; cp86yyouc;, va avaoLJtA.ama~a a-v6T]tEc; ouA.A.a~Ec; xm va OT]~atva OL'
ovo~a'tOJtOltac; - E'tOL, ta OT]~aL VOV'ta 'tT]c;, Jt01J EJtl0ElXVU01JV xaJtOlO xaA.aQ6
OEOf.!O ava~EOa O'tO OT]f.!ELO xm 'tT]V JtQay~a'tLXO'tT]'ta, JtQOXUJt't01JV X1JQLOAEX'tLXWc; aJtQ08Etwc; XaL, yLaut6 axQL~wc;, XaL E~acpavt~OV'taL EUxOAa. LU~cpwva
~E 'tOV TOLC{JOQO {lJT(}a<p, A.x., OT]~aLVEl "<pElJYLO i] aJtO'tO~O t-maOL~o", VTOV "EqJOooc; i] EJtLOQOf.!i]", mrmnirm "A.Eyav", aau.ovA.ET~E/1 "xmaA.a~Ec;", ayov{lnor;
"~Mxac;", mA.dt "mawa", rt(}t riot "xour.magac;", ramt(}tXt r~1]r; "xmacpEQt~i]c;",
Wt(}c5ovJ...1] "cpavtaX'tEQi]", Wt(}L!lJW{lJTOV{l "cpaoagta, 'tEAE'ti]", TOLWL(}ta "XQHWOT]". IIavtwc;, TJ agyx6 onavtwc; nM8EL VEE<; AExnxEc; [lOV<'t.Occ; m vcoA.oyw~ot
tT]c; ~aot~ovtm oE unoxmaotaoELc; xm OLOAw8i]oELc;, ow OE oxAT]Q6 nugi]va tT]c;
ouvavta~E xma xav6va A.oyonat yvw avacpEQ6~Eva d tE ota unagxovta
OTJ~atvovta EttE otT] OXEOTJ OTJ~mv6vtwv xm OTJf.!aLVOf.!EVwv. 'EwL, ouvavta~E
O'tTJV EAATJVLxi] aQyx6 tl]c; mawac; vcoA.oywf.!ouc; 6nwc; f3ovu.oA.au.ara "a86Qu~a",
XOAOXOT(}WVCxTa "ayaA~atLVa", Tc{lJTWL(}CxTO "~EQEOE, ~E JttO'tWOT]", J...a{3av1] flc
rov 6cpt "n af.!aQtta, TJ a~L6JtOLVTJ nga~TJ", aET6r; vvxaror; "noA.v ~unvoc;
av8gwnoc;", {3aaraw f1Cx(}{1a(}O "Xaf.!aQWVW", c5ovA.cVc TcAEy(}acpo "AEyE ygi]yoQa", txw xavct xa8aQt6T17W "EXW xava cp6vo", xcA.aioact ro ai&oo "nuQo~oA.d
'tO JtlO'tOAL", f10L(}Cx~W Xc(}1]8Qcr; "~LAaW yA.uxa, 1JJt6oxo~m", x.a. OL ouv8EtEc;
f.!OvaoEc; nM8ovtm dtE an6 xanmo A.oyonatyvLO - n.x. yaA.m6{1ayxar; "our.ma8T]nx6c; voc;, aAA.a xaAOf.!a8T]~voc;", xoUaoox6U17017 "tUALy~a ~E Eyygacpa",
m&Qo{lvyc5aA.o "ouoxoA.ta", yA.aooc56A.wf1a "xom6c;, av6T]toc;" - dtE ~E ~aoT]
xanma [lEtacpoga- A..x. &nA.of3oaxwA.o "m XELQon6Ec;", aaoaxoanav6 au.aA.wovvt "ayQa~~atoc;".
o) To aQyxonx6 AE~LMyLO anaQtt~Etm oE ~EyaA.o noooot6 an6 ~nanMoELc; wu
ouvi]8ouc; Ol]~atVOV'tO<; 'tWV OT]~ELWV' T] agyx6, EX~E'taAAE1JO~EVlj 'tL<; Anmxc;
7 Na U:rtOOT!1.1HW8EL 6n OL A.El;LA.OyLXOL VEOAOYW~OL 111<; agyx6 cp8ELQOV1al 10X'lJ1010, 11 I'>E qJ80QO WU<;
ex1'>11A.<i>vnm !!E l'>wA.lo811011 a:n:6 111v amoA.oyouoa excpQaonx61111a o111v au8mQwla.
8 BA.. :n:oA.A.<l oxenxo :n:aQal'>ely[!am 010 ad hoc XEL[!EVO 111<; FRAN<;:OIS-GEIGER, etp,ara KOLVWWXr)(;
XaL eoWQ1/TLX1)(; n.waaoA.oyia(;, OEA. 21 l E:n:.

362

9
,;Oli(l)O't;>.l.rt3~, oXDOl)lO!..F}D '.. SIJ.O't;>l(l)Ol, 5oJ..myyprlD '.. 53(]~10013X, D1Y97Xnog '..S9Ti.I.DA
-31DDAD, UD7rill}fj3 \,D1X't;J(}flOldJ3'(, lJ70]"XDlni ' .. DTiD1Ti9i\OlODX O'('t;>.\3Ti, 7A91A3D \,10~X, JUn. OX Xu

513D?XD ' 01 5uD3811AD ~ 6Smu191olio 513D?XD mA13 '513D<;')'{ugnomr 5?X1A.O'{'{O.D

3D c;t'{Ol! 011m Sro 1D1Aogpo3 o.ol! 'S?lO.D 513D?XD 10 c;tolio13MD c;tOX11X3'{ 0.01
Sc;toliD1ADXuli So.01 MOA<;11'{3li38 nol! 5?10.D 9l!D SuD?XD S~x1A.0'{01DnliuDox1A.ox
Smli A01D1X"9'{0.0l u~onl!c;t Aul uou unb dli!S O!l!puo::> Aux1g A0.01?80l!f1.00l!
'Ac;tOOC1.10Dli AD 1X D1DD1ADcD UD9 '513D~8D1'{0 5310li90Dl! 119 13~10roAA. Sn '513~?'{
511 9l!D (Y)D1l! 13~"9lD1g DA 130?~ O.Ol! '5~1DDOcDD13li 0 910.D 1J "5UD1l!3 13X)9UD'(3X
(591DO'{ o =) 1A9gLm 01 5DD1"91l! Su1 9xA.On AulD .D1DDlilw D?A 1.t1 9l!D roD1l!
AOll~ ~ A0'{'{"9li 01 "91DX 13A?liDOD1 DA DliU9A 538UAc;tD 01 310<;1 '3<;' 01!901 0101?1
"91DX '0<;'3l.J:1l!3 9X1A0'(01DDliUD OlD ltA3li9~1ADcDli3 D1AO'(DAD D10l.J:"9X 9l!D ~ Dll.tl
-91olio ~x1cbooli l.tA?liOg3g D10l.J:"9X 9l!D AUXA."9AD ,wx m1pA.o'{o11m 50lAOA1DliuD
0.01 UD~OX D?A U :uXc;tl AUlD AO.OA1DlliO.D A3<;' 'DA9ADX "91DX '"9lO.D D1Dli~8D1'{0 D.L
"(..1A9<;1UD,) 0.01 "9lilt9A OA?liD18ltMD 0113'{DXDAD 5<;1'{l!D 0101!0 01 '(/!UOP!ll/) AOA
-1DliUD 0'{'{"9 DA? 9l!D 1D13~1A(Y)XAD0X)l! (/SOlSOI/) AOA1DliUD 538UAC),D 01 '(..591DO'{,
X"'{) OA3li9A1DliUD OA?li0<;'3<;' DA? D1A :AropliUD A(Y)l A(Y)3ch.9 A(Y)Q9cDD1<;' A(Y)l
c;t~D13li UDDgnc;tD ~X1DD(Y)'{A u 3DU1D?1DXA3 0.01! A(Y)3D?XD A(Y)l UDU10l!Ol!001 AUlD
"9'{'{D 'o.opliuD O.O?A 59A3 D1A.00.01liug UlD 13/..~'{DlDX A3<;' 0101!0 01 \,DlilteD1'{0,
9X11DliUOA DA? 9l!D DD?li 1D113'{311l!3 0.01! ~XDOD1D1<;' 'O.OA?liOA1DliUD O.OA?li10X
-3XAO.D 59A3 1DX 50lAOA1DliUD O.OA?li10X3X/..o.D 59A3 c;t~D13li 5UD?XD DDD<;')'{A ~A10X
Al.tw Sl.tA3li"91D1cbn 5ul ~Xnommg uw 1D1D1D1MD nol! ~X1AX31 mli 131ol!oli1DuoX
9XJ.0D U 'D1DliA"90l! ~ ))l!(Y)D90l! 3D 1DlAOO?cDDAD 0.01! 'A(Y)1"9liOAO A(Y)l 01<;'31! 01~ (3
.AOA?lirocbooliDODl! 01!(),1 A0'{'{"9 3li Ol!c;tl 9A10X AOl "91D18DXOl!O. "9'-('{D
'53<;'"9AOli 53?A 138"9'{1! A3<;' 9xA.On u 'u8X?'{3 ug~ 5rol!9 '11919 'mm91ADl!D 13A1DllinD
91nn Aro<;~"9AOli ~A.roA.nonl!ogo.3ch. ~x11ox/..on AUlD 'u~"91 ~x1M0.0113'{ uw ~xolm3li
DA9ADX "91DX 1D13A"9l!3MD '5D1~D no1 5~xmDnliuD S~x11u1ol!ooocbmg Su1 roA.9'{
'501Dli~81l!3 59A3 UX~8D00l! u DDD<;l'{A ~A10X AUlD <;')A3: "(.,roA<;')<;'1), roopmloy'XA
' .. rol.J:?'{), ro~X)10rxh3'([/) 10liD11DliUXD 10X1AO'('OAD '(..O.OD"9lD C),D3, DXDWX)01) 5?AD'{
-'{DA3 ~ 513D<;110'{'{D 5?X11Dli38 'C.59lnxA., SvxmyX(Lo[}vx).) 5DDD<;l'{A. 5~A1ox 5ul
Sowli~1m ltDD1D"91DXOl!O. '(..roA<;')OD'{O.Oli, roMpyrwri 'ltA09l! ~gn'{ug ' .. D'{"9cbnox,
DdJ9X) ~l!OXOl!D 3li 501Dli~81l!3 uch-13'{"9~3 '(.."91ch.3'{X, ~l(r)~lDltrJU ' .. mnli~oX "9AD1'{,
10X)10AD1'( '1'{"9cD3X ~<;'D'{U<;' '., D)"9'-(X/.., D~lX)[}r>yx).) 5owli~81l!3 UD38D90l! :o.o1A.
-0'{1~3'{ c;tox110x/..on 0.01 5ro3D110D1DX 5no<;~983li 53wuoXc;t3 011! S11 9l!D n1li 1DA13
S~A.roA.DODl! Aro13X101D A(Y)l UD(Y)cD09liDO'Ol! H "l!'{"X DDJ91dJ003A 'DlAX)[}Do). '59ri18D[}
'59ri1810D '1XX}dJ309D :(A<;lxl.t8MD A<;')X11ltArocb A(Y)A?li0<;'3<;' UDD0<;'1l!3 AUl 9l!D 53D138
-uxxool! 5130?8D13li 5?X1A./..o8cb X'{) 5owli~801'{0 c;tox1ooroxA. 59A3 uon3'{'{"913li
-x3 n1nXn1 Ac;t0'{310l!D DA ~ 1 mx 531Dc;tox3 1DA13 DA 130ol!li 513o<;lcboolinonl! 10
nDO<;l'{A. ~1ox u13'{'{"9lol!D nol! ACD1A9Amliuo Arol Sro3o<;lcboolinonl! 5c;tolio1AnXuli
5o.01 Snow 531DDx1gmg 5?X11l!OAno 5roox"9 3li 13139010. '.,DOD<;l'{A. ~x~.nx, uA3li
-9A.3'{ Ul 3<;' Sro1q1 '53D0<;1'{A. 5?X100cDOOl! 511 53'{9 M0~10U1XDODX O.Ol! '5310380.3'{3

DNVlS :rHl JV)IlODliV :rHl H:rVd<!JVBW H

OEU1EQ11 0111v nEQfmwo11 'tTJ<; !lE'ta<poQa xm 0111 !lEV !lE'tWV'U!lLa anav1wv1m

O'UXVO'ta'ta !!E'ta0oM<; yQa!l!la'tlXi]<; XaLTJYOQ(a 15 , O'tT] OE !lE'ta<poQa yQa!l!la'tlXE
aV'tl!lE'ta0oA<; 16
t) H agyx6, 6nw EJU011!l<iv8T]xE i]OTJ, Elvm yA.wooa xa1' E~oxi]v nQo<pOQlXi], 6nEQ
OTJ!lafva 6n XQTJOl!lOJl:OlEL1m, 6nmE w anm1El TJ ouyxEXQl!!EVTJ nEQL01aOT] yla
'tTJV ono(a nMO'tTJXE. Enaoi] xm 11 (Ola, W EX 1TJ<; <pUOEW 111<;. OEv EVOla<pgnm
xa86A.ou yla n<; VOTJ!lanx<; OlaxwavOH xm !l<iA.A.ov EmtTJ'tE( 111v aoacpaa
naga nQoona8E( va 111v anw8i]oEl, o !lE'ta<pgao'ti] aQyxonxwv EX<pQaOEWV
!!Jl:OQEL va na~a EAEU8EQa !!E 1TJ v6Q!la 16oo ow OT]!lamoA.oylx6 6oo xm 010
!!OQ<plx6 rn(nEOo, lOla(1EQa OE, 6mv xa va anoowoa onnx<; !!E'ta<pOQE<; wu
1UJl:O'U {36.~w 8J,.,t{3EQ1] f.lOVraovva "aOXTJ!lLtw", x6{3w T1J {3aatA6JUrra "!!OlQatw"
xm EAEv8EQ1J raaoxa "anocpuMxwT]".

I 0 rr.x. OWQ6 "ltQOOtL!J.O", Mmixtyxall "to XQatl]tljtQlO", VLOVW' "BI.6.xw;", Jrf()VIJW yw raat "lEQ66oul.l] ltOU ltEQV6.El arc6 latQLX!j E~EtUOl]".
11 rr .x. M6axof3a""Pwooc;", oacpt "votxoxuQt6".
12 rr X AVJri)T()1) " l.oyaQlUO!J.Or;", Da!l60X1)VO "oqJa(Qa", OTEVOXWQO "6axtul.l6t", a},cpa& "ltQWtl]r; '[~E
we;",{3oiaxo11at arov iaxw "El!J.m arcvtaQo<;", xovroan}..ax""BMxac;", 11iaa no}..treia "qJul.ax!j", !lVQi~O!lat TI)V CtVOL~I) "!J.ltULVW Oto VOl]!J.U" , ~I)AWVO/lat "rcf.l]QWVW" , OTI) Qi yaVI) "LOlaltEQW<;".
13 IT.x. 1) Ct0Jr()1) [OXOVl]], Ol]l.a61j l] l]QWLVl].
14 IT X XOAOXOTQWVI)~ "rcEvtOXLI.lUQO", !1Uf3ta {3ou}..a "BEBUQU!J.EVO ltOlVlXO !J.l]tQWO".
I S rr X '[Q ml8Eto ylvEtUl OUOLaonx6: 1) 0()!1VQ1) "l] 86./.aooa", 1) AVJri)T()1) "o l.oyaQLUO!J.Or;", 1) xocprlj "to
!J.UXULQl", ra AOVAOXWOTCt "ta OEVt6vw"!j, UVtlOtQOqJW<;, tO OUOlUOtlXO y(VEtUl EltL8EtO: acp()O'
"Exi.Ext6<;", {3tt5},o "av6ntor;", Mvrt "o wxuQ6r; rcaQ6.yovtar;", XQE!laaroa "nl.lewc;".
16 rr.x. nm11~t "mtxEQ61lr; BQw!J.o6oui.EL6.", nowro "xQuon I.LQa" .

364

~9

'J;JSS?,M;J;i'U;JUU!8 S;JgOJ;i'

mf,txw Sqqo, ':l:VYV)!

-xs

J;Jpo J;J;JVI[ U!;J J::>Qn J;Jnb pun zn;JJlf ;JS!;JJSJJ!4JS :;Jnzzn::>J)! = :uqu;zn;JJ){ :o~zz l!"(\11D 'N::Iana

'Dii(!O:LOilOcf> :6 '"(30 'llO:Lii'!Jd

01 13A"/?X 'nm1i?Qa3u1i '513D~oAnaxm '513D(}XJ...rw pJ...anm1illq '5(l)l?811AD ~J...o"{113

llXOlD"/? ll .131\1DlrW"{l 01 1'0X ua"/?X ClOl 9A31i)3X OlD 13~1aDX Cl01i'),A(l)MD 59A3 ~J...O"{
-113 llXOlD()-3 H 'ClOl UX1Q'Ol'OX A.Ul 1'0X OD9 D1alll(l)D Ul OD91 )3"{3101'0 ~wnacbnl31i
AOl 911n A(l)3~?"! A(l)1i'),A(l)MD A(l)l 5onD~ax 5lllDDX?QD mx 5~lu3al mll19mMq H
iz"/?X1An1ia3J... mD .... 531iClA<;JMD mAp ..n1aocboaanw
mx .. na91~Daoax, 513~?"{ 10 119 59AOJ...3J... 01 "9"{"{'0 '5n1i 5"9aocbDA.D 5lll 5oJ...9"{ 50A91i
0 ~1U101 9X'01a010l(l)al 1'0X 01(l)a8A"/? 9X11'01iCl3Al A91Cl'O 01Dcbrtaox i\01 5oau D?cb
-naJ...J...rtD rtOlUl"/?A'O ll - (l)~11iOA '3D(),Oxan '08 119A0"{01i -1'0A13 A3V '5'0"{"/?)l Cl0"/?"{111
-OX1N ClOl oX110 01 31i 0191i 01 9lrt'O 11 5oau :ii3.N\I)! 13.0HWd\INV \10 NOVV\1

AroTI~AroAa~ sro3o~ax su1

roo~li uono(})~l3W

99

L9
'7lJ13cbJ3YD~3 51l009 O(lq 5a01 91tD

5DA? o iL vyu YYJ? Soou A3ri7DlAO~JOocbmr; iL 7197({ :\!you Jlt3 vrlrwpMw

m SrolA9 7DlAlJ1DJcba Allrl DA

DriD3Y;1lOltD Sro lJ1Ul9X1lDriADOlt AUlD 73X;1 'AilOXOp:zm DA J30ollri i\3({ DrlllAipMW 1l91l0l llrli!JAA U '5DD
- Dipyl. SiLl 59AOil077illr; 0 7DX 3({ DriJ?AilD 5vxDyf).cbOlDrl3() 0 7DAJ3 ilff73lt3 'A3()Q "5!LyDcbD7lt3 7DX upcb
-ipi\D ADlil D() DJOltO U 'D]rffMilJAilD D7rf iJD UlDJlt 73Di!Jf{ DA 7Dl J3AOD (59DY 0] 'AilJlA903cbrfrW AllJl UDil31
- pri!.DOltD7f{ Ul 'Arolprfll()D7DAilD AllJl UDilJltf).lD7f{ Ul 'AifJ3f{7 AllJl !LttvyymAD AUl 73f).3ltD03() DA mi. UA;irl
-/.mxcb 7DAJ3 DDDifJYA U 719 Drfll()DJD 01 5DlAOX;1 :13AJDT1UD1l3 '0 ''{3D ';mbJJUTJWi}S ;Jp JflSS:J '1V;I"M8 0

-mMD mA13 Sq>g1oxn 11"9Y.:v..n 'n1riDMtgom ~x1A.o'( u1 91!"0 130?cbmg 'UA?rictooA 1Dl?
'D1riMmActD H Sv]Dmtlw Su1 ~A.mA.noDl!DAD AUl 3TI1)1U~DAD ~lct"O UD(I)11!1031! AUlD
.UDD1901! urictA<J)ActD mri 3D 1)'('("0 '3rlct01?8DO"Ol! ct0101!0 ct01 OA3TIJ3X 01 'ctOl!<J)DOOl!
ct01 A(l)3~?'( A(l)l u11tu '(r)AD1!3 nririr)OA r)l"OX mx ~g1oxn AUlD 3rictOA?TI11!3 A3($ A(I)10mX
A<J)X1A3ri13X UD381)0"01! UD3rir) uri AU11)1"0)1 A(I)10(I)X A<J)X1A3ri13X A(I)3D?8DOD1! AmD
-?rln uri Am1 ogoe?ri u1 3ric;to1ol!ori1DuoX 3101!~<J3101!o ~A.mA.mnMD Sm m13~1Ancbri3
Sn1r1MmMD Su1D?91 u, 11919 '(;}:JU;}flJA[nbd flJ:Jf~Of JO Jd;}:JUOJ) SvJriVMtqom S~x1,{
(AJ!wluouls JO

-oy Slu moAA} AU1 91!"0 uo319octXD1 mx

~X113oocbmg Sq>'(31A3 1DA13

Jd;}:JUOJ) SV]ri(!A('()MW 5111 V1011.11.;? u -D1AO'(ODD(I)'(J UlD A11!91DX 3rictODr)031! "OA

mx '~X1AOV ~X1cbOD0'(1cb U191!V 3rictOD~A1 X3~ DA mA.- 3:Nifl0 NOl 3:W VNU<l>WA.

'J]TJJTJdS!P S;JUJJ;JJ Xn;Jp S;Jp un, I U;JfQ no 'JU;JpU;JJ?,llfp ;JS SJ! U;J!Q
no: SdW;JJffUDI STJd }U;JJSJX;J, U S;JwAUOUtfS S;}l i}J!/fli}J U;}, nb 1Jflj S;JwAUOUtfS ;Jp

!l JnDJ
!l ;JJfOJJ !l

STJd fJ tf, U /!, nb UOJUJdO UOS ';}fteffUTJI np Jn;J}nfJ, IJ;} ;}JfTJJ!SOd;Jp ;}I SfO.J fll
JS;J I! ;JWWDJ 'JO ';JSn;JJ;JffUTJp J;J ;}lfJnu! JfTJJ;JS fnb ;JfWt\uout\s ;Jun

;JSnj;}J ;}S (;Jidn;Jd ;}I] 'SJ~Ji}JU! S;Jp UOfSSnJSfp fll !l 'SJU;JW{JU;JS S;Jp UOfS!ialdX;J, I

!l 'S;J;JP! S;Jp ;J:iUTJlpi}, I !l J{AJ;JS Jnod J!fl] JS;J ;J'iJTJffUfll ;}I ;Jnb JU;JW{JU;JS ;JIJUTJ,\\(

oxon6 Ol6n, vm !-LEV "otT]V xmvr) yA.wooa Mo X<:pQUOH~ n~ anoxaA.oU!-1- ouvw(r) Mo ngotaoH~ woMva!-l~ [equipollent]), 6tav xmmdvouv owv tow
oxon6, aQxei o axon6~ avr6~ va f.lT/V eivm ovre f11JOevx6~ ovre oA.oxA1JQWnxa
yevx6'', aA.M "OlatHV0!-1-EVOl V'tEAW~ avm<:puA.axta 6n Mo X<:pQaOH~ !! wv tow
oxon6 txouv to tow VOTJ!!a, xawAr)yow oto avci:J!-laAo anotEAW!!a va OXO!!aOt
6n 61..~ m - ava ouo A.a!!Bav6!!EV~ - avaA.unxt~ ngotaoH~ (vm woMva!-l~ xm
OA~ m - ava Mo Aa!!Bav6!!V~ - auwvn<:panxt~ ngotaoH~ dvm woMva!-1-E~".
fla va ~rnQaO'tEL ami) T] 01JOXOALa o Lewis JLQOtLVH 6nw~ "Mo X(j)QUOH~ dvm
woc5vvaf1e~ xara ro avaA.vux6 V01Jf1a, a) av wuMxwwv TJ !!La an6 amt~ dvm
otmxawOT]~ [elementary] xm xmmdva owv tow oxon6 !! 'tTJV aAATJ, r) B) av,
6vta~ xm m ouo X<:pQUOH~ OU!-lJLAOX~ [complex], !-lJLOQouv va avaA.u8ouv O ouotanxa O'tOlXLa E'tOl, WO't i) yw xa8 OlaXQl'tO 01JO'ta'tLXO O'tOlXELO 'tT]~ !-lla~
tx<:pgaoT]~ va un<iQXH w avaA.oyo ouotanx6 OtolXELO O'tTJV aAATJ tx<:pgaoT] xm va
txa tov tow oxon6, ii) xavtva OlaXQlt6 ouotanx6 otolXLO xm on~ Mo X<:pQaOH~
va !-1-TJV txa !!TJOVlx6 TJ oA.oxAT]Qwnxa yvlx6 oxon6, xm iii) TJ 6lata~TJ twv avaA.oyouvtwv !-1-Eta!;u tou~ ouotanxwv otmxdwv va dvm TJ t6la xm on~ Mo x<:pgaoL~
r) va !!JLOQL va ytvn LOla XWQL~ va aAA.mw8d o oxon6~ xa~J,!-1-lU an6 n~ Mo
X(j)QUOH~6 ". To 01!!-lJLEQaO!-la 't01J Lewis LVUL 6tl T] xaAr) XQrlOT] 'tT]~ vvo(a~ 'tT]~
01JVWV1J!!La~ anmtd 6nw~ 0X6!J,aO't 6n "Mo X<:pQUOH~ LVUL 01JVWVU!J,~ a) 6tav
xawtdvouv owv LOlo oxon6, o OE oxon6 wu~ auto~ Ov (vm out !J,TJOVlx6~ out
oA.oxAT]Qwnxa yvlx6~, r) B) 6tav, 6vta~ o oxon6~ WU !!TJOvlx6~ r) oA.oxAT]Qwnxa
yvlx6~, amt~ looouva!-louv xma w avaA.unx6 v6TJ!!<i wu~" 7

VU!-1-~

Bf.. QUINE, Notes on Existence and Necessity, OfA. 120Jtg~A.. rn(Ol]<; QUINE, Word and Object, o1.. 46 rn.
Bf.. CARNAP, Meaning and Necessity, oEA.. 56, 59: If two sentences are built in the same way out of
designators (or designator matrices) such that any two corresponding designators are logical-equivalent,
then we say that the two sentences are intensionally isomorphic or that they have the same intentional
structurexm OU!ffiEQalvE~ o Carnap: The concept of logical-equivalence can also be used in a wider sense
for designators in different language systems; and the concept of intensional isomorphism can then be
similarly extended.
4 BA.. QUINE, Notes on Existence and Necessity, o1.. 122.
5 811.. LEWIS, The Modes of Meaning, OfA. 245 rn.
6 o Lewis xm:aBEtEL ta El;T]<; Jtaga&Ely!lam: m ExcpgaoEL<; "round excision" xm "circular triangle" Elvm
wo&uva!!E<; xm:a to avall.unx6 VOTJ!lU tou<;, Evw o~ ExcpgaoEL<; "equilateral triangle" xm "equiangular
triangle" 1>EV dvm, ltUQOAO ltOU XaTaTdVOUV OtoV WLO OXOltO.
7 H aJtO'ljJTJ tou Lewis ltfQt ouvwvwla<;- 6Jtw<; all.f.wotE xm TJ, xm:a ta JtQOEXt8Evta, O!lOAOYTJ aJtO'ljJTJ
toU Quine - !lOLU~E~ !!E lTJV ~&Ea lOU Carnap ltEQ( OXOltL!!OU Tj E!!ltQ081:ou WO!!OQ(jJW!lOU.

368

69
-Dri/.:001 ~X10D(l)"{A(l)~3 D19)11.UlD 1Dlii.OO?dlDII.D 11.39 D)Ol0 Dl 'J;JfSJno:> 1DX UOSSIJU!J:> '[!JA;Jt[:> DriM<))MO
Dl J;>X1"{"{D/.. DlD MOXOJ;>l!rr Srou9 :~lDDOdlD13rl 01 m/.. SD1Ul91D9rl01D Suw)/..3ri1D11.)3 ~lilD UO<))II.A H Ol
'L8 [ '"{3D '5DJ.{oyox1!/3V DJ3X101X 'AOI:l:.lOW '"{\JOl! .SD)riflA(l)MO Sl!lil"{91D
Sl!ll.3rl9/..3"{ Su1 S130<))ll10J1 '3rl(to9 ne Srou9 '5?xuuoro3e Suo mx orho9rlondl3 mx oo319X1"{00DX 11.0.011.
-J;>X 11.011DX '(UO(l)"{~901Mil0 ~X111.(1)11.10X-~X11DDOdlX3 u) S3lii.Oi..J;>OD1 )OX1/..0"{0lD11i..D01 10 1DX (513D?XO
S?X11Drl!..n1Mo 10) Solii.O'f'(l)g1031 (lOX1ooro"{/.. rro1mx SnJoDrluo S~xmoo/..ulnx Su1 mo~11ox m Srou9
'DJ3X101o SD)riflA(l)MD Su1 9rlmoo 11.010 mlll.oX0?0131rr '- .. no"{9MO (lOxuronrlllo, Sro OA3ri911.1Drll!o 01 3rl
(l011.1ox 9= (Sll~?"! s~x1/..0"{0II.rodl Sill) Solii.OII.JDrluo (lOX1"{n no1 ilo?Xo ~x1031ro~311.lll- oll.3rl(lo"{lL9 o191D
mx- .. OA3rl(lO"{U901rl, 01 5001 SDII.9X13 S~X11DilOXD 5ro SOlii.OII.)Drll!o ilOl UD}XD ~1<1031(1)03 II.U1- OA3ri911.
-mrluo 01 9= ml3~J10D1D nou 'll.ro3o}Xo A<))xuronnuo DJXoD031 Sro m1311.<))dloonm9 DJOl!o u ' .. DJonrluo
~1<1~3"{, u191D .. noA}rloAmrlllo, no1 Sro30l)lOD1DX1lii.D Sl.t1 mv .. oA3rl(lO"{ll9, 01 SJoroX wmBlOU;Jp 01 S)o
-roX 'WnlB:>!J!U'il!S 01 'OSU;JS OP!JlS OII.Jri911.1Drluo 0191D U"{"{J;> 'Sro)Dfl3g '1D11.)311.39 0.01 'OII.Qri1DX SD)ODrilLD
s~x1o<XhD11.n-s~xuoro11.!.. 5ul mu19 1nm11.u1o ~ 9 n"{u 9 '5n1nMroll.no uoro1u1o3u l!ll.3rl<))lii.DlD D031QII.Xno
u1o ml30}dlDII.D l!'f"{D soo(l3 o1 no1 ow 3o mn11(l"{DX 11.39 5uD(l)llri(lo s~x1/..0"{010Drluo Su1 o11.3ri9Amdl
01 '011.Jri911.1Drlllo Dll.} 30 A(lOX101D1lii.D Dlii.OII.)Drillo 11.01D1XJ;>"{rl01 O(l9 II.Dl9 '1D1DlD)dlil 5D)riMroMO ilD?XD
119 SDlii.Oi..?"{ :J;>"{"{V S~!..D"{"{DII.3 5l!030(l3"{3 llo}Xo 30 Srro1 (l~Dl3rl 5311.3riQXD10il3 Sro '101} 1DlA(l010lOri1D
-uoX DO <)193 mx - jS3riM<))MO 1DII.J3 .. DJDDrlllo ~x1~"{ .. mx .. oii.JriQAmrlllo, SnoJ;>Od:>X310 roll.}rlnxoou A:;I 6
'A(f)3Dl)OdJ ro.{9y A3 Aroli1Dl1190XAI!D itX1Yil AUlD 1D13MfJ13rlliDX3 5roJAD11D it11lD DlU1(lM3
11119 1DX 'A(f)JDl)OdJ Aroyyl) (l!/D13ri 1D1D1DJWI! A3q DJ0110 11 ' D1U1(ZM3 itXD1DDriliD mri A(f)3Dl)OdJ A(f)A~rlD
-100 (l!/D13rf 3rfll08f!J1A 119 59AO.{J.{ 01 OdJDU?AD AI!OAitdJD 5?11!0 531U191Df/3f}D 10 :101~ 'S;JS!JJtjd S;J:J ;Jp
;JU;J!J;Jl!JW UO{JnJ{JSUO:J !J[ SU!Jp ;J;JnbJ!JW JU;JW;JJ!JJ JS;J ;JJ[WfXOJd ;JJJ;J:> ;Jnb J;J 'S;JJ}n!J,p ;JJ)U;J SIJd ;JJS{X;J, U
{nb ;mb{JU!JW;JS ;JJfWfXOJd ;JUn S;JSfJJfjd S;JU[!JU;J:> ;JJJU;J JU;JS UO, [ ;Jnb Jf!Jj ;J[ J:>!JJUf JU;JSSf!J[ S;JpnJ[U;J:>Uf
S;J:> J;>"{"{D 'S3riMqJMO 1D11.)3 (Sjl:lUOUjl 'SlOW ;Jp S;JdOOl'il 'SlOW) 5130l)OdlX3 O(l9 II.D 01 SOOl 5ro S31Ul91Dfl
- 3gD MoXoJ;>un DO 310111.1;>1 119mx 'DJDDrluo Soo9 o mnXo}onurr 91nn 9rlmoo 11.010 S~rl/..uo 5u ,roD
'1DlDlO)dlil Dll. )3001!1111.39 ilOri(lll.(l)/1.(1.0 0.01 S9rl0100 50113011) 1DX S90ll1DilD 11911.3rl MOII.)DriU011310
-1ouo 1o m W -x3o ';Ja!Jau!Jf ;Jp s;J:>u;Jps s;Jp ;Jnbtp;JdopA:>u;J ;JJf!JuuotJ=>ta 'Ao"Moao.u.toK>na -xgou

' 01 A(l')prHw A(l')1 5lt.ri'OAC).9 5~X110901onrilt.o 5lt.1 mlt.1<;nn9omro lt.1 mf.. "QX11X139

-113 1'0X 5<)1"{311\.3 3riC).OOOcD'019'0 '01\. A'OO 1'01\.)3 ' .. nrif.."QOlC 0191 01 3ri?"{, A(l')101CO
i\(l')1 130"Q) lt.1 11C3 'A(l')l901 i\(l')09cD'019 A(l')1 0"{01\.C).O 010 "QX109AOX 1'01'0101Ml.O
'01riM(l')M0 lt. 119 3rictOO~O(l')38 '01\. - 9ri0100 (l')A"QlC'OO'OlC '011\.?809 i\.01 91C'O '00310().
- 'Ori"{"QcDO 010 3rictOOglC1031C i\.'0 ' 119 'A01<)101C 'A(l')OglOOlC A(l')1 X3 <)193 1'0131\.
-1nrilt.om3: nrictA<;>Mo 5cto1 C).~Dl3ri 1'0A13 uyx .. n1AOJ.Comwri 1 (A)oxnlt.u 01
513 "'?9lt.ri, .. mriC).OX0900(l')9 1 (l')A"Q11C m, ' .. n1..1o 1 ~ririnof.., .. m3X<;>1cb 1 '0139A?,
' .. 19C).Of..'001 I 'OriO"Q, ' .. 59X1010'01C '501?1\. '590'0f..'O"{ '5010"Q8'0X '501(l')91"{UX'O
'5o1010"Qf..nrin '50l(l')O?"{D 1 590D9nx, ' .. 5o~o991omun '5o1J.Clt."{"Q1nxn '5ooC).oxo
I 59M310XO, 5(l')lC9 539"QAOri 5gX1f..0"{030'00cD 1'0X 'Ol'Ori~~3"{ '531"{1X101C 5gX1A0"{010
-'Orilt.OOX1~3"{ 119 M0~10(l')Af.. 'OOO<;l"{f.. ~X101lt.ri 5(l') "QX1AU"{"{3 '01 AC).0"{1riO 1000,

'530lt."{X9"{0 5130"QOcD 30 1'0X lt.OC).cb

~X1l'Oriri'OOf.. ~X11300cD'019 3ri 513~?"{ 30 1'0X '9"{"{'0 '('"{'l'X A(l')1"Qrilt.O 'A(l')1g811C3 'A<)1X110

-mocto C).~m3ri ~9D"{lt.9) 5n1oof..lt.mx 5~xunririnol.. 5~1ctn 5lt.1 A(l')3~?"t C).~D13ri OA9ri
1'01"Qli\'01C'O i\.39 '01riM(l')M0 lt. 119 13A1'0rilt.O 91ctV ' 6'01D'Orilt.O ~X1~3"{ '0191 Alt.1 ''0031C)."{'OX
'~ 80A3ri9A1'0rilt.O 0191 01 ~1U"{1riO ct01 ctOA i\.010 AC).O"{'OX'Oi\.'0 '0101CO '01 ''01AOA1'0rilt.O
"QX113oocb'019 3ri 539"QAori 5?X1I..0"{1~3"{ 53ri'OAC).90D1 "QX1I..0"{01onrilt.o 10 m1A0~1oo
nrictA<;>Mo 5(l') 119 5~Xon ~3 5C).8ct3 3riC).ou nA 3riC).ooouri 'n1Ao"{o1onrilt.~ lt.10 lt.9
mx ''01/..0"{000(l')"{J lt.10 5nM<;>A031C mx ~x1t..oy ~X1cD000"{1cb lt.1 ''00<)11 '5'01AOA~cbv

IYIIV,NtiNH ld3ll Y)!JN3J

ttvo~ ytvttm A6yo~ xm w~ ngo~ tO o tL 6t6Etm E!LqJOOYJ), ELVm owci.JVU!LE~ w~

JtQO~ to 6tt mgtyQacpouv tO LOLO yeyov6~ YJ ouvwvwta tou~ OE E!LqJOLVEtm an6 tO
6n Oev d vm 6uvat6v va 6ex8o1J!LE tY]v xatacpaoY] tY]~ !LLa~ xm ouyxg6vw~ tY]V
aQVYJOYJ tYJ~ aA.f..YJ~: 'l1 ng6taoYJ o EAVT'TJ~ eyom/J rov~ "IIooaavaroAwf1ov~", aUa
m "IIooaavaroAafloi" &v yoacpT'TJIWV an6 rov EAVT'TJ mgtxu avttcpaoY]. To cv
Myw nagaouY!LU !La~. ~~ma, d vat tow~ "ngwt6yovo", 6t6tL YJ ouvwvwta, nou
6tamotci.Jvttm OE 6A.a ta l;EVYYJ EVEQYYJtLXll~ 1na8Y]ttxil~ o1JvtasYJ~ 13 , Oev ocpdA.ttm
oE tuxata owwvu!Lta xanotwv M!;ewv, aA.M OtYJ ota8EQll xm atQtn:tYJ ouotY]!LOttxn, OO!LLXll OXEOY] Jt01J 1JqJLOtatm !Ltta!;u autci.Jv t(J)V Mo uoci.Jv JtQOtUOE(J)V.
TIEQattEQW, Mo YQO!L!LOTLXE JtQOtaott~ ELVat 01JVWV1J!LE~ n Y] !LLO anotEAEL
JtEQLqJQOOYJ tY]~ UAAYJ~, av YJ !LLO owen:ayttm tY]V aA.A.Y] 14 Ot JtQOtaou~ "H Iwawa
6ev txn nm6ta", "H Iwawa dvm atExvYJ", xm "H Iwawa 6ev xu yewnon not"
ctvat ouvci.JVU!L~. Emt6il xouv axQt~ci.J~ to toto ouvoA.o ouvenaywywv
(entailments). Q~ JtQO~ tY] YQO!L!Lattxil JtQ6taoY] H Iwavva &v fX nat&d
!LJLOQOU!LE !LEV va YVWQLl;01J!L tY]V EWOLU tY]~, EJtHOll YVWQLS01J!LE JtOLE~ "A.oytXE~
ngotaott~" owen:ayttm, aA.A.a, yta va ELVat to JtEQLEXO!LV6 t'll~ aA.Y]8~. ngrnu va
ELVat aA.Y]8EL~ xm OAE OL f..oytx~ owcnaywy. fta va 6taJtwtci.JvoU!LE av !LLO
YQO!L!LOttxn JtQ6tao11 xu v6Y]!La, ngnu xa8e cpoga va xa8ogtl;owe tau~ 6gou~.
~aou t(J)V OJtOL(J)V tO JtEQLEXO!LfVO tY]~ dvat OAY]8~ n OXL" t01J~ OQ01J~ auto'IJ~ to1J~
xaA.o'IJ!LE 6oov~ aA,rJ8ia~ (truth conditions) 15 H owwvwta Mo YQO!L!Lattxci.Jv JtQO-

II

12

13
14

nx6tT]ta, EtaL xm ota EA.f..TJVLxa TJ emA.oylj ~-tEta~v nov A.E~w>v aA.oyo, qJaQi xm an JtQEJtEL va avtanoxQlVEtm OtT]V E~WYAWOOLXlj JtQUYI!UtLXOtT]ta, tT]V OJtOla 8EAEL va 1-tVTJI-tELWOEL 0 ~-tEtacpQaotljc; OtO
~!E'tCt(jlQUOI!Ct tOU.- BA.. avaA.oyo JtaQCtOELY!lU OtoV LADMIRAL, Traduire, OEA. 120.
ng~A.. LADMIRAL, Traduire, oEA.. 159: Si /'on parle done de synonymie cognitive sans synomynie
affective, /'inverse est impensable et jamais if ne saurait ~tre question d'une synonymie affective sans
synonynie cognitive. - Av'tleEtTJ arro\jJT] GUIRAUD, La stylistique, oeA.. 47 EJt.
BA.. JAKOBSON, Essais de linguistique generale, oEA.. 80: En regie generale, qui dit synonymie ne dit pas
equivalence complete.
.
E~aLQOVvtaL, ~E~alwc;, OL JtEQLJttWOELc; EXELVEc;, OJtOU OL OVO~-tatLXEc; CjlQCtOELc; UJtOXEL~-tEVOU xm avnXEL!1EV01J JtEQLEXOUV JtOOOtLXOVc; OELXtEc;.
nQ~A. KEMPSON, Semantic Theory, OEA. 61: Synonymy is open to the same problems as entailment,
for synonymous sentences are mutually entailing sentences. - Avtl8EtTJ ano\jJTJ EXcpQa~u o QUINE,
Word and Object, oeA.. 159, 182, 250: Paraphrase makes no synonymy claim. It only coordinates the
uses one makes of diverse theories for diverse advantages.

IS 0 JtQ<i>toc;, nou 6QLOE tT]v avtaJtOXQLV6~-tEVTJ ota JtQawma xm arr6 arr61jJewc; ~-toQcpljc; og81j (sachlich
angemessene und fonnal richtige) OTJ~-tamoA.oyLxlj tvvow tT]c; " aA.T]8Elac;", 1]1av o A lfred TARSKI, Die
semantische Konzeption der Wahrheit und die Grundlagen der Semantik, passim, to 1944.

370

fENIKA IIEPI LYNQNYMIA~

taoewv 16 Etvm et6o~ ouve:n:aywyi]~ xm Ola:n:wtwvetm xat6mv eMyxou -rwv 6gwv
aA.neta~ 17 !!EOW twv oxn~-LO.twv aA.neda~ (truth vehicles) 18 , :n:ou 6ev dvm aA.A.a a:n:6
ta VOT]~ata tWV :rt:Qotaoewv 19 Lto avwtEQW TQl:rt:AO :n:agaOHY!-L<i !-La~ Ol ouv8i]x~
maA.i]8euon~ etvm axQl~W~ OL t6l~- m xcpgaol~ "6v xa :n:m6L<x", "dvm
atxvn" xm "6ev EXH yvvi]oH :note" ouvmayovtm 11 xaec~la w; aA.A.c~ Mo - xm
yla tl~ tQH~ :rt:QOtUOH~ Xal, aga, Ol :rt:QOtaOH~ aut~ ftvm OUVWVU!-t~ 20 . L'l1!-llWVtal, :n:avtw~. 6n m xcpgaoH~ "6v EXH :n:m6La", "dvm atXVTJ" xm "6v EXH
yvvi]Ol :rt:OtE" LVal OUVWVU!-L~ !-LOVO, UV tl~ /;ttaOOU!-L OtO :rt:AaLOlO t'l1~
XUQlOAXtlXll :rt:EQlyQacpLXi]~ toUt; OT]!-laOLa~ av tUXOV tOU :rt:QOOOWOOU!-L XOlVWVlXO V0'11!-la i] tl~ C(JOQtLOOU!-L OUYXLV'I10laXa, dvm V0XO!-LVO va :rt:aUOOUV va
OTOl XH08toW OUVWVU!-LLa.
Av Mo i] :n:gwo6tQ~ xcpgaoH~ avaxaA.ouv otov vou !-La~ tnv LOla ax6va, Ol
xcpgaoH~ aut~ Lvm, ou!-lcpwva ~ tT]v mgt Hx6vat; on~aolOA.oyLxi] 8wgta,
XaVOVlXU OUVWVU!-L. Kl 0!-LW 0 EVa ayyALXO Xl!-LVO :rt:QO !-LtUC(JQaO'I1 1-lJlOQft
va ouvavti]oow tl :n:agaxa-rw xcpgaoH~ "a tired child", "an unhappy child", "an
angry child", "a future tyrant", OL o:n:oL avaxaA.ouv !leV otov vou !-La~ tnv !!La xm
!!OVaOlXi] Hx6va V6~ :n:mOlOU, :rt:OU EXH 011XW8L Otl !-LUt~ tWV :rt:OOlWV tOU xm
OtQlyyW~H, Xal OL O:rt:OL :rt:' OU0VL dvm- xm, aga, 0V :rt:QE:rt:H va !!EtacpgaOtoUV W - OUVWV1J!-l~.

16 Bf.. GRICE /STRAWSON, In Defence of a Dogma, OEA. 146.

17 TIQ~f.. QUINE, From a Logical Point of View, oEI.. 20 rn., 10 xEcpaf.mo Two Dogmas of Empiricism, 6nou
EXTteETUL 6n 0 OQLOj.lO TT]<; OWWV1!j.lta<; 1tQOU1t08m TOV OQLOj.lO TT]<; avaf.unxT]c; af.T]8Eia<; (analytical
truth) xm TOlJj.lltUALV.
18 Bf.. CARNAP, The Logical Syntax of Language, OEA. 248ng~f.. QUINE, Word and Object, OEA. 206 E1t.
19 o QUINE, Word and Object, oEI.. 159, oev OEXETm TT\ owwvuj.lia twv 1tQOT6.oewv, OL6n synonymy, for
sentences generally, is not a notion that we can readily make adequate sense of. (. ..) If we paraphrase a
sentence to resolve ambiguity, what we seek is not a synonymous sentence, but one that is more
informative by dint of resisting some alternative interpretations.
20 Bf.. oxenxa KEMPSON, Semantic Theory, OEA. 40.

371

8EwQta twv L~~amoAoyLttwv A;wl~<hwv -

Luvwvu~(a ttat ~La~amtta YrcomHJt~~ata

AE;LAoyLtt~ AAA~AEyyu~ %at MEta~Qaa~
It has been said of Boehme that his books are like a picnic to which the
author brings the words and the reader the meaning, The remark may have
been intended as a sneer at Boehme, but it is an exact description of all
works of literary art without exception.

Northorp Frye'

"LHMALIA", QL fNQHON, l.lJlOQEL va tQLXOtO~-tTJ8EL. OL bT]A.wauc;2, xouv Jr:EQLyQacpLx~ OTJIJ.aaia3, Evw ta A.mrca dbTJ twv yA.wamxwv rcgal;Ewv (EQWTr]<JELc;,
JtQO<Jtayc; X.AJt.) EXO'IJV /).T] Jr:EQLYQUcpLX~ OT]/).aaia. MEQLXa EX<j)WV'rl!!Uta l.lJlOQEL va

xouv t6ao rtEQLyQa<pLxr) 6ao xm !!TJ rtEQLYQU<pLxr) OTJ~-taa(a TJ auvtQLrttLxr) rtA.uov61 FRYE, Fearful Symmetry, a1.. 247 rn.
2 'Eva an6 1:a ~Eovta ~TJtl'i!lata t6oo tT]<; cpLA.ooocpLxl'i<; 6ao xm tT]<; yA.woooA.oyLxl'i<; LTJ!!UOLOA.oyta<;
mxvtQcilvnm oto- ax611TJ avan6.vtT]to - QWtTJ!lU mQt tou av OL OI'JAWOH<; anotA.ouv anA.w<; 11ta
an6 n<; XatT]yOQL<; YAWOOLXWV JtQUSEWV, on<; OltOL<; 0V JtQEnH va Ult0V!!T]8EL XU!l!lLU AOYLX1'J JtQO
tEQm6tl']ta,1'J av, avtL8Etw<;, ouotatvouv ti'JV LOLattEQI'J xm A.oyLxw<; 8E!!EALWOTJ xatT]yoQta, an6 tT]V
onota !lJtOQouv va JtQOK\nj>ouv owcpoQOtQ6nw<; 6A.e<; OL 6.1.1.<; yA.womxE<; JtQ6.l;u<;.
3 XOVOQLXU !lJtOQOU!!E VU JtOU!!E 6n tT]V JtEQLYQUcpLX1'J OT]!!UOLU- W<; MOXAEWtLXO XUQUXtT]QLOtLXO tT]<;
yA.waaa<;- v6<; excpwvl'i!lato<; !lJtOQOU!lE va tT]V tautt~owe !lEtT] A.oyLxl'i JtQ6taoT] nou EXEL xa80QL-

372

L
"DJDDliuo ur.?liOQ3Q u1 311 Soo9 Sor.?li(I)0318
-Dx o 5(1) 591X3Q Srwo9 S(to1n.D O(tQ Sn.o191LD 5DA? 13r.JA. DSJ;>X1'(31 'r.q>X1Q13 r.(l)1 (t~D13li J;>X11XJJ'('(Dr.3
DliUlDJ;>1(} 9X1r.ooX 0101LJ;>X mA. 1D1J310lLOli1DUOX Dr. J3001Lli r.(l)09 DQJ;>liO DJli \lr.(l)3~?'( 5oA.(t3~ Dr.? fl.OlL
0'(90DlL '513DqJ1lL103lL 53101?130 11913XOJ;>g1(} DOJ31L \lr.10X H "513~?'( 5?1f1.D O(t(} 51191LD D101LJ;>X MO~JO
- (l)r.A. '50.01 91 A9'(1~3'( OlD .. S!l!JljdAl / S!lP;Jll:l, 5oA.(t3~ 0113~J;>1r.3 MOX? fl.OlL 5?1f1.D 91LD 'Snooq>'(A. 3101!
-\IQDD10lLO 5?1U"'{1liO JOX1Drtdl- r.q>X1(}13 ,\(1)1591%3 - 10091! :mr.)31Dl38J1 fl.OlL DliUlqJ03 0~ - "981 ""'{30
'JJ11lf:Jsu<~ss!Mlf:J1JJdS <~U!<~W<~~u v ;}!P u1 ~uru!ff1JU!Ef 'rmEiso::> 191 ""'{3D 'J:J<~(qo pu11 pJoM ' 3Nino "'{~ou
""'{30 'Sotl9V 59X1Altyy303N 'H)!'v'liW'v'VVd'v'X ""'{8
m O "'(3D 'V]tloyowmiltg w 1-mkDDJ:!J 'H.WINiliW'v'IIW mx '"1!3
s;z '68 ""'{30 'VJAX3l0AOV ?VX VJAO'(ODDmYJ 'HH51NiliW'v'liW ""'{~ Dlin.r.q>MD Dlf1.'(9lLD D1 3li J;>X113X~
"5DJ38U"'{D 5?1111 311 J38UA.U~3 Dr. J3001Lli r.3(} 'DOl;> 'mx 5(1)30(tdl5\IX1DD1001LOX1A.O"'{ mr.J3
DJDDliuo \IX11DDodlx3 u 119 010 1Dl13XA.? SDJDDliuo 5\lx1loDodlx3 mx 5\lx1dlDOA.103lL (t~Dl3li J;>Oodlmq H
"5130\11(1)03 30 3(] 5(1)1Q1 '513~1;>01! 5?X100(1)"'{A. 53"'{"'{1;> 30 '1D13r.q>m~3~ r.3(} 119r.0"'{
-on 'J38DDodlx3 Dr.J3oo1Lli mx 513Dq>"'{UQ Suo ml3r.q>m~3g n.ou mx (;JOJllr. lJlnll) 5DJ38U"'{D \11111 l!r.?liD

zv

s;

-"'(l)g103l.C l)X100(l)"'(A - Dl "0"'(9 30 1X9 - OA9rl l)X103rl 30 "OrlU9A 9X1lD"OOcDX3 1"0X

9X1A(l)A10X '9X1cD"OOA103:U: 01g1 01 Arl.OX? CW:U: Dl"Orl~~3"'( "0031900103:U: ~ O').g 1"0A13
(;;,w;(wou;(s-Jsrmi) 1 s;;,w;(uou;(s ;;,nbSJJd 1 sw;(uou;(s fTJ!JJTJd) vrtrul.f.fJMW 5c.pX103W (!..
L.. o.oo?lA3 ').O"'(cbo.1 o.o1 S9rloo.~oon:u:, 13AJnrluo o.o:u: .. smr4dAl 1 S!lP;)ll:>, So/..').3~ 01
1"0A13 nrl!..13gl)O"O:U: OA?rlro0318"0X Sq>A831g 01 .l)X1cD"OOA103:U: Sq>!..1rl"O "01!..9"'(1~3'{ l)X1g
-13 ')."'(O:U: 30 1"013~J00103:U: '9A10"0:U:l)lA"O:U: 1"0l"OlDJcDCl. A3g A"O '"OJrlCl.A(l)ACl.O UlCl."'(9:U:"O H
c-no3!..) .. pU;)QllUUOS I ~lllSWllS, '("'{"'("OA) ..P;;l!d np l~!OP
1 nduo, '("'{!..An) ..sSllr~-~up[oor 1JoJJ!w, ..1o1nxoxnx 1soo?8,
~So.01l)rll!9A
01 ?lO:U: 1"013Aq>10'{'{"0 "OA SJoroX DlAO'{'{l)g103:U: l)X100ro'{!.. mg1 nw A').OlA"O:U:"O 119
13AJ"OrlUO 03:U:9 '~rlOA"Ol"OX mgJ AUl Arl.O~l)10Cl.OO"O:U: Cl.O:U: Dl"Orl~~3"'( "0031900103:U: ~
O').g 1"0A13 (JWAWOUAS JSO[JSJJ I SWAUOUAS [TJJOJ ~ JJn[OSQTJ) VriM(]JMW may91CV (g

xu

A(l)A?rlO~"OOcbrlo.o UODlX? UA?rl0100

nJrl 30 "OJonrluo ~x11onocbx3 mx ~X1A(l)A1ox ~x1cbno!..103:u: mg1 AUl MOX? o.o:u: m
"0031900103:U: ~ O').g 1"0A13 (SWAUOUAS [[nj ~ JJJ[dWW) VrfM(]JtlllD X>13W.l ("0

-"Orl~~3"'(

")/100X - ~X110"00cDX3 ~ ~X1A(l)A10X '~X1cD"OOA103:U:

- ~X1A0'{010AA3 ~X1130ocbmg 3rl SX>JrlCl.A(l)ACl.O 5~X1~3"'( 5Ul UO?rl O').g Dl 9:U:"O "OA? 01
13~11oocb nA 5o.o:u:9o1 So.oJnx!..nAn 5o.01 3101Al):U: 131?8mg nooq>"'(!.. u ~gnm 'Mo~JA
-n:u:o A9g3Xo ug13 o').g n'{'{l/ m q>A3 'SnJrlo.AroAO.o 5~x1o3rl 5ltl 5og13 o1 mA13 538UA
-').0 119 3rlO.O:U:1300:U: "ON ~x103ri AU11"0X U11lY9UV AUl 'm3y91 AUl :5nJrlCl.A(l)AC1.0 l!g]3
"0}01 3rlO.OAJOxmg '5"0JO"Orll!o 5Ul D1Ul91Cl.Dl U 5ro 5q>X1A3!.. 1390100 "OA 1300:u:rl "OJrlM
-roi\Cl.o u 119 SmAq>Oro38 mx .. 5nJonrll!o, 5ltl l!ol!rl910X101 AUl 9:U:"O 10A3rl9A0."0'{3:
"A(l)30?XO 1"0X A(l)"'-(90 Aq>X1A(l)A10X A(l)l UOUJO:U:O:U:OOl AUl ~ UOUO~l"01g U1 'l!omo
-?8 Ull)OOcD"O 11'9 9:U:"O roo').!.. Snooq>'{!.. 5Ul l!o~oX Ul 9l!"O 1"013X0?00:U: '50'{?1 'VJDVriilD
~X1A(l)A1ox H 5uonocbx?lO.n 5ltl oJg3:u: o1o 13l:U:J:u:rl3 310:u:~g11o l)oocbn o.o:u: mx t}}xun
-vadJx3 mlJ3'{"0X o.o:u: 5nJomiuo 5~x1cbno!..1o3:u: url5ltl OA13X3 5og13 019:U:n mlAO~JOUlx
-nonX- 1X9 31)3 "OJO"Orll!o ~X1cD"OOA103:U: Arl.OX? 3113 '5130q>'{Ug 1"0A}3 A3g o.o:u: l!oroll!J03:U:
AUlD '1"0X 1X9 3113 '5130q>'{Ug 1"0A13))1Cl."O 3113- A(l)ll)rlUA(l)cDX3 Aq>A103'rllt8"0X A(l)l DlUl
~VIWANUNH ~Hl

HVI3. Vl

nov ~QLoxovtm EXEL o oxon ovvwvwLac; f!Eta'i;u tovc; n.x. "to ask 1 to question": The way to the station? Don't ask me, aA.A.a The examiners questioned me
for half an hour (ayyA..) "figure I visage I tete I face": Elle a Ia figure maigre, aA.A.a
un beau visage aux traits reguliers, aA.A.a jJ fait une drOle de t~te, aA.A.a devant @
face de Dieu (yaA.A..) "Gesicht 1 Antlitz 1 Visage": Er hat einen Sonnenbrand im
Gesicht, aA.A.a Noras edles Antlitz, aAA.a Er knallte ihm eins in die Visage (yEQf!.).
I6ou twga xm f!EQLxa EA.A.nvLxa naga6ELYr-tata f!EQLxi]c; owwvwLac; r-tEta'i;u twv
A.f'i;Ewv "toA.r-tnQ6c;" xm "acpo~oc;" :
i)

o flavvnc; i]tav toA.r-tnQ6c; otnv nvgxayLa.

ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
Vi)

0 flUVVl]<; i]tav acpo~oc; f!E<; Otl<; cpWtlf<;.

Qc; xaA6c; otganwtnc; ocpdA.ac; va dom acpo~oc; xm toA.r-tnQ6c;.
MJtOQdc; va cpac; acpo~a ta aygla r-taVltUQla tftolaV moxi].
To VtEXOAtf tl]<; IcplyEVEla<; dvm toAf!l]QO.
<1>6Qa acpo~a VtEXOAtf' 6V 8a 0 JtaQE'i;l]yi]<JH xavvw;.

Ltl<; JtQlmwoLc; i) xm ii) m A.f'i;Hc; "toA.r-tnQ6c;" xm "acpo~oc;" dvm t6oo JtEQlygacpLxa 6oo xm Excpgaonxa ouvwvur-t<; xm f!JTOQEL n f!La va avnxataoti]oa tl]V
aAA.n XWQL<; va aAA.mw8L to VOl]f!a. Lto Jtaga6lYf!a iii) 6laXQLVtm f!La Jtownxi]
6Lacpoga r-tna'i;u twv Mo alltwv A.f'i;Ewv: n A.'i;n "acpo~oc;" onr-taLVH tnv naennxi]
acpO~La, EVW l] AE'i;l] "toAf!l]Q6c;" Ol]f!aLVH tl]V EVEQYlJtlXi] acpO~La i], xaAVtEQa, tl]V
EX tl]<; acpo~La<; JtQOXaAOUf!EVl] 6QUOl]. Out Oto JtaQa6ayr-ta iv) OUtE Oto JtaQa6Lyf!a v) f!JtOQOUf!E va avnxataoti]oO'I.Jf!E tl] f!La A.'i;n f!E tl]V aA.A.n, EJtH6i] aAA.Lwc;
ea dxar-t a-v6l]tEc; ExcpgaoLc;. TEA.oc;, oto naga6Lyf!a vi) n avnxataotaon tov
EmQQi]r-tatoc; "acpo~a" an6 tn A.f'i;n "toA.r-tnQa", dtE- f!E to "toA.r-tnQa" EJtLQQnr-taanotEA.d xaxi] XQiJon tl]c; yA.wooac;, dt- f! to "toAf!l]Qa" amanxi] nA.nBuvnxou
O'I.J6EtfQO'I.J tO'I.J Em8to'I.J TOA{.lr]Q0~-1}-6 - JtQOXaAEL aAA.ayi] tO'I.J voi]r-tatoc;, EXcpQa~OVtac; f!laV fVVOla 6lacpOQtlXi].

8 TIQBA.. MITAMniNIQTH, n.waadoy{a xai /loyouxvia, o1... 106, 6nou xm o lioxL~aonx6<;, 6nw<; wv
XUQUX'tT]Ql~H 0 ouyyQU<:jJEU<;, OQW~6<; 'tOU "U<:jJOU<;": 'Y<po<; clvat ~ UVVEtOYJT emJ.oy O(}taf1EVWV
br:avaJ.aflfJavof1EVWV, xartl xavova, 00f1!XWV UXrJflaTWV, JTOV anaqr/;ovv eva tOtalTE(}O yJ.waatXO
aVUTrJfla, f1ta "notrtrtxq y(}aflflaTtx~". To UVUTrJfla avro xaeaxrrteil;erat XV(}lW<; dna Efl<paart arq
flO(}<p~ (livavn roii JTE(}tEXOf1Evov) xai ar avyxtvrtatax~ I {Jtwf1anx nJ.cvqa ri;<; yJ.waaa<; (dvri
arq J.oytx~ TYJ<; lix<paVarJ). 'H OAYJ oqyavwart roii V<pOV<; VJTYJ(}ETEt avyxEX(}!flEVE<; JT(}OfJiat:t<;.
9 TIQBA. XAPAi\AMITAKH, NeoeU1}vtx6<; A6yo<;, OEA. 43 (unoo. 16).

374

~L

'lfOJJS 1DX lj:JlfJW 'dOIJ 'Unl 'J:JUUp '{MfJJ:J 'WfMS 'dPfS ')[fUM 513g'(
511 3TI ''13 ZL ''(3D 'UOfJTJ{SUfJJ.L ]0 J:JfJ:Jflld puu ;{JOJIJ.L Jlj.L '~E!8V l. I VOIN AClJl DTIA13Ql)>OD1f Ol1DX ''(S: I
'13 VII ''(30 'Jjfllj:JSUJSS!Mlj:JfJJdS pun
UfJSJf!nMJqlj:JfJJdS '~EIDOVD rl.OllliftOlfl)> 5D]Ol3TITIO.OD Stu nlilll~~ Ol31i l)>X113XO ~X11301D AU11DX ''(\:)Oil Zl

'vLZ ''(30 'DJ/..O"(ODDroYJ (lxultOroJe IUD (l/..ro/..XJD1;I 'NOl.~OH~VA\-H)IVUUIVI<I> ''(\:)Oil !!

-~1(1.)) Snli ~A0'(113U1Dl3~l)>'(OX ne (1.019 ~xogouo. 01DJD'(lf 0'(

- ll'('(l)>lDX Ol13D~Aao.011illg 31io.oX? DA pxon 'mop:xhoorlw ooum; ~5Dxapo SilOuop o1o9url3mx nli9xn 'a1
-ou~guo 31i(tOlf DA 31i(toool1i (Amll)>Till10lf llDDOdll)>l31i lllD mx 'DOl)>) llDll]Olf Alll3:- T.L ''(3D 'uo!JUfSUTJl.LJO
J:JfJ:Jflld puu AIOJIJ.L JLU '~3HVl./VGIN SllD]l3 ''(\:)01 .,)JumnapJfi JJlj:J!fJUJ'JJ{JiJ,, pun ,.JJ'JfpllJ!JS, UJlj:JSfMZ
JfMOS .. 'JumnapaqapJN, pun- .. 'JumnapJqlj:JfJJdS, 'MZq - JJWOUO}nfl 1/JUOfJ)[UnJ UJlj:JSfMZ 'UJpfJlj:JSJJJUn
.. 'JumnapJfi JJlfJnJXJJUO)/, pun .. 'JumnapJfi, JJlj:J!fJUJ'JfJ UJlj:JSfMZ SJdJS pun UfJ 'JUfl.JUV UOA gnw
uuw 'Jff!Jlf
uapJaM JJJfZ!JfJJPU! .. aw;{uou;{s, stu 'uuu)[ uap1aM uaqa_uq:Jsa'Jnz 'Jumnapau Jlf:J!fJ!JlJU!J
JUfJ lj:JOUUJp UJUJp 'UJWJO:f UJUJpJflj:JSJJA Jfp sua'Jpqn JfM OSUJQJ 'UJlj:JJJdS JfUOljdOWOH UOA
UTJWJlflP .. uaJq[IJnzpnJnZ, aq:JuJdS 1ap JJJ;\\ uaq:J!fJ!JlJU!J uaufJ.Jnu WJO:f JJUfJ ua'JumnapaqapaN Jl/fl 'JS!
lj:J!f'J.QWUn 'J!fiQA SJ UUJM 'JS.Iij :LSI ''(3D 'J.Jfllj:JSUJSSfMlj:JfJJdS JUfJWJ'JIIV Jfp Uf 'JU11.11JnJU!i1 ' ni~3SO:::> ''(\:)Oil 0 I

sua

:A'),OOO:uri ACDri(),ACDArtD A(J)013D i\(1)1 U'{ilri

"D.L 153DD<))"( J. 511 53"(9 3D 539'Q1"(1X ArtOXO'Qllrt ' CDA'Ql"00"01 10 5CD19 'ACDri(),ACDArtD 5?0 -13D 'm13"("("Qt)m3ri S<))xom9 rtol mx 53oO<))"(A 5?X1ortdl 511D rtoA?rioX31031-51,tdloori
ltD?XD Lt1 13~10U1X"DO"DX rtOl ' Zl 5D1013ririrtD"D 5lt1 ltOCD"(I,t9X3 13"(3101"0 - D1rirtACDrio
lt 1DX "DJ'liltOrt"(Ol lt 1DX '31DCD"("('Q 'SCDl9 - "D1rirtACDArtD lt 119 rtOA?ri093V' oriD9X
/\OlD 13XO'Q1rt 11'QX 01 91rt"D l,t 50101'QX 0 591rt"D 1}.91313 OA9ri 1DX OA9ri ''91901"01\"D 1DX
9xnx 13"(nxoo1 11'QX 1,t 5o101'QX 119 13A1DriltD 5Llri?1AXJ'KA 'SoaXJF}?Yrhomrw'K 'S01X::w
-Jq 'SXJF}(I. YXJ'KorftXJ'K 'SoaXJ~(I.ooaoa). 1XaXJ 'Sll~(l.oooa). '5oa3XJ1ta'KXJ'K 'SoaXJq9uo'K
-1D1XJ'K '5Ll0Jorlo;-m'K (5Lly9-) 5oy31A9'KXJ'K '50'K1~JOO'KXJ'K 'SoXrt19'KXJ'K '5oXmp "D1"(1X
-1o1t l,tx1Ao"(01DnriltDox1~3"( 39 Lt .13"("(JX101 5ro3D'Q1A3 59rieng o 5nJollo 5Lt1 'l,t9rto1D
91"0 1"Dl3~JOU1X"DODX 11'QX l,t 5o101'QX 119 13A)Drilto 59'K11Llriao 'ttroAJ31t3 '59'K11DXJ1F}
'50D3rlp '5rt01t(I.'Kro '5oOXJ991tOOOALlOA 'SOJXJrloaq '501pX301 '5o).ao).Jq '59).ao). '5(1.XXJ1
'5oao).~(J). "D1"(1X101 l}.X1!.0"(01D"DriltDOX1~3"( lt X"( : Arori(I.MI)ArtD XJJ931t 3rirtOD?"("DX
-01"0 511 "DA 3ri"DD(),OOO:uri "08 5?1rt"D 5?013D 511 - ACD9'QAOri A<))X11X3"( ACDri(),ACDArtD '5?0
-13D 530lt"(X9"(0 'Q"("("D 'nrirtA<))ArtD '9"(1"0 OA9ri 1X9 MOXO'Qllrt 53DD<))"(A. 511 53"(9 3S:
' 11 1}.X103ri 1DA131}.1rt"D "D)rirtACDMD lt 'l,t!.0"(113 U"("(J;l Alt11,t "D1ri lt1 3101DJ;JX3 i\rtOA )OX

-001 rt01 '531AOAJ;JO"D1 5'),0X1ACDA10X Srt01 1DX 5rtOdl(), rt01 0931)13 01 J;JOOdl"D 11'9
3D Srto1 '),~"D13ri J;JOodlm9 1D13A<))lD11D19 DA9ADX J;JWX 119 '5CDri9 'rtOA?ri0939 .OA3ri
-13x11An 0191

ow

1"DlAOO?dlnAn 1}.91313 'nrirtA<))ArtD J;JX1dlnoA1031 "013"(?1 mA13 5rtoA

I 11)1D, ' .. rtlDJ;l I U"(91, ' .. 50"("DXD

1 J'rlroc!L, X"( :nrilt9A 9X1dlno!.1031

-'),3~ 38'QX rt01 513~?"( 0(),9 10 'll"('X .. "DJX10 '50XJO

-11919

1 So"(nXDJ;J9,

' .. 5990

1 5ori909,

0191 01 3'rl (Snorto~_nXon SLt1 l,t

I mx)

' .. 50lOJ;J

5nort0(),30"D8"DX 5Lt11DX 51,tx11orilt9 5Lt1 ACD3~?"(

LtA')-3~ "OlD 1D1J;l1A"D1"D 5D1rirtACDArtD 51,tX103ri UDCD11)031 "DDO<))"(A I}.X1AU"("(3 AU1S:

01 maJXJrhoortm XJOltDp* l,t5XJ'Kapo 5110uop 01091fri3* -1m130M3 'oA9"( 9X1AOA"DX 3D
- 3'li(),01 "DA 3'li(),OOO:uri 1A39rt0 ,13 J;l"("("D 'Jrfrorft 001tDp 1DX Jrlrorft 9'Krt3y J;JX11X"D"("("DA3

3ri?"( "DA A3ri 1300:uri 119138D1AO"("DA"D 5D 'ACDri'),ACDArtO ACD1'),"(01D 1X9 AD 'ACD13"(31 AOlD
-1XJ;J"(rt01 5oA')-3~ 1DAJ3 ..5o01DJ;J 159M3"(, 5oA')-3~ 01119 ]31 DA

pwmg 5o1010 'AO"(

-"(J;Jt)1031 9X1A3ri13x 01 13~)"01 owo 9X11AnriltD 5n1riMCDMD 5Lt1 ltDCD111031 Alt1S:

~VIWAN~NH ~Hl

HVI3: Vl

'W!S!rod 'S;'JlfJfnJSOcf ilUfUTJ;'JW

9L
'dVN~V)

171

nriroJ~D 9X1A0'(010Dlilto 01 (),OcDV .. SD01t\1), 1DX ..109A.D, DlDriri~'( D13TiilOclt"I)OA103ll

Dt\ SJoroX <,,Soucnoe"'"9x =N1Dllx, (A! nriro)~D o1 31illoi.."I)Mo D'(OX')-3 <,,Sourooe"'"9x =
sno1t\"9x,
mx ..sno1t\"9x = 1o9A.nx, <,,1o9A.nx = 19mux, (! nmriq>1~n "9x1A.o'(01o
-Drilto CTl0~1(Y)t\D D1 91LD Xu .53'('(1)) 9llD J38XD~3 Dt\ poouri t\Dl9 'S130~Xo 511 5~1ilD
91LD t\D10ll1)X 3'1iilocltp'(DODll - Sn)'liOt\OX10 SiLOA9'( mi. - Dt\ 't\0031().39 'mx Somri
-~~3'( 381))X il01 t\CTl30~Xo t\qJX1A0'(010Drilto t\CTl1 O'(Ot\(),0 01 3'1iilOclt"I)OA103ll Dt\ 't\01
-qJOll '31i(),OOOuri D1DriqJ1~D 1))X1A0'(01DD'lillD D1 1))1ilD 3~ 'DJTIMCTlt\ilO 13~1))0cDX3 ilOll
nriroJ~D 9X1A.o'(ownrilto Dt\~ 1D13~1))1olloonu - Sct01 513o~ox S11 9un t\01D1X"I)'(ct01
DJ'li 3o - .. soucnoe"'"9 1 Sno1t\1)), 1nx .. sno1t\"9 1 1o9A.n, <,,1o9A.n 1 Jqmu, ltA.')-3~ m~

em

en

' 13~gMO 91ClD ctOll t\qJ10DriltO O(),g t\CTl1 D10M~ t\U1 9llD
t\ltxl.."l)t\D ,1nx 13~oooun SnJouo Slt1 Dl38~'(D Lt s~elt'(n Ltocn'(~g scn m11)t\ct3o3 mx
(DJ'liMro1t\D 'DJ'liMcnMo 'DJ'liMrorio 'DJ'liMCTlllil) Somri~~3'( il01 S13o~Xo S~x1A.o'(
-o1onrilto S11 9llD DJri 13~1))ocbx3 Sq>enx 't\CTl11)rilt~3'( t\ro1 S~riog S~x1A.o'(o1onrilto
Slt1 Sro301))10ctoonu ogoe~ri DJri 13o~cbooou Snri 'p 1dume;) JJopn'M t\01 QllD 3xlte
-1))1001! ctOll '(S;J]"fl[n:JSOd ::J{JUflW;}S) Arolprfro1~pJ MfJX1tt0'(01DDrflto t\CTl1 DJOro38 H (H

vx .. D1t\~uri I ~01il0'( ~103~ I ~ri038,

' .. S1))13'(ctog 1 SnJonA.o3 53x~eMo, xu .lto31~gcto mmwJenx ~oocbmg ~x1A.o'(01D
-nrilto Lt nou9 'D1t\0'('(~)1o3u ~x1oocn'(A. S~oocb S~x1o31i 31i~1t\DMo 'Sro1t\~ll
'q>g3: VX ..(~,{DJtOD 1X9 1DX) ~ACTlADllD DJOClOX3, ',,t\qJX1'(ct t\CTl1 (Dlltl9X1lX3(jAD
1X9 1DX) ~X01t\D, ',,S~riogox10 (ltoror/ti)AD 1X9 mx) lt003A~t\D, ' .. ().001DX ct01
(ltr/!,3'([/901t 1X9 mx) ltOCTlt\A90ll, ' .. SltX')-1 Slt1 (DJrhltyoo3rf 1X9 mx) D10t\().3, Xu
.S13o~Xo S~xnnriA.mMo Sn 9llD J31!Dt\Dll 't\CTl11)1ilt~3'( t\CTl1 mlt19X11DDilgMo
Lt1 9un 't\O'('(~g1o3u 9x1oocn'(A. o1 91LD S1Lo1 ~clt1M9un t\lt1 ~ ~A.o'(m3 t\lt1 Soou
Scn 1D1t\O~Jriecto Dt\- Scn3o~wnmxouct (SLtrioogJcbrin) mLt191DMq 31i t\cn3o~Xo
t\qJX1A0'(01DDrilto t\qJX11DTIA139DODll SogJ313'(310llD DJTIMCTlMO lt 119 ct0t\~riog3V (A
mx .SltoltA.9'(01~D S~x1mriltemnt\cto S~X1t\3TI13XOllct Slt1 DJOctoun t\lt1
l}, 1 mx D)Octoonu t\lt1 Soou Scn Moo~cbmq l}, Scn3o~oX ng3ll)ll3 ~X113oocbmq 30
t\ILOXl},t\D [}, l},q13ll3 '~X1AO'(OcDil DlD10~cDDO 1Dt\)3 DTIMqJMO DOOcD~19 D1 <!l93: VX
..1011oox 1 ct'(l}.e, <,,Snclt~'()l 1 So11o"9w, ' .. SoX().oMori 1 Sot\~rimXctot\Ct3, ' .. S9t\riD

LL
'SOI13NN0)! I N3ll!G

"1C3 SL "'(3D 'ii'unzJ;]SJ;Jq{} J;Jp ;JW;JfqOJd ;llJ:JSfJS!nii'un

"'() (..U;JlUll!JllAtplUdS,.) .. A(!l.\D'('(DODlC Aql1<1DDrrJ'(.\,. Arrl1 mi~g 0.\0'(9TIO 01 Dlj 91
s~o<Xbmg s~x1.\o'(O<bct53Aari9.\a'( 51113cfu;t'(DX DAm.\ ..s~o<Xb

-mg 5~J<1000D1Q,. 009 A01 303()D901C ' "1C3 08 "'(3D '"IJfJOJS!H ;J "IJ)UOJlj:J"IJfG '"IJ)UOJlj:JUfS 'nJN3SO::> 0 - "513D1'(1<
-OlCD 10 1DJ< ltOltJOlCOOO<bmg ~1<1DOrrJ'(.\ lt 1Dl3~"(>30U1C3 D)OlCO AU191CD '5~riog 5~J<1ArrlA101< 5lt15Dllt191<0'(1C
-ct'(OlC S9rigug o ~QD'(ltg sooqJX S9x1ArrJA1ox o 1D13cb"Qo.\1o31C DJDrrJOlDmg 1DJOrrlOlDctO SoN;t.a~ 9X113911AD
013TI .13X~1031C ClOlC Arrl1~'(D1Q Aql1<1ArrlA101< Arrl11DX A(l)ql01ltri Arrl1 0'(01\(tD 010 DDO(!l'(.\ lt 1DAJ3 ~1<11C01D1Q
(!JA3 '("lC'("J< DDOqJ'(.\ ~1<1AX310.\0'( 'cto.\9'( r\01 SOcD(t) Slt1 "(llDTI~TI1 D'('("(l Dl 5001C 3101A"(l1C D1QJ1DX DA~rio
-100 1DAJ3 "QX1101olt1xoouX "QX1riog "QX103l(l)D3 m rroJOlCO rro1 'SDDD<!J'(.\ Slt1 uri~ri139"QX 1DAJ3 9X11C01MD
:SDDD<!J'(.\ Slt1 Somri~wrrD (tOX103lrrJ~ cto1ltOO'("QAD ~x1.\0'(01Cct1 Alt11DX ~oo.\1031! Alt1 m.\ Scto'(lt'('("QlDX
'Somri~lOrlD (tOX1/,0'(010M3 cto1 Sctoo9 Sm ..DJOrrlolDmg 1DJOrrl010ctO,. mx .. DJll01D1Q 1DJlCOlMD,. Sct009

Sct0113AJ31001C ' W!SSlld ';JJnJ:JnJJS J;JUU[ SJ! ljJfM p;,J:J;JUUO:J S[ SflJL SA"IJ,M ;JljJ purJ ;Jii'rJnii'U"IJj fJ JO W;JJSAS
f"IJW;JJXii ;JljL 'HOHVIEID aJ 0 ."1C3 0J7Z "'(3D ';,nii'Ul1f ;,p JfJliJ,/1;} ;JfAJS ;}f ;}JJU;J SJJOddrJJ SUf"IJJJ;J:J Jns S;JnbJ"IJW

-;JH 'lVQA1:1 o 13AJ31001C Srr01 .. S~oocbmg S~X11DrirrJOlOD1Q,. 1DX .. S~oocbmg S~X1ll01D1Q,. Sct009 SctO.L Sl

-TJ{p) XJ1XJri~lDfW011rt

"f?XWXJ!hmq DA3ri9A3"{ DlD 53A3ri9ADAD '5ctOcD0- 5?00cDD19 1DX

MOX0"91!ct 1.01? 'A<yl1U"{1riO A(l)1 0931!11!3 9X1A(l)A10X 01.0 53A3ri9"{13cDO ~ 5?X01031! 530
-OcD"919 3.0 53AW<yllADl!D 5?00cDD19 MOX0"91!ct 5(1)1!9 'Drilt.1.00-.0 9X1.0.0(l)"{A DA? 3.0 D.O?W
"9 1(""9"X

A(l)09AUX19 'A(l)9"90Dcft

'A<yl1D11X) A(l)3~"91 A<yJX11Dri"{3AAD1!3 1DX (5DJD"{03A 'A<yl191Dl! 'A<y>X1DMA 'A<yl09AD)

.. A(l)9"9riO A<ylX1A0"{01), A(l)A?ri10X3XAct.O 5ctOcD0- ct01 5?X11D10U1XXJODX 1DAJ3 'D9"9l
-1010 ~X1"{DOct01"{ctOX01A(l)A1ox ~1nn AlL1 mx D1ri 3.0 mlA<y>1ADl!D 119AO"{Ori 'nol!
5?00cDD19 5?X1.0.0(l)"{A 10 53"{9 mx 1DlA0~1AO"{ DA 131?01! 5?X1.0Dcbmv s15(l)3.0"90cDX3
A(l)l901 A(l)1 D1"{1X101! AUl.D 53A3ri9~11!01i\3 'A11.0?1ct01 '5?00cDD19 :5iJOOihD1q
5iJXWXJihmq (A. mx .5mlt.19A10X 5~x1.0.0(l)"{A 5"91ri38DX 5lt.1 A(l)9"9l1ol.D A<y>X1"{DO
-ct01 "{ctOX01A(l)A 10X A(l)1 0-~Dl3ri 53A3ri0-01.011!"019 '101~ '5?00cDD19 :5iJOOihD1q
5iJX1Wri(l)OlDD1q (g .oo<y>X 9X1cDDOA(l)3A AOl.D 53A3ri9"{13cDO '~9D"{U9 '5?00cDD19
:SiJooihmq Spo11o1mq (n :A<y>oocbm9 A<y>X1031(l).03 A(l)1"91cteng 5ct01!0-1 5139<!>1"{
-3ri38 51301 D.O.O<yl"{A ~X100l.D1 38"9X 3.0 3rict0.011!01A3 DA 3ri0-0001!ri DA 31.0<yl '1.01?
5D1"{1X101! 5lt.1 opX101.0 01 53.0.0<yl"{A 5?1<1001.01 511 53"{9 3.0 13A"9001! '5ct01 0-~Dl3ri
"9X100l.D1 1D1A0?9Act.O ctOl! 'A(l)3.099DOD1! A<ylX1.0.0(l)"{A A(l)1 Oct1X19 OXO"{l0-"{01! 1DX
9AXctl! O.L j13A1Dlrict.O 'Dl.D1"{"9ri '013811AD 01 .5~A3A010riO 5(1)0~"{1! iJlOl! 1DAJ3 A39
~1ctD ~X1AX31 lt - "l!"{'X ;Ji/TJni!UTJ{ qs!{i{U;J 'TJUTJ{{TJJf TJni!UJ[ ';Jq:JTJJdS ;Jq:JSJn;}p 'JinK

.ffiDI:J:JAd v.o.o(f)yJ... !iX1AUyy3

-n~1olt1xnonX 5u noll no1?811!3 no1 5(l)3.o~oX 5lt1 m9

531lt19A3 5?X1AD91 5(l)lA9 5(1) A<y>.O.O(l)"{A A(l)"{"{"9 5?1lt"{1rio 5no1 91!D mx 0.09 5no1
5?1lt"{1rio 50-0X1.oncb 5no1 91!D 0.091 1D1A0~11nm 53101!0 10 mx 531lt19A3 5iJX1AD91
5(1) "9X100l.D1 J38X1"{3~3 mx J38.011DriltX.o MOXiJ 53101!0 10 '53.0.0<yl"{A 511 53AJ3X3
'~9D"{lt.9 '53"{9 3.0 - 53.0.0<yl"{A 5?X100l.D1 511:{ "ct0A9"{ ct01 ~X1AX31 ~X1AOOXAct.O 5(1)

D.O.O<yl"{A lt 1DAJ3 5D.O.O<yl"{A 5mri 5~cbDOA1031! 5~x1ri09 5lt.1 OA3riJ3X11AD A91D(l)AA 5?5 (J

'(!!! 1DX (!! D1Dri<y>1~D J?X1A0"{01.0Drilt.o D.03ri"919A3

00-9 Dl 3rictOcftJ3"{DOD1! DA 131!iJ0111!3 5Dri 0101!0 01 '(A! Dri(l)1~D 9X1A0"{01.DDrilt.o OlD
1"0131!?"{)001! ctOl! 1l"9X '501!(l)08A"9 1DA13 J91Dl! 01 119 3rictOA1D031!rict.O '501!(l)08A"9
mA 13 5D01A"9 o 119 13~1oo (!!! Dri(l)1~D 9X1A0"{01.DDrilt.o 01 mx '5D01A"9 mA 13
109AD 01119 13~100 (!! DTI(l)1~D 9X1A0"{01.0Drilt..o 01 '109AD 1DA13 191"01! 01119 13~100 (!
~VIYV.. N15NH ~Hl

HVI3 Vl

ywc; LOU 1QOJLOU, !LE LOV OJLOLO EJLL~aAAE1Ul va EX.cpgao8d - x.m EmAEyEL W EX.aOL01 Ucpoc; LOU, acpo'll Aa~EL UJLO'\jJ11 10U 6A.a La 660!-tEVa (111V EX.1L!LT]OT], JLOU 1QEcpEL, i]
111V asLOAOYTJOT], 01T]V OJLO(a JLQO~aLVEL, LOU OUVO!LLAT]1rl LOU, LO aVLLX.EL!LEVO LOU
rnLxmvwvwx.ou 6to!LOU, LO ~aS!-!-6 1TJ 6TJ!LOOL01TJLU<; LOU rnLx.mvwvLax.ou yyov6LO
x..a.) 1TJ EmxoLvwvLaxr]c; x.maowo11c;, 01TJV ono(a ~Q(ox.E1m i] Sa ~QE8EL
Ta 6LacpaoLxa unoouo1i]!Law anaVLwv1m ow 6Lacpoga rn(n6a 111<; yA.wooac;: oLO
cpwvT]nx.6 1cpwvoA.oyLx6, oLO !LOQcpoouv1ax.nx.6 x.m oLO A.e!;Lx6 rn(n6o. ILO A.E!;Lx6
m(m6o 1TJ<; yA.wooac; avr]x.ouv x.m 1a (!LEQLXW) ouvwvwa, 1a ono(a, !LOA.ov6n
OT]!La(vouv LO (6LO referent, OE aA.A.a yA.womx.a JLEQL~aAAOVLa dvm, 6nwc; i]6T] dna!LE, OUVWVU!La x.m 0 ana OXl, OJL01E 6EV dvm YEVlX.W !LELas'll LOU avnx.ma01aLa.
0 !LELacpQa01i]<;, JLOU avayx.a~ELUl va X.aVEL XQrlOT] OUVWVU!LWV EX.cpQaOEWV OLO
!LELacpQaO!La LOU, ocpELAEL, zaQLV 1T] EJLLLEUsEW<; 'llcpouc;, va A.a~aVEL UJLO'\jJT] LOU 1T]
AELLOUQy(a 1wv 6Lacpamx.wv unoouo1T]!La1wv !LEOa 0111 yA.wooa, avayvwg(~oVLac; EV
naoT] JLEQLmwoEL, 6!-tW, 6n o x.aSE o1uA. anaVLwVLm 16oo 6LaLOmx.c; 6Lacpogc;
(6T]Aa6i], WrO DLaAEXTOV aTOXeia) 000 X.Ul 6La01QW!LaLLX.E 6LacpOQE (i]LOL, XOVWV0AeXW i] xotvwvtxet; bu!Aexrm), 66o!Lvou 6n oL 6LacpoQE LOLOQLxc; yA.wooE<;
6EV OQL~OUV JLOLE EVa EVLaLO YAWOOLX.O OUOLT]!La, aA.A.<i va "6LaOUOLT]!La", LO OJLOLO
E(vm LO EL LO anELgov 1E(vov ouvoA.o 1wv En( !LEQouc; 6wA.x1wv, yA.womxwv
Emn6wv xm ngoowmxwv EmA.oywv yA.womxouucpouc;.
16o1J !LEQLXa naga6LY!LaLa OUVWVU!LLa EV OXEOH JLQO 1a 6Lacpoga 6LacpaOLXa
unooumiJ!Lma: naga6dy!Lma eUnvtxa: "~E~m61TJ1a 1 aocpaA.ELa I oLyougLa I myouga6a I nrno(ST]OT]", "~ou~6c; I aA.aA.oc; I aA.aAT]10 I a!LLAT]10 I acpwvoc; I !L01JYY6<;",
"6La~O!La I avayvwaT] I !LAE1T]", "6T]AT]1T]QLW6T]<; I L0~6A.oc; I cpaQ!LaXEQ6<; I LO!;Lx6c;"
naga6dy!Lma ayyA.ma: "marriage I wedding/ wedlock", "money I brass" , "cinema I
pictures", "clever I intelligent I sharp" naga6ELY!LaLa yaUtxa: "mort I decede I creve",
"bouche I guele", "camarade I copain", "laid I moche", "s'ennuyer I s 'emb~ter", "habiter
17 nQ~A . SCHLIEBEN-LANGE, Soziolinguistik, OEA. 76.
18 ~HJV Iw/.la, alcpVTJ<;, J.lEXQL JtQ6ocpa-ra- uJt6 ll'JV EJtLQQOi) "Q1'JlOQEU6vlwv" JtOLl')nilv 6Jtw<; o Giosue
Carducci - XQ1'JOL}.lOJtOLOUVtaV OLOV JtaQatanx6 tWV Ql')J.lUlWV aJtOXAELOlLXU OL xawAi)~EL<; -ea xm -ia (A.X.
avea, parria), EVW OL1'JV xa81'}J.lEQLvi) y/.wooa oL xa-raAi)~EL<; am<; Elxav avnxa-rama8El arr6 n:o/./.ou XQ6vou arr6 n<; xa-raAi)~EL<; -eva xm -iva (t..x. aveva, partiva) 10 am6 GWE~mvE xm J.lE n<; /.t~EL<; augel/o (=
nov).) xm alma(= 1JilJX17), m on:olE<; XQ1'JOLJ.lOJtOLOUvtav avtl1wv xmvwv A~Ewv uccel/o xm anima avtlotmxa. 0L lUJtOL amol XaL OL AE~EL<; am<; OJtavlw<; Exavav ll')V EJ.lcpUVLoi) lOU<; OE XEl}.lEVa JtEl;,OyQa(jlLXU.
19 nQ~A. COSERIU, Einflihrung in die Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaf't, GEA. 284.

378

6L
m 0~ "'{30 'U0!11JJ;JJci.I;JJU[ }0 SW!V ;JI[~ 'H:)S~IH .l.C3 9L "'{30 ';JWAUOUAS J;Jp W;JfQOJJ wnz '~390\'9 "'{gOll

OZ

01DJD"{li 010 59'rlD100103li 50A?'rlD1001QDOOli mx S~dmo SDA? r)"{"{D '~I..O"{X3 'A3XCtl? Sm

mx ~xn '310li~qmouo m'rl mAp A3Q ~1..0"{11!3 ~x1I..O"{Od:>illl119 Sm3D~lllgmd:>'rln Sllor;u
ADO?li 1D138)1 'r)1Dil30 SmX9~3 1DA13 Sllmoxr;1q Sll1 n109 D1119AO"{OJt\l "A<Jl1DD'rlllo
Amo9d:>mq Q,~m3'rl 1D1J3A1x DA ~QD"{llQ ~x1/.oyocbn llrt ~

1 mx

'53'rlilA<JlMD Q,"{Oli

-0/..1"{ 1DAJ3 ilOli 'A(l)1~10A3 Q,~D13'rl 1D13~J00103li DA 101~ '~X1AO'(Ocbrt 1DAJ3 DA 1300li'rl
A(l)'ri'),A(l)AilD A(l)l O"{OAQ,D 01 9liD Sltonod:>X? OA9'rl Sm'rl ~1DDOci:>D13'rl ilOl ~/..0"{11!3 H
"UlD<JlAADAD 1 ~wooxn mx ~wnod:>m3'rl 1 ~1ll"{1'rlo 513D?XD Su- Am"{90
A<JlX1A(l)A10X Aml Smi..9"{DAD- mx 53X~8MD 5?X1DDm"{l.. S11 (/.. mx 'Smll19A10X
S~x1oom"{l.. Sr;1'rl38DX Sll1 DOQ,Ol "{ilOX Alll mx DJ001D1 Altl 9liD mx 009 r)lD1omX

SnDD<;l"{l.. 38r)X Sll1 llomAr;I..Oo Alll 9liD 0091 MOlliQ,XOOli ilOli ("u"{ x S~xuxm
-oAm<I> Sll1) 5ClO'rl9A 5Q,OX1Q13 (g '("u"{x ilOJ93li Q,OX1DDm"{l.. 'Sm3D?811AD 'Smll1
-910'rl0 513D?XD) SllomAr)AOO S~x1'rloq Slll ~ 5D1A0"{01DD'rlll:r Sll1 5ilO'rl9A SQ,OX1A31.. (D
:91!D 3Q 1DlA0~1001QDOOli '9'rl9Dt) O"{r)l..3'rl 3D Ail0"{"{1X10li opX101D 9X1DD(l)"{A 38r)X
mi.. 'ilOl 5?I..O"{X3 Suo JO'rlD100103li 10 pliDADli 'ilOl 5?1..0"{11!3 10 'Am'riQ,AmMD Jli3
Sm191 ilOA?'rl13xoou '119 13~1omAI.. nA mAp ~wnod:>m3'rl 01 mi.. 9X11AD'rlllo ilOD1 ~3:

ox11p1kmrrl 1'0AJ3 Jrlrom 01 Sm n~r;od:>n13'rllll r)"{"{D

'm~rlro1x1yllmAJ3 Jrlrorfl, 01* Sm O!JUTJJS? ;:)UTJd I! Ltom9oli ~X1"{D11 All113~-,;>od:>m3'rl

A3Q 1DX 101? 'OX11l)J1km.crt 1'011.]3 Jrlrorfl, 01 13?"{ r)"{"{D 'OA~riro1X1'(U1VAJ3 Jrlrorfl, 01* X'{
13?"{ A3Q 'DAO~r) 9X11D'rl/..13QDODli AOlD (l)Ar)li3 13"{?8 ~AO"{X3 310li~QD10li0 13Ar)X DA
SDlA<Jlooli'rl All'rl 'SllD1li3 'Smu9 -9103~ mAJ3 Jrlrorfl, 01 Sm r)"{"{D 'Jrlrorfl, 1'0AJ3 01 9103~*
I! UDD190li ~X1"{Dl1 AU1 13~r)Od:>m3'rl A3Q mx 101? 'Jrlrorfl, 1'011.]3 01
m/..9"{ DAO~r)
Sm Op[TJ:J

;:)UlJd

9W3~* X'{ 13?"{ A3Q 'A(l)A?'riOQ3Q A(l)1 5mll19X1XOQD1Q Sll1 DA9ADX ilOl

9X11D'rll..mAilD AOlD mA-,;>1!3 13"{?8 9'rlomqAilD 310li~QA01ouo 13Ar)X DA SDlA<JlOOli'rl

All'rl 'Smuo "101D109103lin mAp A3Q 119 910mAI.. 1DA13 Sm3~r)1MD 53Ao~r;
SilOlD mAr;m ~wnod:>m3'rl il01 5?I..O"{X3 10 mx 10'rlDDilQAilD 10 nX10lD11AD 5?I..O"{X3
3D mx SQ,O'riDDilQAilD 3D 13AJngoou DA M01f?011li3 (ilOl) ilOli mx (9X11D'rll..13qnonu
AOlmx 9X11D'rll..n1AilD AOl) Sm3~r)1MD 53Ao~r; OQ,Q SilolD 1D1A0~1oo ilOli 513D?XD
53A?'riD100 3'rl DA(l)ffi'riQ,D DlD'rlQ,All'rl r)X100(l)"{A D1 1300-,;JlAilD '13~r)Od)X)13'rl AD19 '1DX
1Dl? 'J3"{1'rlo AD19 'Smu9 119 1DA13 ~1Dnod:>m3'rl ilOl llD<;lM Sllq<;l1"{3'rl38 mx lll<;lOll (V
..gJBII;)l[BS 1;}JBll;}QWB'as 1gm!'i3'3giiOJ 1;}JBZJ;}tps, '.,B.unz 1B!['a!dBJBd 1guo!SnJum,
' ..BU!AOJ U! ;}JgpKl 1 !S11llSBn'i3 1 gJpow 1 gJpgd, ' .. gJgpJgds!p 1 ;}JBU!W;}SS!P 1 ;)JB!['i3Bd
-JBds 1 gJg'i3JBds, :px1ym1 nw'rll..pqnonu mx ... gJp[Bfoq 1 osowB::Jsg 1 opBq::Juo::Jsgp,
1 BJS;)lJO::J 1 BJlU;)[BA, ' .. opnlBlS;}l 1 O::Jl;:)l, ' .. gwnJlgd 1 B!JUB'i3B1J,
1 JOWB 1 oppgnb, :px1MJltD1 mn'rll..pqnonu ... ;JHmBd.L:J:J;J9f q.L:Jorr;JW:Jf
' .. BJl;)lUB[B'a
' ..opnugsuo::J

q.L:JOdgBdXj OH.L:J;))KAW, ' .. ~.nqHwAID:J;J9f ~IqH~O}!Oll:J j ~HXH.L, ' .. ~rqHh;Jll'd;J:Jj ~rqdgo:rt,

<,,oHqrr;J.LHW;Jd.L::Jf od.t:Jrqg, .. ~rqrr.L;JH:Jf ~rqH:JmK, .. ~rqdwx; ~rqHhBdw ; ~rqHw;J.L,

pxwroa nw'rll..pqnonu ... ugzlBJ){QB 1 U;))[::J;)Jl;}A 1 ugqJgls, ' .. ugJBI4::JSlU;) 1 ugqg'i3Jn1llp,

' ..gddB[)I 1 rnBJt\l 1 punw, '.,U;)JnBs 1 U;))[U!Jl, ',,ugssgJJ 1 ugs!gds 1 ugssg, ' .. u![qBW;)D
1 umBD 1 nBJ:J:, :l)JxMvrii'J3/. mn'rll..pqnonu .. ?!!P!WOp ;}JH 1 J;)P!S?J 1 J;}Jngwgp 1
~'v'IWA.NtlNH ~Hl

HVE! 'v'l

aavoa EQJrH TJ M~TJ "oauga" !lJ!OQEL va A<i~H mo ouyxEXQL~-tEVTJ ~-tOQcpi] avaA.oya ~-t
to JtQLXO~-tVO tT]c; 0~-tLA.tac;, to d6oc;, to !-tfY8oc; xm to XQW~-ta to1J EQJtEtoU x.A.n.

21 COSERIU, Eintlihrung in die Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, OEA. 172m., 199.

380

3.3.4.2

0P6Ao~ toov Luvwvu~wv ~tat t~~ Lxta~~

Luvwvu~(a~ at~ MEta~QaatL%~ ~LaOL~taa(a
Aile Systeme sind durch selektive Beziehungen mit ihrer Umwelt verknUpft, da sie geringere Komplexitiit aufweisen, also nie die ganze Welt flir
sie relevant werden kann. (... )Die Systemumwelt liiBt sich in gewissem
MaBe dadurch vereinfachen und immobilisieren, daB bestimmte Formen
der Erlebnisverarbeitung (Wahmehmungsgewohnheiten, Wirklichkeitsdeutungen, Wene) institutionalisien werden. Eine Vielzahl von Systemen
wird an gleiche oder korrespondierende Auffassungen gebunden, so daB
dadurch die Unendlichkeit an sich moglicher Verhaltensweisen reduziert
und die Komplementaritiit des Erwanens sichergestellt wird.
Niklas Luhmann 1

llOTEAEI XONL'1POEIL'1EHATH KOINOTOTIIA l] ano'\j!l] 6n l] j..lT<icpQaOl] ev 'tEAH

6ev fLVaL 'tLJto't af....f....o JtaQa j..lLa j..lOQCfJ~ "01JVWV1Jj..lLa~". To autaJt60HX'tO T01J
xov6Qon6ou~ tl]~ ano1J!n~ am~~ a~ llll 11a~ EllJtOOton, 611w~, va tnv anoxQo'\Joouj..l.
A~ 1;XLV~001J!lE j..l va aJtf....6 JtaQMHyj..la: H q;ikq flOV EXEL Jr(XL OTOV IUVr}flaTOYQacpo. Mta nf....nmotatl], av OXL xm n nf....nmotQl], ouvwwj..lLX~ ex6ox~ tl]~ JtQ6taon~ ami)~ etvm: H )'X6f1Va flOV eq;vy xm rwoa Eivm mvf1a. H M1;n "yx611eva"
Etvm, w~ yvwot6v, TO xmv6taTO ouvwvwo 'tTl~ f....1;n~ "cptf....n 1cpLf....eva6a", xm n M1;n
"OLVfj..la" TO -j..lJtOQOUj..l va JtOUj..l acpoBa- an6f....mo 01JVWV1J!l0 T01J "XLVl]j..laTOyQ<icpou". BeBatw~, av 8f....aj..lf va j..lE'taXHQLOTOUj..l 'tl]V aQXLX~ JtQOtaOl] T01J JtaQaOety-

LUHMANN, Zweckbegriffund Systemrationalitiit, OEA. 182m.

381

TT] AAT]VLXrl JtQOTaOT] dvm JtAT]OU~OLQc; O'tO VOT]j..ta 'tO'IJ JtQW'tOTUJt01J an6 6,n
dvm T] JtAT]OU~OtQT] EAAT]VLXi] O'IJVWV'Uj..LLXi] XDOXrl TT], JtQUyj..ta JtO'IJ cpaVQWVH 6n
OTT] j..tELUcpQaOT] aJt6 j..tLa sEVT] y/...wooa 0 j..tELacpgaaTr']c; 6La8TH JtOAU j..tyaf...UTQT]
A'1J8QLa XLVi]OWV xm mAoywv aJt6 6,TL OTT] Ay6j..tVT] V6oyAWOOLXi] j..tELUcpQaOT]. To ou~-tngaoj..ta am6 ytvnm vagyoTQO, av - xata w avwTEQW j..tV un66LY~-ta XLVOUj..tVOL, TQa~WVTat; Oj..tWc; Ta JtQUyj..taTa OXOJtlj..tWc; EW Ta axga- 8WQi]OO'Uj..t TT]V JtAT]OLEOtEQT] O'IJVWV'Uj..LLXi] XDOXrl tT]c; JtQOTaoT]c; H cpiATJ P,OV nrjye OTTJ cpiAT/ TTJ~ TTJ Maoia, TJ onota 6v j..tJtOQEL va dvm aAATJ an6 TTJV JtQ6TaoT] H yx6p,t:va
p,ov nrjye arTJ yx611eva TTJ~ TTJ Maoia!

382

8
"171 "'(3D 'J>[J[JJSJ;}!I U;}}lj:J[Ij:JS;}[) UJ 'ddVH)S

"1380100 Di\ i\01DAQ.9D 1Di\13 DTrirtA(l)ArtD H '

(~

(D

(g

Ltri10100 I ~10100 1DA13 i\39 5D1rirtA(l)i\rt0 l.tOiJXO H

(9
(/..

"1380100 DA 1300:U:ri i\39 D1rirtA(l)ArtO H

(3

(10

"Llli10100 I ~10100 l.tri 1DA13 5D1rirtA(l)i\rt0 UOiJXO H

Ltri10100 I ~10100 Ltri 1DA13 D1rirtA(l)i\rt0

"1380100 DA 13001!1i i\39 5D1riM(l)M0 UOiJXO H

Ltri1D100 I ~10100 1DA13 i\39 D1rirtA(l)i\rt0

: 5~~3- jA0101XX)'(rt01- 5(1) X)X1AU'('(3 DlD 3rirtoo

-X)OcbD13ri lt1 DA 3riQ.OOO:U:ri ~1rtD UOD190:U: AU], "JfJQld[U!Jdpun JS! J.ln!WAUOUAS

lt:0D190:U:

~X1ADri03A.

lt1 3rirtODX)OcbD13ri VN tiWAOXtl 110 tlWAOB80UA :S:

W
1r

AmTI ~MD Art~ Aql%1lDTITIDO

i\(l)l UODOll~l3w

LOt)
Lt)
Ll'])
L8)
x)
xa)
xB)
xy)
x6)
X)
XOt)
xt)
Xl'])
x8)
A.)
A.a)
A.B)
A.y)
A.6)
A.e)
A.ot)
A.t)
A.n)
A.8)
[l)

KavL~ ClEV ELVaL 0 8EOl'] va OQLOEL tl'] OXEOl'] OUVWV'U[lta~.

0L JtUVt~ a6uvatOUV va OQLOOUV tl'] OUVWVU[lta.
OL rravte~ a6uvawuv va ogioouv tll oxon ouvwvu[lta~.
~EV UJtUQXEL XCmOLO~ (JtOU) va [lJtOQEL va OQLOEL tl'] OUVWVU[lta.
~EV UJtUQXEL XUJtOLO~ (JtOU) va [lJtOQEL va OQLOEL tl'] OXEOl'] OUVWVU[lta~.
A6uvawuv 6A.oL I OL rravte~ va ogioouv tl'] ouvwvu[lta.
A6uvawuv 6A.oL I OL rravte~ va ogioouv tll oxon O'UVWVU[lta~.
~ev urr<iQXEL xavet~ I xaJtOLO~ (Jtou) va flJtOQEL va OQLOEL tll ouvwvwia.
~ev urr<iQXEL xavd~ I xarrmoc; (rrou) va flJtOQEL va OQLOEL tl'] oxon ouvwvu[ltac;.
0 OQLO[lO<; tl']<; OUVWVU[lta~ ClEV UJtUQXEL.
0 OQLO[lO~ tl']~ OXEOl']~ OUVWV'U[ltac; 6ev UJtUQXEL.
(ELVaL) aMJvatOV va 6o8L 0 OQLO[lO~ tl']~ OUVWV'U[lta~.
(ELvm) aMJvatOv va 6o8L 0 OQLO[lO~ tl']<; OXEOl']~ OUVWVU[lta~.
Mv urr<iQXEL (xavva~ I xarroLo~) tQ6Jtoc; OQLOflOU tll~ ouvwvu[-tta~.
Mv UJtUQXEL (xavva~ I XUJtOLO~) tQOJtO~ OQLO[lOU tl']~ oxonc; OUVWVU[lta~.
EAAELJtEL ll 6uvat6tl'jta OQLO[lOU tl']<; OUVWV'U[lta~.
EA.A.etJtEL ll OUVat6tl']ta OQLO[lOU tl']<; OXEOl']<; OUVWV'U[lta~.
AJtOUOLatEL JtaVtaJtaOLV 0 OQLO[lO<; tl']~ OUVWVU[lta~.
AJtOUOLatEL JtaVtaJtaOLV 0 OQLO[lO~ tl']<; OUVWVU[ltac;.
EA.A.etJtEL ll Ouvat6tl']ta EUQEOEW<; tQOJtOU OQLO[lOU tl']~ OUVWVU[ltac;.
EAAELJtEL ll 6uvat6tl']ta EUQEOEW~ tQOJtOU OQLO[lOU tl']~ OXEOl']<; OUVWVU[ltac;.
~EV U(j)LOtataL OQLOtOtl']ta I OQLOL[lOtl']ta tl']<; OUVWVU[ltac;.
~EV U(j)LOtataL OQLOtOtl']ta I OQLOL[lOtl']ta tl']<; OXEOl']~ OUVWVU[lta~.
Hvm aMJvatl']ll OQLOt6tnta I OQLOL[lOtl']ta tl']~ ouvwvwia~.
ELvm aMJvatl']ll OQLOt6tl']ta I OQLOL[l6tnta tnc; oxon~ ouvwvwiac;.
( ... )

2:ta[lat<i[l otnv twoagaxooti) ex6oxi), BBmoL 6vtec; 6tL o xataA.oyoc; flJtOQEL va

[laXQUVEL XL UAAO, avaA.Qywc; tWV EXUOtOt OUVU(j)aLVO[lEVWV XaL tOU U(j)OU<; tOU
XEL[lEVOU, OtO OJtOLO ll JtQ6taOl'] toU JtaQa6ety[lat6~ [lac; EVtaOOEtaL. Av ll aQXLXi)
YEQ[laVLXi) JtQ6taon i)tav Synonymitiit ist nicht definierbar, oev 8a eyevvato rrg6BA.nfla otn [letacpgaon Myw tll~ aA.A.ayi)c; wu rrgo8i)[lato~ un- fl w agvnnx6 [16QLO nicht av, 6rrwc; tnc; rrgoo8ta[le [lta Msn, a~ JtOUfl tll A.sn akzeptiert (=ano&xr6c:;, ano&xra), auta[latwc; 8a Lxafl, fl Baon nc; rragarravw oagavta JtQOta-

384

!;8
'Wl ''(30 'UOfJTJf SUIJJL OJ

SJlj:JIJOJddV

')I"MYI'li\\3N ''(1:)6U

'').OX11Dnocbxl13ri 5ctO(jJ;>'{ J031C- 91ctn 01 mx 13'{?1 i\3 031C9 - l,t 5(l)30I,toA

-DODl.C J031C l,t 1Dl13X901C 3191 '1Dl3~)/10D10 l,t 1"013()-0<;;nenx/.3 i\3<;] DJAO'{OriO i,tX1A0'{010
-nril.w u AJ/3 .5(l)30J;>Ocb1o31C 1 5nJriM(l)MO J031C 1Dl13X90l.C 3191 'nJA.O'{orio 1,tx1A.o'{o1o
-nriuo ml3M)11011Cmq AD3: 'JTJQJ;JfU!J;Jpun JS! J.Tmw;(uou;(s no11,tri-uonocb;q AUl 5ool.C
J;)X1A0'{010Driuo 1"0131\JOXOl.CDli\D 'q::>!f~QWUn JS! J,l!J!WAUOUAS J;Jp J[;J)[JTJQJ;JfU!JdG
;JfG 0<;]31CJ1C3 Olq:>Ol.C 30 1Dl3~)/0cDD13rl )/X1ADri03A DlO DJOl.CO U 'SDJriMWMW Slll m/11
-9riw1aa; mll19101ao lllDM;tgv wAH ,e'{ rie1on ,l.Cct x1.e 1,tXoqx3 u An 13oq:>1011Cmq

nA uo?e 30 mA13 51,twnocbnl3ri o oX/.3'{? A010l?l ADA? 3W z(UO!lB(SU'Bll )(:>'BQ) 5nJo

-Ul3cDD DOO<.)')'{A UlO 5(l)3~JcDD DOO<.)')'{A Ul 91CD 51,tlctD 51,tXO<;]X3 5Ul UODOcDJ;>l3riDAD u 1Di\
-13 'A(l)ri'),A(l)i\(1,0 i\<.)')X1mririno/. uol,toX 3ri 51,tXoqx3 51,tX110DOcDD13ri 31010)/X3 5u1 nne
-l,t'{n u 138(l)lD11Cmq nA 13001Crl 5nJol.Co 5ul mq '5oAnoJ;>g uo3l').'{DX

H nrionocbJ;>l3ri

OlD 1D1A013'{X01CD D(j .. 53A3ri9ct'{X3, uri '101? 'mx 5?XO(;?X3 53A?riD100 .. 1Dli\0').3riD3(;?,
ne OJOl.CO 0191CD 'AO'{'{J;>g1031C 9X1i\3ri13X OA?ri0(;/3<;1 3D ctOl.C').lOl(l)Ol.C ctOl 5UDD1901C 5Ul
5u~Dli\? uri 5Ul - nriU1<.)103 0031().3<;1 010 3ri)/li\Dl.CD '1Dl? 'mx- 009 i\0191Cct .009 i\Di\?

91Cct l,txuncbnmx 1DA13 DriUlq:>03 Ol<.)')Ol.C OlD UOUli\)/l.CD u '5DJA0'{01DDriU~ uq mx '5nJA.

-O'{OOO(l)'{j 5(l)3clt91CD 91C\f 'i\DX 1"013(311 i\3(;/ DriU1<.)')03 0031').3<;] 01 3191CO 'l,tX11Ui\OD Dl
-DlD?cDDO 1"01\13 DriU1<.)103 Olq:>Ol.C OlD UDUli\)/l.CD u '5D1Ul9i\3 5UO().OOD1C 5U11,tXon AUlD
i\DOU(j?l3~3 5(l)l.C9 'S!i\\;}1 ctOl 1DX ;}U!n() ctOl 5130()-'{Di\D 5?X113XD 511 Uclt91Cct 3rictog

-J;>'{ ().Ocbn mx 51,tx1A.oy 5(l)3clt91CD 91.en mnril,tl(l)03 O').<;? (l)O?l(l)i\D m 3rictODJ?13~3 A\f
!5(1)1()-"(0l.CD 1"013(311 5ctOl DJri
-(ti\(l)i\ctD u 5(l)l.CI,tril,t 5ctOl 5DJriM(l)i\ctD 5Ul1009 MOXOJ;>l.Cct '1Di\ i\)/3 1"0)1 !53ricti\<.)')i\ct0
513DJ?l001C 10 5?1ctn 53"(9 1DA13: :nmril,tl(l)03 O').<;? mli\3(311 (1)0?1(1)1\D A(l)l A11C91D)I

'91U3qouv (A)01t901 pmu (!! mx pl?GqoltXJ (! 5(1) 5(1)3~

-?"(

5UD1383li\31C3 5ul 5uDDOcDJ;>l3ri 5ul (l)/.9"( '513DJ;>l001C Dli\9<;?1.0 A0101XJ;)"(ct01 '5nD

N1li'V.NClNH NCl)lllVWWVdJ NCll

H~Vd!fJVl3W

AE~Lxwv Luvwvu~wv
The violation of the nonn of the standard, its systematic violation, is what
makes possible the poetic utilization of language; without this possibility
there would be no poetry.
Jan Mukal'ovsk y 1

Til: !:J. YNATE2: META<PPA2:EI2: wv JtaQaOLy~awc; Synonymitat ist undefinierbar

~( va~ ~6vo crw yQa~~anxa awwvv~a a:nocpn)yovtac; o:nmaoi]:not avnxataataoT] A.E!;TJc; a:n6 xa:nmo A.1;Lx6 tTJc; awwvv~o: tT]c; A.E!;TJc; "awwvv~fa" a:n6
tT] A.E!;TJ ":rtQL<pQUOTJ" xm tT]c; A.E!;TJc; "I OQL~w I" a:n6 nc; W;Lc; "xa80QL~W" xm
"nQoa6LOQL~w" a:nocpuya~ tT]V V Myw avnxataataaT], 6L6tL w A.1;Lx6 awwvv~o OTJ~LO'UQYl EVVOL<; 1JQUtQc; V avyxQLOL :rtQoc; avtEc; nov :rtQoxumovv an6 tT]
XQtlOT] LO'U YQU~~atLXOU O'UVWVU~O'U. Eva:rtOXLtaL, ~f~a(wc;,- OX00V xat' LOO~OL
QLaV- t6ao one; a:nani]aLc; wu :rtQoc; ~nacpQaOTJ xL~Evov xm wv yA.wamxou mQL~aA.A.ovwc;, OJtO'U 8a XLVT]8L TO ~ftU(j)QaO~a, 000 XaL 010 JtQOOWJtLXO youaw XaL
EVOtLXLO LO'U ~ftU(j)QUOti] TO av 8a JtLAE1;L yQa~~anxa i] A1;LXU O'UVWV'U~a i] TO
av 8a JtQO~fL 0 O'UVO'Uaa~6 XQtl0W<; a~q:>OtEQWV tWV tUJtWV, JtQOXfL~EVO'U va
naQayayL ~La ~nacpQaOTJ A.HtovQyLxwc; avayvwOL~TJ.

MUKAROVSKY, Standard Language and Poetic Language, orA.. 17m.

386

L8
'1C3 0 ''{30 'AJD~l{L :)/JUIJW~S 'NOSdW3:>1

ZPl

''{30 'S:)!JUIJW~S.ID S~fdfJU.UcJ 'NNVWlln

''{f!OU

S~X1i\U"f'{301X>Xon Slt1 ooA.9'( 'o0319X111oox 01 ~ 0031911U011.C3 01 Soou X'( Srtacb'),

nm

~A.

-o11onooou ltA.O'(J;JA'D All1mx Soli\O'('(.J;l)1031 '),OX1A311nx n,o1 ()-011011301(1,3 S'),OX3'(39A3

Sn,oe~Mo n,o1 A'DO?l p1mun mx (onwqyv SvJriolx3 '5(wg SvJriolx3 'SouuJ
5VJriOl'X3 'X'lf) O<;l~ 019JX101'DX ~ 0100081\J;l ~ 1301\01(1, ..SnJ1101X3, U~?'( lt .Slt1 lw~oX

lt 13eonv..ox 'Di\ n,oA?rl13X001 Sow11oJ;>Clcbm311 1 n,oA?rlnx n,o1 91101mo1n,3 ~X3'(39i\3 'i\O'(

-'(J;J11 '~ 'DJO'D111013001 J311X>l'0 rl,OJA0'(1~3'( (').OX110'00cD'D1311) (),OA03i\3 (1,01 513~J;l1 5110
Slt1 ~Oll'(XJ;)i\'D lt ''DOJ;l 'mx n,owenx '011 1'D1131010111oltoX i\39 ..So10X91'D, lt~?'( lt :n,ou
Oi\9 11 '513~?'( 5?110'( 511 mA. 1'DX S<J)X1i\3A 13')-X01 019] 01119 '011?e 1X>138]1 i\3'\7 .. OA?1101X
-(1,01\(1,3, i\01 MOAJ;J11lto '01\ 'D1A i\O'('(J;J)1031 9X1A31113X - OA?1100cD0011'D19 SOO'(~'('('Dl'DX
OlD :Soo30J;>OcD'01311 ]031 SoA.9'( 0 mx 5'0111 mx - O'(U'('(J;ll'DX OlD 1\'),0830) 'Di\ 131?01
.'DX1010Jli\'D ..')-0'(301, (L011X>X 'Slti\d:>J'D ',,SOli\?8cD10001'0, n,o1 53A9X13 5111X>X 5310M?
S11 Sot\11 S<J)3o~gn'(OD311'D19 (1,31\J;J mx 5('I)0?11n 1\'),0'('DX'Di\'D Soou9 ' n,OA?1101Xn,oAn,3 n,o1
'DA9X13 i\U1 i\'DX 31')-0 J;J'('('D 'mOM? Alt1 5('1)0?11'0 Sn,01 'Di\911 91'0 1\'),0'('DX'Di\'D i\39 ..SoA?rl
-111010, 1X>X ..SOA?1111ox, i\311 '01 J;lill'D nrlM<J)MO '01 91\f ..Slt11')-0li\'DX, ',,501\?11111010,
' ..5oA?li01Xn,oi\n,o11, ' ..SOX'),OM011, '"1X'),Oi\rl,011, ' .. 11\J;jlfOX, ' .. SOA?1111ox, ' ..S01J;l010'DX,
' .. 1A91'DX, ' .. SoX'),OM3, ' .. S'DJ1101X3, ' .. So10X91'D, :nen,o'(9X'D '01 1'01\]3 .. SOA?1101X
-n,oM3, Slt~?'( Slt1 n11M<J)MO J;JX103W SnJ~3'(01on,x S~oltwn,n Slt1 A<JlX111301'Di\'D
i\001J;J11ltXo i\('I)'('(J;l ~ SJ;>Clocbm311 Slt1 1X9 ' S'DJ~3'(010rl,X Slt1 0931]13 OlD 1'0131\1"J;l1rl,'D 3o Sn11 J;>ClocbnAn ('1)1J;Jxnonu 5('I)0?11n

Lt 119

m13xo~11111oo u n11M<JlMO J;J'('(Ol

131?8'019 'DOO<Jl'(A ~X1i\U'('(3 lt 5'0]010 Slt1 ' ..SOA?1101Xn,OM3, lt~?'( lt1 Xu 311n,oClJ;j1 Sy
sow11oJ;Jocbn1311 1n,oA?1113x n,o1lt10~oX n,o1 A<Jlon,oAng11nv..ooou A<JlX
-1A0'(0391 i\001 1'DX i\001\?110939 i\<J)X1i\('l)i\10X i\001 5('1)A9'('Di\'O 1'DX ' SlU;}W;}'i3U'i3U;} n11n,i\
-<;l'(1X101 01901 O'('(J;l i\01 311 31]3 i\'Di\? i\01 311 3113 i\rl,Oi\<J)'(U9 (1,01 'Sn,009 5()-0X111
-MOOMO 30 111\'Di\?1'0 'DJcltlt'(00311'0 'DOXJ;l 311 138Ui\1X '01\ ~1D'DOcD'D1311 (1,01 (A<J)X1i\311
-13X11i\'D mx 31 A<JlX1A31113xoun,) A001~10l'DM9 i\('1)1 SooA.9'('Di\'D 'n,OA?1113X ltonod:>J;J1311
5001 (1,01 50030()-cD Slt1 5('1)A9'('Di\'D 'Ol!S U! i\('1)30<J)'(U9MO 508~'(1 MO~J;l10(1,00'01 mx
MOX? 513~?'( 10 53'(9 119 01 1'013~]03 i\39 '0101'(J;J11 5~11A.11o Slt ,cbn ''D10~110X J;JX1A
-0'(011\('1)1\10X100('1)'(A 311 311n,oo~O('I)38 lt1 i\'0 'ltA?11'('DcD03 1'01\ ]3 '5('1)119 'ltcltOlJ;l ~1(1,'0
'0191

H Sn,Ol 'v'NO - J;JOOcD'01311 lt ]31'001113 Sn11 Sn - 010 'DA?1111noA.3U3

i\38~Xon

'01 Soou 130JOXA.n,o i\3 'Di\?~ S<;l'(31i\3 ''D'('(J;l '01'011~01\ 130<Jl1011ocbn mx J38U101
-o13x1o

1 J380013X1o S?Clocb 5?'('(01 An,oX?

mx J;J'('('D 'Sno~oXmnx S11 ~

1 mx nJoltoX

-n,v..ou All1 9un ponect> "'n,oX? S<Jlv..un 1X9 1009 Jox111M('I)Mo 10 n,ou9 'A<Jl11ltwm3:
n,o1<J)08"'y J03il i\('1)1 i\('1)'(9 mx J;J'('('D SnJA.0'(01i\('l)i\10)1 Slt1109J;l'(X 10'(JX101 10 mx
(ltoltJOUU mx 'D119X'D) 'D]i\X310A.oy lt 50019 'Sn,oo<J)X 30 mx J;l'('('D ''DJAO'(OOO ~X1AX31
i\U1 311 Oi\9111X9 mx '31011\J;)l 1'0131\]A 101? 11919 'S~X11X'D01 Slt1 001?11 01 311 311n,oo
-~01311lt1 i\'0 '~900 1'01\]3 ~1(1,'0 ltcltolfJ;J

H 'z:UO'D10J;Jl'DX1li\'D'(U'('('D lt038'),3'(3 311 i\'),08

-Lt1ouo111ouox n"' i\'),oool11 - n 1ouoxn,v..ou "'u1 9 1'0 J3onect> MoX? i\3 9 n,ou s('I)Jon,x
'Di\ 13X3 - J;J1rl,'D 91'0 J;JX10311119 mx SnJA.ov..ooo S~X1AX31 Slt1 oo<J)X 010 OA911 1'011\'010
-JcDrl, 'D11rl,A<J)MO J;JX1~3'( J;lX1cD0011001 5('1)1'),'(01'0 119 ltcltOlJ;j lt 138('1)1(1,1'019 13X3:,

N5W.X.N5NU N5)[E3V N5l H:iVdii>Vl3W H

88
'J)'f'{Ol! 'J)'X 'J)'X '3lil)<b D/1. X$,lDX '591(1)J.Oct:U 'SOAO(t:U 'SOOD'((t~oOXDli 'OOJ)'(ft~OOXDli 'SODl\l'(DXODX
'50131!'(1) '5~DXlL'(3l/l. 'SO'(DXJ)Olii.Dli '5l)'(Dlii.Dli3oX '5lL1D(t~O/I.DOctO 'DII.!!J'(OXOdmoJ.3'(lt1 'O'(rt~9dlDOA3'(
lt1 'O'(ft~9fi.O(t(xb 'Dl!rtOXD911.DfJD1(11.) 'DDlOctOfl911.Df)D1(11.) 'D'(\.tliDx(J.) '1lOJ)lDX '(l)xJ.;!'(Luf\ 'DX3lD9Q{'lD1'(11ni
'Dl<glD 'ODD10l/l!ftXO'(Luf\ '1DD]OD:UftX 'Sl/OD'(J.Dl/1. '1lq03l/l. '5(tOXDli '5DX3'(?'(0'(Luf\ '5DX3'(\l'(OOXDli '5DX3'(jl'(
'1Xl/lii.DA1A ' 50111.?lii.DA1A '5011.1lii.J)A1A '5Dlii.DA]J. 'SDA]A '50lD0939 '5010!!J'(3:U 'SO'(DA?liliD:U '50'(J)A311 'SD\l'(Luf\
'SO'(Luf\9eQO 'SO'(ltc!u,IAD:U '5o'(Luftl!ldl3 'SO'(Luf\l/lii.3:U 'SO'(l.uf\l/0131 'SO'{l.uf\]01 'SO'{l.uf\]\1

'S9ytuft 'S9ylu/ul

Xu

'l/'{'{01! 'l/'X 'l/'X 'l/191'(003~ '19]'{003~ '19]'{001CDD 'OOD91'(011.

D1'{ 'OOD91'{0\:)DXDX 'OOD91'{0'{DX001 'DOl3ll9'{DX001 'O'{DX901 'OO(tXD 'DXJ)'{ll 'ltlC(tlD'{ '5l!1ADX '10l?ll
OXDX 'D0131!9(1)1CDD '19J'{0(1)1CDD 'OOD91'{0(1)1CDD '191'{0cbctOX 'OOD91'{0cbctOX 'OXDO\Jl/D1DX 'oXno\:)901
31! ']XDO\:) 'SOXl/0\J '50lni(t01D ' 111.t:JOlOX 'Dql)liD '1X1'{DX 'OOD9J'{O'{DD10\J 'O'{DD19 g ' 1\ll/'{1'( '101/fl.(l)XJ.D

-o\1 oe911.] v1vrt~ygoau '3:AOV3.LOllidY .v1t11 ttp1ou ttv}rlo1x1 :zo' 'moaow 'Ao.Lo-vodH '{gou

t>

'91111~10 '1Xl/\ID91'{ '1XJ)OD81'{ '101/81'( '1XJ)QD0131C '1QJ)0131C 'DD1]0131C 'D'{(t00l31C 'DOlllt '50()JY Xu
'Wl ''{3D 'UO!JrlfSUrJJ.L OJ S;J!J:JrlOJddy ')!'MYWJ\\3N ''{\JOU
7D}ri01X1 JO 539ff JO :LS '01 '[oJ.

~x1AOC1.0113"{ J38.01013Xmq 01Di\ D1lt191~39 U113X? i\3Q l,l13X? AD 0.01 5(l)J...9"{Di\D

'13<lt?OlDDlDX i\01 Di\ l,l130ql0 i\01 Di\ poomi OJOlCO 01 1DX 'DJ311.C01.C3 ltOI,l"{lC 13X?
nA pooml A3Q non.ol..Jo n.oJouo n.o1 'o1o~1ooxuo o11o~o31 DA? px1o1q 51,lwno<bm311
o ' 95130qJOXOlCD 5?X1l..O"{o<bC1. 30 UOUJOlCOOo<bmq UW1X~"{3 i\U11DX ~"{"{D 's~O<bmq 1,tx11
-miltOi\ {,tX1WD10C1.0 {,tOX111DODlC i\U1 1DX D13f!JOXD 311 1DX ~900 13QJQOlCD Di\ mJ... '513~?"{
13~~n.3xonwx Di\ l,l

1 mx

13A~onu Di\ 5nooq>"{J... 5lt1 mLt191DMQ lt1lt"{1i\~~3i\D Alt1

lti\?1-Joq3q 311 mx '5?X1gD"{O mx 5?X1)nonoxon.Ol '5?X1"{D11

~"{"{D '(DOC1.0C).30D8DX

1 5?X1A11D"{ 5?J...ltu

91.Cl) mx

i\ltw 31)3 {,tX11011UQ UW 31)3 53A3119J...Di\D '53031ql3i\ 1DX 5?1\111\D~

-n.g '53JDXon) 5?X1i\U"{"{3 5?J...ltl.C 91.CD OA9111X9 i\(l)A?110X03001.C A(l)11C).A(l)i\C1.0 5C1.081,l"{l.C

lto(,toX U1131?0111.C3 DJOlCO lt '5DOOq>"{J... 51,lX1i\U"{"{3 5D?A 5lt1 OlC).O"{lC i\01 OA?1-JOQ3Q 3W
'pA.qlOC1.0i\ngriD"{OOOlC i\qlX1l..0"{03Q1 C1.01 i\qlX1Q
i\(1)1 mx A(l)A?1-Joq3q Aq>X1A(l)A1ox n.o1 AYIX1Q i\(1)1 1D131~

n.ou

n11lt11,l~ mAp 'n11ooo<b

-~1311 01 1D13i\C).8C1.31.Cl) OJOlCO i\01 5001.C '5UlDqli\ADi\D 0 13)~"{D1DX ne 11 01 ~"{"{D

' ..50A?11.01XC1.0i\C1.3, D10M?

DA? - 1X9 1,t
-Dl311

1 mx

lt~?"{ U1 130YIQ01.Cl) Di\ D1A D11Mqli\C1.0 (l)i\~lCDODlC 1)1 9lCD

5q>Xn.111.C3 - 13~?"{113 nA pooml '130Y>11.C1031.C lti\?1-Joq3q i\3 '51,twoo<D

u~~Ol.C l,lX11(l)03 130?"{3111!3 Di\ Oi\DX)i\D i\01 01.C(l)08i\~ i\01 13i\)D11lto 11919

' .. OA?11.01XC1.0M3 1Di\)3 Di\ i\DO, i\OW ~"{"{D ' .. OA?11.01XC1.0M3, i\OW 1Dl30?ffiDi\D i\3Q '50"{?1
' .. 5Lt11C).Oli\DX, lt~?"{ lt .Ltono<b~1311 ltw AC).08U101.C0111oltoX Di\ C1.0A?1113X001.C '5DOOq>"{A.
51,lxJ.D"{ 1,t 5Lto3191038C1.3"{3 Ltol,loX M01?80l.Cf1oou ~"{"{D ' ..5oAiJ11mXC1.oM3,

1 ..5oXC).oM3,

i\(1)1 D11Mq>MO 1Di\)3 ..5oA?1-J.01XC1.0M011, 1DX ..5oXC).oM011, 513~?"{ 10 .10~10X Oi\?1-J.01X

3.3.4.2.3

HMEtacpQaa~ ~Emo t~~

XQ~a~~ AvacpoQLxwv Luvwvu~wv
In the reading of images, as in the hearing of speech, it is always hard
to distinguish what is given to us from what we supplement in the
process of projection which is triggered off by recognition. ( ... ) it is
the guess of the beholder that tests the medley of forms and colours
for coherent meaning, crystallizing it into shape when a consistent
interpretation has been found.

Ernst H. Gombrich 1

~ TO AME~Q~ llPOHfH0EN KE<I>AAAIO EmxaA.w8l]xa~-t JtUQUOElY!-latU rrA1]8ou~

~ 01JVWvU!!WV TWV AESEWV "EUVO'IJXL0!-1-EVO~", "JtE'tQU" XUL "\jJl]AO~". Ta O'IJVWV'IJ!-1-U autou tou doou~ xaA.ouvtm avaq;OQx6. (referential synonyms)2 xm (xaxo)XQlJm~-torrowuvtm xata x6Qov on~ rraoT]~ <puoEw~ !-1-EtU<pQaoa~. To EQWTTJ!-1-U, rrou t(8tm, JtQOXH~-tEvou va arro<p1Jytm xata to ouvat6v TJ xaxl] XQiJOlJ twv ouvwvu!!WV, dvm: TI6t EJLL'tQEJtEtUL va JtQOO<pUyH 0 !-1-EtU<pQUOti}~ 0 ava<pOQLXa OUVWV'IJ!!U; H arraV'tl]OlJ dvm: JtOAAE~ <pOQE~, xm Ol] 6tav JtQEmt:

a) va arro<puya tl)v ErravaA.lJ\jJTJ ~-tta~ A.Esll~ l] ~-tta~ EX<pQUOlJ~

I GOMBRICH, Art and Illusion, OEA. 204.
2 llQ[31... NEWMARK, Approaches to Translation, oEI... 103.

389

xa5 - [.lOA.ov6n Sa [.lJtOQOUOa[.lE va T11V EXAa~OWE w~ [.lETa<poQa, [.lETQLxa 6 6Ev Sa

Jt11QEa~E TO ~11[.laTW[.lO LOU JtOLi][.laTO~ - , aA.M xm OLOTL l] AESlJ ami] UJtl]QETEl Tl]
ouvoxr] wu rrmr][.laTO~, rrou [.lLAUH yLa Savawu~ xm [.lVrJ[.laTa.
y) va OWOH Tl]V TL[.lrJ LOU j..lTa<pQa~6j..lEVOU ouyyQacpf:a JtOU YQUCj)H- ELTE OE EVa OUYXEXQL[.lEVO Ol]j..l.ElO LOU XH[.lEVOU LOU ElTE YEVLXLO~- UOXl][.la EUOXrJ[.lW~ aSETOU[.lE
E6w orrmo6r]rroTE - yvwoT6 [.la~ ... - rraQa6Hy[.la.
6) va arroxaA.U'ljJu w A.Exnx6 I A.El;Lx6 n:A.ouw TlJ~ yA.wooa~ acptl;Ew~ EUEQynwvta~
E[.lj..l.EOW~ TO JtQWTOTUJtO, ax6j..la XL 6Tav aUTO - OTl]V JtEQLJtTWOl] TWV j..lfYUAWV
ouyyQa<pEWV - OEV TO XQHU~ETaV OJtW~ Cj)EQ' HJtELV OTl]V JtEQLJtTW011 TWV JtaQaXUTW OTLXWV LOU BA.a6([,ll]QOU MayLaXOCj)OXl], OJt(!)~ LOU~ j..lETU<pQaOE 0 aElj..l.Vl]010~ MoxaA.o~ 6A.wv Twv [.lETacpQaoTwv, o AQlJ~ AA.El;av6Qou 6 :
(... ) '0

ij).w~

p: bup,ovr, a2oy6p,vya~ yveoq;eei aa~

ra naxov2a,
ra xoxxtVO![!tXa, p,eya).a oaxw).a WV

xaiaevovra~ aa~ p,e

xaraanal:;op,evo~ rov OOVAO

nov xevf3ovv ol 1/Jvxi~ aa~.

'Eyw 6 areop,rJW~
p,i a' rov~ alwve~ xr/ev~a p,e eaeeo~
ro p,iao~ yta r:o q;w~ r:fj~ p,iea~
p,e riJv 1/JVXrJ p,ov r:evrwp,iv17
aav xa2woiov veiiea,

tyw,
rwv 2ap,mr/ewv 6 r:aaeo~! (.. .)
XaL OJtOU j..l.JtOQOU[.lE, ax6j..la xm XWQ(~ Tl]V JtaQUSE011 TOU JtQWTOTUJtOU, va XaTaf..a~OU[.lE JtW~ JtQEJtH va OLaXHQL~ETaL xavE(~ La OUVWVU[.la xm JtW~ va Ta EVTUOOH
AH TOUQYLXU 010 [.lETU<pQaO[.lU wu xm
Bl... BAUDELAIRE, Les Fleurs du Mal/ Die Blumen des Bosen, OEA. 150: Spleen.
KAPYQTAKm:, "Anavra r<l Ev(!taXO/lEVa, TOf.LO<; ltQWTO<;, OEI... 173.
5 0 YEQf.Lavt&t f.LETO<fJQOOTQta ogea xm v6f.Ltf.La f.LETa<IJQO~n otT] yl..wooa tTJ<; wv ottxo am6 we; Ich bin
dem Konig eines Regen/andes g/eich, l\t6n EXEL to "eines Regenlandes" exn tT]V tl\w axgt(3Wc; OTJf.LUOta
f.LE tO ya/../..tx6 avttOTOLXO tOU OTO ltQWtOTUltO "d'un pays pluvieux".
6 MAriAKOBLKH, ewrQtxa, OEA. 8, an:6 to egyo B).avTiJltQ Maytax6{3ax'f/.
3
4

390

I6

.. onit,twm3ADU, lt~?"{ Lt1 .. A(!}octow 1\(1)1 5oA3ri?19031, 5ro 130-,;>ocb

-'Dl3riDA 13oourl '5rorl9 'DlD1"{"{"QX ... 5oA3ri?1, 5ro ?101 130-,;>ocbn13rl A01DA J3oourl
1\39 .. 9'DA, 9X11\'D11010X ADA? 5roJD)3g .(-,;>x 'SXJ~19X '5l1AJ~3110ri 'Sllri'9ri1 'SOAJF}F}vo
'S00'9'(rD '50~A9ltri 'SOA'9riXvog 'SXJ001IJ'9lt 'S'9F}XJ) 9X1913l), ("J;>"X 59X10U'(X '50031(tF}D
-30lt 'So1iJ?rillrh3 'S'91tXJ1t) 9X1A3A. oriM(!)Mto 010l"9X 3rl '131D'D13oX 5?oocb 5309 'l),Hm
lt~?"{ lt1 130-,;>odnmrlnA 13oollri OA3rl13x rto1 9x19 ow St,twnod:ml3rl o '(":uyx JSafJd
'JaJSa!JJ Xu) 5XJ?031 lt~i!"{ lt -,;>1Lto m130?d:mAD ourt191roou ow w mx mi9xn .c;w1
-rt'D l\(l)1"Q038 5ro - (),036 rt010ll"QX '130(!)111031 39 lto-,;>1 1\3 - (),036 rt01 5D130l'D"{ 5lt1
'Dl13"{31'DI\ 1'DA13 rt01 I\OXI,t8DX rtOl 01\13X3 01(1)0901 01131\J'Drllto 1'DX 531AO"{OriO 511
mx nwriA.99 m 'S313xolto9 511 53"{9 30 m1-,;>1AD1D .. 5niJ031, lt~i!"{ H nX1o1011AD .. -,;>1o
-nllrionuw, mx ..1o101W, 5rto1 -,;>riM(!)Arto m 3ri ..n1o3A."{V, Alt1 mx .. olllrtA.1V, Alu
130-,;>od:ml3rl 'DI\ AO"{"{"Q)1031 9 x1A3ri13X 01 - A(!)lDDOd:m13rl 1\(1)1 9 xA.On AUlD 1'D13A?"{
5rol9 '13MfJXllo 01 A"Q3- 131?01113 01 A"Q3 mx 'DX10lD11AD .. ltAJlD1'D"{DU, Alt1l,t .. nJA
-Dl30H lt"{"QA3JAJ:, lt1 .. 5rtOll9J. 5rtOJA.V, mx .. DA91l"{V -,;>molt], Xu 130-,;>od:ml3ri'DN
"01\3ri13X111\'D
9X11X3"{ OA3ri91DOcb'Dl3ri 01 3rl "QX113XO 01"{9XO 01380901 0101-,;>X 13XO"QO'Dl 'DI\ (3
N1H'IA.N15NU N15)[JdO!IJVNV

~H~HdX ~Hl1lnW H~Vd!IJVl3W

Lv~~Qaanxwv Lvvwvu~wv
For to perceive, a beholder must create his own experience. And his creation
must include relations comparable to those which the original producer
underwent. They are not the same in any literal sense. But with the
perceiver, as with the artist, there must be an ordering of the elements of the
whole that is in form, although not in details, the same as the process of
organization the creator of the work consciously experienced. Without an
act of recreation the object is not perceived as a work of art.
John Dewey'

YMct>PArTIKA LY NQNYMA (collocational synonyms) dvm OL M~w; i] OL EXqJQU-

aw; TlJ~ yA.<i.>aaa~ acpt~Ew~ nou:

a) ano6t6ouv naga6omaxou~ -runou~ (cp6Q!-LOUAE~)

OL EXqJQUOEL~ last will and testament (ayyA..) xm Jetzwillige Verfligung (YEQjl.), rnEL6i] E(vm nayLW!-LEVE~, 6JrEQ an~-tatvEL 6-rL MyoVTm ~-t6vov -rm xm OXL aA.A.Lw~. 1-LETacpgal;ov-rm ota EA.A.nvLxa 6La wu ou~-tcpQaonxou auvwv'U~-tou mu~ Duxra;n rcAWraiac; {3ovA~OcWc;, i]TOL jlE nayLWjlEVl] E'XqJQU<Jl]2 l] LTUAL'Xi] VOjlLXi] E'XqJQU<Jl] testamento olografo, 1-LETacpgal;E-rm a-ra EAAlJVLxa 6XL w~ *oA6yoacp'f/ &ae~x'f/, aA.M w~
tDt6XQ'f/ DtaO~x'f/, 6L6n am6 Etvm 10 awcpgaanx6 ouvwvu~-t6 -rn~ n nayLw~-tvn
I DEWEY, Art as Experience, 0'11.. 54.
2 OL ExcpQ<iow; amtc; Elvm OLayll.wooLxwc; owtilvu[lc; (interlinguistically synonymous) j3'11.. WILSON, Concerning the Translation of Predicates, oell.. 98.

392

6
"!; "'(30 'q 6Pt>l 'Z !A '!LX1lf.l101J '3:AOV3.LOllldV 9
m Wl "'(30 'ttroypti.3W 1?~3riT?aX1w vJaUe vamBN O!Qlld :<~.<pihuu .~.m~5oXoa~JY:3, (lox1q01o3:u:
0.01 SoX(l31 08 010 J380.3100ril!q nX~ Svri \lOXlOcDJ;l13ri H - ..S9I.l!mo10, l!~~'( l!1mx ..S9X1A3A, l!~~'( 1!1
9:u:v S91lt3 S~AO'('(no s~~uu1o:u: Sl!1 0'(1)1 .~.ow 3A(loxu J?X1A11D'( m9:u:v MOA~ol.umx A<poom'(l. Sno~ax
10 mx SoAmffi9AD:U:OJ o S<penx '.. IllJ~u~o, u~n l!113o<pqo:u:v DA o1o p:u:oxoo:u:v l!om~:u: X>JD1n.3'(nl! ua

-31JD1q1.vriDII, rottp1t3 ,wx OJ.\ttt9X1YO(}XJ)f vriDV, l,tttrolprlov mioV, 1DAJ3 DA poo:u:rt 0.0'(1J1 0.01 Sno~d>
-D13ri S~eao .lJ1iOV, 9X1tt3J 1D13~J;>OcDXlHri Xl101XJ;JX 'S<pXXlX '(()Q90Xl:U: A3 meo~on 'OJO:U:O 01 'fTJ1;}U;}f) OJUIJ:)
l,ti.O'('(ctO 1,txuu1o:u: Alt1 91rn nriltJo:u: S39<!JB'(Xll.3ri 'S1l!JS;}fl muniltv :z 11 "'(30 'sw;]OJ p;}J:J;}f;}S 'vami3N
"L l "'(30 '50l<!J01!5ml<;>~ 'Dtt3rlpxmal}:3 1?~ VlttJJllV,,':l:H)!V .LOAdV)!
:88 '1lf;}){W!;}H ;}!Q :61 "'(30 ';}Jlf:J!P;}Q '3NEIH
"[U;}lf:JQ;}!1 S;}UQlf:JS Uf;}P JS! OM 'ailS]

!;

lu 3rinoD~gm9 AV 9ttwiJ"0(}"9" Mrn."9rlltovu ttml.~mol. tt@l. ttlfl. vorWttJV03lt ao[/9dJ

?VX a on? , 1~ '5VJY3 Uvup , 1~ Q-O ?VX ttml.ttl]JO~ '510Joorl 5J.Ol. tt? tt@~J3 tt@l. ao1.o
-"9X? 5?iJmX 'oH9'( iOttJriDrt~lf '5ltD~OXJ 50()3!.Jrl '5VJ3"(3l. ?VX 5VJV~rtOltD 5m3~"90lt
5wltr1Jrl VNdJ!.vol. ttQ-O tt1l.D:J" :mA90X 5nri ~xuu.enri nw 3riX>D191llDoJ..m 531/\0X~
-53lA9X3 10"{9 !).Ol.C '5-"01Q(l)AX>O.L 511.1 9ri0100 9X1'{3l01010X> AOl 3TI').091J.rineni\X>~ 5y
"513D10XD19 5?X1A0'{010M3 1X>X 513Dq>OX01.CX> 5?X11X>rill.OA 5?ll.C3'{ MOi\<;.l'{'{X>lDilOXOl.CX> (9
1X>X
.(j01'{9XD X>A?i\X>X) ilOl.C').lOl(l)Ol.C
ilOllpimoJ...IJ.'{X>Dl~ i\IJ.l 'X>03l!),'{X>X '~ ~XX>X i\IJ.l '1X>lpl1X>l.CX> il01.C9 'MOA<J.l90019 (J...

s.. ;}lUBJnJnd, ilOl?911.C3 ').OX1AX>J..CD1 no1 mll190ndm'{J... ~wnrinne U.191.CX>(l)lD? 'OlD1X~'{3 - u~x 5nri X>DDq>'{J... U.w 3'liilOD<J.l9 X>i\ 3TIX>O?dmmx viJ"91t1.rto~ao~ 'La
-mttJXp '5~rhVYJrhrlp i\(l)l?911.C3 i\<y.lX1li\X>rDTI3 i\<y.l10l i\(l)l IJ.D~OX Ill 3ri 119 531/\9 101"0)
-?1 'vo"91t1.rto~ao~ ?VX ltl.mttJXp If 'S~dJvy1dJrlp If 'mX~tt Lt1.X13rl!? If ttVl.,?:J 3rino~~orb
-X>l3ri i\01 ':JlUTJ[n[nd A TJJnd :Jl[:JOU TJ[TJJ:J "i\(l)'{"9A3JAJ: J?:.t3ri J?OX1JAJ: n1olte, nrill101.C
01 91.CX> BpnJ;}N OJQBd ilOl 0X110 01D~rinng 0.1 5orb~l 0 1"0/\.13 ilOl.C ~190X>X X>').OX Alll
1X>X ll1X~10 (X>').OX i\IJ.l =) IJ.i\?TIDIJ.gD Ill 3ri X>lDX>O?l.C3~X> 1X>X ~X19X>i\Ori .. 5X>lA0~1X>l.C,
'yrtorl "91~ovx If 5odJ"9l. mttp! 'v~ox lt1.X"9l.D v!.9rdJ If 1Vti.]:J :5~~3 5(1) (..50h?riri1'{\},
=) .. ;}Qnll, Ol3811.C3 OlD IJ.Dnrbri? 5"01/\0i\19 13~~orbnl3ri 5n0l 51J.x~l(l)il0X>)J 5X>lD<J.l)J
o 'ltA}riri1YfJ mx Vl;u"Jx aorl pu;oox 111VAJ310)[ 1 Aoollflo? 53,{9YdJ 10 53AJ3X:J MOi\1X>ri
-IJ.D ltDnorb~l3ri ~X1lX3'{01onx 3D nou ';}qnJl pun lfTJ){ lS! ZJ:JH Uf:JW pun 1 u:Jq:Jsop:J
puJs U:JWWTJ/:l :JU;}f .. ~rbOOlD11.Ct, i\ltl 91.en ;}U!;}H nox1003: no1 SnoX110 5no.t
.X>1A0il0l13'{ ~X1l.i\X>rDTI? i\').0'{3l11.C3 (g

p,{gvx m,{ OA?riny 1 91.ny norl1opAro~ 01. roX9 5(1) 'IJ.Dnorb

-X? Sltl ~riMq>MD ~x1wnorbrinD Lt1 3ri ~'{'{X> 'A01oupx 9uo vowlj.xo TJ1 qmu;x31q
1 qnu~* 5(1) 1X9 - i\(l)1X>'{X>rb3x mltl9A3 5~oorbnl3ri 1o3u i\Ltw 3riX>D?8X3 nD9 m 3ri
mx X>i\(l)rDTI').D - ~X1i\U'{'{3 "OlD 1X>l3~~orbnl3ri un, nb[:Jnb !? S;}SSOJ:J s:Jp J:Jlf:JJ:Jlf:J ltDnorb
-X? ~x1oorbm3ri ~X1'{'{X>J... Lt .nX10lD1li\X> lloolOplOX lj.yxm 301 13D"9l.OTJl.TJX yyvx tt?
5(1) mx ( :J)pumsnz w:JJnii UJ 5(1) ~'{'{X> 'llomop1vx wx ll~pl 1 11~v1p1q '/j.rt3X01U3/j.yox
30* 5(1) mx UOfllJnJ!S pun iiunupJQ 'iiunJ:JfJTJd;}H J:JJnii UJ* 5(1) 1X9 ~X1Alt'{'{3 nw mx
~X1AX>TI03A "OlD 1X>l3~~orbnl3ri 'UO!J!pUO:J puTJ J:JpJo 'JfTJd:JJ pooii Uf ltDX>OrDX? ~X1'{AAX>
N1.lWA.N1.lNH N1.l)[ll:iVd!I>WH N1.ll VIV

H~Vd$Vl3.W

xa8aQatV rwv rowvrwv (olxr(!WV xai cpo(3EQWV) na8rjf-tarwv7 .

APIUOTEAOY~.

394

I10L71T!U1), VI 2, 1449 b, OEI.. 52.

~LVUAE
Kunst ist tatsachlich die Welt noch einmal, dieser so
gleich wie ungleich.
Theodor W. Adomo 1

ATOTIIN OAQN, OH IIPOHfH0HKAN, xm EUQLOXO!lEVOL !LJtQOOta Oto OUOEJtl-

AUtO JtQ6(3AlJ!lU tll~ "!-tEtU(jlQUOlJ~" EmxaA.ou~-taOtE !lU~l !-tE tO !lOW to1J ewOWQOU Adorno w naQaxatw an6onao~-ta an6 8EWQlJtLx6 JtOVlJ~-ta JtEQL KEL~-tEvo
yA.woooA.oyta~ XaL tO JtQ001JJtOYQU(jl01J!lE, OLEUXQLVL~OVta~ JtQOOftL OtL OL E:rtLOlJ!-tUVOEL~ avr)xouv owu~ ouvtaxtE~ wu:
Probabilistic models are more adequate and realistic than deterministic ones. Dynamic
accounts of structure-building operations will be more productive than static descriptions of the structures themselves. We should work to discover regularities, strategies, motivations, preferences and defaults rather than rules and laws. Dominances can
offer more realistic classifications than can strict categories. Acceptability and appropriateness are more crucial standards for texts than grammaticality and well-formedness.
Human reasoning processes are essential to using and conveying knowledge in texts
than are logical proofs. It is the task of science to systematize the fuzziness of its objects

of inquiry, not to ignore it or argue it awayz.

1 ADORNO, Asthetische Theorie, OEA. 499.
2 DE BEAUGRANDE I DRESSLER, Introduction to Text Linguistics, OEA. XIV.

395

L6
'9L6l puJ 1 uol~U!wOOIH 'S:JfJOfW;JS JO AJO;}IJ~ v 'o:n ou<~qwn :ao:u(t1o1mo:u So'{lU
'8L6l urew wu UnJliUUJ:I I plOjXQ ';mf!JJ\ puiJ ;JJmJn:J 'NI3.LSN39llli\\ ~!"'P"l :ao:U(tlOl(f)Oll SO'{lU

.z"OAI}.gy 'll<;>)1"0ih1Y'(D)Illih3:, llonoih"913rl

'SitX11aJ13riu~ VJOro3g '(8861) OX;:I

OlO?ltliO.Q

'S!l"Bd 'nng1g 01 'l;JQO:J 'f)":::> llo

-oq;q 'ttrolttpouri1X09Cf'3 VJdJOD0'(1C/J ttlttiPl mrif!)ttJ ?VX 10J fJ

'DA~gy,

'l.tonoih1;J13TI

'(0~8 I) &OIU3:VV &HN3:JOIV

'SO!ngro)I'W 5~1.0(1))1 mwXo

X1glAC).OV

'~A.roA.nop '513Dif0UlVOD[] 5~x1dJOD0 '(1(/J ' (661) NlV .L3:N3:)1J.LLI8

-'1;>13li 'I}.A.roA.no13 'I}.A.0'(11J:3

'DAI}.gy 'SO)Dgro)l w 51}.10(1))1 D13'(?TI11.C3 '5130(}>13TIIJ.D 'lJ.onom

m x JOriD700dJV '(661) NI3:.LSN3:D.L.LIM 'il!MPOl

'S13Ditttoyorio~a

, DAI}.gy 'So)ngro)l w 51}.wro)l mwxo '5oJngro)l w 51}.wro)l 1o.oX

-"9AOW-"OAq>..l.nov qnoo.w llonoih"913rl '53J~V mx 59riD7l1YOU '(9861) NI3:.LSN3:D.L.LIM 'il!MPOl
'1DAY,gy, 'Y,OlC1.0XC1.3: Cl.OAA'I;>(I)I, \)1!'} tl]3AUTIO~ 1tlX AOA3TI

-px ~A.roA.nop 'rto<;>Ol;>A3W nori13: \)1!'} 51onoihl;>l3ri '5yxuU10[] ?03[] '[961] 3:HV3:.LO.L3:IdV

iVd0$VN'ij VJdj V~IN3

'ij

yia, AEhjva.

fEWQYLO MllAMll!NIQTHL (1977), Feveux~-Meraaxrtftartauxij Feaftftauxij (L:vvTOft'Y/

Elaaywyij) 'A8fjvm.
fEWQYLO MllAMll!NIQTHL (1980), BEW(!'Y/UXYJ rA.waaoA.oyia, 'A8t']va.
fEWQYLO MllAMll!NIQTHL (' 1984 ), rA.waaoA.oyia xai Aoyou:xvia. 'A.no rijv Texvtxij arijv
Tixv'Y/ roii A6yov, 'A8ijva - 21991.
fEWQYLO MllAMll!NIQTHL (1985), Elaaywyij arij L:'Y/ftaawA.oyia, 'A8t']va.
<l>QHOEQLXT) MllATLAAIA I EAEVT) LEAAA MAZH (1994), rA.waaoA.oytx~ Ileoaiyyta'Y/ OT'Y/
eeweia Xat T'Y/ L1u'5axux~ T'Y/'; Meracpeaartr;. A8t']va I KEQX"UQU.
Kwvowvfi:voc; TIQEO~ll"tEQO\; xai. OtxoVOj..tO\; TOY E3 OIKONOMQN (1839), 'E.nix(!tatr; elr;
rijv IleQi NweA.A.'Y/vtxfir; 'ExxA.'Y/aiar; J:vvroftOV 'A.navr'Y/atv roii L:ocpoA.oytwrarov L1u5aaxaA.ov Kveiov Nwcpvrov Baftf3a , 'A8fjvm.
OMHPOL, 'Oovaaeta.

TI[avayLWTTJ<;] llAllAZM>EIPOllOYAOL C1977), Ilf(!tavvaywy~ rA.waotxfir;'YA.'Y/r; xai 'E{}[-

oe

roii rfir; IleA.o.novv~aov, Ilaeaf3aA.A.OflfVWV ev IloA.flWV roii 'EAA'Y/VlXOV Aaoii, lOiq..

A.oir; .near;
TWV 'Aexaiwv 'EA.A.~vwv' ,A8fjvm - 11887' 'Ev Tia'tQaL\;.

ra

llAPMENI!-.HL, Ileei <Pvaewr;, aw fLCtVVT) TZABAPA (1980), To Ilot'Y/fta roii Ila(!ftEVLO'Y/,

'A8ijva.
I6/..TJ nATEAAH (1991), N6mw xm fiQ6~TJ. fiQoV.no(}iae~r; TTJr; P~~~xrjr; METacpQaaTJr; xm EQ/lTJVEiar;, A8Tjva.
nAATQN, C/>aiowv.

ELQT\Vl] <I>IAinllAKH-WAR BURTON ( 1992), Eaaywyrj OTTJ 8EWQTJUXrj rAwaaoA.oyia, A8Tjva.

FRAN~OIS-GEIGER (1991), Bi11ara Kotvwv~xrjr; xm BEW()TJUXrjr; rA.waao).oyiar;.
l:Vfl{30Arj Of /lla eewoia TTJr; rAwamxrjr; fiQcX~TJr;, j..lETCtqJQU<JT) <l>W'tl] A. Ka~ovx6novl..oc; I

Denise

Taaoc; K6yoc; I fLwgyoc; Mayoul..<ic; I Avva Mavouoo:n;ou/..ou 1 McrnoLva Xul..<i-Magxorrou/..ou, A8Tjva5

XQL<JT6cpOQO<; XAPAAAMllAKHL (1992),
Aoyorexvia xm ro 'Ycpor;, A8Tjva.

NEOEAATJV~x6r; A6yor;. MEAirer; yta TTJ rAwaaa, TTJ

3 Tltf.o~ JtQWtOturrou: Andre MARTINET, Elements de linguistique generale, Paris 1970.

4 Tltf.o~ JtQWtOturrou: Jacques MONOD, Le hasard et Ia necessite. Essai sur Ia philosophie naturelle de Ia
biologie modeme, Paris 1970.
5 Tltf.o~ JtQWtoturrou OEv urr6.QXEL rrg6xmm yta Eml.oyl) xm J.lEt6.qJQ<10ll XELJ.lEvwv an6 w "Egyo tl]~ 01JYygacpew~ tl]~ 20nla~ 1967-1987.

398

BIBAIOrPA<I>IA
XQLOT6cpOQO XAPAAAMTIAKH~ (1994), TAwaaa
TT/~ NE n..waaa~, A6i]va.

Xa

Exnair5VOT/. fJep,aw L1tbaaxaA.ia~

{3) L:vvrt:raypiva at: AUt:~ rAwaat:~ nJ..rw rwv EAA1']VxdJv

AA.VV. (1929), Travaux du Cercle linguistique de Prague, t. I, Prague.
AA.VV. (1961 ),

BorrpoiJ,bi TeopHH JI JI3biKa B coBpeMeHHofr 3apy6eJKHofr JIHHTBHCTHKe,

B. 1!1. AEAEB ( 1965), JlHHTBHCTH'!ecKHH MOJJ:eiiH'l3M KaK J(eryMaHH3aiJ,HJI HayKH o

Borrpocbi JI3biK03HaHHH, T.

MocK.Ba.

JI3biKe, aro

3, OEA. 27-40.

L. ABRAHAM ( 1936), What is the Theory of Meaning about?, OTO The Monist, T. 2, oeA.. 231 EJt.
Theodor W[iesengrund] ADORNO(' 1973), Asthetische Theorie, Frankfurt am Main- '1970.
Jean AITCHISON ( 1976), The Articulate Mammal. An Introduction to Psycholinguistics, London.
Harold B. ALLEN [emiJ..] (1964), Readings in Applied English Linguistics, New York.
William P. ALSTON (1962), Philosophical Analysis and Structural Linguistics, ow JP, T. 59, oeA..

709-20.
William P. ALSTON (1963), Meaning and Use, ow PQ, T. 13, oeA.. 107-24 =Jay F. ROSENBERG I
Charles TRAVIS [rnLiJ..] (1971), Readings in the Philosophy ofLanguage, New Jersey, oeA.. 403-19.
Hans Peter ALTHAUS I Helmut HENNE I Herbert Ernst WIEGAND [EmiJ..] ( 2 1980), Lexikon
der Germanistischen Linguistik, TUbingen - ' 1973.
Karl-Otto APEL ( 1974 ), Zur Idee einer transzendentalen Sprach-Pragmatik. Die Dreistel-

Jigkeit der Zeichenrelation und die "abstractive fallacy" in den Grundlagen der k/assischen
Transzendentalphi/osophie und der sprachanalytischen Wissenschafts/ogik, ow Josef
SIMON [EmiJ..], Aspekte und Probleme der Sprachphilosophie, Freiburg [im Breisgau] I
MUnchen, oeA.. 283-326 .
Antoine ARNAULT (1964), The Art of Thinking: Port-Royal Logic, trans. James Dickoff I
Patricia James, Indianapolis.
Henri ATLAN ( 1986), 'A tort et a raison : intercritique de Ia science et du mythe, Paris .
J[errold] ATLAS I S[tephen] LEVINSON (1981), It-clefts, Informativeness, and Logical Form:
Radical Pragmatics, ow Peter COLE [ffiLiJ..], Radical Pragmatics, New York, oeA.. 1-61.
Beryl A. ATKINS I Alain DUVAL I Rosemary C. MILNE (1978), Collins-Robert FrenchEnglish, English-French Dictionary, London I Glasgow I Toronto.
Jacques ATTALI (1985), Noise. A Political Economy of Music, translated by Brian Massumi,
Minneapolis.
J[ohn] L[angshow] AUSTIN (1962), How to Do Things with Words, Cambridge I Mass.
Gaston BACHELAR ( 1977), L 'activite rationaliste de Ia physique contemporaine, Paris.
Mikhail BAKHTINE (1977), Le marxisme et Ia philosophie du Jangage, Paris.
Mikhail BAKHTIN (1986), The Dialogic Imagination . Four Essays, translated by Caryl
Emerson and Michael Holquist, Austin.
Charles BALLY (' 1965), Linguistique generale et linguistique fran9aise, Berne - '1932.
Yehoshua BAR-HILLEL (1964), Language and Information. Selected Essays on their Theory
and Application, Jerusalem.
Yves BAREL (1989), Le paradoxe et Je systeme: Essai sur Je fantastique social, Grenoble.

399

John BEEKMAN (1969), Metaphor and Simile,

Andrew C. BENJAMIN, Is Empiricism

ow Notes on Translation, t. 31, OEA. 1-22.

Self~refuting?,

oto JP, t. 38, OEA. 17-35.

Walter BENJAMIN ('1963), Charles Baudelaire, Tableaux Parisiennes. Deutsche Ubertragung

mit einem Vorwort Uber die Aufgabe des Ubersetzers von Walter Benjamin, Frankfurt am
Main - 1 1923, Heidelberg.

Walter BENJAMIN (1966), Uber die Sprache Uberhaupt und Uber die Sprache des Menschen, oto
Walter BENJAMIN, Angelus Novus. Ausgewiih/te Schriften 2, Frankfurt am Main, OEA. 9-26.
Walter BENJAMIN (1991), Uber den Begriff der Geschichte, oto Walter BENJAMIN, Gesammelte Schriften, hrsg. von Theodor W. Adorno, Gershom Scholem, Rolf Tiedemann,
Hermann Schweppenhauser, t. I 12, Frankfurt am Main, OEA. 691-704.
Emile BENVENISTE (1958), De Ia subjectivite dans Je Jangage, oto Journal de Psycho/ogie, juil.sept. =Emile BENVENISTE (1966), Problemes de linguistiquegenera/e, Paris, t. 1, OEA. 258-66.
Emile BENVENISTE (1966, 1974), Problemes de Iinguistique generale, 2 t., Paris.
Gustav BERGMANN (1952), Two Types of Linguistic Philosophy,
t. 5, OEA. 417-38.

ow Review of Metaphysics,

Gustav BERGMANN (1955), Intensionality, oto Archivio di Filosofia, OEA. 177-216.

George BERKELEY (1710), A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge,
London 6 .
Robert BERNASCONI (1985), The Question of Language in Heidegger's History of Being,
New Jersey.
Max BLACK [Emt-t.] (1965), Philosophy in America, London.
Diane BLAKEMORE (1992), Understanding Utterances. An Introduction to Pragmatics, Oxford.
Ernst BLOCH (1977), Tagtrliume vom aufrechten Gang. Sechs Interviews mit Ernst Bloch,
hrsg. von A. MUnster, Frankfurt am Main.
Leonard BLOOMFIELD (1933), Language, London.
Leonard BLOOMFIELD (1943), Meaning,
314, OEA. 101-6.

ow

Monatshefte tlir den Deutschen Unterricht, t.

Hans BLUMENBERG (1960), Paradigmen zu einer Metaphorologie, oto Archiv flir Begriffsgeschichte, t. 6, OEA. 7-142.
Franz BOAS (1911), Introduction to the Handbook of American Indian Languages, oto Bureau of American Ethnology, CEAtLo 40, Washington.
6

fEQfl.UV~xi) f!EtUq>QaOTI Eine Abhandlung Uber die Prinzipien der menschlichen Erkenntnis, [J.EtacpgaOTI, ELoaywyi), JtaQatTIQi)ow; Friedrich Oberweg, rn~f!EAELa Alfred Klemm, Hamburg 1957.

400

BIBAIOfPA~IA

Franz BOAS (1920),The Classification of American Indian Languages,

367-76.

ow

AmA, T. 22, OEA.

BOETHIUS (1906), In isagogem Porphyrii, edited by S. Brandt, Wien 1 Leipzig.

Dwight L. BOLLINGER (' 1975 ), Aspects of Language, New York - ' 1968.
Giulio BONFANTE (1980), The Origin of the Type French on dit, German man sagt, etc., oto
Word, T. 31, OEA. 69-71.
Pierre BOURDIEU ( 1979), La distinction, Paris.
Michel BREAL (1897), Essai de semantique, Paris.
Martin BUBER I Franz ROSENZWEIG (1954 ), Die flint BUcher der Weisung, Koln I Otten.
Karl BOHLER ('1965), Sprachtheorie. Die Darste/lungsfunktion der Sprtache, Stuttgart ' 1934, Jena.
Karl-Dieter BUNTING (1971 ), Einftihrung in die Linguistik, Frankfurt am Main.
Hadumod BUSZMANN (' 1990), Lexikon der Sprachwissenschaft, Stuttgart - '1983.
Rudolf CARNAP (1934), Logische Syntax der Sprache, Wien.
Rudolf CARNAP (1937), The Logical Syntax of Language, New York I London.
Rudolf CARNAP ( 1942), Introduction to Semantics. Studies in Semantics I, Cambridge.
Rudolf CARNAP (' 1956), Meaning and Necessity. A Study in Semantics and Modal Logic,
Chicago I London- '1947.
Rudolf CARNAP (1952), Meaning Postulates, OTO PS, T. 3, OEA. 65-73 =Rudolf CARNAP ( 2 1956),
Meaning and Necesity, Chicago I London, m:/... 222-29.
Rudolf CARNAP (1956), The Methodological Character of Theoretical Concepts,
Studies in the Philosophy of Science, T. 1, OEA. 38-76.

ow Minnesota

Ernst CASSIRER (1923), Die kantischen Elemente in Wilhelm von Humboldts Sprachphilosophie,
oto Julius BINDER [EJn~.], Festschrift fUr Paul Hensel, Erlangen, OEA. 105-27.
Stanley CAVELL (1958), Must We Mean What We Say?, ow Inquiry, T. 1, OEA. 172-212.
Bianca CETTI-M ARINONI (1988), Sprach- und Stilprobleme der "TorleB"-Obersetzung, oto
Annette DAIGGER I Gerti MILITZER [Em~.], Die Vbersetzung Jiterarischer Texte am
Beispiel Robert Musil. Beitrlige des Intemationalen Vbersetzer-Ko/loquiums in Strae/en
vom 8.-10. Juni 1987, Stuttgart, OEA. 227-39.
Wallace L. CHAFE (1970), Meaning and the Structure of Language, Chicago.
Noam CHOMSKY (' 1966), Aspects of The Theory of Syntax, Cambridge I Mass- ' 1965.
Noam CHOMSKY (1968), Syntactic Structures, The Hague- ' 1957.
Noam CHOMSKY (1971 ), Deep Structure, Surface Structure and Semantic Interpetation, OTO
Danny D. STEINBERG I Leon A. JAKOBOVITS [Em~. ] , An Interdisciplinary Reader in Philosophy, Linguistics and Psychology, Cambridge, OEA. 183-216 = Noam CHOMSKY (1972),
Studies on Semantics in Generative Grammar, The Hague, oE/... 62-119.
Noam CHOMSKY (1972), Studies on Semantics in Generative Grammar, The Hague.
Noam CHOMSKY (1972), Language and Mind, New York.
Noam CHOMSKY (1993), Language and Thought, Wakefield 1 London.
Eve V. CLARK (1993), The Lexicon in Acquisition, Cambridge.

40 1

Introducing Applied Linguistics, Harmondsworth.

Arnold CORNELIS (1984 ), Epistemological Indicators of Scientific Identity, 010 Robert
TRAPPL [Em!!.], Cybernetics and Systems Research, Amsterdam, T. 2, oE.A.. 683-90.
Eugenio COSERIU (1955156), Determinacion y entomo. Dos problemas de una lingilistica del
hablar, ow Romanistisches Jahrbuch, T. 7, oE.A.. 29-54 =Eugeni o COSERIU (1962),Teoria del
Jenjuaje y lingilistica general, Madrid, oE.A.. 283-323.
Eugenio COSERIU (1957), Sinchronia, Diachronfa e Historia. El problema del cambia lingilistico, Montevideo.
Eugenio COSERIU (1970), Sprache, Strukturen und Funktionen. 12 Aufsiitze, TUbingen.
Eugenio COSERIU (' 1992), Ein!Uhrung in die Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft, TUbingen - '1988.
M[ax] J. CRESSWELL (1975), Hyperintensiona/ Logic, 010 Studia Logica, T. 34, OEA. 171-84.
D. A[llan] CRUSE (1986), Lexical Semantics, Cambridge.
Jonathan CULLER (1976), Saussure, Glasgow.
Donald DAVIDSON (1967), Truth and Meaning, OTO Synthese, T. 17, OEA. 304-23 =Donald
DAVIDSON (1984), Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation, Oxford= Jay F. ROSENBERG I
Charles TRAVIS [rnL!-l.] (1971), Readings in the Philosophy of Language, New Jersey, oEA.. 45-65 .
Donald DAVIDSON (1968), On Saying That, OTO Synthese, T. 19, oEA.. 130-46 =Donald DAVIDSON I Jaakko HINTIKKA (1969), Words and Objections, Essays on the Work of W. V.O.
Quine, Dordrecht, oEA.. 159-74 = Donald DAVIDSON (1984), Inquiries into Truth and
Interpretation, Oxford.
Donald DAVIDSON (1969), True to the Facts, OTO JP, T. 66, OEA.. 748-64.
Donald DAVIDSON (1973), Radical Interpretation, 010 Dia/ectica, T. 27, oEA.. 313-28 =
Donald DAVIDSON ( 1980), Essays on Actions and Events, Oxford.
Donald DAVIDSON (1973-74 ), On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme, ow Proceedings
and Adresses of the American Philosophical Association , T. 48, oEA. . 1-25 = Donald
DAVIDSON (1984 ), Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation, Oxford.
Donald DAVIDSON (1974), Belief and the Basis of Meaning, ow Synthese, T. 27, oEA.. 310-25
=Donald DAVIDSON (1984), Inquiries into Truth and Interpretation, Oxford.
Donald DAVIDSON (1980), Essays on Actions and Events, Oxford.
Donald DAVIDSON (1984), Inquiries into Truth [md Interpretation, Oxford.
Donald DAVIDSON I Jaakko HINTIKKA [ffiL!-l.] ('1975), Words and Objections, Boston- '1969.
Robert DE BEAUGRANDE ( 1978), Factors in a Theory of Poetic Translating, Assen .'
Robert DE BEAUGRANDE (1980), Text, Discourse and Process: toward a Multidisciplinary Science
of Texts, Harlow.

S. Pit CORDER (1973),

402

BIBAIOfPA<I>IA
Robert DE BEAUGRANDE (1991), Coincidence in Translation: Glory and Misery again, ato
TextconText, t. 3, crEA.. 17-53.
Robert DE BEAUGRANDE I Wolfgang Uwe DRESSLER (1981), Introduction to Text Linguistics, Harlow.
Ferdinand DE SAUSSURE (' 1969), Cours de linguistique genera/e,
EJtL~EAELa twv Charles Bally xm Albert Sechehaye, Paris - '1916.

EXOEOO~EVO ~E

tT]V

Jaques DERRIDA (1967), De Ia Grammatologie, Paris.

Jacques DERRIDA ( 1967), L 'ecriture et Ia difference, Paris.
Jaques DERRIDA ( 1972), Positions, Paris.
Rene DESCARTES (1972) , The Philosophical Works of Descartes, trans. E.S. Haldane &
G.R.T. Ross, Cambridge.
John DEWEY ( 12 1958), Art as Experience, New York.
Gudula DINSER

[Em~. ] (1974), Zur Theorie der Sprachveriinderung,

Kronberg ITs.

Keith S. DONNELLAN (1 962), Necessity and Criteria, crto JP, t. 59, OEA. 647-58 = Jay F.
ROSENBERG I CHARLES TRAVIS [rnL~.], (1971) Readings in the Philosophy of Language,

OEA. 42-52.
Keith s. DONNELLAN (1 966), Reference and Definite Descriptions, ato PR, t. 75 , crEA.. 281-304
=Jay F. ROSENBERG I Charles TRAVIS [EltL~.] (1971), Readings in the Philosophy of Language,
New Jersey, OEA. 195-211 =Danny D. STEINBERG I Leon A. JAKOBOVITS [EltL~.] (1971), An
Interdisciplinary Reader in Philosophy, Linguistics and Psychology, Cambridge, crEA.. 100-14.
William DOWNES C1988), Language and Society, London - '1984.
Joachim DU BELLA Y C1948), La deffense et illustration de Ia langue fran9oise, edition critique publiee par H. Chamard, Paris.
Jacques DUBOIS I Mathee GIACOMO I Louis GUESPIN I Christian MARCELLESI I JeanBaptiste MARCELLESI I Jean-Pierre MEREL (1973), Dictionnaire de linguistique, Paris.
Oswald DUCROT I Tzvetan TODOROV (1972), Dictionnaire encyc/opedique des sciences du
/angage, Paris.
Oswald DUCROT I Tzvetan TODOROV ('1987), Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Sciences of
Language, translated by Catherine Porter, Baltimore- '1979.
DUDEN ('1982), Das Fremdworterbuch, Mannheim I Wien I ZUrich.

Pierre DUHEM (1906), La theorie physique: Son objet et sa structure, Paris.

Michael DUMMETT (1973), Frege. Philosophy of Language, London.
Michael DUMMETT (1978), Truth and Other Enigmas, London.
Umberto ECO (1973), Looking for a Logic of Culture, aw TLS,
Umberto ECO ( 1975), Trattato di semiotica generale, Milano.

OxtwBow~.

crEA.. 5.

Umberto ECO (1984), Semiotica e filosofia del linguaggio, Torino.

Umberto ECO (1990), I limiti dell'interpretazione, Milano.
Albert EINSTEIN (1944), Remarks on Bertrand Russell's Theory of Knowledge, ato P.A.
SCHUPP [Em~.]. The Philosophy of Bertrand Russell, Evanston.
William EMPSON C1953), Seven Types of Ambiguity, London - '1930.

403

Charles J. FILLMORE (1977), Scenes-and-Frames Semantics,

guistic Structures Processing, Amsterdam, o/.... 55-81.

ow A. Zompoli

[Em~.t.].

Lin-

John R[upert] FIRTH (1935), The Technique of Semantics, ow TPS, o/.... 36-72 = John
R[upert] FIRTH (1957), Papers in Linguistics 1935-51, Oxford, OEA. 139-47.
John R[upert] FIRTH (1957), Papers in Linguistics 1935-51, Oxford.
John R[upert] FIRTH (1957), A Synopsis of Linguistic Theory, 1930-55, Oxford.
John R[upert] FIRTH (1957), The Technique of Semantics, ow John R[upert] FIRTH, Papers
in Linguistics 1934-1951, Oxford, o/.... 7-33- To xd~.tEVO yQacptTJXEtO 1935.
John R[upert] FIRTH (1957), Personality and Language in Society, oto John R[upert] FIRTH,
Papers in Linguistics 1934-1951, Oxford, OEA. 177-89- To xd~.tEVO yQacptTJXE to 1950.
John R[upert] FIRTH (1966), The Tongues of Men and Speech, Oxford.
John R[upert] FIRTH (1968), A Synopsis of Linguistic Theory, 1930-55, oto Studies in Linguistic Analysis, Special Volume of the Philological Society, London, OEA. 1-31.
Raymond FIRTH (1951), Elements of Social Organisation, London.
Wolfgang FLEISCHER

[rnL~.t.]

(1983), Deutsche Sprache, Leipzig.

Angus FLETCHER ('1990), Allegory. The Theory of a Symbolic Mode, New York- '1964.
L. FLYDAL (1951), Remarques sur certains rapports entre /e style et l'etat de langue,
NTS, t. 16, OEA. 240-57.

ow

Jerry A. FODOR I Jerrold J. KATZ [rnL~.t.] (1965), The Structure of Language: Readings in the
Philosophy of Language, Englewood Cliffs I New Jersey.
Jerry A. FODOR I Jerrold J. KATZ (1964), The Structure of Semantic Theory, oto Jerry A.
FODOR I Jerrold J. KATZ [Em~.t.], The Structure of Language, Englewood Cliffs I New
Jersey, OEA. 473-518.
Michel FOUCAULT (1966), Les mots et /es chases, Paris.
Walther FRANZEL (1914), Geschichte des Vbersetzens im 18. Jahrhundert, Leipzig.
Frederic FRANc;;ois

[Em~.t.]

(1980), Linguistique, Paris.

Frederic FRANc;;ois (1980), L' analyse semantique et Ia mise en mots,

~OIS [Em~.t .], Linguistique, Paris, oEA.. 189-231.
Frederic FRANc;;ois (1980), Linguistique et analyse de textes,
Linguistique, Paris, oEA.. 233-77.

ow Frederic

ow Frederic

FRAN-

FRAN~OIS [Em~.t.],

Wolfgang FRIER (1977), Ansiitze einer Semiotik des Sprachgebrauchs, oto Lingua, t. 43, OEA.
313-37.
Charles Carpenter FRIES (1954), Meaning and Linguistic Analysis, oto Lg, t. I, OEA. 57-68 =

404

BIBAIOfPA<!JIA
Harold B. ALLEN [mq.t.] (1964), Readings in Applied English Linguistics, New York.
Charles Carpenter FRIES (1963), The Structure of English, London.
Manfred FRANK (1980), Das Sagbare und das Unsagbare. Studien zur neuesten franzosischen
Hermeneutik und Texttheorie, Frankfurt am Main.
William FRAWLEY [mq..t.] (1984), Literary, Linguistic and Philosophical Perspectives, Newark.
Gottlob FREGE (1884), Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik, Breslau.
Gottlob FREGE (1892), Uber Sinn und Bedeutung, ow Zeitschrift fur Philosophie und Philosophische Kritik, t. I 00 = GUnther PATZIG [mq.t.] ( 1980), Funktion, Begriff, Bedeutung,
Gottingen.
Jlirgen FRESE (1967), Sprechen a/s Metapher fUr Handeln, ow Hans-Georg GADAMER
[mq.t.], Das Problem der Sprache. Achter Deutscher KongreB fUr Philosophie Heidelberg
1966, MUnchen, oEA.. 45-55.
Northorp FRYE ('1967), Fearful Symmetry, Boston.
FUNG YU-LAN ( 1948), A Short History of Chinese Philosophy, New York I London.

Hans-Georg GADAMER (1942), Volk und Geschichte im Denken Herders, Frankfurt am Main .
Hans-Georg GADAMER (6 1990), Wahrheit und Methode. GrundzUge einer philosophischen
Hermeneutik, 2 t., TUbingen - '1960.
Hans-Georg GADAMER [mq.t.] (1967), Das Problem der Sprache. Achter Deutscher KongreB
fUr Philosophie Heidelberg 1966, MUnchen.
Hans-Georg GADAMER (1976), Philosophical Hermeneutics, translated by D.E. Linge, Berkeley.
Felix GAFFIOT (1934), Dictionnaire Latin Fran9ais, Paris.
Allan GARDINER(' 1960), The Theory of Speech and Language, Oxford- '1932 .
Paul [L.] GARVI N [Em[!E A.rp; J1 ~ xm [lEtacpQaotJ1~] (1964), A Prague School Reader on
Aesthetics, Literary Structure, and Style, Washington D.C.
Hans-Martin GAUGER ( 1972), Zum Problem der Synonyme, TUbingen.
Hans-Martin GAUGER (1976), SprachbewuBtsein und Sprachwissenscha!t, MUnchen.
Gerard GENETTE (1966), Figures, Paris.
Gerard GENETTE (1982), Palimpsestes. La litterature au second degre, Paris.
Gerard GENETTE (1991), Fiction et diction, Paris.
Carl Immanuel GERHARDT [Em[!.] (1849-90), Die Philosophischen Schriften von G. W.
Leibniz, 7 t., Leipzig.
James J. GIBSON (1966), The Senses Considered as Perpetual Systems, Boston.
Anthony GIDDENS (1984), The Constitution of Society. Outline of the Theory of Structuration,
Berkeley I Los Angeles.
Helmut GIPPER (1964), Leo Weisgerber- Zur Grundlegung einer ganzheitlichen Sprachauffassung, DUsseldorf.
Helmut GIPPER ( 1965), Wilhelm von Humboldt a/s BegrUder der modemen Sprachforschung,

ow

Wirkendes Wort, t. 15, <JEA. 1-19.

Helmut GIPPER I P. SCHMITTER (1979), Sprachwissenschaft und Sprachphilosophie im

Zeita/ter der Romantik, TUbingen .

405

Philip Babcock GOVE [Em~-t.] ( 1976), Websters Third New International Dictionary of the
English Language Unabridged, 2 1., Spingfield I Mass. - ' 1909.

Antonio GRAMSCI ( 1977), Notes critiques sur une tentative de manuel popu/aire de sociologie,
ow Gramsci dans /e texte, Paris, oEA.. 302-25.
Richard GRANDY (1987), In Defense of Semantic Fields,
Directions in Semantics, London ect., oEA.. 259-80.

ow

Ernest LEPORE [Em~-t.]. New

Michael GREGORY 1 s. CAROLL (1978), Language and Situation: Language Varieties and
their Social Contexts, London .
H[erbert] P[aul] GRICE (1957), Meaning, 010 PR, 1. 66, OEA. 377-88 = Jay F. ROSENBERG I
Charles TRAVIS [rnL~-t.] (1971), Readings in the Philosophy of Language, New Jersey, oEA..
436-44 =Danny D. STEINBERG I Leon A. JAKOBOVITS [Em~-t.] (1971), An Interdisciplinary
Reader in Philosophy, Linguistics and Psychology, Cambridge, oEA.. 53-9.
H[erbert] P[aul] GRICE (1975), Logic and Conversation, 010 Peter COLE I Jerry L. MORGAN
[rnL~-t.]. Syntax and Semantics, 3. Speech Acts, New York, oEA.. 41-65.
H[erbert] P[aul] GRICE I Peter F[rederick] STRAWSON (1956), In Defence of a Dogma, 010
PR, 1. 65, OEA. 141-58 = Jay F. ROSENBERG I Charles TRAVIS [EJtLI-t.] (1971), Readings in
the Philosophy of Language, New Jersey, oEA.. 81-94.
Pierre GUIRAUD (9 1979), La Stylistique, Paris- '1954.
Anil GUPTA (1987), The Meaning of Truth, 010 Ernest LEPORE [Em~-t.]. New Directions in
Semantics, London ect., oEA..453-80.
JUrgen HABER MAS (1988), Nachmetaphysisches Denken: Philosophische Aufsatze, Frankfurt
am Main .
Claude HAGEGE ( 1985), L 'hom me de paroles, Paris.
Kenneth HALE (1974), Some Questions about Anthropological Linguistics: The Role of Native
Knowledge, ow Dell HYMES [EJtL~-t.], Reinventing Anthropology, New York, OEA. 382-97.
M[ichael] A.K. HALLIDAY (1961), Categories of the Theory of Grammar,

ow

Word, 1. 17,

OEA. 241-92.
M[ichael] A.K. HALLIDAY (1978), Language as Social Semiotic: The Social Interpretation of
Language and Meaning, London.
M[ichael] A.K. HALLIDAY ( 1985), An Introduction to Functional Grammar, Oxford.
M[ichael] A.K. HALLIDAY I A[ngus] MciNTOSH I Peter STREVENS (1964), The Linguistic
Sciences and Language Teaching, London.
7 TLtf..o<; JtQWtatunou: H[enry]-A[IIan] GLEASON ('1961), An Introduction to Descriptive Linguistics,
New York- '1955.

406

BIBAIOfPAC!>IA
M[ichael] A.K. HALLIDAY I Ruqaiya HASSAN (1976), Cohesion in English, London.
Charles s. HARDWICK (1971), Language Learning in Wittgenstein's Later Philosophy, The Hague.
Bernard HARRISON (1972), Review of "Semantic Theory" by Jerrold 1. Katz, oto Mind, t.
83, OEA. 599-606.
Gilbert HARMAN (1987), (Nonsolipsistic) Conceptual Role Semantics, ow Ernest LEPORE
[EmJ..l.], New Directions in Semantics, London ect., oEA. 55-81.
Roy HARRIS (1978), On Thought and Languages, crto Encounter, OEA. 42-9.
Zelling S[abbetai] HARRIS (195 1), Methods in Structural Linguistics, Chicago.
Zelling S[abbetai] HARRIS (1954), Distributional Structure, crto Word, t. 213, OEA. 146-94 =
Andre MARTINET I Uriel WEINREICH [ErtLJ..l.] (1954), Linguistics Today, New York= Jerry
A. FODOR I Jerrold J. KATZ (1964), The Structure of Language: Readings in the Philosophy
of Language, Englewood Cliffs I New Jersey .
R[einhard] R[udolf] K[arl] HARTMAN 1 F.C. STORK (1972), Dictionary of Language and Linguistics, Amsterdam.

w. HARTUNG (1974), Sprachliche Kommunikation und Gesellschaft, Berlin.

u. HAUG 1G. RAMMER (1974), Sprachpsycho/ogie und Theorie der Verstiindigung, DUsseldorf.
R. HEALY ( 1978), Physicalist Imperialism, ow Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, oEA.
191-211.

G[eorg] W[ilhelm] F[riedrich] HEGEL (1970), Werke, Frankfurt am Main .

Martin HEIDEGGER ( 17 1993), Sein und Zeit, TUbingen - '1927.
Martin HEIDEGGER (6 1980), Der Ursprung des Kunstwerkes, [193511936].
Martin HElD EGGER (' 1949), Vber den Humanismus, Frankfurt am Main.
Martin HEIDEGGER (1953), Einftihrung in die Metaphysik, TUbingen.
Martin HEIDEGGER (1954), Vonriige und Aufsiitze, Pfullingen.
Martin HEIDEGGER (1954), Was heiBt Denken?, TUbingen.
Martin HElD EGGER ( 1959), Unterwegs zur Sprache, Pfullingen.
Gerhard HELBIG ('1973), Geschichte der neueren Sprachwissenschaft. Unter dem besonderen
Aspekt der Grammatik-Theorie, MUnchen- ' 1971, Leipzig.
Carl Gustav HEMPEL, Problems and Changes in the Empiricist Criterion of Meaning, crto
RIP, t. 4, <JEA. 41-63 = Jay F. ROSENBERG I Charles TRAVIS [EltLJ..l.] (1971), Readings in the
Philosophy of Language, New Jersey, crEA.. 420-35 = Johannes SINNREICH [EmJ..l.] (1972),
Zur Philosophie der idea/en Sprache, MUnchen. <JEA. 53-100.
Albert HENRY (' 1983), Metaphore et metonymie, Bruxelles - '1971, Paris.
Th. HERMANNS (1972), Sprache, Bern.
James HIGGINBOTHAM (1987), On Semantics, crto Ernest LEPORE [EmJ..l.], New Directions
in Semantics, London ect., <JEA. 1-54.
A[rchibald] A. HILL (1958), Introduction to Linguistic Structures, New York.
Jaakko HINTIKKA (1987), Game-Theoretical Semantics as a Synthesis of Verificationist and
Truth-Conditional Meaning Theories, crto Ernest LEPORE [EmJ..l.], New Directions in Semantics, London ect., OEA. 235-58.
E.D. HIRSCH (1976), The Aims of Interpretation, Chicago.

407

Dell H. HYMES (1964), Directions in (Ethno-) Linguistic Theory, aw A.K. ROMNEY I R.G.
D'ANDRADE [Em~-t.], Transcultural Studies of Cognition, ato AmA, t. 65, <JEA 1-25.
Dell HYMES [Em~-t.] (1964), Language in Culture & Society. A Reader in Linguistics and
Anthropology, New York.
Dell [H.] HYMES (1972), On Communicative Competence, ato J.P. PRIDE/ Janet HOLMES
[Em~-t.], Sociolinguistics, Harmondsworth, aEA.. 265-79.
Dell HYMES [mw.J (1974), Reinventing Anthropology, New York.
Roman INGARDEN (1968), Vom Erkennen des literarischen Kunstwerks, TUbingen .
Wolfgang ISER (1972), The Reading Process: A Phenomenological Approach, aw New
Literary History, t. 3, <JEA.. 279-99.
Wolfgang ISER (1976), Der Akt des Lesens, MUnchen.
GUnther JACOBY (1907), Herders und Kants Asthetik, Leipzig.
Roman JAKOBSON (1959), Boas' View of Grammatical Meaning, ato AmA, t. 60, <JEA.. 13950 =Roman JAKOBSON (1971), Selected Writings, t . II, The Hague I Paris, <JEA. 489-96.
Roman JAKOBSON (1963), Essais de linguistique genera/e. Les fondations du Iangage, traduit
de I'anglais et preface par Nicolas Ruwet, Paris.
Roman JAKOBSON (1971), Selected Writings, 2 t., The Hague I Paris.
Roman JAKOBSON (1973), Questions de poetique, Paris.
Roman JAKOBSON (1987), Language in Literature, !!E EnL!-lfAELa tulV Krystyna POMORSKA
& Stephen RUDY, Cambridge I London.
B. H. JIPIJ.EBA ( 1961 ),

Ilpo6JieMa cjJopMbi H copep)[(8HHH CHHTaKcHqeCKHX epHHHL{ B

ato AA.VV.,
MocKBa.

TpaKTOBKe pecKpHIITH6HcToB H "MeHTaJIHCTOB",

coBpeMeHHOii 3apy6e)[(HOii JIHHrBHCTHKe,

BorrpOL{bi TeopHH H H3biKa B

L. JONES (1980), Pragmatic Aspects of English Text Structure, Ann Arbor/ Mich.

Martin JOOS (1950), Description of' Language Design, aro lAcS, <JEA.. 149-60 = Martin JOOS
[Em~-t.] (1963), Readings in Linguistics, New York, <JEA.. 349-60.
Martin JOOS [mL~-t.] (1963), Readings in Linguistics, New York.
Immanuel KANT (1974), Kritik der Urteilskraft, Em~-tA.na Karl Vorlander, Hamburg6

1924, '1771.

Asa KASHER (1987), Justification of Speech, Acts and Speech Acts, at o Ernest LEPORE
[Em~-t.], New Directions in Semantics, London ect., <JEA.. 281-303.
Jerrold J. KATZ (1972), Semantic Theory, New York.
Jerrold J. KATZ (1977), Propositional Structure and l/locutionary Force: A Study of' the
Contribution of Sentence Meaning to Speech Acts, New York.

408

BlBAIOfPA<I>lA
Jerrold J. KATZ (1987), Common Sense in Semantics, ow Ernest LEPORE [EnL!..l.], New Directions in Semantics, London ect., oe/... 157-233.
J[errold] J. KATZ I Richard I. NAGEL (1974), Meaning Postulates and Semantic Theory, oto
Foundations of Language, t. 11, ae/... 311 -40.
Ruth M. KEMPSON (1989), Semantic Theory, Cambridge - '1977.
Anthony KENNY r1989), Wittgenstein, !11:UcpQC10TJ Hermann Vetter, Frankfurt am Main 8 - '1974.
Barbara KIPFER (1986), Investigating an Onomasiological Approach to Dictionary Material,
ato Dictionaries, t. 8, ae/... 55-64.
G. KRESS (1985), Linguistic Processes in Sociocultural Practice, Victoria.

Saul KRIPKE (1975), Outline of a Theory of Truth, ato JP, aef... 690-716.
Saul A. KRIPKE (1982), Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language. An Elementary Exposition, Cambridge /Mass.
William LABOY ( 1972), Language and the Inner City, Philadelphia.
Jacques LACAN (1966), Ecrits, Paris.
Andre LALANDE (1962), Vocabulaire de philosophie, Paris.
31

PETIT LAROUSSE ( 1967), Paris.

Fran<;ois LARUELLE (1977), Le dec/in de l'ecriture, Paris.

Eric H. LENNEBERG [EnL!..l.] (1964), New Directions in the Study of Language, Cambridge I Mass.
Eric H. LENNEBERG (1964), A Biological Perspective of Language, aw Eric H. LENNEBERG
[mq.t.], New Directions in the Study of Language, Cambridge I Mass., aef... 65-88 .
A.A. JIEOHTEB (1978), Inner Speech and the Process of Grammatical Generation of Utterances, ato Soviet Psychology, t. 46, aef... 11-16.

Ernest LEPORE / Barry LOEWER (1987), Dual Aspect Semantics, aw Ernest LEPORE
[EnLI..l.], New Directions in Semantics, London ect., aef... 83-112.
Clarence I. LEWIS (1943 I 44), The Modes of Meaning, ato Phil. and Phenom. Res., t. 4, aef...
236-50 = Clarence I. LEWIS (1946), An Analysis of Knowledge and Evaluation, LaSalle I
Illinois, ae/... 35-70 = Leonard LINSKY [Eml..l.] (1952), Semantics and the Philosophy of
Language, Urbana= Jay F. ROSENBERG/ Charles TRAVIS [EnLI..l.] (1971), Readings in the
Philosophy of Language, New Jersey, aef... 15-42.
Clarence 1. LEWIS (1946), An Analysis of Knowledge and Evaluation, LaSalle I Illinois.
Henry George LIDDEL I Robert SCOTT/ 'AvEatT]\; KQNITANTINI~HL (XXE), Miya Aestxov rijc; 'EJ...J...r;vtxijc; rAwaar;c;, 'A8fivm, t. 5.- 11843, 41855 .
Le~nard

LINSKY [EnLI..l.] ( 1952), Semantics and the Philosophy of Language, Urbana.

Theodor LITT (' 1949), Kant und Herder als Deuter der geistigen Welt, Heidelberg - '1930,
Leipzig.
John LOCKE (1959), An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, x.boal] A.C. Fraser, New
York - '1690.
J[uri] M. LOTMAN (1976), Theses on the Semiotic Study of Cultures (as Applied to Slavic
Texts), ato AA.VV., The Te/1-tale Sign: A survey of Semiotics, Lisse, aef... 57.

8 TltA.ot; JtQWton)nou: Anthony KENNY (1972), Wittgenstein, London.

409

[Em~.],

New Directions in Semantics, London ect., oEA.. 143-55.

John LYONS ( 1977), Semantics, 2 t., Cambridge.

Roger MACKELDEY (1987), Alltagssprach/iche Dia/oge, Leipzig.
s. MACLANE (1971), Categories forthe Working Mathematician, New York.
Alfred MAL BLANC (1961 ), Stylistique comparee du f'ran911is et de I 'allemand, Paris.
J.E. MANSION [Em~.] ('1979), Harraps Standard French and English Dictionary, 2 t., Paris I
Bruxelles I London- 1 1934.
Jean MAROUZEAU (' 1969), Precis de stylistique t'ran911ise, Paris -

1941.

Andre MARTINET (1959), Quelques traits generaux de Ia sy ntaxe, oto Free University Quarterly, tx. 2, oEA.. 11-22.
Andre MARTINET (1969), Langue et fonction, Paris.
Andre MARTINET (6 1970), Elements de linguistique generale, Paris -

1960.

Andre MARTINET (1980), Une langue et le monde, oto Dilbilim, t. 5, oEA.. 1-25.
Andre MARTINET I Uriel WEINREICH [Em~ . ] (1954), Linguistics Today, New York.
Robert

c. MARSH [Em~. ] (1956), Logic and Knowledge, London.

Benson MATES, Analytic Sentences, oto PR, t. 60, OEA.. 525 -34.
Klaus J. MATTHEIER

[Em~.]

(1983), Aspekte der Dia/ektheorie, TUbingen.

Humberto R. MATURANA (1982), Erkennen: Die Organisation und Verkorperung der Wirk/ichkeit: ausgewahlte Arbeiten zur bio/ogischen Epistemo/ogie, Braunschweig.
Robert MAY (1987) , Logical Form as a Level of Linguistic Representation , oto Ernest
LEPORE [mq.t.], New Directions in Semantics, London ect. , m;A.. 305 -36.
Dorothea McCARTHY (' 1954), Language Development in Children, oto Leonard CARMICHAEL [Em~.], Manual of Child Psychology, OEA. 492-630.
Angus MciNTOSH I M[ichael] A.K. HALLIDAY (1961), Patterns of Language: Papers in General, Descriptive and Applied Linguistics, London.
A.R. MEETHAM I R[ichard] A. HUDSON (1969), Encyclopaedia in Linguistics, Information
and Control, Oxford.
Georg F. MEIER (1961), Das Zero-Problem in der Linguistik, Berlin .
Antoine MEILLET ( 2 1936), Linguistique historique et linguistique generale, 2 t., Paris - 11921.
Jacob MEY ( 1989), "Saying it don't make it so". The "Una Grande Libre " of Language
Politics, oto Multilingua, t. 8, oEA.. 333-55.
Werner MEYER-EPPLER ( 2 1969), Grundlagen und Anwendungen der Informationstheorie,
Berlin I Gottingen I Heidelberg- 1 1959.

410

BIBAIOfPHIA
George A. MILLER (1964), Language and Psychology, ato Leonard CARMICHAEL (rnq.t.],
Manual of Child Psychology, aEA.. 89-107.
Marvin MINSKY (1980), A Framework for Representing Knowledge, ato Dieter METZING
[rnq.t.], Frame Conceptions and Text Understanding, Berlin I New York, oEA.. 1-25 .
Charles MORRIS (1971), Writings on the General Theory of Signs, The Hague.
H. MOLLER, Sprachwissenschalt aufneuen Wegen, oto ZPSK, t. 1/2, aEA.. 17-25.

Max MOLLER ('1965), Lectures on the Science of Language, New Delhi- '1861.
Jan MUKAROVSKY (1964), Standard Language and Poetic Language, ow Paul (L.] GARVIN
[rnq.tEAT]ti]t; xm ~Etacpgcxati]t;], A Prague School Reader on Aesthetics, Literary Structure,
and Style, Washington D.C., oEA.. 17-50.
Gerhart NICKEL [Em~.] (1976), Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of Applied
Linguistics, 3 t., Stuttgart.
Gerhart NICKEL ('1980), Kontrastive Linguistik, ato Hans Peter ALTHAUS I Helmut HENNE I Herbert Ernst WIEGAND [Em~.], Lexikon der Germanistischen Linguistik, TUbingen,
OEA. 633-6 - '1973, OEA. 462-9.
Friedrich NIETZSCHE (1980), Samtliche Werke, Kritische Studienausgabe in 15 Banden,
herausgegeben von Giorgio Colli und Mazzino Montinari, MUnchen I Berlin I New York .
Patrick NOWELL-SMITH (1954), Ethics, Oxford.
M. NYSTRAND I 1. WIEMELT (1991), When is a Text Explicit? Formalist and Dialogical

Conceptions, oto Text:, t. I, oEA.. 25 -41.

Terence ODLIN (1989), Language Transfer. Cross-linguistic Influence in Language Learning,

Cambridge.
Thomas M. OLSHEWSKY

[Em~.]

(1969), Problems in the Philosophy of Language, New York.

Jose ORTEGA Y GASSET (1959), Difficulte du langage, OtO Diogene, tX. 28, oEA.. 1-20.
Peter OSWALD (' 1977), Wortfeldtheorie und Sprachvergleich: franzosisch campagne und
deutsch Landschaft, TUbingen .
GUnther PATZIG

[Em~. ]

(1980), Funktion, Begriff, Bedeutung, Gottingen.

Charles S[anders] PEIRCE (1940), The Philosophy of Peirce: Selected Writings, edited by J.
Buchler, London.
Charles S[anders] PEIRCE (1965 -1966), Collected Papers, edited by C. Hartshorne, London.
Jean PIAGET (1974), La prise de conscience, Paris.
Wolfgang von POCKL [Em~.] (1981), Europaische Mehrsprachigkeit. Festschrift zum 70.
Geburtstag von Mario Wandruszka, TUbingen.
Peter von POLENZ (1985), Deutsche Satzsemantik. Grundbegriffe des Zwischen -den-Zeilen Lesens, Berlin I New York.
Karl R[aimund] POPPER (4 1971), Logik der Forschung, TUbingen - '1934, Wien.
Karl R[aimund] POPPER (4 1975), Die offene Gesel/schaft, MUnchen - '1957.
Karl R[aimund] POPPER (1972), Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach, Oxford.
Karl R[aimund] POPPER (1979), Ausgangspunkte. Meine intellektuel/e Entwicklung, Hamburg.
Karl R[aimund] POPPER (1979), Die beiden Grundprobleme der Erkenntnistheorie (19301933), hrsg. von Troels Eggers Hansen, TUbingen.

411

Hilary PUTNAM (1978), Meaning, Reference and Stereotypes, ow F[ranz] GUENTHNER I M.

GUENTHNER -REUTTER [EJUf.t.], Meaning i!nd Translation. Philosophical and Linguistic
Approaches, London, oEA.. 61 -81.
B. QUADRI (1952), Aufgaben und Methoden der Onamasiologischen Forschung. Eine ent-

wicklungsgeschichtliche Darstellung, Bern.

Willard Van Orman QUINE (1943), Notes on Existence and Necessity, ow JP, t. 40, oEA.. 11327 = oto Leonard LINSKY [rnq.t.] (1952), Semantics and the Philosophy of Language,
Urbana= Johannes SINNREICH [Emf.t.] (1972), Zur Philosophie der idea/en Sprache,
MUnchen. oEA.. 34-54.
Willard Van Orman QUINE (1960), Word and Object, Cambridge I Mass.
Willard Van Orman QUINE (1961), From a Logical Point of View, Cambridge I Mass.
Willard Van Orman QUINE (1966), The Ways of Paradox and Other Essays, New York.
Willard Van Orman QUINE (1968), Replies, oto Donald DAVIDSON I Jaakko HINTIKKA
[rnLf.t.] (' 1975), Words and Objections, Boston, oEA.. 333-5 = oto Synthese, t. 19, OEA: 264-80.
Willard Van Orman QUINE (1969), Ontological Relativity and Other Essays, New York .
Willard Van Orman QUINE ( 1970), On the Reasons of the Indeterminacy of Translation, oto
JP, t. 67, OEA. 178-83.
Willard Van Orman QUINE (1975), On Empirically Equivalent Systems of the World, oto Erkenntnis, oEA.. 313-28.
Willard Van Orman QUINE (1979), Cognitive Meaning, oto Monist, t. 12, o1...129-42.
Willard Van Orman QUINE (1981), Replies to Eleven Essays, oto Philosophical Topics, t. 11,
OEA. 242-53.
Willard Van Orman QUINE (1984), Relativism and Absolutism, oto Monist, t. 17, oEA.. 293-96.
Willard Van Orman QUINE ( 1987), Indeterminacy of Translation Again,

ow JP, oEA.. 5-10.

Willard Van Orman QUINE (1989), Three Indeterminacies, oto R.B. BARRETT I R.F. GIBSON
[rnq.t.] (1990), Perspectives on Quine, Oxford, oEA.. 1-20.
Willard Van Orman QUINE (1990), Pursuit of Truth, Cambridge (Mass.) I London.
Willard Van Orman QUINE I J.S. ULLIAN (1978), The Web of Belief, New York.
Victor RASKIN (1987), Linguistics and Natural Languages Processing, ato s . NIRENBURG
[rnLf.t.], Machine Translation: Theoretical and Methodological Issues, Cambridge, OEA. 42-58.
Edwards. REED (1995), The Ecological Approach to Language Development: A Radical Solution
to Chomsky's and Quine's Problems, oto Language & Communication, t. IS, oEA.. 1-29.

412

BlBAIOrPAII>lA
Oskar REICHMANN (1983), Theorie des Dialektes: Aussagen und Frageste/lungen der germanistischen Forschungsgeschichte, 010 Klaus J. MATTHEIER [mq.L], Aspekte der
Dialektheorie, TUbingen, oEA.. 1-26.
Barry RICHARDS (1987), Tenses, Temporal Quantifiers and Semantic Innocence, 010 Ernest
LEPORE [rnq.t.], New Directions in Semantics, London ect., oEA.. 337-84.
Ivor Armstrong RICHARDS (1936), The Philosophy of Rhetoric, Oxford.
Paul RICOEUR (1975), La metaphore vive, Paris.
Robert H. ROBINS (1970), General Linguistics in Great Britain, 1930-1960, 010 Wolfgang
KOHLWEIN (rnq.t..), Linguistics in Great Britain II: Contemporary Linguistics, TUbingen,
OEA. 3-24.
Robert H. ROBINS (' 1980), General Linguistics: An Introductory Survey, London- '1964.
Jay F. ROSENBERG I Charles TRAVIS [E:rtL[L] (1971), Readings in the Philosophy of Language,
New Jersey.
Luigi ROSIELLO (1965), Struttura, uso e funzioni della lingua, Roma.
Luigi ROSIELLO (1974), Linguistica e marxismo. Interventi e polemiche, Roma.
Bertrand RUSSELL (1905), On Denoting, 010 Mind, 1. 14, OEA. 479-93 = 010 Bertrand RUSSELL (1956), Logic and Knowledge, London I New York = 010 Herbert FEIGL 1 Wilfrid
SELLARS [rnq,t.] (1949), Readings in Philosophical Analysis, New York = 010 Robert c.
MARSH [Em[.t.] (1956), Logic and Knowledge, London, oEA.. 39-56.
Bertrand RUSSELL (1919), Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy, London.
Bertrand RUSSELL (1919), Philosophy of Logical Atomism, London.
Gilbert RYLE (1953), Ordinary Language, 010 PR, 1. 62, OEA. 167-86.
Gilbert RYLE (1957), The Theory of Meaning, ow C.A. MACE [Em[L], British Philosophy in
the Mid-Century, London, oEA.. 239-64.
SAINT JEROME (1980), Liber de optime genere interpretandi (Epistula 57), ed. G.J .M.

Bartelink, Leiden.
Nikolai SALNIKOV [rnq.t..] ( 1995), Sprachtransfer- Kulturtransfer, Frankfurt am Main.
Zdenek SALZMANN (1993), Language, Culture, and Society. An Introduction to Linguistic
Anthropology, Boulder I San Francisco I Oxford.
Edward SAPIR ('1966), Culture, Language, and Personality, ed. David G. Mandelbaum,
Berkeley '1929.
Edward SAPIR (1968), Linguistique, traduction de Jean -Elie Boltanski et Nicole SouleSusbielles, presentation de Jean-Elie Boltanski, Paris.
Jean-Paul SARTRE (1943), L 'etre et le m~ant. Essai d'ontologie phenomenologique, Paris.
Jean-Paul SARTRE (1948), Qu'est-ce que Ia litterature?, Paris.
Aldo SCAGLIONE (1995), Linguistics and Other Semiotic Arts, 010 Word, 1. 46, OEA. 55-74.
Wilhelm SCHAPP (1953), In Geschichten verstrickt, Hamburg.
E[manuel] SCHEGLOFF I H[arvey] SACKS (1973), Opening up Closings, 010 R. TURNER
Ethnomethodology, Harmondsworth, oEA.. 236-48.

[EJtL~.t..],

Bambi B. SCHIEFFELIN I Elinor OCHS ( 1986), Language Socialization, 010 Annual Review of
Anthropology, 1. 15, oEA.. 163-91.

413

Charles TRAVIS

[Em~.]

(1971), Readings in the Philosophy of Language, New Jersey

John R. SEARLE (1965), What is a Speech Act, ato Max BLACK [Em~.] (1965), Philosophy in
America, London oEA.. 221-39, London== John R. SEARLE [Em~.] (1971), The Philosophy of
Language, Oxford, oEA.. 39-53 ==Jay F. ROSENBERG I Charles TRAVIS [Em~.] (1971),
Readings in the Philosophy of Language, New Jersey, oEA.. 614-28
John R. SEARLE (1969), Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy a/Language, London I New York.
John R. SEARLE (1979), Expression and Meaning: Studies in the Theory of Speech Acts, Cambridge.
John R. SEARLE (1979), Metaphor, ow John R. SEARLE, Expression and Meaning: Studies in
the Theory of Speech Acts, Cambridge, oEA.. 185-98.
John R. SEARLE

[Em~.]

T[homas] A. SEBEOK

(1971), The Philosophy of Language, London.

[Em~.]

(1986), Encyclopedic Dictionary of Semiotics, 3 t., Berlin.

Par SEGERDAHL (1995), Linguistic Theory and Acwal Language, ato Language & Communication, t. 15, oEA.. 31-42.
Cesare SEGRE (1974), Le strutture e il tempo, Torino.
Benny SHANON (1989), Metaphors for Language and Communication, ato Revue intemationale de systemique, t. 3, oEA.. 43-59.
Georg SIMMEL ('1983), Philosophische Kultur. Vber das Abenteuer, die Geschlechter und die
Krise der Modeme. Gesammelte Essais, Mit einem Nachwort von JUrgen Habermas, Berlin
- '1923, Potsdam.
Josef SIMON [Em~.] (1974), Aspekte und Probleme der Sprachphi/osophie, Freiburg [im
Breisgau] I MUnchen.
Josef SIMON (1981), Sprachphilosophie, Freiburg im Breisgau j MUnchen.

ow AA.VV., Teoria e storia

degli studi linguistici, Atti VII Convegno Intemaziona/e Studi SLI, Roma, oEA.. 116-25 .

R. SIMONE (1975), Teoria linguistica e storia della linguistica,

Johannes SINNREICH [Em~ . ~tcp.] (1972), Zur Philosophie der idea/en Sprache, MUnchen.
Gunnar SKIRBEKK [rnL~.] (1992), Wahrheitstheorien. Eine Auswahl aus den Diskussionen
Uber Wahrheit im 20. Jahrhundert, Frankfurt am Main- '1977.
Frank SMITH (1971), Understanding Reading. A Psycholinguistic Analysis of Reading and
Learning to Read, New York.
Bernhard SOWINSKI (1983), Einfl.ihrung in die Textlinguistik, Stuttgart.
Daniel SPERBER I Deirdre M. WILSON (1986), Relevance: Communication and Cognition, Oxford.
W.T. STACE (1944), Positivism, ato Mind, t. 53, OEA. 67-82.

Wolfgang STEGMOLLER (1954), Ludwig Wittgenstein als Onto/age, Isomorphietheoretiker,

Transzedentalphilosoph und Konstruktivist, ow Philosophische Rundschau, t . 13 I 2, oEA.. 116-52.

114

BIBAIOfPHIA
Danny D. STEINBERG I Leon A. JAKOBOVITS [rnq..l.] (1971), An Interdisciplinary Reader in
Philosophy, Linguistics and Psychology, Cambridge.
Guy STERN (1974), Zur Theorie der Sprachverlinderung, ow Gudula DINSER [rnq.t.], Zur
Theorie der Sprachveriinderung, o1... 67-112 9
Reinhard STERNEMANN (1985), Zu einigen Fragen der Komparabilitiit in der konfrontativen
Linguistik, ow Deutsch a/s Fremdsprache, t . 9, o1... 222-32.
r.B. CTETIAHOB ( 1980), The External System of a Language and the Ways This Is Connected

with its Inner Structure, Moscow.

B. STRANG (1969), Modem English Structure, London.
Peter F[rederick] STRAWSON (1950), On Referring, oto Mind, t . 59, o1... 320-44 = Jay F.
ROSENBERG I Charles TRAVIS [ffiL!l.] (1971), Readings in the Philosophy of Language, New
Jersey, o1... 175-95 .
Peter F[rederick] STRA WSON ( 1954 ), Particular and Genenil, ow Proceedings of' the Aristotelian Society, t . 54, o1... 233-60.
Elisabeth STROKER (4 1992), Einft.ihrung in die Wissenschaftstheorie, MUnchen- 1 1973.
Barry STROUD ( 1990), Quine's Physicalism, OtO R.B . BARRETT I R.F. GIBSON [EJtL!l.],
Perspectives on Quine, Oxford, o1... 91-106.
M[ichael] STUDDERT-KENNEDY (1991), Language Development from an Evolutionary
Perspective, oto N.A. KRASNEGOR I D.M. RUMBAUGH I R.L. SCHIEFELSBUSCH I M[ichael]
STUDDERT-KENNEDY (EJtL!l.), Biological and Behavioral Determinants of Language

Acquisition, Hillsdale, oEA.. 17-35 .

Alfred T ARSKI (1944 ), The Semantic Conception of Truth and the Foundations of' Semantics,
oto PPR, t . 4, 01... 261-405 =Herbert FEIGL I Wilfrid SELLARS [EJtL!l.] (1949), Readings in
Philosophical Analysis, New York, o1... 52-84 =Leonard LINSKY [Emil.] (1952), Semantics
and the Philosophy of Language, Urbana, o1... 13-49 =Johannes SINNREICH [Emil.] (1972),
Zur Philosophie der idea/en Sprache, MUnchen, oEA.. 53-100 =Gunnar SKIRBEKK [ffiL!l.]
(1992), Wahrheitstheorien. Eine Auswah/ aus den Diskussionen Uber Wahrheit im 20.
Jahrhundert, Frankfurt am Main, o1... 140-88 - 1 1977.
Gisela THOME (1976), "La mise en relief" und ihre Wiedergabe im Deutschen, oto Gerhart
NICKEL [rnL!l.], Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress of' Applied Linguistics,

Stuttgart, t . 2, o1... 399-41 1.

G[eorge] L. TRAGER (1949), The Field of Linguistics, mo S.l.L. Occasional Papers, tx. 1, o1... 1-25.
lost TRIER (1931 ), Der Wortschatz im Sinnbezirk des Verstandes. Die Geschichte eines
sprachlichen Feldes, Heidelberg.
Jost TRIER (1934), Das sprachliche Feld. Eine Auseinandersetzung, ow Neue JahrbUcher ft.ir
Wissenschaft und Jugendbildung, t . 10, o1... 428-49.
Ernst TUGENDHAT (1960), Tarskis semantische Definition der Wahrheit und ihre Stellung
innerhalb der Geschichte des Wahrheitsprob/ems im Jogischen Positivismus, ow Gunnar
SKIRBEKK [Emil.] Cl992), Wahrheitstheorien. Eine Auswahl aus den Diskussionen Uber

Wahrheit im 20. Jahrhundert, Frankfurt am Main, o1... 189-223 n:QwtT] bTJ!!OOLEUOTJ

Philosophische Rundschau, t . 8 (1960), o1... 131-59.

ow

9 To XEL!lEVO arrotEAEl TO 7o xcp6.A.mo tou ~L~A.lou mu Guy STERN (1931), Meaning and the Change of

Meaning, GOteborg.

415

Joseph

VENDRYES (1968), Le langage, introduction linguistique

aJ'histoire, Paris.

Hans J. VERMEER (1972), Allgemeine Sprachwissenschaft. Eine Einftihrung, Freiburg im Breisgau.

Gerhard VIGENER (1978), Die Folgen der Iso/ierung semiotischer Dimensionen, 010 Arbeitsgruppe Semiotik [rnqt.], Die Einheit der semiotischen Dimensionen, TUbingen, oEA.. 123-54.
Jean-Paul VINA Y 1Jean DARBELNET (1958), Stylistique comparee du f'ran<;ais et de 1'anglais,
Montreal.
Robert VION (1980), Langues et systemes de signes, oto Frederic FRAN((OIS [Em~.t.], Linguistique, Paris, oEA.. 55-65.
Wilhelm VON HUMBOLDT (' 1905), Ober das vergleichende Sprachstudium in Beziehung auf'
die verschiedenen Epochen der Sprachentwicklung, 010 Wilhelm VON HUMBOLDT, Gesammelte Schriften, Berlin, t. 4, oEA.. 1-34- '1820.
Wilhelm VON HUMBOLDT (1907), Ober die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues
und ihren EinfluB auf' die geistige Entwicklung des Menschengeschlechts, (JtQWtl] Exboxi]),
oto Wilhelm VON HUMBOLDT, Gesammelte Schriften, Berlin, t. 6, OEA. 111-303 - '1836.
Wilhelm

VON HUMBOLDT (1907), Ober die Verschiedenheit des menschlichen Sprachbaues

und ihren EinfluB auf die geistige Entwicklung des Menschengeschlechts, oto Wilhelm VON
HUMBOLDT, Gesammelte Schriften, Berlin, t. 7, OEA. 1-344- '1836.

Wilhelm

VON HUMBOLDT (1963), Humanist without Portfoglio: An Anthology of the Writings of Wilhelm von Humboldt, ~.ttcp. Marianne Cowan, Detroit.

Wilhelm

VON HUMBOLDT (1963), Man's Intrinsic Humanity: His Language,

oto Wilhelm

VON HUMBOLDT, Humanist without Portf'og/io: An Anthology of the Writings of Wilhelm

von Humboldt, ~.ttcp. Marianne Cowan, Detroit, oEA.. 235-98.

Uhlan w.

VON SLAGLE (1974), The Kantian Influence on Humboldt's Linguistic Thought,

010 Historiographia Linguistica,

JUrgen

t. 3, oEA.. 341-50. rn.

VON STACKELBERG (1978), Weltliteratur in deutscher Obersetzung. Vergleichende

Analysen, MUnchen.

Karl

H. WAGNER (1966), Probleme der kontrastiven Sprachwissenschaft, 010 Sprache im

technischen Zeitalter, t. 32, oEA.. 305-26.

Karl

H. WAGNER (1974), Kontrastive Linguistik,

[Em~.t.J,

oto Heinz Ludwig

ARNOLD IV. SIMENUS

Grundzlige der Literatur- und Sprachwissenschaft, t. 2: Sprachwissenschaft, MUn-

chen, oEA.. 370-86.

Gerhard WAHRIG ('1980), Deutsches Worterbuch, MUnchen- '1966.
Friedrich wAISMANN (1965), The Principles of Linguistic Philosophy, London.
John WALLACE (1972), Belief' and Satisfaction, oto Nov~, t. 6, OEA. 300-9.

416

BIBAIOrPA<I>IA
Mario W ANDR USZKA ( 1975 ), Uber die Natur natUrlicher Sprachen, oto Brigitte SCHLIEBENLANGE [Emf!.], Sprachtheorie, Hamburg, OEA. 333-42.
Dieter wANDSCHNEIDER (1974 ), Fonnale Sprache und Eifahrung. Camap als Model/fall, Stuttgart.
G.J. WARNOCK (1970), Verification and the Use of Language, oto Revue Intemationale de

Philosophie, t. 5, oEA.. 318-27.

wAUGH ( 1976), Roman Jakobson 's Science of Language, Lisse.

Zdislaw wA WRZYNIAK ( 1980), Einftihrung in die Textwissenschaft, Warschau.

Linda R.

Till mann WEGST ( 1988), Die semantische Einheit, Frankfurt am Main I Bern I New York I Paris.
Hermann WEIN ( 1963), Sprachphilosophie der Gegenwart, Den Haag.
Leo WEISGERBER (1953 I 54), Zum Energeia-Begriffin Humboldts Sprachbetrachtung, oto
Wirkendes Wort, t. 4, oEA.. 374-7.
Johannes Leo WEISGERBER (4 1971), GrundzUge der inhaltsbezogenen Grammatik, DUsseldorf- 1 1962.
R[ulon] S. WELLS (1954), Meaning and Use, oto Word, t. 10, OEA. 235 -50.
Harald WEYDT [Em[!.] (1977), Aspekte der Modalpartikeln. Studien zur deutschen AbtOnung, TUbingen.
Philip WHEELRIGHT ( 1962), Metaphor and Reality, Indiana.
Benjamin Lee WHORF (1940), Science and Linguistics, oto Technology Review, t. 42, OEA.
229-31,247-8.
Benjamin Lee WHORF (1956), Language, Thought, and Reality: Selected Writings of
Benjamin Lee Whorl; Ed. John B. Caroll, Cambridge/ Mass.
Henry G. WIDDOWSON (1979), Explorations in Applied Linguistics, Oxford.
N.L WILSON (1959), Substances without Substrata, mo Review of Metaphysics, t. 12, oEA.. 521-39.

Ludwig WITTGENSTEIN (1984), Tractatus /ogico-philosophicus, Frankfurt am Main London I New York.

1921,

Ludwig WITTGENSTEIN (1984), Phi/osophische Untersuchungen, oto Ludwig WITTGENSTEIN

(1984), Tractatus logico-philosophicus, Frankfurt am Main, oEA.. 225-621- 1 1953.
Ludwig WITTGENSTEIN (1958 I 1970), Das Blaue Buch. Eine philosophische Betrachtung, f!E
Em[LA.wx tOll Rush Rhees, Frankfurt am Main I Oxford.
Ludwig WITTGENSTEIN (1981), Philosophische Bemerkungen, !J.E EJtLf!EAEW tOll Rush Rhees,
Frankfurt am Main I Oxford.
Ludwig WITTGENSTEIN (1984), Philosophische Grammatik, [LE Em[LEAELa tOll Rush Rhees,
Frankfurt am Main - 1 1973.
Ladislav ZGUSTA (1971), Manual of Lexicography, The Hague.
Paul ZIFF ( 1960), Semantic Analysis., Ithaca I London.
Paul ZIFF (1967), On H.P. Grice's Account of Meaning, oto Analysis, t. 28, oEA.. 1-8 =Jay F.
ROSENBERG/ Charles TRAVIS [EJtL!J,.] (1971), Readings in the Philosophy of Language, New
Jersey, OEA. 444-50 =Danny D. STEINBERG/ Leon A. JAKOBOVITS [EJtL!J,.] (1971), An
Interdisciplinary Reader in Philosophy, Linguistics and Psychology, Cambridge, oEA.. 60-5.

417

Studierende, Heidelberg.
F.R. AMOS ('1973), Early Theories of Translation, New York- 1 1920.
William ARROWSMITH I Roger SHATTUCK [mq..t.] ('1964), The Craft and Context of Translation. A Symposium, Austin 1Texas - 1 1961 .
Mona BAKER (1992), In Other Words. A Coursebook on Translation, London I New York.
Edward BALCERZAN (1970), La traduction, art d'interpreter, aw James s. HOLMES I Frans
DEHAAN I Anton POPOVIc [Em!!.], The Nature of Translation. Essays on the Theory and
Practice of Literary Translation, The Hague I Paris I Bratislava, oEA.. 3-32.
Michel BALLARD (1987), La traduction: de I'anglais au fran9ais, Paris.
Tina BARRAS (1978), The Function of Translated Literature Within a National Literature.
The Example of Sixteenth Century Spain, OTO James S. HOLMES I Jose LAMBERT I Raymond VAN DEN BROECK [Em!!.], Literature and Translation : New Perspectives in Literary
Studies, Leuven, oEA.. 181-203.
Susan BASSNETT I Andre LEFEVERE [EJtL!l-l (1990), Translation, History and Culture, London.
Michaels. BATTS [Em!!.] (1975), Translation and Interpretation. The Multi-cultural Context.
A Symposium. Apri/18-19, 1975, Vancouver.
Karl -Richard BAUSCH (1970), Obersetzungswissenschaft und angewandte Sprachwissenschaft.
Versuch einer Standortbestimmung, aw Lebende Sprachen, T. 15, oEA.. 161-3.
Karl-Richard BAUSCH (1970), Qualite en traduction et linguistique dite "differentie/le",
Babel, T. 16, oEA.. 13-20.

aw

Karl-Richard BAUSCH I Hans-Martin GAUGER (1971), Interlinguistica. Sprachvergleich und

Obersetzen. Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Mario Wandruszka, TUbingen.
Karl -Richard BAUSCH I Franz-Rudolf WELLER [Em!!.] (1981) , Obersetzen und Fremdsprachenunterricht, Frankfurt am Main I Berlin I MUnchen.
Betty BEDNARSKI (1989), Autour de Ferron. Litterature, traduction, alterite, Toronto.
J[ohn] BEEKMAN I J. [C.] CALLOW (1974), Translating the Word of God, Grand Rapids I Mich.
Roger T. BELL (1986), Why Translation Theory is in a Mess and What we Can Do about It,
aw Proceedings of GALA Congress 1985, Thessaloniki, aEA.. 280-7.
Roger T. BELL ('1993), Translation and Translating: Theory and Practice, London I New
York - 1 1991.
Hilaire BELLOC (1924), On Translation,

aw London Mercury, T. 10, oEA.. 150-6.

Hilaire BELLOC ( 1931 ), On Translation, Oxford.

Matti BERGSTROM ( 1989), Communication and Translation from the Point of View of Brain
Function, aw Justa HOLZ-MA.NTTARI [Em!!.], Translationstheorie- Grundlagen und
Standorte, Tampere, oEA.. 23-36.

418

BIBAIOfPMJA

Antoine BERMAN (1984 ), L 'epreuve de l'etranger. Culture et traduction dans I'Allemagne

romantique, Paris.
Antoine BERMAN (1985), La traduction et Ia lettre, ou /'auberge du lointain, 01:0 AA.VV., Les
tours de Babel, essais sur Ia traduction, [x.u.], OEA. 31-150.
Antoine BERMAN ( 1994 ), Critique des traductions, Paris.
Jean BIGUENET I Rainer SCHULTE [EJLL[l.] (1989), The Craft of Translation. Chicago.
Dwight D. BOLLINGER (1966) , Transformulation- Structural Translation, ow AL, T. 9, oEA..
130-44.

Erich BRAUCH (1978), Vbersetzung, Paraphrase und Plagiat. Untersuchungen zur Schicksal
eng/ischer "Character-books" in Frankreich im 17. Jahrhundert, TUbingen.
Richard w. BRISLIN [Em[l.] (1976), Translation: Applications and Research, New York.
Annie BRISSET ( 1990), Sociocritique de Ia traduction. The!J.tre et alterite au Quebec (19681988), Montreal .
Reuben A. BROWER [EJU[l.] (' 1966), On Translation, New York- 1 1959.
Pierre-Francois CAILLE (1967), Traduire c 'est choisir, ow Babel, T. 13, oEA.. 7-13.
J. CALLENS (1970), Grammaire transformatione/Je et methodologie de Ia traduction,
langage et l'homme, T. 12, aEA.. 37-9.

OTO Le

Kathleen CALLOW (1990), Muddy Hands Need Clear Heads or A Tale of Two Interfaces, ow
Language & Communication, T. 10, OEA. 9-18.
Edmond CARY (1956), La traduction dans le monde modeme, Geneve.
Edmond CARY (1962), Pour une theorie de Ia traduction, ow Diogene, T. 40, aEA.. 96-120.
Edmond CARY (1963), Les grands traducteurs fran9<1is, Geneve.
Edmond CARY (1985), Comment faut-il traduire?, Lille.
Joseph B. CASAGRANDE (1954 ), The Ends of Translation, ow Journal des Traducteurs, T. 20,
<JEA. 335-40.
Simon S.C. CHAU (1984) , Hermeneutics and the Translator: the Ontological Dimension of
Translating, oTo M u/tilingua, T. 3, OEA. 71-7.
A. CHESTERMAN [Em[l.] (1989), Readings in Translation Theory, Helsinki.
Andre CLAS (1971) , L 'operation traduisante, ow Karl-Richard BAUSCH 1 Hans-Martin GAUGER ( 1971 ), Interlinguistica . Sprachverg/eich und Vbersetzen. Festschrift zum 60.
Geburtstag von Mario Wandruszka, TUbingen, OEA. 607-9.

Jacques COLSON (1993), Les instruments de Ia docilite, aw Palimpsestes, T. 8, OEA. 57-71.

Deborah COOK (1986), Translation as a Reading, oTo BJA, aEA.. 143-9.
Renata CORREIA (1989), The Translator and Contemporary Theories of Translation, ow
TextconText, T. 4, OEA. 60-71.
Eugenio COSERIU (1978), Falsche und richtige Fragestellungen in der Vbersetzungstheorie, ow
Lillebill GRAHS I Gustav KORLEN I Berti! MALMBERG [Em[l.], Theory and Practice of
Translation. Nobel Symposium 39, Stockholm 1976, Frankfurt am Main 1Las Vegas, OEA. 17-32.
Helene COT A ( 1990), MracpoaaTJ, naoacpoaaTJ, awv MoJ..v{3ooxovovJ..onJ..tcT]rrj, 'X 2, aEA..
27-31.

David CRYSTAL (1981), Directions in Applied Linguistics, London.

419

Walter Benjamins, Giessen.

Horst w. DRESCHER 1 s. SCHEFFZEK [JtLf.l.] (1976), Theorie und Praxis des Vbersetzens und
Do/metschens. Referate und Diskussionen des intemationalen Kolloquiums am Fachbereich
Angewandte Sprachwissenschaft der Johannes-Gutenberg-Universitlit Mainz in Germersheim (2.-4 .Mai 1975), Bern I Frankfurt am Main.
Wolfgang Ulrich DRESSLER (1972), Textgrammatische Invarianz in Vbersetzungen?, ow Elisabeth GOLICH I Wolfgang RAIBLE [EJtL[.l.], Textsorten. Differenzierungskriterien aus
Iinguistischer Sicht, Frankfurt am Main, oA.. 98-106.
Allan DUFF (1981), The Third Language, London.
Alain DUVAL ( 1993), Le dictionnaire bilingue est-if un mauvais outil?, ow Palimpsestes, t. 8,
ocA.. 15-25.
Nils Eric ENQVIST (1978), Contrastive Text Linguistics and Translation, ow Lillebill GRAHS
1 Gustav KORLEN I Berti! MALMBERG [Em[.l.], Theory and Practice of Translation. Nobel
Symposium 39, Stockholm 1976, Bern I Frankfurt am Main I Las Vegas, oA.. 169-88.
!tamar EVEN-ZOHAR 1 Gideon TOURY [EJtLf.l.] (1981), Translation Theory and Intercultural
Relations, oto Poetics Today, t. 2, Tel Aviv.
R. ETIEMBLE (1978), Peut-on traduire Ies autres?,

oto Traduire, tX. 97, ocA.. 1-12.

A.B. <l>E!J:OPOB ('1958), BBeJI.eHHe B TeopHio rrepeBOJI.a, MocK6a- ' 1953.

s. FISH

(1980), Is there a Text in this Class? The Authority of Interpretative Communities,

Cambridge I Mass.

Jacques FLAMMAND (1983), Ecrire et traduire: sur Ia voie de Ia creation, Ottawa.

Thierry FONTENELLE (1993), Le traducteur et /e dictionnaire bilingue :/'apport de Ia Iexicographie computationel/e, t. 8, oA.. 27-40.
Leonhard FORSTER (1958), Translation: An Introduction, ow A.H. Smith [EltLf.l.], Aspects of
Translation. Studies in Communication 2., London, oA.. 1-28.
Giuseppe FRANCESCATO ( 1978), Polysemie et metaphore : problemes de Ia traduction pour
/e domaine de Ia "tete", oto Lillebill GRAHS I Gustav KORLEN I Berti! MALMBERG [cJtL[.l.],
Theory and Practice of Translation. Nobel Symposium 39, Stockholm 1976, Frankfurt am
Main I Las Vegas, ocA.. 121-30.
Karl-Heinz FREIGANG (1981), Vberlegungen zu einer theoretischlinguistisch fundierten
Methodo/ogie der Vbersetzungswissenschaft, oto Wolfram WILSS [cm[.l.], Vbersetzungswissenschaft, Darmstadt, oA.. 150-70.
Hugo FRIEDRICH (1965), Zur Frage der Vbersetzungskunst, ow Sitzungsberichte der
Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philos. -Hist. Klasse, Heidelberg.

420

BIBAIOfPAIPIA
Ruth FRO LAND (1978), Einige Gesichtspunkte zur Obersetzungsproblematik anhand von ftinf
Obersetzungen von GUnter Grass' "Aus dem Tagebuch einer Schnecke", ow Lillebill
GRAHS I Gustav KORLEN I Berti! MALMBERG [mqt.], Theory and Practice of Translation.
Nobel Symposium 39, Stockholm 1976, Frankfurt am Main I Las Vegas, oeA.. 255-80.
Hans-Georg GADAMER (1990), Hearing - Seeing - Reading,
nication, t . 10, oeA.. 87-92.

ow

Language & Commu-

Yves GAMBIER I Jorma TOMMOLA [Emil.] (1993), Translation and Knowledge, 4th Scandinavian Symposium on Translation Theory, Turku, 4.- 6. 6. 1992, Turku.
Valentin GARCIA YEBRA ( 1982), Teoria y practica de Ia traducci6n, Madrid.
Andreas GARDT (1989), Mog/ichkeiten und Grenzen einer pragmatischen Obersetzungstheorie,
oto TextconText, t. 4, oeA.. 1-59.
Harry GEORGI (1972), Der ObersetzungsprozeB in systemtheoretischer Sicht, oto H. SPITZHARDT [mw.], Spezialprobleme der wissenschaftlichen und technischen Obersetzung, Halle
(Saale), oeA.. 33-43.

ow Palimpsestes, t. 8, oeA.. 73-89.

and Knowledge, ow Yves GAMBIER I Jor-

Daniel GILE (1993), Les outils documentaires du traducteur,

Daniel GILE (1993), Translation I Interpretation

ma TOMMOLA [Emil.], Translation and Knowledge, 4th Scandinavian Symposium on
Translation Theory, Turku, 4.- 6. 6. 1992, Turku, oeA.. 67-86.
Joachim GNILKA I Hans P. ROGER [Emil.] (1984), Die Obersetzung der Bibel- Aufgabe der
Theologie, Bielefeld .
Ward H. GOODENOUGH (1956), Componential Analysis and the Study of Meaning, oto Lg,
t. 32, OEA. 196-216.
Marcel GOVAERT (1971), Paradoxes sur Ia traduction, oto Linguistica Antverpiensia, t. 5,
oeA.. 39-62.
Marcel GOVAERT (1971), Criteres de Ia traduction, oto Karl-Richard BAUSCH I Hans-Martin
GAUGER, Interlinguistica. Sprachvergleich und Obersetzen. Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag
von Mario Wandruszka, TUbingen, oeA.. 425-37.
Lillebill GRAHS I Gustav KORLEN I Bertil MALMBERG [EJtL!l.] (1978), Theory and Practice of
Translation. Nobel Symposium 39, Stockholm 1976, Bern I Frankfurt am Main I Las Vegas.
Joseph F. GRAHAM [EJtL!l.] (1985), Difference on Translation, New York I London .
F[ranz] GUENTHNER I M. GUENTHNER-REUTTER [EJtL!l.] (1978), Meaning and Translation.
Philosophical and Linguistic Approaches, London .
Fritz GOTTINGER (1963), Zie/sprache. Theorie und Technik des Obersetzens, ZUrich.
M[ichael] A.K. HALLIDAY (1961), Linguistics and Mashine Translation, oto Angus MciNTOSH I M[ichael] A.K. HALLIDAY (1961 ), Patterns of Language: Papers in General,
Descriptive and Applied Linguistics, London, oeA.. 145-58.
Gabrielle HARHOFF (1991), Die Grenzen der Skopostheorie von Translation und ihrer Anwendbarkeit, Frankfurt I Bern I New York I Paris.
B. HARRIS I B. SHERWOOD (1977), Translating as an Innate Skill, oto D. GERVER I I. SINAIKO
[Emil.]. Language Interpretation and Communication, New York I London, oeA.. 155-70.

Sandor HERVEY I Ian HIGGINS (1992), ThinkingTranslation. A Course in Translation

Method: French-English, London I New York.

421

setzungswissenschaft. Eine Neuorientierung, TUbingen, aEA.. 230-51.

Hans G. HClNIG I Paul KUSZMAUL (1982), Strategie der Vbersetzung. Ein Lehr- und
Arbeitsbuch, TUbingen.
Ingo HOHNHOLD (1982), Grundbegriffe im Bereich und in Umfeld Ubersetzungsorientierter
Termino/ogiearbeit. Arbeitsdefinitionen und Anmerkungen, aTo Lebende Sprachen, T. 27,
OEA. 1-5.
Paul HORGUELIN (1981), Anthologie de Ia maniere de traduire, Montreal.
Juliane HOUSE (1981), A Model of Translation Quality Assessment, TUbingen.
Amparo HURTADO ALBIR (1990), La notion de fidelite en traduction, Paris.
Gert JAGER (1975), Translation und Translationslinguistik, Halle (Saale).
Otto KADE (1968), Zufall und GesetzmiiBigkeit in der Vbersetzung, Beihefte zur Zeitschrift
Fremdsprachen I, Leipzig.
Volker KAPP [Em!t.] ('1991), Vbersetzer und Dolmetscher. Theoretische Grund/agen, Ausbildung, Berufspraxis, Heidelberg - '1974.
Na'im KATIAN (1982), Peut-on traduire /es civilisations?, aTo Meta, T. 27, aEA.. 401-6,
Edmund KEELEY (1981), The State of Translation,
OEA. 7-18.

aw Modem Poetry in Translation,

T.

41,

Louis G. KELLY (1979), The True Interpreter. A History of Translation Theory and Practice
in the West, Oxford.
Rolf KLOEPFER (1967), Die Theorie der literarischen Vbersetzung, MUnchen.
Frank G. KClNIGS (1981), Vbersetzungswissenschaftliche Terminologie, aw Karl-Richard
BAUSCH I Franz-Rudolf WELLER [Em!t.], Vbersetzen und Fremdsprachenunterricht,
Frankfurt am Main I Berlin I MUnchen, aEA.. 314-38.
Frank G. KClNIGS (1982 I 1983 I 1984), Zentrale Begriffe aus der wissenschaftlichen Beschliftigung mit Vbersetzen, mo Lebende Sprachen, T. 27, aEA.. 145-50, T. 28, aEA.. 6-8, T. 28,
OEA. 154-56, T. 29, OEA. 57-9, T. 29, OEA. 153-56.
Frank G. KClNIGS (1986), Der Vorgang des Vbersetzens: Theoretische Madelle und praktischer
Vollzug. Zum Verhiiltnis von Theorie und Praxis in der Vbersetzungswissenschaft, aTo
Lebende Sprachen, T. 31, aEA.. 5-12.
Werner KOLLER (1972), Grundprobleme der Vbersetzungstheorie. Unter besonderer Berlicksichtigung schwedisch-deutscher Vbersetzungsfalle, Bern.
Werner KOLLER ('1983), Einflihrung in die Vbersetzungswissenschaft, Heidelberg- '1978.
Jean-Rene LADMIRAL ([1979]), Traduire: theoremes pour Ia traduction, Paris.

422

B!Bi\!OrPA<I>IA

Jean-Rene LADMIRAL (1987), La traduction comme linguistique d'intervention, oto Wolfgang VON POCKL [mw.J. Europliische Mehrsprachigkeit. Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstag
von Mario Wandruszka, TUbingen, oeA.. 375-400.
Jean-Rene LADMIRAL (1993), Towards a Philosophy of Translation, oto Yves GAMBIER I
Jorma TOMMOLA [Em!!.]. Translation and Knowledge, 4th Scandinavian Symposium on
Translation Theory, Turku, 4. - 6. 6. 1992, Turku, oeA.. 41-51.
Jose LAMBERT (1978), Echanges littt~raires et traduction ou : etudes theoriques vs. etudes
descriptives, OTO Lillebill GRAHS I Gustav KORLEN I Berti! MALMBERG [f:rtL!!.], Theory
and Practice of Translation. Nobel Symposium 39, Stockholm 1976, Frankfurt am Main I
Las Vegas, oeA.. 237-48.
Jose LAMBERT (1989), La traduction, Jes langues et Ia communication de masse : Jes
ambigui"tes du discours international, o"to Target,' I, oeA.. 215-37.
Remy LAMBRECHTS (1993), Le traducteur en panne d'instruments, ow Pa/impsestes, "t. 8,
OEA. 91-102.
Robert LAROSE ('1992), Theories contemporaines de Ia traduction, Quebec- '1989.
Andre LEFEVERE (1990), Translation: its Genealogy in the West, ow Susan BASSNETT I
Andre LEFEVERE [mq.t.], Translation, History and Culture, London, oeA.. 14-28.
Andre LEFEVERE I Kenneth David JACKSON [Em!!.] (1982), The Art and Science of Translation, ow Dispositio, "t. 7.
Wolfgang LORSCHER (1991), Translation Performance, Translation Process, and Translation
Strategies. A Psycholinguistic Investigation, TUbingen.
Justa HOLZ-MANTIARI (1984), Translatorisches Handeln, Helsinki.
Justa HOLZ-MANTIARI [E.JU!L.] (1989), Translationstheorie- Grundlagen und Standorte, Tampere.
J.L. MALONE (1988), The Science of Linguistics in the Art of Translation: Some Tools from
Linguistics for the Analysis and Practice of Translation, Albany.

Joseph MARGOLIS (1968), Quine on Observationality and Translation, ow FL, "t. 4, oeA.. 128-37.
Dimitrios MARK IS ( 1979), Quine und das Problem der Vbersetzung, Freiburg im Breisgau.
Jacky MARTIN (1982), Essai de redefinition du concept de traduction, ow Meta, T. 27, oeA.. 357-74.
Andre MARTINET [Em!!.] (1973), Le Jangage, Paris.
Angus MciNTOSH I M[ichael] A.K. HALLIDAY (1961), Patterns of Language: Papers in General, Descriptive and Applied Linguistics, London.
Igor MEL'CUK (1978), Theorie de langage, theorie de traduction, o"to Meta,' 23, oeA.. 273-293.
Henri MESCHONNIC (1973), Pour Ia Poetique II, Episterriologie de /'ecriture, Poetique de Ia
traduction, Paris.
Henri MESCHONNIC (1986), Et Ia traduction chantera, ow Revue d'esthetique, "C. 12, oeA.. 75-90.
Kathy MEZEI (1984), Translations, ow The University of Toronto Quarterly,' 54, oeA.. 383-99.
Michel MOREL (1995), Lecture, traduction, axio/ogie, ow Palimpsestes, "C. 9, oeA.. 13-24.
Georges MOUNIN (1963), Les problemes theoriques de Ia traduction, Paris.
Georges MOUNIN (1967), Die Vbersetzung. Geschichte, Theorie, Anwendung, MUnchen.
Jesus NEIRA MARTINEZ, La traducci6n: possibilidades y limites, ow Archivum, ' 21, oeA.. 337-57.
Vladimir NABOKOV (1941), The Art of Translation, ow New Republic, "C. 105, oeA.. 60-2.

423

Ubersetzungswissenschaft. Eine Neuorientierung, TUbingen und Basel, of.... 85-105.

Albrecht NEUBERT I Otto KADE [EnLf.l.] (1973), Neue Beitrtige zu Fragen der Ubersetzungswissenschaf't, Frankfurt am Main.
Aryeh NEWMANN (1980), Mapping Translation Equivalence, Leuven.
Peter NEWMARK (1969), Some Notes on Translation and Translators,
Linguist, t . 3, af.... 81-95.

ow

The Incorporated

Peter NEWMARK ( 1978 I 1979), Some Problems of Translation Theory and Methodology IIII, oto Fremdsprachen, (1978) of.... 256-61, (1979) 33-8,98-102.
Peter NEWMARK (1981), Approaches to Translation, Oxford.
Peter NEWMARK (1988), A Textbook of' Translation, New York I London I Toronto I Sydney /Tokyo.
Peter NEWMARK (1989), Modem Translation Theory,

ow Lebende Sprachen, t. 34, oef.... 6-8 .

Eugene A. NIDA ( 1964 ), Towards a Science of Translating. With Special Reference to

Principles and Procedures Involved in Bible Translating, Leiden.
Eugene A. NIDA (1974), Science of' Translation, oto Language, t. 47, oef.... 483-98.
Eugene A. NIDA (1974), Translation, oto Thomas A. SEBEOK [En:Lf.l.] , Current Trends in
Linguistics, t. 12, The Hague, oef.... 1045-66.
Eugene A. NIDA (1976), A Framework for the Analysis and Evaluation of' Theories of Translation, ato Richard w. BRISLIN [EnLf.l.], Translation: Application and Research, aef.... 47-90.
Eugene A. NIDA (1990), The Role of Rhetoric in Verbal Communication, ato Language &
Communication, t. 10, oef.... 37-46.
Eugene A. NIDA I Jan DEWAARD (1986), From One Language to Another. Functional Equivalence in Bible Translating, Nashville.
Eugene A. NIDA I Charles R. TABER ('1982), The Theory and Practice of Translation, Lei den
- '1969.
Christiane NORD (1986), Treue, Freiheit, Aquivalenz - oder Wozu brauchen wir den Ubersetzungsauftrag?, oto TextconText, t.1, oef.... 30-47.
Christiane NORD (1987), Ubersetzungsprobleme- Ubersetzungsschwierigkeiten. Was in den
Kopf'en von Ubersetzem vorgehen sollte, oto Mitteilungsblett fur Dolmetscher und Ubersetzer, t. 2, oef.... 5-8.
Christiane NORD (1988), Ubersetzungshandwerk-Ubersetzungskunst. Was bringt die Translationtheorie ftir das literarische Ubersetzen?, oto Lebende Sprachen , t. 33, oef.... 51-7.
Christiane NORD (1989), Loyalitlit statt Treue. Vorschllige zu einer f'unktionalen Ubersetzungstypologie, oto Lebende Sprachen, t. 34, oef.... 100-5.

424

BIBAIOrPA<I>IA
Christiane NORD ( 1990), Ausgangstextanalyse und Translatfunktion. Zur Rolle des Ausgangstexts in der fuktionalen Translation, ato Fremdsprachen, 1. 3, OEA. 161-9.
Christiane NORD Cl991), Textanalyse und Ubersetzen. Theoretische Grundlagen, Methode
und didaktische Anwendung einer libersetzungsre/evanten Textana/yse, Heidelberg- '1988.
Christiane NORD (1991), Scopos, Loyalty, and Translational Conventions, aw Target,
OEA. 9 I -109.

1.

3,

Christiane NORD (1991), Text Analysis in Translation. Theory, Methodology and Didaktic
Application of a Model for Translation -Orientied Text Analysis, Amsterdam.
Cristiane NORD (1993), Einftihrung in das funktionale Ubersetzen. Am Beispiel von Titeln
und Uberschriften, TUbingen und Basel.
Alexis NOUSS (1993), Translation : Art or Science, aw Yves GAMBIER I Jorma TOMMOLA
[EJn~.], Translation and Knowledge, 4th Scandinavian Symposium on Translation Theory,

Turku, 4.- 6. 6. 1992, Turku, aEf... 53-63.

A[nthony] G. OETTINGER (1960), Automatic Language Translation. Lexical and Technical

Aspects, with Particular Reference to Russian, Cambridge I Mass.
Jose ORTEGA Y GAS SET ( 1940), M iseria y esplendor de Ia traducci6n, 10 aw Jose ORTEGA Y
GASSET (1947), Obras Camp/etas, t. 5, Madrid.
Fritz PAEPCKE ( 198 I), Kategorien des geg/Uckten Ubersetzens, Schwerte.
Fritz PAEPCKE C1994), Textverstehen -Textlibersetzen- Ubersetzungskritik, aw: Mary SNELLHORNBY [Em~.] . Ubersetzungswissenschaft. Eine Neuorientierung, TUbingen und Basel, aEA..
106-32- '1985, aw M itteilungsb/att fur Dolmetscher und Ubersetzer, 1. 3, oE/... 1-11..
Fritz PAEPCKE I Philippe FORGET (1 98 1), Textverstehen und Ubersetzen. Ouvertures sur Ia
traduction, Heidelberg .
Jonas PALM (1978), Probleme beim Ubersetzen des Neuen Testaments, oto Lillebill GRAHS 1
Gustav KORLEN I Berti! MALMBERG [EJIL~.], Theory and Practice of Translation. Nobel
Symposium 39, Stockholm 1976, Frankfurt am Main I Las Vegas, oEA.. 133-44.
[EJU~.] (1981), Europiiische Mehrsprachigkeit. Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstag von Mario Wandruszka, TUbingen.

Wolfgang von POCKL

Heide POHLING (1 97 1), Zur Geschichte der Ubersetzung, ow Albrecht NEUBERT I Otto KADE .
[EJIL~.], Studien zur Ubersetzungswissenschaft. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift Fremdsprachen III I
IV, Leipzig, OEA. 125-62.
J.P. POSTGATE (1922), Translation and Translations. Theory and Practice, London.

Sven-Olaf POULSEN I Wolfram WILSS [Em~.] (1980), Angewandte Ubersetzungswissenschaft.

Jntemationales Ubersetzungswissenschaftliches Kolloquium an der Wirtschaftsuniversitiit
Aarhus I Diinemark, 19.-21. Juni 1980, Aarhus.

Per QVALE (1993), Better Translate than never. On the Phenomenon of the Untranslatable,
010 Yves GAMBIER I Jorrna TOMMOLA [Em~. ] . Translation and Knowledge, 4th Scandinavian Symposium on Translation Theory, Turku, 4.- 6. 6. 1992, Turku, oEf... 213-29.
Gyorgy RAD6 (1984), Zu den Grundlagen einer autonomen Ubersetzungswissenschaft,
Lebende Sprachen, 1 . 29, oA.. 54-7.

010

10 BA.. xm yEQ~laVLXi} ~EtCL<pQaOl] tl]~ Helene Weyl oto Jose ORTEGA Y GASSET (1977), Elend und Glanz
der Ubersetzung, MUnchen.

425

Katharina REISZ (1986), Vbersetzungstheorien und ihre Relevanz fLir die Praxis, ato Lebende
Sprachen, t. 31, aEA.. 1-5.
Katharina REISZ (1989), Was heiBt und warum betreibt man Vbersetzungswissenschaft, ato
Lebende Sprachen, t. 34, aEA.. 97-100.
Katharina REISZ I Hans J. VERMEER (1984), Grundlegung einer allgemeinen Translationstheorie, TUbingen.
Frederick M. RENER (1989), Interpretatio: Language and Translation from Cicero to Tytler,
Amsterdam.
Frederick M. RENER (1992), In principio erat verbum: Traditional Concepts about Words
and their Order in Translating, ato Palimpsestes, t. 7, aEA.. 15-35.
Ivor Armstrong RICHARDS ( 1953), Towards a Theory of Translating, ato Arthur F. WRIGHT
[EJtq.t..], Studies in Chinese Thought, ato American Anthropological Association, t. 55, aEA..
250-70.
J. RICHARDS (1985), Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics,

Harlow.

Leon ROBEL (1978), Theone generale de Ia traduction et metamorphismes rythmiques, ato

Lillebill GRAHS / Gustav KORLEN / Berti! MALMBERG [EJtq.t..], Theory and Practice of
Translation. Nobel Symposium 39, Stockholm 1976, Frankfurt am Main I Las Vegas, aEA.. 93-102.
Raymonde ROBERT (1995), Le travail sur les textes traduits en litterature genera/e, ato
Palimpsestes, t. 9, aEA.. 165-74.
Douglas ROBINSON (1991); The Translator's Tum, Baltimore.
Liliane RODRIGUEZ (1993), Un instrument du traducteur: le bilinguisme. Mais que/ bilinguisme ?, ato Palimpsestes, t. 8, aEA.. 41-56.
Martin ROSEL (1994), Vbersetzung a/s Vollendung der Aus/egung. Studien zur GenesisSeptuaginta, Berlin I New York.
Theodore [H.] SAVORY ('1968), The Art of Translation, London- '1957.
Michael SCHREIBER (1993), Vbersetzung und Bearbeitung. Zur Differenzierung und
Abgrenzung des Vbersetzungsbegriffs, TUbingen.
Rainer SCHULTE (1988), Translation Theory: A Challenge for the Future, ato Translation
Review, t. 26, aEA.. 12-22.
Evangelia SCHULZE-ROBBECKE (1993), Die Vbersetzung in Griechenland. DeutschGriechische Vbersetzungen seit der Aufk/arung, Heidelberg.
Danica SELESKOVITCH /Marianne LEDERER (1986), Interpreter pour traduire, Paris.
A.H. SMITH [EJtLfl.] (1958), Aspects of Translation. Studies in Communication 2,

426

London.

BIBAIOfPAiPIA
Veronica SMITH I Christine KLEIN-BRALEY (1985), In Other Words. Arbeitsbuch Vbersetzung, Ismaning.
Mary SNELL-HORNBY [mq.t.] (' 1994 ), Vbersetzungswissenschaft. Eine Neuorientierung,
Tlibingen und Basel - '1986.
Mary SNELL-HORNBY (1988), Translation Studies. An Integrated Approach, Amsterdam .
Mary SNELL-HORNBY (' 1994 ), Vbersetzen, Sprache, Kultur, ow: Mary SNELL-HORNBY
[rnq.t.], Vbersetzungswissenschaft. Eine Neuorientierung, Tlibingen und Basel, oEA.. 9-29 .
Dieter STEIN ( 1980), Theoretische Grundlagen der Vbersetzungswissenschaft, Til bingen.
George STEINER (1975), After Babel. Aspects of Language and Translation, London I Oxford
/New York.
Radegundis STOLZE (1982), Grundlagen der Textlibersetzung, Heidelberg.
Radegundis STOLZE (1992), Hermeneutisches Vbersetzen. Linguistische Kategorien des Verstehens und Formulierens beim Vbersetzen, Tlibingen.
Radegundis STOLZE ( 1994 ), Vbersetzungstheorien. Eine Einflihrung, Tlibingen .
Hans-Joachim STORIG (' 1973) [Emf-1..], Das Problem des Vbersetzens, Darrnsstadt- '1963.

H. Stephen STRAIGHT (1990), To Immortalize without Destroying, ow Language & Communication, -c. 10, oEA.. 3-8.
Charles R. TABER (1970), Explicit and Implicit Information in Translation, ow The Bible
Translator, -c. 21, oEA.. 1-9.
Charles TABER (I 972), Traduire /e sens, traduire Ie style, ow Langages, -ex. 28, oEA.. 55-66.
Gisela THIEL (' I 99 I), Ansiitze zu einer Methodo/ogie der Ubersetzungsrelevanten Textanalyse,
o-co Volker KAPP [mqL], Vbersetzer und Dolmetscher. Theoretische Grundlagen, Ausbildung,
Berufspraxis, Heidelberg, oEA.. 174-85 - ' 1974.
Gisela THI EL ( 1974 ), Methodische Probleme einer Ubersetzungsunterrichtlich relevanten
Textanalyse, ow Wolfram WILSS I Gisela THOME [Emf-1..], Aspekte der theoretischen,
sprachenpaarbezogenen und angewandten Sprach-Vbersetzungswissenschaft, -c. 2, Heidelberg, oEA.. 64-81.
Gisela THIEL (1981), Vber/egungen zur Ubersetzungsrelevanten Textana/yse, ow Wolfram
WILSS [Emf-1..], Vbersetzungswissenschaft, oEA.. 367-83.
Sonja TIRKKONEN-CONDIT [Emf.l.] (1991), Empirical Research in Translation and Intercultural Studies, Tlibingen.
Gideon TOYRY (1980), In Search of a Theory of Translation, Tel Aviv.
Gideon TOUR Y (1981 ), Contrastive Linguistics and Translation Studies, ow Wolfgang
KUHLWEIN I Gisela THOME I Wolfram WILSS, Kontrastive Linguistik und Vbersetzungs-

wissenschaft. Akten des Internationalen Kol/oquiums Trier I SaarbrUcken, 25.-30.9.1978,

Mlinchen, oEA.. 251-61.
Alexander Fraser TYTLER ( 179 I), Essays on the Principles of Translation, London.
Raymond VAN DEN BROECK ( 1980), Toward a Text- Type-Orientated Theory of Translation,
ow Sven-Olaf POULSEN I Wolfram WILSS [Emf-1..], Angewandte Vbersetzungswissenschaft.

Internationa/es Ubersetzungswissenschaftliches Kolloquium an der Wirtschaftsuniversitiit

Aarhus I Dlinemark, 19.-21. Juni 1980, Aarhus, oEA.. 82-96.
Henri VAN HOOF (1972), Recherche d'un modeled' analyse en traduction, ow Meta, -c. 16,
OEA.

83-94.

427

Hans J. VERMEER ('1994), Vbersetzen als kultureller Transfer, aw: Mary SNELL-HORNBY
[EJtql.], Vbersetzungswissenschaft. Eine Neuorientierung, TUbingen und Basel, GEA. 30-53.
John B. WALMSLEY (1970), Transformation Theory and Translation, ato International
Review ot"Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, t. 8, GEA. 185-99.
Mario WANDRUSZKA (1978), Die "falschen Freunde" des Vbersetzers, ato Lillebill GRAHS I
Gustav KORLEN I Bertil MALMBERG [EJtL!J,.], Theory and Practice of Translation. Nobel
Symposium 39, Stockholm 1976, Frankfurt am Main I Las Vegas, GEA. 213-34.
Wolfram WILSS (1977), Vbersetzungswissenschaft. Probleme und Methoden, Stuttgart.
Wolfram WILSS (1978), Methodische Probleme der Vbersetzungswissenschaft, ato Lillebill
GRAHS I Gustav KORLEN I Berti! MALMBERG [Em!J,.], Theory and Practice of Translation.
Nobel Symposium 39, Stockholm 1976, Frankfurt am Main I Las Vegas, GEA. 51-64.
Wolfram WILSS [EJtL!J,.] (1981), Vbersetzungswissenschaft, Darmstadt.
Wolfram WILSS ( 1982), The Science of Translation. Problems and Methods, TUbingen.
Wolfram WILLS (1987), Theoretische und empirische Aspekte der Vbersetzungswissenschaft,
ato Lebende Sprachen, t. 32, GEA. 145-50.
Wolfram WILLS (1987), Zum Selbstverstandnis und zum Fremdverstandnis der Vbersetzungswissenschaft, oder: Wieviel Notiz nimmt der ()ffentlichkeit von der Vbersetzungswissenschaft, aw lOrn ALBRECHT I Horst W. DRESCHER I Heinz GOHRING I Nikolai
SALNIKOV [Em!J..], Translation und interkulturelle Kommunikation, GEA. 11-25.
Wolfram WILLS I Gisela THOME [Em!J..] (1974), Aspekte der theoretischen, sprachenpaarbezogenen und angewandten Sprach-Vbersetzungswissenschaft, 2 t., t. 1 SaarbrUcken I
Heidelberg, t. 2 Heidelberg.
Wolfram WILLS I Gisela THOME [Em!J..] (1984), Die Theorie des Vbersetzens und ihr AufschluBwert fur die Vbersetzungs- und Dolmetschdidaktik, TUbingen.
Jean-Paul VINAY (1973), La traduction humaine, ato Andre MARTINET [Em!J,.], Le langage,
Paris, GEA. 729-57.
Werner WINTER (1961), Impossibilities of Translation, aw William ARROWSMITH I Roger
SHATTUCK [Em!J..], The Craft and Context of Translation. A Symposium, Austin I Texas,
GEA. 68-82.

428

BIBA!OfPA<Il!A

nEPI METMPAIEm E1111KOTEPEI,

KYPim IAonoAor-IKEL nPoHIIIHII

a) Fvtx6rQO nA,aiaw
Henri ADAMCZEWSKI (1993), La linguistique, instrument du traducteur : Ies problemes
aspecto-temporels en anglais et en fran9ais, a-ro Palimpsestes, t. 8, oEA.. 103-14.

10m ALBRECHT (1973), Linguistik und Ubersetzung, TUbingen .

Hoyt s. ALVERSON ( 1969), Determining Utterance Equivalences in In terlingua/ Translation,
OTO AnL, t. 11 , OEA. 247-53.
Gunilla ANDERMAN (1993), Translation and Speech Acts, oto Yves GAMBIER I Janna TOMMOLA [mL!-{..], Translation and Knowledge, 4th Scandinavian Symposium on Translation
Theory, Turku, 4.- 6. 6. 1992, Turku, oEA.. 129-38.
Helga ANDRESEN (1974), Der Erklarungsgehalt linguistischer Theorien. Methodologische

Ana/ysen zur Generativen Grammatik und zur Syntaxtheorie H.J. Heringers a/s Beispiel
einer strukturalistischen Grammatik, MUnchen.
N.D. ANDREYEV (1964), Linguistic Aspects of Translation, ato PICL, t . 9, OEA. 625-37.
Friedmar APEL ( 1982), Sprachbewegung. Eine historisch-poeto/ogische Untersuchung zum
Problem des Ubersetzens, Heidelberg.
E. ASTINGTON (1983), Equivalences. Translation Difficulties and Devices. French-English,
English-French, Cambridge.

I F[ranz] GUENTHNER (1978), Quantification Theory for Natural Language Based on Multi-dimensional Modal Logics with Demonstratives, oto F[ranz]
GUENTHNER I M. GUENTHNER-REUTTER [EJ1L!-{..], Meaning and Translation. Philosophical
and Linguistic Approaches, London, oEA.. 95-108.

L[ennart] AQUIST

Charles AUBRUN (1980), Traduire Ies titres, oto Paralleles, t . 3, oEA.. 31-5 .
Mona BAKER (1992), In Other Words, London.
Gilbert BARTH (1961 ), Recherches sur Ia frequence et Ia valeur des parties du discours en
fran9ais, en anglais et en espagnol, Paris.
K[arl] Richard BAUSCH (1970), Ubersetzungswissenschaft und angewandte Sprachwissenschaft.
Versuch einer Standortbestimmung, ato Lebende Sprachen, t. 15, oEA.. 161-3.
K[arl] Richard BAUSCH (1970), Qualite en traduction et Iinguistique dite "differentiel/e",
Babel, t. 16, ot:A.. 13-20.

ow

K[arl] Richard BAUSCH (1970), Linguistique comparative, linguistique appliquee et traduction, ow Meta , t . 16, ot:A.. 45-55 .
K[arl] Richard BAUSCH I Hans-Martin GAUGER [EJU!-{..] (1971), Interlinguistica- Sprachvergleich

und Ubersetzung. Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Mario Wandruszka, TUbingen.
Karl-Heinz BENDER I Klaus BERGER I Mario WANDRUSZKA [Em!-{..] (1977), Imago linguae.

Beitrage zu Sprache, Deutung und Ubersetzen. Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Fritz
Paepcke, MUnchen.
Andrew BENJAMIN (1989), Translation and the Nature of Philosophy: A New Theory of
Words, New York.

429

Klaus BRINKER ( 1973), Zum Textbegrill in der heutigen Linguistik, 010 Horst SITT A I Klaus
BRINKER [EJUI..l.l. Studien zur Texttheorie und zur deutschen Grammatik. Festgabe ftir Hans
Glinz zum 60. Geburtstag, DUsseldorf, oEA.. 9-4I.
Annie BRISSET ( I989), In Search ol a Target Language, 010 Target, t. I, oEA.. 9-28.
Aiken BRUNS (1977), Vbersetzung als Rezeption. Die Vbersetzer skandinavischer Literatur
I 860- I 900, NeumUnster.
Thomas von BUCHHEIM [Eml..l.] (1989), Destruktion und Vbersetzung. Zu den Aufgaben von
Philosophiegeschichte nach Martin Heidegger, Berlin.
Hildegund BOHLER (1980), Translation und nonverbale Kommunikation, oto Wolfram
WILSS [EJtLI..l.], Semiotik und Vbersetzen, TUbingen, oEA..43-53.
Hildegund BOHLER (1993), Vom Wert der Vbersetzung und vom Se/bstwertgefLihl der Vbersetzenden, 010 Justa HOLZ-MANTTARI I Christiane NORD [Eml..l.] (1993), Traducere navem.
Festschrift ftir Katharina ReiB zum 70. Geburtstag, Tampere.
T[yler] BURGE (1978), Sell-Reference and Translation, oto F[ranz] GUENTHNER 1 M.
GUENTHNER-REUTTER [EJtLI..l.l. Meaning and Translation. Philosophical and Linguistic
Approaches, London, oEA.. 137-56.
Ernst BURGSCHMIDT I Dieter GOTZ (1980), Kontrastive Linguistik Deutsch I Eng/isch,
MUnchen.
J. CALLENS (1970), Grammaire translormationel/e et methodologie de Ia traduction, oto Le

langage et l'homme, t. 12, oEA.. 37-9.

Edmond CARY, Comment faut-il traduire?, Lille.

J[ohn] C[unnison] CATFORD (I965), A Linguistic Theory of Translation. An Essay in Applied Linguistics, London .
Josef CERMAK (1970), La traduction du point de vue de /'interpretation, mo J[ames] s. HOLMES
I Frans DEHAAN I Anton POPOVIc [EJtLI..l.] (1970), The Nature of Translation. Essays on the
Theory and Practice of Literary Translation, The Hague I Paris I Bratislava, oEA.. 23-42.
Andre CHOURAQUI (1994), Reflexionen Uber Problematik und Methode der Vbersetzung
von Bibe/ und Koran, TUbingen.
Helene CHUQUET I Michel PAILLARD (1987), Approche linguistiques des problemes de traduction, Paris.
Andre CLAS (197I), L'operation traduisante, ow K[arl] Richard BAUSCH 1 Hans-Martin
GAUGER [EnLI..l.J. lnterlinguistica - Sprachvergleich und Vbersetzung. Festschrift zum 60.
Geburtstag von Mario Wandruszka, Tlibingen, oEA.. 607-9.
Jacques COLSON (1992), Les propositions de cause en anglais et en fran9Bis: bonnes raisons
et causes douteuses, oto Palimpsestes, t. 7, oEA.. 55-71.

430

BIBAIOfPMIA
Eugenio COSERIU (1970), Vber Leistung und Grenzen der kontrastiven Grammatik, 0to
Hugo MOSER [Emi-l.]. Probleme der kontrastiven Grammatik, DUsseldorf, 0EA. 9-30.
Eugenio COSERIU (1981), Kontrastive Linguistik und Vbersetzung: ihr Verhaltnis zueinander, 010 Wolfgang KUHLWEIN I Gisela THOME I Wolfram WILSS, Kontrastive Linguistik
und Vbersetzungswissenschaft. Akten des Intemationalen Kolloquiums Trier I Saarbrlicken,
25.-30.9.1978, MUnchen, 0EA. 183-99.
Barbel CZEMNIA (1992), Figurenrede als Vbersetzungsproblem. Untersucht am Romanwerk
von Charles Dickens und ausgewiihlten deutschen Vbersetzungen, Frankfurt am Main.
Menachim B. DAGUT (1976), Can "Metaphor" Be Translated?, 010 Babel, T. 12, 0A. 21-33.
Jean DARBELNET (1971), Linguistique differentielle et traduction, oTo Meta, T. 16, 0A. 17-24.
Jean DELISLE (1980), L 'analyse du discours comme methode de traduction, Ottawa.
Norman DENISON (1978), On Plurilingualism and Translation, 010 Lillebill GRA.HS I Gustav
KORLEN I Berti! MALMBERG [Emi-l.], Theory and Practice of Translation. Nobel Symposium 39, Stockholm 1976, Frankfurt am Main I Las Vegas, 0A. 313-30.
Norman DENISON (1981), Interferenz, Konvergenz und der Vbersetzer, 010 Wolfgang
KUHLWEIN I Gisela THOME I Wolfram WILSS, Kontrastive Linguistik und
Vbersetzungswissenschatt. Akten des Intemationalen Kolloquiums Trier I Saarbrlicken, 25.30.9.1978, MUnchen, 0EA. 262-71.
Hans-JUrgen DILLER I Joachim KORNELIUS (1978), Linguistische Probleme der Vbersetzung,
Til bingen.
J.G. EBEL (1968), Translation and Linguistics: A Search for Definition, 010 The Incorporated

Linguist, 1. 7, 0EA. 50-4.

Jeffrey ELLIS (1966), Toward a General Comparative Linguistics, The Hague.

Christoph ELSAS I Renate HAFFKE I Hans M. HAUSSIG I Andreas LOW I Gesine PALMER I
Bert SOMMER I Marco TORINI (1994), Tradition und Translation. Zum Problem der
interkulturellen Vbersetzbarkeit religioser Phenomene, Festschrift fUr Carsten Colpe zum
65. Geburtstag, Berlin I New York.
Ulrich ENGEL (1974), Unvorgreifliche Gedanken zur kontrastiven Grammatik, 010 Gerhart
NICKEL I Albert RAASCH [Emi-l.]. KongreBbericht der 4. Jahrestagung der Gesellschaft fur
Angewandte Linguistik, Heidelberg,[= n6vx6 acpLEQWI-la LOU IRAL], 0EA. 128-36.
Nils Erik ENQVIST (1978), Contrastive Text Linguistics and Translation, 010 Lillebill GRA.HS
1 Gustav KORLEN I Berti! MALMBERG [Emi-l.]. Theory and Practice of Translation. Nobel
Symposium 39, Stockholm 1976, Frankfurt am Main I Las Vegas, 0EA. 169-88.
Klaus FAISZ (1972), Vbersetzung und Sprachwissenschaft- eine Orientierung, 010 IRAL,
10 I 1, 0EA.. 1-20.

1.

America FERRARI (1995), Literatura, traducci6n y traducibilidad, mo Paralleles, 1X. 17, 0EA. 7-20.
Josef FILIPEC: (1973), Der Aquivalenzbegriff und das Problem der Vbersetzbarkeit, 0to
Albrecht NEUBERT I Otto KADE [Emi-l.]. Neue Beitrage zu Fragen der Vbersetzungswissenschaft, Frankfurt am Main, 0EA. 81-7.
Rudolf FILIPOVIC: (1971), The Yougoslav Serbo-Croatian - English Contrastive Project, 010
Gerhart NICKEL [Emi-l.], Papers in Contrastive Linguistics, 0EA. 107- 14.
Jan F. FINLEY (1971), On Translating, London.

431

comparee du fran9ais et de I'anglais, Caen.

Georges GARNIER (1992), Linguistique et traduction, Paris.
Paul L. GARVIN (1956), Some Linguistic Problems in Mashine Translation, 01:0 M[orris]
HALLE I Horace G. LUNT I Hugh McLEAN I C.R. VAN SCHOONEFELD [EJtLJ..l.], For Roman
Jakobson. Essays on the Occasion of his Sixteeth Birthday, oEA.. 180-6.
Talmy GIVON (1978), Universal Grammar, Lexical Structure and Translatability, 010 F[ranz]
GUENTHNER I M. GUENTHNER-REUTTER [mq.t.], Meaning and Translation. Philosophical
and Linguistic Approaches, London, OEA. 235-74.
Heidrun GERZYMISCH-ARBOGAST ('1994), Zur Relevanz der Thema-Rhema-G/iederung fur
den VbersetzungsprozeB, 010: Mary SNELL-HORNBY [mq.t.], Vbersetzungswissenschaft. Eine
Neuorientierung, TUbingen und Basel, oeA.. 160-83.
Wilhelm GOSSMANN I Christoph HOLLANDER [EllLJ..l.] (1994), Schreiben und Vbersetzen.
Theone al/enfalls a/s Versuch einer Rechenschaft, TUbingen.
Peter GOLDGLOCK [mq.t.] (1993), Text -Fachwort- Vbersetzen. Beitriige eines Kol/oquiums
in Sophia/ Bu/garien, Frankfurt am Main.
K.A. GODDARD (1972), Translation and Bilingualism, 010 Babel, 1. 18, oeA.. 18-23.
Colin H. GOOD (1971), Vbersetzung und Vergleich, 010 Fremdsprachen, 1. [1971], oeA.. 254-68.
Dinda GORLEE (1989), Wittgenstein, Translation and Semiotics, 010 Target, 1. 1, oeA.. 64-94.
Joseph F. GRAHAM [fmJ..l.] (1985), Difference in Translation, Ithaca.
Maurice GRAVIER (1978), Pedagogie de Ia traduction, 010 Lillebill GRAHS I Gustav KORLEN
I Berti! MALMBERG [fJtLJ..l.], Theory and Practice of Translation. Nobel Symposium 39,
Stockholm 1976, Frankfurt am Main I Las Vegas, oeA.. 201-212.
Elisabeth GOLICH I Wolfgang RAIBLE [fJtLJ..l.] ('1977), Linguistische Textmodelle, MUnchen- '1972.
Jacqueline GUILLEMIN-FLESCHER (1991), Representation Jinguistique de J'activite, /'action
et l'evenement en tran98is et en anglais, 010 Palimpsestes, 1. 5, oeA.. 51-69.
L. GUTT ( 1991 ), Translation and Relevance, Oxford.
B. HARRIS (1977), The Importance of Natural Translation , 010 Working Papers on Bilingualism, 1. 12, oeA.. 96-114.
Peter HARTMANN (1970), Vbersetzen a/s Thema im linguistischen Aufgabenbereich, 010
Peter HARTMANN I Henri VERNA Y [fJtLJ..l.], Sprachwissenschaft und Vbersetzen. Symposion an der Universitlit Heidelberg 24.2.-26.2. I969, MUnchen, oeA.. 12-32.
Peter HARTMANN I Henri VERNA Y [rnLJ..l.] (1970), Sprachwissenschaft und Vbersetzen, MUnchen.
R[einhard] R.K. HARTMANN (1990), The not so Harmless Druggery of Finding Translation
Equivalents, 010 Language & Communication, 1. 10, oeA.. 47-55.
432

BIBA IOrPA<I>IA
Basil HATIM I Ian MASON (1990), Discourse and the Translator, London I New York.
Frank HElBERT (1993), Das Wortspiel als Stilmittel und seine Obersetzung. Am Beispiel von
sieben Obersetzungen des "Ulysses" von James Joyce, Tlibingen.
Martis HELLINGER (1975), Moglichkeiten und Grenzen der Fehleranalyse, oto Linguistische
Berichte, 1. 36, oEA.. 73-83.
Kathe HENSCHELMANN (1980), Technik des Obersetzens Franzosisch-Deutsch: Obungen und
Kommentare, Heidelberg.
Theo HERMANNS (1985), Translation Studies and a New Paradigm, ow Theo HERMANNS
[mq.t.], The Manipulation of Literature. Studiesin Literary Translation, London, oEA.. 7-15.
Willy HIRDT [mq.t.] (1995), Obersetzen im Wandel der Zeit. Probleme und Perspektiven des
deutsch-franzosischen Literaturaustauschs, TUbingen.
Alfred HIERSCH (1995), Der Dialog der Sprachen. Studien zum Sprach- und Obersetzungsdenken
Walter Benjamins und Jacques Derridas, Mlinchen.
Pertti HIETARANTA (1993), Framing Languages: Towards a Frame-Theoretical View of
Translation, 010 Yves GAMBIER I Jorma TOMMOLA [Em!J,.], Translation and Knowledge,
Skandinavian Symposium on Translation Theory, Turku, 4.-6.6. 1992, OEA.. 115-27.
Charles F. HOCKETT (1954), Translations via Immediate Constituents, m:o IJAL, 1. 20, m:A.. 313-5.
Hans G. H<JNIG (1995), Konstruktives Obersetzen, Tlibingen.
Norbert HOFMANN (1980), Redundanz und Aquivalenz in der literarischen Obersetzung,
dargestellt an fLint deutschen Obersetzungen des "Hamlet", TUbing en.
John HOLLANDER (' 1966), Versions, Interpretations, and Performances,
BROWER [Em!J,.], On Translation, New York, OEA. 205-31.

ow

Reuben A.

James s. HOLMES (1973 I 74), On Matching and Making Maps: From a Translator's Notebook,
ow Delta, 1 . 16, oEA.. 67-82.
James

s. HOLMES (1975),

The Name and Nature of Translation Studies, Amsterdam.

J[ames] S. HOLMES I Frans DEHAAN I Anton POPOVIc [EJU!J,.] (1970), The Nature of Translation.
Essays on the Theory and Practice of Literary Translation, The Hague I Paris I Bratislava.
Rune INGO (1993), Meaning- A Challenge for the Translator, ow Yves GAMBIER I Jorma
TOMMOLA [Em!J,.], Translation and Knowledge, 4th Scandinavian Symposium on Translation Theory, Turku, 4.- 6. 6. 1992, Turku, OEA. 129-38.
Vladimir !VIR (1974), Remarks on Contrastive Analysis and Translation, oto H. RAABE
[Em!J,.], Trends in kontrastiver Linguistik, 1 . I, TUbingen, OEA. 93-104.
Vladimir !VIR ( 1981 ), The Communicative Model of Translation in Relation to Contrastive
Analysis, oto Wolfgang KUHLWEIN I Gisela THOME I Wolfram WILSS, Kontrastive Linguistik und Obersetzungswissenschaft. Akten des Internationalen Kolloquiums Trier 1
Saarbrilcken, 25.-30.9.1978, Mlinchen, OEA. 209-18.
Carol JACOBS (1975), The Monstrosity of Translation,

ow MLN, 1 . 90, oEA.. 755 -66.

Gert JAGER I Albrecht NEUBERT [Em!J,.] (1983), Semantik und Obersetzungswissenschaft:

Materialien der III. Intemationalen Konferenz "Grundfragen der Obersetzungswissenschaft",
Leipzig.
Roman JAKOBSON (' 1966), On Linguistic Aspects ol Translation, ow Reuben A. BROWER
[nL!J,.], On Translation, New York, oEA.. 232-9 - '1959 = Roman JAKOBSON, Selected
Writings, 1. II, OEA. 260-6.

433

t. [1971], OEA. 14-27.

H[ans] KAMP (1978), The Adequacy of Translation between Formal and Natuaral Languages,
OtO F[ranz] GUENTHNER I M. GUENTHNER-REUTTER [ErtL[l.]. Meaning and Translation.
Philosophical and Linguistic Approaches, London, oEf... 275 -306.
Jerrold J. KATZ (1978), Effability and Translation, ow F[ranz] GUENTHNER I M. GUENTHNER-REUTTER [Em[.t.], Meaning and Translation. Philosophical and Linguistic Approaches,
London, oEf... 191 -234.
Edward L. KEENAN (1978), Some Logical Problems in Translation, ow F[ranz] GUENTHNER
1 M. GUENTHNER-REUTTER [ErtL[.t.], Meaning and Translation. Philosophical and Linguistic
Approaches, London, oEf... 157-90.
H. KEITH I Ian MASON [ErtL[.t.] (1987), Translation in the Modem Languages Degree, London.

Joseph KEREIN (1973), Pater Noster und Ave Maria in deutschen Vbersetzungen. Nebst
Anhang: Die altdeutschen Namen Gottes und Marias, Vaduz.
B. KIELHOFER (1975), Fehlerlinguistik des Fremdsprachenerwerbs. Linguistische, lernpsychologische und didaktische Analyse von Franzosischfehlern, Kronberg ITs .

Barbara KLEINER (1980), Sprache und Entfremdung. Die Prust-Vbersetzungen Walter Benjamins innerhalb seiner Sprach- und Vbersetzungstheorie, Bonn.
Rolf KLOEPFER (1981), Intra- and Intercultural Translation, ow !tamar EVEN-ZOHAR I
Gideon TOURY [ErtL[.t.], Translation Theory and Intercultural Relations, ow Poetics Today,
t. 2, OEA. 29-38.
Ekkehard KONIG I Gerhart NICKEL (1970), Transformationelle Restriktionen in der Verba/syntax des Englischen und Deutschen, ow Hugo MOSER [Em[l.], Probleme der
kontrastiven Grammatik, DUsseldorf, OEA. 70-81.
Frank G. KONIGS [Em[.t.] (1989), Vbersetzungswissenschaft und Fremdsprachenunterricht,
Neue Beitrlige zu einem a/ten Thema, MUnchen.
Manfred KOHRT I Christoph KOPER (1992), Wissenschaftliche Grundlagen der Sprachermittlung. Berliner Beitriige zur Vbersetzungswissenschaft, Frankfurt am Main I Bern.
Werner KOLLER (1978), Aquiva/enz in kontrastiver Linguistik und Vbersetzungswissenschaft,
oto Lillebill GRAHS I Gustav KORLEN I Berti! MALMBERG [ErtL[.t.], Theory and Practice of
Translation. Nobel Symposium 39, Stockholm 1976, Frankfurt am Main I Las Vegas, OEA. 69-92.
Werner KOLLER (1981), Zum Stand der Vbersetzungswissenschaft, oto Wolfgang VON
POCKL [ErtLfl.], Europiiische Mehrsprachigkeit. Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstag von Mario
Wandruszka, TUbingen, oct... 367-73.
Peter KOSTA (1986), Prob/eme der Svejk-Vbersetzungen in der west- i.md slidslavischen
Sprachen. Linguistische Studien zur Translation literarischer Texte, Mtinchen.

434

BIBAIOfPAc!>IA

Was in den Kopfen von Vbersetzem vorgeht. Eine empirische Untersuchung zur Struktur des Vbersetzungsprozesses an fortgeschrittenen Franzosisch/emem,

Hans P. KRINGS (1986),

TUbingen.

Tomasz P. KRZESZOWSKI (1971), Equivalence, Congruence and Deep Structure, oto

Gerhart NICKEL [Em!J..], Papers in Contrastive Linguistics, Cambridge, oE/... 37-48.
Tomasz P. KRZESZOWSKI (1972), Kontrastive Generative Grammatik, oto Gerhart NICKEL
[EnL!J..], Reader zur kontrastiven Linguistik, Frankfurt am Main, oE/... 75-84.

Kontrastive Grammatik und dann ... ?, ow Gerhart NICKEL [EnL!J..],

Angewandte Sprachwissenschaft und Deutschunterricht, MUnchen, OE/... 17-31.
Wolfgang KUHLWEIN I Gisela THOME I Wolfram WILSS (1981), Kontrastive Linguistik und
Vbersetzungswissenschaft. Akten des Intemationalen Kol/oquiums Trier I SaarbrUcken, 25.-

Herbert L. KUFNER (1973),

30.9.1978, MUnchen.

I Wolfram WILSS (1981), Kontrastive Linguistik und Vbersetzungswissenschaft, ow Wolfgang KUHLWEIN I Gisela THOME I Wolfram WILSS (1981),
Kontrastive Linguistik und Vbersetzungswissenschaft. Akten des Intemationa/en Kol/oquiums
Trier 1 SaarbrUcken, 25.-30.9.1978, MUnchen, oE/.. 7-17.
Jean-Rene LADMIRAL (1981), La traduction comme linguistique d'intervention, ow Wolfgang VON POCKL [Em!J..], Europliische Mehrsprachigkeit. Festschrift zum 70. Geburtstag
von Mario Wandroszka, TUbingen, oE/... 375-400.
Gillian LANE-MERCIER (1995), La traduction de discours directs romanesques comme strategie d'orientation des effets de lecture, ow Palimpsestes, t. 9, oE/... 75-91.
Mildred L. LARSON (1984), Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equivalence, Maryland.
Andre LEFEVERE (1985), Why Waste our Time on Rewrites? The Trouble with Interpretation
and the Role of Rewriting in an Alternative Paradigm, ow Theo HERMANNS [EnL!J..], The
Manipulation of Literature. Studies in Literary Translation, London, oE/... 215-43.
E.A. LEVENSTON (1965), The "Translation-Paradigm". A Technique for Contrastive Syntax,
OtO IRAL, m;/... 221-5 .
E.A. LEVENSTON (1966), A Classification of Languages Differences, oto IRAL, OE/... 199-206.
Alexandre UUDSKANOV ( 1969), Traduction humaine et traductiuon mecanique, Paris.
Wolfgang LORSCHER (1993), Translation Process Analysis, ow Yves GAMBIER I Jorma
TOMMOLA [Em!J..], Translation and Knowledge, 4th Scandinavian Symposium on Translation Theory, Turku, 4. - 6. 6. 1992, Turku, oE/... 195-211.
Judith MACHEINER (1995), Vbersetzen. Ein Vademecum, Berlin .
Jean-Claude MARGOT ( 1979), Traduire sans trahir : Ia theorie de Ia traduction et son
application aux textes bibliques, Lausanne.
Jale von MELZER-TOCKEL [Em!J..] (1991), Abenteuerdes Vbersetzens, Graz.
Martin MEYER [EnL!J..] (1990), Vom Vbersetzen. Zehn Essays, MUnchen.
FrantiSek MIKO (1970), La theorie de !'expression et Ia traduction, ow J[ames) s. HOLMES 1
Frans DEHAAN I Anton POPOVIc [EnL!J..], The Nature of Translation. Essays on the Theory
and Practice of Literary Translation, The Hague I Paris I Bratislava, oE/... 61-77.
Hugo MOSER [Em!J..] (1970), Probleme der kontrastiven Grammatik, DUsseldorf.
Wolfgang KUHLWEIN

435

Albrecht NEUBERT (1984), Translation Studies and Applied Linguistics, oto AILA Review, t.
1, OEA. 46-64.
L. NEUGER (1990), Translation as a Conquest of Strangeness, oto P.N. CHAFFEY 1 A. RYDNING 1 S. SCHULT ULKRIKSEN [Emf!.], Translation Theory in Scandinavia, Skandinavian
Symposium on Translation Theory, Oslo, oEA.. 217-33.
Gerhart NICKEL [Emf!.] (1971), Papers in Contrastive Linguistics, Cambridge.
Gerhart NICKEL [Emf!.] (1972), Reflder zur kontrastiven Linguistik, Frankfurt am Main.
Eugene A. NIDA (1945), Linguistics and Ethnology in Translation Problems, oto Word, t. 2,
OEA. 194-208.
Eugene A. NIDA (1952), God's Word in Man's Language, New York.
Eugene A. NIDA (1969), Science of Translation, oto Lg., t . 45, oEA.. 483-97.
Eugene A. NIDA (1970), Formal Correspondance in Translation, oto The Bible Translator, t.
21, OEA. 105-13.
Eugene A. NIDA (1970), Semantic Components in Translation Theory, oto Le langage et
J'homme, t . 13, oEA.. 42-6.
Eugene A. NIDA (1982), Translating Meaning, San Dimas I Callifomia.
Eugene A. NIDA I William D. REYBURN (1981), Meaning Across Cultures, New York.
s. NIRENBURG [Emf!.] (1987), Machine Translation: Theoretical and Methodological Issues,
Cambridge.
Els OKSAAR ( 1978), Interference, Bilingualism and Interactional Competence, oto Lillebill
GRAHS I Gustav KORLEN I Bertil MALMBERG [Emf!.], Theory and Practice of Translation.
Nobel Symposium 39, Stockholm 1976, Frankfurt am Main I Las Vegas, oEA.. 295-306.
Fritz PAEPCKE (1971), Sprach-, text- und sachgemaBes Vbersetzen- Ein Thesenentwurf, oto
K[ari]-Richard BAUSCH I Hans-Martin GAUGER [EJtLfl.], Interlinguistica - Sprachvergleich und
Vbersetzung. Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Mario Wandruszka, TUbingen oEA.. 610-16.
Fritz PAEPKE (1986), Im Vbersetzen Ieben. Vbersetzen und Textverg/eich, herausgegeben
von Klaus Berger und Hans M. Meier, TUbingen.
Yo-Song PARK (1994), Vbersetzung a/s interlingua/e und interkulturelle Neukonstruktion.
Eine textlinguistische Analyse der assertiven Textsorten im Deutschen und im K oreanischen (Ein Beitrag zur interku/turellen Textlinguistik), MUnster.
Jean PAVANS (1992), Rythme, reliefs et niveaux des phrases initiales de trois fictions de
Henry James, oto Palimpsestes, t. 7, oEA.. 85 -91.
H[ilary] PUTNAM (1978), Meaning, Reference and Stereotypes, oto F[ranz] GUENTHNER 1
M. GUENTHNER -REUTTER [Emf!.], Meaning and Translation. Philosophical and Linguistic
Approaches, London, oEA.. 61 -82.

436

BIBAIOrPA<I>IA
Per QVALE ( 1993), Better Translate than Never. On the Phenomenon of the Untranslatable,
aw Yves GAMBIER I Jorma TOMMOLA [mq..t.], Translation and Knowledge, Skandinavian
Symposium on Translation Theory, Turku, 4.-6.6.1992,

a'A. 213-30.

H. RAABE [Em[.t.] (1974), Trends in kontrastiver Linguistik,

1:.

I, TUbingen I Mannheim.

H. RAABE (1974), Interimsprache und kontrastive Analyse, aw H. RAABE [Em[l.], Trends in

kontrastiver Linguistik, 1:. I, TUbingen I Mannheim, oE'A. 1-50.

Diane RA YOR ( 1987), Translator I Reader, aw Translation Review, 1: . 23, a'A. 30-3.
Katharina REISZ, (1980), Zeichen oder Anzeichen? Probleme der AS-Textana/yze im Blick auf
die Vbersetzung, aw Wolfram WILSS [EJtL[l.], Semiotik und Vbersetzen, TUbingen, oE'A. 63-72.
Katharina REISZ ( 1993), Texttyp und Vbersetzungsmethode. Der operative Text, Heidelberg.
William D. REYBURN (1969), Cultural Equivalences and Nonequivalences in Translations, I,

aw

The Bible Translator, 1:. 20,

a'A. 158-67.

William D. REYBUR N (1970), Cultural Equivalences and Nonequivalences in Translations, II,

aw

The Bible Translator,

1:.

21, oE'A. 26-35.

Albert RIBAS (1995), La traducci6n literaria i,objeto de estudio de Ia lingliistica o de Ia

Iiteratura comparada ?,

aw Paral/e/es, 'X

17, oE'A. 21-33.

Ivor Armstrong RICHARDS (1953), Towards a Theory of Translation, aw American

Anthropological Association, "Studies in Chinese Thought",

1:.

55, oE'A. 246-58.

Marilyn Gaddis ROSE [Em[l.] (1981), Translation Spectrum: Essays in Theory and Practice,
Albany.
Christina SCHAFFNER (1993), Meaning and Knowledge in Translation, ow Yves GAMBIER I
Jorma TOMMOLA [EJtL[l.], Translation and Knowledge, 4th Scandinavian Symposium on
Translation Theory, Turku, 4.- 6. 6. 1992, Turku, oE'A. 155-66.
Karl Horst SCHMIDT (1970), Sprachliche Vbersetzung und kategoria/es Umdenken, aw Peter HARTMANN I Henri VERNA Y [EJtL[l.], Sprachwissenschaft und Vbersetzen. Symposion
an der Universitiit Heidelberg 24.2-26.2.1969, MUnchen, oE'A. 48-63.

c. SCHMITT (1981), Traduction et linguistique, aw Babel, 1: . 27, OE'A. 150-65.

Wolfgang SCHWARZ (1944 ), The Meaning of "fidus interpres" in Medieval Translation, ow
The Journal of Theological Studies, 1. 45 , oE'A. 73-8.

ow Meta, 1:. 13, OE'A. 61 -3.

Contrasti ve Linguistics and the Translator, aw The Incorporated Linguist,

D. SHILAN ( 1970), An Application of Contrastive Linguistics,

D. SHILAN (1971),
1:. 10, OEA. 10-3.

[Em~t.] (1973), Studien zur Texttheorie und zur deutschen

Grammatik. Festgabe flir Hans Glinz zum 60. Geburtstag, DUsseldorf.

Horst SITTA I Klaus BRINKER

B . Hunter SMEATON (1958), Translation. Its Nature, Problems and Limitations,

des Traducteurs, 1:. 3, oE'A. 122-30.
R.L. SNOOK (1971), A Stratificational Approach to Contrastive Analysis,
KEL [EJtLf..l.], Papers in Contrastive Linguistics, Cambridge, oE'A. 17-36.

ow

Journal

ow Gerhart

NIK-

Bernd SPILLNER, (1980), Semiotische Aspekte der Vbersetzung von Comics-Texten, ow

Wolfram WILSS [Em[l.], Semiotik und Vbersetzen, TUbingen, oE'A. 73-85.
R. STACHOWITZ (1973), Voraussetzungen ftir maschinelle Vbersetzung: Probleme, Losungen,
Aussichten, Frankfurt am Main.

437

Gisela THIEL, (1980), Vergleichende Textanalyse als Basis f'Lir die Entwicklung einer Ubersetzungsmethodik, dargestellt anhand der Textsorte Resolution, oto Wolfram WILSS
[mq.L.], Semiotik und Ubersetzen, TUbingen, o1...87-98.
Ulrike THIMKOVIC (1990), Das Wortspiel und seine Ubersetzungen in s/avische Sprachen,
MUnchen.
Gideon TOURY, (1980), Communication in Translated Texts. A Semiotic Approach,
Wolfram WILSS [mq..L.], Semiotik und Ubersetzen, Tlibingen, oEA.. 99-109.

ow

Gideon TOURY (1985), A Rationale for Descriptive Translation Studies, oto Theo HERMANNS
[tn:LI.l.J. The Manipulation of Literature. Studies in Literary Translation, London, oEA.. 16-41.
T[homas] TYMOCZKO (1978), Translation and Meaning, oto F[ranz] GUENTHNER I M.
GUENTHNER-REUTTER [Eml.l.] , Meaning and Translation. Philosophical and Linguistic
Approaches, London, oEA.. 45-60.
Raymond vAN DEN BROECK (1978), The Concept of Equivalence in Translation Theory:
Some Critical Reflections, oto J[ames] S. HOLMES I J[ose] LAMBERT I Raymond VAN DEN
BROECK [EJtLI.l.] (1978), Literature and Translation. New Perspectives in Literary Studies,
Leuven, oEA.. 29-47.
Raymond vAN DEN BROECK (1988), Translation Theory after Deconstruction, oto Linguistica Antwerpiensia, t. 22, oEA.. 266-88.
Kitty VAN LEUVEN-ZW ART (1989), Intra- and Intercultural Translation, OtO Target, t . I,
OEA. 151-82.
Kitty VAN LEUVEN-ZWART ( 1990), Intra- and Intercultural Translation, oto Target, t. 2, otl... 69-96.
Kitty VAN LEUVEN-ZWART I Tom NAAIJKENS [Eml.l.] (1991), Translation Studies: The State
of the Art, Amsterdam.
Paul VOLSIK (1991), La traduction des c/ichees et Je probleme de /a mise en relief, oto Palimpsestes, t . 5, oEA.. 77-99.
Paul VOLSIK (1992), Evolution de Ia presence, de Ia nature et de Ia place du " verbe de
parole" en fran~ais et en anglais, oto Palimpsestes, t . 7, oEA.. 37-54.
John WALLACE (1978), Logical Form, meaning, Form, OtO F[ranz] GUENTHNER I M.
GUENTHNER-REUTTER [Eml.l.J. Meaning and Translation. Philosophical and Linguistic
Approaches, London, oEA.. 9-28.

wATIS ( 1976), Lokative Priipositionen im Deutschen, Englischen und ZUrichdeutschen.

Eine generativ-transfonnatione/le Analyse, Bern.

Richard J.

Harald WEYDT (1971), Paradigmatische und syntagmatische Strukturen in der Wortlibersetzung,

oto K[ari]-Richard BAUSCH I Hans-Martin GAUGER [EJtLI.l.], Interlinguistica - Sprachvergleich
und Ubersetzung. Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Mario Wandruszka, Tlibingen, oEA.. 545-54.

438

BIBA!OrPMIA

c. WHEELER (1978), Indeterminacy of' Radical Interpretation and the Causal Theory of'
Reference, 010 F[ranz] GUENTHNER I M. GUENTHNER-REUTTER [EJU!J,.], Meaning and
Translation. Philosophical and Linguistic Approaches, London, oE/... 83-94.
N.L. WILSON (1978), Concerning the Translation of' Predicates, 010 F[ranz] GUENTHNER I M.
GUENTHNER-REUTTER [EJU!J..], Meaning and Translation. Philosophical and Linguistic
Approaches, London, o/... 95-108.
Wolfram WILSS (1980), Semiotik und Obersetzungswissenschaf't, 010 Wolfram WILSS [Em!J..],
Semiotik und Obersetzen, TUbingen, o/... 9-22.
Wolfram WILSS (1988), Kognition und Obersetzen: Zur Theorie und Praxis der mensch/ichen
und der maschinel/en Obersetzung, TUbingen.
Wolfram WILLS ( 1990), Cognitive Aspects of' the Translation Process, 010 Language & Communication, 1. 10, o/... 19-36.
Wolfram WILSS (1992), Obersetzungsf'ertigkeit. Anniiherungen an einen komplexen Ubersetzungspraktischen Begrif'f, TUbingen.
Heidrun WITTE (1987), Die Kulturkompetenz des Tranlators- Theoretisch-abstrakter Begriff' oder realisierbares Konzept?, 010 TextconText 2 (1987), o/... 109-36.
Gerd WOTJAK (1969), Zu einigen Fragen der Aquivalenz bei der Obersetzung, 010 Fremdsprachen, 1. [1969], o/... 257-63.
Rudolf ZIMMER (1981), Probleme der Obersetzung f'ormbetonter Sprache. Ein Beitrag zur
Obersetzungskritik, TUbingen.
s.

{3) Mt:racpoaaTJ xm 2:TJf.1EU.vmaj I l:TJf.lt:WA.oyia

Robert DE BEAUGRANDE (1980), Toward a Semiotic Theory of' Literary Translating, 010
Wolfram WILSS [EJU!J,.], Semiotik und Vbersetzen, Heidelberg, o/... 23-42.
Wolfram WILSS (1980) [Em!J..] , Semiotik und Obersetzen, Heidelberg.
Wolfram WILSS (1980), Semiotik und Vbersetzungswissenschaft, 010 Wolfram WILSS [Em!J..],
Semiotik und Vbersetzen , Heidelberg, oEf... 9-22.
Wolfram WILSS (1981), Semiotische und Ubersetzungsmethodische Aspekte deutscher Wortzusammensetzungen vom Typ Substantiv + Adjektiv, ow ZGL, 1. 9.1, o1... 77-93.

y) Mt:rdcpQaOTJ xm 2:TJf.1aawA.oyia
Kurt BALDINGER (1971), Semasiologie und Onomasio/ogie im zweisprachigen Worterbuch, 010
K[arl] Richard BAUSCH I Hans-Martin GAUGER [Em!J,.], Interlinguistica- Sprachvergleich und
Obersetzung. Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Mario Wandruszka, TUbingen, o1... 384-96.
K. BARNWELL C1980),

Introduction to Semantics and Translation, High Wycombe- '1974.

J[ulian] BIGELOW (1978), Semantics of' Thinking, Speaking and Translation, ow F[ranz]
GUENTHNER I M. GUENTHNER-REUTTER [Em!J,.], Meaning and Translation. Philosophical
and Linguistic Approaches, London, o/... 109-36.
Hildegund BOHLER (1979), Suprasententia/ Semantics and Translation, mo Meta, 1. 24, OEA. 45 1-8.
Eugenio COSERIU (1970), Bedeutung und Bezeichnung im Lichte der strukturellen Semantik,
010 Peter HARTMANN I Henri VERNA Y [Em!J,.], Sprachwissenschaft und Obersetzen, MUnchen, o/... 104-121.

439

Friedrich IRMEN (1970), Bedeutungsumfang und Bedeutung im VbersetzungsprozeB, 010

Peter HARTMANN I Henri VERNA Y [Em~.], Sprachwissenschaft und Vbersetzen. Symposion
an der Universitat Heidelberg 24.2.-26.2.1969, MUnchen, oEf... 144-56.
Ernest LEPORE [Em~.] (1987), New Directions in Semantics, London I Orlando I New York I
San Diego I Austin I Boston I Sydney I Tokyo I Toronto.
M. THELEN I B. LEWANDOWSKA-TOMASZCZYK [Em~.] (1990), Translation and Meaning,
Part 1: Proceedings of the Maastricht Colloquium, Maastricht 4-6 January 1990, Maastricht.

Mia VANNEREN I Mary SNELL-HORNBY ('1994), Die Szene hinter dem Text: "scenes-andframes semantics in der Vbersetzung, 010: Mary SNELL-HORNBY [Em~.], Vbersetzungswissenschaft. Eine Neuorientierung, TUbingen und Basel, OEA. 184-205.
Gerd WOTJAK (1971), Semantik fur Vbersetzer, I, 010 Fremdsprachen, 1. [1971], OEA. 95-101.
Gerd WOTJAK (1971), Semantik fUr Vbersetzer, II, 010 Fremdsprachen, 1. [1971], OEA. 178-85.
b) MracpQCtaTJ xm KovwvwyA,waaoA,oyia

Annie BRISSET ( 1992), Les mots qui s 'imposent : l'autorite du discours social dans Ia traduction,

oio Palimpsestes, 1. 7, OEA. 111-32.

Maurice PERGNIER (1980), Les fondements sociolinguistiques de Ia traduction, Paris.

Brigitte SCHLIEBEN-LANGE (1973), Soziolinguistik. Eine EinfUrung, Stuttgart I Berlin I
Mainz I KO!n.
) MaacpoaaTJ xm Kf.lVoyA,waaoA,oyia
Hans P[eter] ALTHAUS I Helmut HENNE I Herbert E. WIEGAND [Em~.] ( 2 1980), Lexikon der
germanistischen Linguistik, TUbingen- '1973.
Erhard AGRICOLA (1977), Text- Textaktanten- Informationskem, 010 FrantiSek DANES I
Dieter VIEHWEGER [Em~.] (1977), Probleme der Textgrammatik II, Berlin, OEA. 11-32.
Erhard AGRICOLA (1983), Textelemente und Textstrukturen, 010 w. FLEISCHER
Deutsche Sprache, Leipzig, OEA. 221-33.

[Em~.],

C.G. BJURSTROM (1978), Le traducteur dans le texte 010 Lillebill GRAHS I Gustav KORLEN I
Berti! MALMBERG [Em~.], Theory and Practice of Translation. Nobel Symposium 39,
Stockholm 1976, Frankfurt am Main I Las Vegas, OEA. 107-116.

Klaus BRINKER (1973), Zum Textbegriff in der heutigen Linguistik, 010 Horst SITTA I Klaus
BRINKER [rnL~.] , Studien zur Texttheorie und zur deutschen Grammatik, DUsseldorf, OEA. 9-41.

440

BIBAIOrPAc!JIA
Klaus BRINKER (1979), Zur Gegenstandsbestimmung und Aufgabenstellung der Textlinguistik, 010 Janos S. PETOFI [mq.t.], Text vs. Sentence, Hamburg, "C. I, oEf... 3-12.
Klaus BRINKER(' 1988), Linguistische Textanalyse, Berlin- '1985 .
Eugenio COSERIU (1978), Falsche und richtige Fragestellungen in der Ubersetzungstheorie, O"CO
Lillebill GRAHS I Gustav KORLEN I Berti! MALMBERG [EJtLj..l.], Theory and Practice of
Translation. Nobel Symposium 39, Stockholm 1976, Frankfurt am Main 1 Las Vegas, oEf... 17-32.
Eugenio COSERIU (' 1994), Textlinguistik . Eine Einflihrung, herausgegeben von JOrn Albrecht, Tlibingen.
FrantiSek DANES I Dieter VIEHWEGER [ETCLj..l.] ( 1977), Probleme der Textgrammatik II, Berlin.
Robert-A. DE BEAUGRANDE I Wolfgang DRESSLER ( 1981 ), Einflihrung in die Textlinguistik,
TUbingen.
Wolfgang U. DRESSLER (1971), Einflihrung in die Textlinguistik, Tlibingen.
Wolfgang U. DRESSLER

[Em~-t. ]

(1977), Current Trends in Textlinguistics, Berlin I New York.

Ko nrad EHLICH (1984) , Zum Tex tbegriff, ow Annely ROTHKEGEL I Barbara SANDIG
[EJtL j..l.], Text - Textsorten - Semantik. Linguistische Madelle und maschinelle Verfahren,
Hamburg, oEf... 9-25 .
B. GORETZKI (1971), Aspekte der linguistischen Behandlung von Texten, 010 Textlinguistik, "C.

2, OEA. 132-76.
E.U. GROSSE (1974), Texttypen. Linguistik gegenwiirtiger Kommunikationsakte, Stuttgart.

Elisabeth GOLICH I Wolfgang RAIBLE (1977), Linguistische Textmodelle, Mlinchen.

Wolfgang HEINEMANN ( 1982), Textlinguistik heute. Entwicklung, Probleme, Aufgaben, O"CO
Wissenschaftliche Z eitschrift der Kari-Marx-Universitiit Leipzig, Gesellschafts- und Sprachwissenschaftliche Reihe, o1... 21 0-21.
R[einhard] R.K. HART MANN (1980), Contrastive Textology and Translation, O"CO Wolfgang
K UHLWEIN I Gisela T HO M E I Wolfram WILSS, Kontrastive Linguistik und Ubersetzungswissenschaft. Akten des In tern ationalen Kolloquiums Trier I SaarbrUcken, 25.30.9.1978, Mlinchen, oEf... 200-8.
Roland HARWEG (1968), Pronomina und Textkonstitution, MUnchen.
Karel HAUSEN BLAS (1976), Zu einigen Grundfragen der Texttheorie, ow FrantiSek DANES,
Probleme der Textgrammatik II, Berlin, oEf... 147-58.
Wolfgang HEINEMANN I Dieter VIEHWEGER (1991), Textlinguistik. Eine Einflihrung, Tlibingen .
Gerhard H E LBIG (1975) , Zu Problemen der linguistischen Beschreibung des Dialogs im
Deutschen, ow Deutsch als Fremdsprache, t. 12, oEf... 65-80.

Zdenek HLAVS A (1976), Towards a Definition of the Text, ow Frantisek DANES, Probleme
der Textgrammatik II, Berlin, oEf... 4 1-5.
Hans G. HONIG , Ubersetzen zwischen Reflex und Reflexion - ein Modell der Uber-setzungsrelevanten Textana/yse, ow: Mary SNELL-HORNBY [EJtLj..l.] (' 1994 ), Uberset-zungswissenschaft. Eine Neuorientierung, TUbingen und Basel, oEf... 230-51 .
Horst ISENBERG ( 1968), Der Begriff' "Text" in der Sprachtheorie, Berlin.
Horst IS ENBERG (1976), Einige Grundbegriffe flir eine linguistische Texttheorie, O"CO FrantiSek
DANES I Dieter VIEHWEGER [ETCL~-t.], Probleme der Textgrammatik II, Berlin, OEA. 47-145.

441

Ulrich KRAFT ( 1978), Comics /esen. Untersuchungen zur Textualitat von Comics, Stuttgart.
Krassimira KOTCHEVA (1992), Prob/eme des literarischen Vbersetzens aus textlinguistischer
Sicht aus der deutschen Gegenwartsliteratur, Frankfurt am Main I Bern.
G. MICHEL (1986), Texte und Stilnormen als Regeln oder a/s Madelle?, oto Albrecht SCHONE [Em[L.], Akten des VII. Intemationalen Germanisten-Kongresses. Gottingen 1985, t. 3.,
OEA. 3-19.
O.YI. MOCKAJI'CKAHA (1984), TpaMMaTHKa rexcra, MocKBa.
Albrecht NEUBERT (1985), Text and Translation, Leipzig.
Yo-Song PARK (1994 ), Vbersetzung als interlinguale und interku/turelle Neukonstruktion.
Eine textlinguistische Analyse der assertiven Textsorten im Deutschen und im Koreanischen (Ein Beitrag zur interkulturellen Textlinguistik), MUnster.
Janos s. PETOFI [Em[L.] (1979), Text vs. Sentence. Basic Questions of Text Linguistics, 2 t.,
Hamburg.
U.M. QUASTHOFF, Erzahlen in Gesprachen, TUbingen.
Katharina REISZ (1984), Methodische Fragen der libersetzungsre/evanten Textanalyse. Die
Reichweite der Lasswe/1-Forme/, oto Lebende Sprachen, t. 34, oEA.. 7-10.
Hannes RIESER (1977), On the Development of Textgrammar, oto Wolfgang DRESSLER
[Em[L.], Current Trends in Textlinguistics, Berlin I New York, oEA.. 6-20.

I Barbara SANDIG [EJtL[L.] (1984), Text- Textsorten - Semantik.

Linguistische Madelle und maschinelle Verf'ahren, Hamburg.

Annely ROTHKEGEL

Maximilian SCHERNER (1984), Sprache a/s Text, TUbingen.

Heide SCHMIDT (1993), Violations of Textual Conventions in Translation, mo Yves GAMBIER I
Jorma TOMMOLA [Em[,l.], Translation and Knowledge, 4th Scandinavian Symposium on
Translation Theory, Turku, 4.- 6. 6. 1992, Turku, oA.. 339-49.
Siegfried J. SCHMIDT (' 1980), Texttheorie. Probleme einer Linguistik der sprachlichen
Kommunikation, MUnchen.
Horst SITTA

I Klaus BRINKER [Em[L.] (1973), Studien zur Texttheorie und zur deutschen

Grammatik, DUsseldorf.
Bernhard SOWINSKI (1983), Einflihrung in die Textlinguistik, Stuttgart.
Radegundis STOLZE ('1994), Zur Bedeutung von Hermeneutik und Textlinguistik beim
Vbersetzen, oto: Mary SNELL-HORNBY [EJtL[L.], Vbersetzungswissenschaft. Eine Neuorientierung, Tlibingen und Basel, oA.. 133-59.
Teun A. vAN DIJK ( 1972), Some Aspects of Text Grammars. A Study in Theoretical Linguistics and Poetics, The Hague.

442

BIBAIOrPA<PIA
Teun A vAN DIJK ( 1978), New Developments and Problems in Textlinguistics, ato A/LA, t.
1 (22), OEA. 13-26.
Zdislaw

wA WRZYNIAK ( 1980), EinfLihrung in die Textwissenschaft, Warschau.

K. ZIMMERMANN (1984), Die Antizipation moglicher Rezipientenreaktionen a/s Prinzip der

Kommunikation, aw Inger ROSENGREN [mqL], Sprache und Pragmatik. Lunder Sym-

posium 1984, Lund, OEA. 131-58.

A.K 30JIKOBCKMll I K U:EfJIOB (1970), K

OIIHC8HHHY CMbiCJia CBH83HOTO TeKCTa,

MocKBa.

ar) MEracpoaaTJ xm EQf1TJVEmtxr)

Klaus BERGER (1993), Die Vbersetzung als concordantia discordantium. Hermeneutische
Vorentscheidungen zur Kategorie der Loyalitiit, ato Justa HOLZ-MANTTARI I Christiane
NORD [rnq.1..], Traducere navem. Festschrift fur Katharina ReisB zum 70. Geburtstag, Tampere.
Hans-Georg GADAMER ( 6 1990), Wahrheit und Methode. GrundzUge einer phi/osophischen
Hermeneutik, 2 t., TUbingen - '1960.
Henri van HOOF ( 1962), Theorie et pratique de /'interpretation : avec_ application particuliere a I'anglais et au fran91is, MUnchen.
Radegundis STOLZE(' 1994), Zur Bedeutung von Hermeneutik und Textlinguistik beim
Vbersetzen, aw: Mary SNELL-HORNBY [mq..t.], Vbersetzungswissenschaft. Eine Neuorientierung, TUbingen und Basel, aE/... 133-59.

CJ

MEracpoaaTJ xm IIoayf1,aw}.oyia

G[eorgia] M. GREEN I J[erry] [L.] MORGAN (1981), Pragmatics, Grammar and Discourse, ato
Peter COLE [mq..t.], Radical Pragmatics, New York, aE/... 167-81.
Albrecht NEUBERT (1968), Pragmatische Aspekte der Vbersetzung, ato Beihefte zur Zeitschrift Fremdsprachen II, Leipzig, aE/... 21-33.
Albrecht NEUBERT (1973), lnvarianz und Pragmatik, ato Albrecht NEUBERT I Otto KADE
[EJtL!l..], Neue Beitriige zu Fragen der Vbersetzungswissenschaft, Frankfurt am Main, aE/... 13-25.
Christiane NORD (1990), Zitate und Anspielungen a/s pragmatisches Vbersetzungsproblem,
ato TextconText, t. 5, OEA. 1-30.
Inger ROSENGREN [Em!!..] (1984), Sprache und Pragmatik. Lunder Symposium 1984, Lund,
OEA. 131-58.
Klaus ROLKER (1971), Zur Rolle der Pragmatik in der zweisprachigen Kommunikation, ato
Albrecht NEUBERT I Otto KADE [Em!!..], Studien zur Vbersetzungswissenschaft. Beihefte
zur Zeitschrift Fremdsprachen III I IV, Leipzig, aE/... 99-112.
Mary WOOD (1993), Linguistique et pragmatique, outils de /'apprenti-traducteur, ato Palimpsestes, t. 8, aEf... 115-34.

TJ) MEracpoaaTJ xm .J:vvrasTJ

Erhard AGRICOLA (1968), Syntaktische Mehrdeutigkeit (Polysyntaktizitiit) bei der Analyse
des Deutschen und des Englischen, Berlin.

443

Michel BALLARD (1991), Elements pourune didactique de Ia traduction, Paris.

I EAEVlJ LEAAA-MAZH (1994), rAwaaoA.oytx~ llQOOEYYW11 OTJ]

BcwQia xm T1]Lltc'5axux~ Tf/<; McnJ.cpoaaJ]<;, A81jva I KEQXUQa.

<I>QHDEQLXl] MITATLAAIA

Karl-Richard BAUSCH I Franz-Rudolf WELLER [mq.t.] (1981 ), Vbersetzen und Fremdsprachenunterricht, Frankfurt am Main I Berlin I MUnchen.
Alice BElLE-BOWES (1976), Interlingua/e Vbungen-Dolmetschlibungen, 01:0 Der fiemdsprachliche Unterricht, 1X. 40 (1976), 0A. 63-4.
G. ERDEI (1970), Zum Problem des Vbersetzens im Fremdsprachenunterricht, 0to Deutsch
als Fremdsprache, 1. 7, 0A. 225-31.
Peter D. FAWCETT (1981), Teaching Translation Theory, 010 Meta, 1. 26, 0A. 141 -7.
Barbara FOLKART (1984), A Thing-Bound Approach to the Practice and Teaching of
Technical Translation, 010 Meta, 1. 29, 0A. 229-46.
Maurice GRA VIER ( 1978), Pedagogie de Ia traduction, 010 Lillebill GR AHS I Gustav KORLEN
I Berti! MALMBERG [mq.t.], Theory and Practice of Translation. Nobel Symposium 39,
Stockholm 1976, Frankfurt am Main I L as Vegas, <JEA. 201-212.
Hans G. HbNIG (' 1994 ), Vbersetzen zwischen Reflex und Reflexion - ein Modell der Ubersetzungsrelevanten Textanalyse, 0to: Mary SNELL-HORNBY [EJtLf.J..], Vbersetzungswissenschatt. Eine Neuorientierung, TUbingen und Basel, 0A. 230-51 .
Juliane HOUSE (1980), Vbersetzen im Fremdsprachenunterricht: Zur Konzeption eines

kommunikativen Vbersetzungskurses im Rahmen der sprachpraktischen Ausbildung von

Lehrerstudenten des Englischen, 0to Sven-Olaf POULSEN I Wolfram WILSS [Emf.!.], Angewandte Vbersetzungswissenschaft. Internationa/es Ubersetzungswissenschaftliches
Kolloquium an der Winschaftsuniversitiit Aarhus I Diinemark, 19.-21. Juni 1980, Aarhus.
Frank G. KbNIGS (1981), Zur Frage der Vbersetzungseinheit und ihre Relevanz fUr den
Fremdsprachenunterricht, 0tO Linguistische Berichte, 0A. 82-100.
Paul KUSZMAUL (' 1994 ), Vbersetzen als EntscheidungsprozeB. Die Rolle der Feh/erana/yse
in der Vbersetzungsdidaktik, 010: Mary SNELL-HORNBY [Emf.!.], Vbersetzungswissenschatt.
Eine Neuorientierung, TUbingen und Basel , aA.. 206-29.
Christiane NORD ('1991 ), Textanalyse und Vbersetzen. Theoretische Grund/agen, Methode
und didaktische Anwendung einer Ubersetzungsrelevanten Textanalyse, Heidelberg - '1988.
Christiane NORD (1991), Text Analysis in Translation. Theory, Methodology, and Didacting
Application of a Model for Translation-Oriented Text Analysis, translated by Christiane
Nord and Penelope Sparrow, Amsterdam I Atlanta.

444

BIBAIOrPMIA
Christiane NORD (1991), Text Analysis in Translation. Theory, Methodology and Didaktic
Application of a Model for Translation-Orientied Text Analysis, Amsterdam.
Jean-Paul VINA Y (1957), Peut-on ensegner Ia traduction ? ou Naissance de Ia stylistique
comparee aw Journal des Traducteurs, 1:. 2, m:A.. 141-8.
J. WAHL (1976), Dolmetschilbungen im Fremdsprachenunterricht der Sekundlirstufe,
fremdsprachliche Unterricht, X 40, aEA.. 65.

aw Der

Wolfram WILSS (1981), Das didaktische Potential der Herilbersetzung, aw Karl-Richard

BAUSCH I Franz-Rudolf WELLER [EJtqL], Ubersetzen und Fremdsprachenunterricht,
Frankfurt am Main I Bern I MUnchen, aEA.. 297-313.
Wolfram WILLS I Gisela THOME [mq.L.] (1984), Die Theorie des Ubersetzens und ihr
AufschluBwert fur die Ubersetzungs- und Dolmetschdidaktik, TUbingen.
Jonas ZDANYS (1987), Teaching Translation: Some Notes toward a Course Structure, ato
Translation Review, 1:. 23, aEA.. 9-11.

{j nEPI METMPAHOL AorOTEXNIKON EProN

Ronnie APTER (1984), Digging for the Treasure. Translation after Pound, New York.
Otto F. BABLER (1970), Poe 's "Raven" and the Translation of Poetry, mo James S. HOLMES
I Frans DE HAAN I Anton POPOVIc [mq.t.], The Nature of Translation . Essays on the
Theory and Practice of Literary Translation, The Hague I Paris I Bratislava, aEA.. 192-200.
Tina BARRAS ( 1978), The Function of Translated Literature within a National Literature: The
Example of Sixteenth Century Spain, aw J[ames] s. HOLMES 1Jose LAMBERT 1Raymond
VAN DEN BROECK [Emf!.], Literature and Translation. New Perspectives in Literary Studies, Leuven, aEA.. 181-203.
Susan BASSNETT-McGUIRE (1978), Translating Spatial Poetry: An Examination of Theatre Texts
in Performance, ato J[ames] S. HOLMES I Jose LAMBERT I Raymond VAN DEN BROECK
[EnLf!.], Literature and Translation. New Perspectives in Literary Studies, Leuven, aEA.. 161-76.
Annie BRISSET (1988), Translation and Parody: Quebec Theatre in the Making, ato Canadian Literature, 1:. 117, a EA.. 88-110.
Aiken BRUNS (1977), Ubersetzung als Rezeption. Die Ubersetzer skandinavischer Literatur
1860-1900, NeumUnster.
Franco BUFFONI [Emf!.] (1989), La traduzione del testa poetico, Milano.
Hans P. BURFEID ( 1985), Die Deutsch-Spanische Ubersetzung Jiterarischer Prosa. Fallstudie
zur prospektiven Untersuchung typologischer Aquivalenzschwierigkeiten, Koln.
Pierre CADIOT (1991 ), La mise en relief, un bilan linguistique. 'A propos de Ia traduction anglaise
des premieres pages de Mort credit de L.-F. Celine, aw Palimpsestes, 1:. 5, aEA.. 19-36.

Judith A. CAMPBELL (1993), Culture and Ideology in the Translation of Poetry, ato Yves
GAMBIER I Jorma TOMMOLA [Emf!.], Translation and Knowledge, 4th Scandinavian
Symposium on Translation Theory, Turku, 4.- 6. 6. 1992, Turku, aEA.. 138-53.
Barbel CZEMNIA (1992), Figurenrede als Ubersetzungsproblem. Untersucht am Romanwerk
von Charles Dickens und ausgewlihlten deutschen Ubersetzungen, Frankfurt am Main.
Cecil DAY-LEWIS (1970), On Translating Poetry, Abingdon-on-Thames.

445

JoAnne ENGELBERT (1990), Neither Hades nor Hell: Problems of Allusion in the Translation
of Central American Poetry, ato Language & Communication, T. 10, ocf... 57-62.
Efim G. ETKIND (1967), La stylistique comparee, base de !'art de traduire, ato Babel, T. 13,
0/... 23-30.
Efim [G.] ETKIND (1978), La traduction et Ies courants litteraires, aTo J[ames] s. HOLMES I
Jose LAMBERT 1 Raymond VAN DEN BROECK [mq.t.], Literature and Translation. New
Perspectives in Literary Studies, Leuven, oEf... 128-41.
Itamar EVEN-ZOHAR (1978), The Position of Translated Literature within the Literary Polysystem, OTO J[ames] S. HOLMES I J[ose] LAMBERT I Raymond VAN DEN BROECK [EJtL[t.],
Literature and Translation. New Perspectives in Literary Studies, Leuven, OEf... 117-27.
Jan FERENC:iK (1970), De Ia specification de Ia traduction de l'ceuvre dramatique, aTo James s.
HOLMES I Frans DEHAAN I Anton POPOVIc [mqt.], The Nature of Translation. Essays on
the Theory and Practice of Literary Translation, The Hague I Palis I Bratislava, oEf... 144-9.
Amelico FERRARI (1981), Theorie de Ia traduction et poesie, ato Paralleles, X 4, acf... 7-16.
Armin Paul FRANK (1989), "Translation as system" and Ubersetzungsku/tur: On Histories
and Systems in the Study of Literary Translation, aw New Comparison, T. 8, oEf... 85--98.
Valentin GARdA YEBRA, Teoria y pratica de Ia traducci6n, Madlid.
Reginald GIBBONS (1985), Poetic Form and the Translator, aw CI, T. 11, ocf... 654-71.
Frank HElBERT ( 1993), Das Wortspiel als Stilmittel und seine Ubersetzung. Am Beispiel von
sieben Ubersetzungen des "Ulysses" von James Joyce,'TUbingen.
Theo HERMANNS [Em[J..] (1985), The Manipulation of Literature. Studies in Literary Translation, London.
James s. HOLMES (1969), Poem and Metapoem: Poetry from Dutch to English, aw Linguistica Antwerpiensia, T. 3, ocf... 101 - 15.
James s. HOLMES (1970), Forms of Verse Translation and the Translation of Verse Form, ato
James S. HOLMES I Frans DEHAAN I Anton POPOVIC [ffiL[t.], The Nature of Translation. Essays
on the Theory and Practice of Literary Translation, The Hague IPalis I Bratislava, oEf... 91-105.
J[ames] s. HOLMES (1978), Describing Literary Translations: Models and Methods, ato
J[ames] S. HOLMES I Jose LAMBERT I Raymond VAN DEN BROECK [EltL[t.], Literature and
Translation. New Perspectives in Literary Studies, Leuven, Olof... 69-82.
James s . HOLMES (1988), Translated! Papers on Literary Translation and Translation Studies,
Amsterdam.
James S. HOLMES I Frans DEHAAN I Anton POPOVIc [ffiL[t.] (1970), The Nature of Translation.
Essays on the Theory and Practice of Literary Translation, The Hague I Paris I Bratislava.

446

BlBAlOfPAI!JlA
J[ames] S. HOLMES I J[ose] LAMBERT I Raymond VAN DEN BROECK [rnL~-t.] (1978), Literature
and Translation. New Perspectives in Literary Studies, Leuven.
Edwin HONIG (1985), The Poet's Other Voice: Conversations on Literary Translation, Amherst.
r. rAqEqJUIA,!J,3E (1970), BBeJ{eHHe B reopHIO xmoJKecrBeHHoro rrepeBo,I{a, TucpA.iba.
R. HAAS (1958), Vbersetzungsprobleme im Bereich der deutsch-englischen Literaturbegegnung,
ow Die Neueren Sprachen, 1:. 7, oEA.. 366-78.
Rolf ITALIAANDER [Em~L] (1965), Vbersetzen. Vortrage und Beitriige vom Intemationalen
KongreB literarischer Vbersetzer in Hamburg 1965, Frankfurt am Main I Bonn.
Han a JECHOV A (1970), La perspective de Ia representation litteraire et /e probleme de Ia traduction, ow James S. HOLMES I Frans DE HAAN I Anton POPOVIc [rnw.J, The Nature of
Translation. Essays on the Theory and Practice of Literary Translation, The Hague I Paris I
Bratislava, oEA.. 43-57.
Wilhelm JULIUS (1971), Zum Problem der literarischen Vbersetzung, ow K[ari]-Richard
BAUSCH I Hans-Martin GAUGER [rnL~-t.], Interlinguistica- Sprachvergleich und Vbersetzung.
Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstag von Mario Wandruszka, TUbingen oEA.. 617-27.
Rainer KIRSCH (1976), Das Wort und seine Strahlung: Uber Poesie und ihre Vbersetzung,
Berlin I Weimar.
Harald KITTEL [Em~-t.] (1988), Die literarische Vbersetzung: Stand und Perspektiven ihrer
Erforschung, Berlin.
Rolf KLOEPFER (1967), Die Theorie der literarischen Vbersetzung. Romanisch-deutscher
Sprachbereich, MUnchen.
Peter KOSTA (1986), Probleme der Svejk-Vbersetzungen in der west- und sUdslavischen
Sprachen. Linguistische Studien zur Translation literarischer Texte, MUnchen.
Krassimira KOTCHEVA (1992), Prob/eme des literarischen Vbersetzens aus textlinguistischer
Sicht aus der deutschen Gegenwartsliteratur, Frankfurt am Main I Bern.
Karl J. KUEPPER (1977), Literary Translation and the Problem of Equivalence, ow Meta, 1:.
22, OEA. 243-51.

Jose LAMBERT (1978), Echanges litteraires et traduction : discussion d'un projet, ow J[ames]
S. HOLMES I Jose LAMBERT I Raymond VAN DEN BROECK [rnL~-t.J, Literature and Translation. New Perspectives in Literary Studies, Leuven, OEA. 142-60.
Guy LECLERCQ (1990), Traduction, adaptation, parodie: traduire Alice en toute justice, ow
Palimpsestes, 1:. 3, OEA. 49-77.
Andre LEFEVERE (1970), The Translating of Literature: An Approach, mo Babel, 1:. 16, oEA.. 75-9.
Andre LEFEVERE (1971), The Study of Literary Translation and the Study of Comparative
Literature, ow Babel, 1:. 17, oEA.. 13-5.
Andre LEFEVERE (1977), Translating Literarture : The German Tradition: From Luther to
Rosenzweig, Assen I Amsterdam.
Andre LEFEVERE (1978), Translation Studies: The Goal of the Discipline, ow J[ames] s.
HOLMES I Jose LAMBERT I Raymond VAN DEN BROECK [rnL~-t.], Literature and Translation.
New Perspectives in Literary Studies, Leuven, oEA.. 234-5 .
11 TLt/..o<; JrQWtot1mou: Jirf LEVY (1963), Umeni pfekladu, Praha.

447

/e probleme de l'ordre des mots, oto Palimpsestes, t. 7, af.. 93-110.

Claire MALROUX (1992), Le phrase d'Emily Dickinson: /'ordre des mots, oto Palimpsestes, t .
7, af.. 15-35.
Emilio MATTIOLI (1989), La traduzione di poesia come problema teorico, oto Franco BUFFONI [m~.]. La traduzione del testa poetico, Milano, OA. 1-15.
Christiane NORD (1988), Obersetzungshandwerk-Obersetzungskunst. Was bringt die Translationtheorie ftir das literarische Obersetzen?, ow Leben de Sprachen, t. 33, af.. 51-7.
Christiane NORD (1993), Alice im Niemandsland. Die Bedeutung von Ku/tursignalen fur die
Rezeption literarrischen Obersetzungen, ow Justa HOLZ-MANTTARI I Christiane NORD
[mw.J, Traducere navem. Festschrift fur Katharina ReiB zum 70. Geburtstag, Tampere.
Octavio PAZ (1971), Traducci6n: literatura y literalidad, Barcelona.
Wolfgang VON POCKL [m~.] (1992), Literarische Obersetzung. Formen und Mog/ichkeit

ihrer Wirkung in neuerer Zeit. Beitrage zur Sektion "Literarische Obersetzung" des XXII.
Deutschen Romanistentags in Bamberg (23.-25. Sept. 1991), Bonn.
Sven-Olaf POULSEN, (1980), Semiotik und Obersetzungskritik an Obersetzungen bel/etristischer
Texte, mo Wolfram WILSS [rnL~.]. Semiotik und Obersetzen, Tlibingen, OA. 55-62.
Burton RAFFEL ( 1988), The Art of Translating Poetry, Pennsylvania.
Roda P. ROBERTS (1992), The Concept of Function and its Application to Literary Texts, ow
Target, t. 4, af.. 1-16.
L.M. ROSENBLATT (1978), The Reader, the Text, the Poem. The Transactional Theory of the
Literary Work, Carbondale I Edwardsville.
Giuseppe SANSONE (1989), Traduzione ritmica e traduzione metrica, ow Franco BUFFONI
[m~ .], La traduzione del testa poetico, Milano, OA. 16-32.
Brigitte SCHULTZE [Em~.] (1987), Die literarische Obersetzung. Fal/studien zu ihrer Kulturgeschichte, Berlin.
Fritz SENN ('1994), Literarische Obertragungen - empirisches Bedenken, ow: Mary SNELLHORNBY [rnL~.]. Obersetzungswissenschaft. Eine Neuorientierung, Tlibingen und Basel, oef.. 54-84.
Mary SNELL-HORNBY (1984), Dimensions and Perspective in Literary Translation, ow
Wolfram WILSS I Gisela THOME [rnL~.], Translation Theory and its Implementation in the
Teaching of Translating and Interpreting. Akten des Intemationalen Kolloquiums der AILA;
Tlibingen, OEA. 105-13.
Gideon TOURY (1978), The Nature and Role of Norms in Literary Translation, ato J[ames] S.
HOLMES I Jose LAMBERT I Raymond VAN DEN BROECK [EJtL~.], Literature and Translation.
New Perspectives in Literary Studies, Leuven, oef.. 83-100.

448

"'

BIBAIOfPAc!>IA
Katrin VAN BRAGT ( 1982), The Tradition of a Translation and its Implications: "The Vicar of
Wakefield" in French Translation, oto Andre LEFEVERE I Kenneth David JACKSON [EJtL!l.],
The Art and Science of Translation, oto Dispositiio, t. 7, oe/... 63-76.
Hendrik VAN GORP (1978), La traduction Jitteraire parmi les autres metatextes, oto J[ames] S.
HOLMES I Jose LAMBERT I Raymond VAN DEN BROECK [EJtL!l.], Literature and Translation.
New Perspectives in Literary Studies, Leuven, oe/... 101 -16.
Beatrice VAUTHERIN (1991), Les structures avec inversion dans Women in Love de D.H.
Lawrence et sa traduction fran9<1ise, ato Palimpsestes, t. 5, oe/... 37-49.
Arnim P. VON FRANK [EJtL!l.] (X.X.), Die literarische Ubersetzung. Der lange Schatten kurzer
Geschichten. Amerikanische Kurzprosa in deutsche Ubersetzungen, Berlin.
Fred VON LONKER (1993), Die literarische Ubersetzung als Medium der Fremderfahrung, Berlin.
JUrgen VON STACKELBERG (1978), Weltliteratur in deutscher Ubersetzung. Vergleichende
Analysen, MUnchen.
Daniel WEISSBORT [rnL!l-l (1989), Translating Poetry: The Double Labyrinth, Iowa City.
Siliang XUE (19920, Moglichkeiten und Grenzen der Ubersetzung k/fJ.Ssischer chinesischer Lyrik
ins Deutsche. Ein Beitrag zur Ubersetzungswissenschalt und zur Ubersetzungskritik, Heidelberg.

E nEPI METMPAIEm EPmN A(JloPoNTON nHN

En1nHMH, THN EXNIKH KAI THN EXNOAOIIA

R. BAIER (1982), Zur Untersuchung der Fachsprache aus text- und pragmalinguistischer Sicht,
oto loot R. RICHART I Gisela THOME I Wolfram WILSS [EJtL!!.], Fachsprachenforschung
und Fachsprachenlehre, Schwerpunkt Spanisch. Internationa/es Colloquium an der Universitlit des Saar/andes, SaarbrUcken, 6.-8. November 1980, TUbingen, oe/... 15-27.

Eduard BENES (1966), Syntaktische Besonderheiten der deutschen wissenschaftlichen

Fachsprache, oto Deutsch als Fremdsprache, tX. 3, oe/... 26-36.
Eduard BENES (1967), Nomina/isierungstendenzen in der deutschen wissenschaftlichen Fachsprache, ato Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift der Plidagogischen Hochschule Potsdam, GesamtSprachwissenschaftliche Reihe, oe/... 147-54.
Eduard BENES (1973), Die sprachliche Kondensation im heutigen deutschen Fachstil, ato
AA.VV., Linguistische Studien III, DUsseldorf, oe/... 40-50.
Claude BERARD (1986), La traduction technique: principes et pratique, Montreal.
Georg BOSSONG (1979), Probleme der Ubersetzung wissenschaltlicher Werke aus dem Arabischen in das Altspanische zur Zeit Alfons des Waisen, TUbingen.
Daniel GILE (1988), La connaissance des langues passives chez Je traducteur scientifique et
technique, ato Traduire, tX. 136, oe/... 8-15.
R. GOFFIN (1968), La terminologie multilingue et Ia syntagmatique comparee au service de Ia
traduction technique, oto Babel, t. 14, oe/... 132-41.
G. FEIDEL (1970), Technische Texte richtig Ubersetzen. Ein Ratgeber fur die Praxis, DUssel-

dorf I Wien.
Hans-RUdiger FLUCK (4 1991), Fachsprachen, TUbingen - '1975.

449

orientierung, Tlibingen und Basel, OEA. 311-30.

Richard NICE (1991), Myths, Loose Fits and Near Misses. Some Highlighting Problems in
Translating French Social Science, aw Palimpsestes, 1. 5, oEA.. 11-7.
Jose R. RICHART I Gisela THOME I Wolfram WILSS [E:rtL!-1-.] (1982), Fachsprachenforschung

und Fachsprachenlehre, Schwerpunkt Spanisch. Internationales Colloquium an der Universitat des Saar/andes, Saarbrlicken, 6.-8. November 1980, TUbingen.
Juan c. SAGER(' 1994), Die Vbersetzung im KommunikationsprozeB: Der Vbersetzer in der
Industrie, aw: Mary SNELL-HORNBY [E:rtL!-1-.], Vbersetzungswissenschaft. Eine Neuorientierung, TUbingen und Basel, aEA.. 331-47.
Peter A. SCHMIDT ('1994), Die "Eindeutigkeit" von Fachtexten: Bemerkungen zu einer Fiktion,
ow: Mary SNELL-HORNBY [E:rtL!-1-.], Vbersetzungswissenschaft. Eine Neuorientierung,
TUbingen und Basel, aEA.. 252-82.
H. SPITZBARDT [E:rtL!-1-.] (1972), Spezia/probleme der wissenschaftlichen und technischen

Vbersetzung, Halle (Saale), aEA.. 33-43.

Wolfram WILSS (1979), Fachsprache und Vbersetzen, ato H. FELBER I F. LANG I G. WERSIG
[E:rtL!-1-.], Terminologie als angewandte Sprachwissenschaft. Gedenkschrift ftir Univ.-Prof. Dr.
Eugen Wlister, Mlinchen, Heidelberg, aE/...177 -91.
Wolfram WILSS [E:rtL!-1-.] (1980), Ermittlung von syntaktischen Standardelementen in fach-

sprachlichen Texten, aw Bulletin der Internationalen Vereinigung Sprache und Wirtschaft,

1X. 7 I 80, OEA. 151-9.

l:T XPH~IMOnOIH8EI~E~ METMPA~EI~

a) l:VVTWY/1Evt:~ ara EUTJVLXa
'H 'Ayia Feacp'lj. 'H fla}._wa L1ta81jx17 xai ~ Katv~ L1ta81jx17 xara rove; 'E(3oop,'ljxovr:a.
'Eyxeiact r:ijr; L1wexovr; 'lt:Qar; J:vvooov r:ijr; 'ExxA17aiar; r:ijr; '}._}._aoor;, (1 2 1991) 'A8ijvm
- 1 1928.

AILXYAOL, Toayw0ir;, !-LE1UC{JQU01] Taaoc; Poiiaaoc;, 'A8~va 1983.

Paul VALERY, To flaea(}a}._aaaw NeXQOr:acpeio 'H NwQ~ MoiQa, (oi.yA.wool] i::xoooY]: Le

cimetiere marin - La jeune Parque] !-LE1UC{JQU01]-Eioaywyi] 'Avao1:aawc; fLavvaQ<ic;,
'A8~va 1979.
Fran~tois VILLON ('1979), Ol MnaAavr:er; xt YAUa flat'ljp,ar:a, daaywy~. !-LELUC[JQUOYJ,
OXOALa ~JtUQOc; ~XLUOUQEOY]c;, 'A8~va - 11947.

450

BIBi\IOfPMllA

"

86cpLA.ou BOPEA (1935 I 1936 I 1937), Pv8f1oi ':A8avauov, 3 1:., 'Ev 'A8Tjvmc;.
2:QYXE'l] fE~ENIN, llotf;flara, a:n:66oan fLcivvT] Phaou, 'A8Tjva 1981.
rKAITE, f/Jaovar [1], !lET<lcpQaon-ox6A.La 'I[ wcivvou] TiauA.cixT], 'A8fjvm 1982.
fKAITE, f/Jaovar. A' fiE(!Ot;, am 'Iwcivvou N. 8EOD.QPAKOnOYAOY ('1981), '0 f/Jaovar
roii rxaiu. Mer:acpeaart fiE ala8rtnxq xai cptA.oaocptxq E(!flrtveia, 'A8fjvm- 11956.

B6A.cpyxavyx rKAITE ( 6XX), f/Jaovar:, Teayw0a,I2 fl.El:cicpQaOT] K[ wo1:av.tvou] Xa~o:n:ouA.ou, 'A8Tjva- 11916.
D.OHOfE<I>~KH, To "EyxA.rtfla xai ~ Ttf1weia, fl.El:acpQaoLc; 'AA.l;av6Qou Tia:n:aCLaftcXVl:lJ, :n:Q6A.oyoc; 'Eftfl.avoui]A. PotCT], 'A8Tjva 1992.

e.

Mxoc; ErroNonov AO~, ( 1978) L:r:qv KotA.aoa fiE r:ovr; Poowver;, fl.E E'Lxom EYXQWftouc;
:n:tvax<; xat eva
'A8Tjva 13

oxecw,

'Ocuooea EAYTH (1976), L1eVU(!1] Feacpf;, 'A8Tjva 14

TLtou AOYKPHTIOY KAPOY, lleei f/Jvaewr; (De rerum natura), ~L~Ata El;T] !!H<X(jJQ<XO!LEVa
a:n:o 1:ov Kwvo.av1:tvo Geol:OXT], 'A8Tjva 2 1990, 11986.
<l>gavtc; KA<I>KA, 'H L1ix1], !LEtcicpQaOT] 'AMl;avOQO<; Kol:~Lac;, 'A8Tjva - 11961, 21995.
<l>gavtc; KA<I>KA, 'H L1iX1], fl.El:U(jJQaOT] fLWQYO<; Ba!l~aA.Tjc;, 'A8Tjva- 11969.
<l>gavtc; KA<I>KA, 'H L1ixrt, fl.El:acpgaolJ TEa 'AvEf-LOYLUvvT], 'A8Tjva- 11976, 2 1992.
BA.avtL!lLQ MAriAKOB~KH, 8earetxa, [BA.avr[fll(! Maywx6{3ax1J, Mvarf;ew-M:n:ovcpcp,
'0 Koet6r;, To Xaflafl], fJ.EtacpQaOT] "AQT]<; 'AA.El;avcgou, 'A8Tjva (XXE).
P6!LJtEQt MOYZIA, L1Wf10[, fl.El:U(jJQaOT] fLwgyoc; KEVl:QWl:TJ<;, 'A8Tjva 1986.
Kattva n080YAAKH-nAnnA: Feef1avoi llmrtrai, d.no r:qv Alwvw llrtYi? (Der ewige
Brunnen), 'A8Tjva 1970.
B[A.act!lnQoc;] r. nPon, MoQcpoJ..oyia rav IlaQa11v8wv. H t1w11liXTJ 11e rav KJ..wvr i\e{3iL:rQwr; xm AUa Kei11eva, !LEtacpgaon Agwta Ilagton, A8'ljva 1987.
routU.La!l ~Ar:::nHP, '0 "AfiAET, Tgaywota o JtEVl:E :n:gal;EL<;, fl.ELa(jJQUOfl.EVT] a:n:o l:OV
Kwvmav1:tvo 8eo1:6XT], 'A8Tjva 1977.
~Lovuotou ~OAQMOY, Ta 'h:aA.txa IImf;flara, :n:goA.oyoc; xat fl.ELacpgaolJ fEwQytou

KaA.ooyougou, 'A8Tjva 1984.

K[wotac;] <I>PIAAirro~ (XX), OliJiaAfiOi roii L1a{3io. MeracpeaafiEVOL OE ar:ixovr;
ef3eairna, fiE elaaywyq xai ax6A.w, 'A8Tjva.

ana ra

'Eggtxou XAINE (2xxe), Teayovow, f:xA.oyi] fLwgyT] .2:lJftlJQLWl:lJ, 'A8Tjva.

(3)

.J:vvrewy11ve~

ae AUt:~ rAwaae~ nAlJV rwv EUl]vtxwv

Peter BRANSCOMBE [Em!!.] (1967), Heine, introduced, edited and translated by Peter
Branscombe, London .
Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft Stuttgart (' 1984), Biblia Sacra iuxta vulgatam versionem, editio
minor, Stuttgart- '1969.
12 ng6xELtaL yw tO JtQWtO !!EQO<; tTl<; Tgaywlila<; tOU C/Jaovar (Faust, I).
13 MttacpQCtOEL<; JtOLT]!!CtTWV /lwcp6QWV JtOLT]tWV JtEQLEXOVtaL OtL<; 01... 165 EJt.
14 ncQLI~XEL !lETaqJQCtOEL<; JtOLT]!!CtTWV t(J)V Arthur Rimbaud, Comte de Lautn!amont, Paul Eluard, Pierre
Jean Jouve, Giuseppe Ungaretti, Federico Garcia Lorca xm Vladimir Maiakovski.

451

Franz KAFKA (1953), The Trial, !LH<i<pQaOT] Willa xm Edwin Muir, New York.
Franz KAFKA (1977), The Trial, !LET<i<pQUOTJ Douglas Scott xm Chris Waller, London .
G.S. KIRK, J.E. RAVEN xm M. SCHOFIELD (' 1983), The Presocratic Philosophers, Cambridge

- '1957.
Pablo NERUDA, Liebesgedichte. Spanisch 1 deutsch, !!ET<i<pQaOTJ Fritz Vogelgsang, Darmstadt
I Neuwied 6 1980, '1977.
Novum Testamentum Tetraglotton, archetypum Graecun cum versionibus vulgata latina,
germanica Lutheri et anglica authentica in usum manualem edendum curaverunt C.G.G.
THIELE et R. STIER, Turici (ZUrich) 1991, '1858.

Pier Paolo PASOLINI, Poems, EmA.oyr] xm !lET<i<pQaOT] Norman MacAfee I Luciano Martinengo, New York 1982.
Octavia PAZ, Selected Poems, A bilingual edition edited by Charles Tomlinson, London 1979.
Vladimir PROPP, Morphologie des Mlirchens, !LHU<pQaOTJ Karl Eimermacher, Frankfurt am
Main '1975, '1969.
Yannis RITSOS, Poemas, EmA.oyi] xm !!El<i<pQaOTJ Egito Gon9(llves, Porto 1984.
Jaroslav SEIFERT, Im Spiegel hat er das Dunkel, tschechisch und deutsch, ausgewahlt und
Ubersetzt von Oily Komenda-Soentgerath, herausgegeben von Roswitha Th. Hlawatsch und
Horst G. Heiderhoff, Waldbrunn 1982.
Giuseppe UNGARETTI, Gedichte. Italienisch und deutsch, !LEl<i<pQUOTJ xm EJtLA.oyor; lngeborg
Bachmann, Frankfurt am Main 1961.
Giuseppe UNGARETTI, Selected Poems, !LEt<i<pQaOTJ, ELoaywyi] xm ox6A.La Patrick Creagh,
London 1971.
Paul VALERY, To Ilaea(}aJ..aaaw Nexeor:acpei:o 'H Neaei} Mo[Qa, [bLyA.wool] exbool]: Le
cimetiere marin - La jeune Parque] !LEta<pQaOl]-daaywy~ 'Avaa'tamor; fLavvaQar;,
'AS~va 1979.

H ANMOPEL LE nPOTOTYnA EPIA

a) l:vvrerayf.1va ara EU7]vtxa
AIIXY J\OI, IliQaat.
APILTOTEJ\H}:, IIQo{3Af}/..tara [v68o EQYO].

E>avaal]r; BAJ\TINO}:, 2:rmxei:a yta ri} aexaeda rov '60, 'AS~va 1989.

452

BIBAIOrP Aci>IA
,.J

fEmQyLOU BIZYHNOY, 'Ava TOV 'EA.txwva, 'A8fjvm.

Nbwc; ErfONOllOYAOL, Jlat~f-WTa, 2 -cOf.tOL, 'A8~va 1977.
Nbwc; ErrONOllOY AOL, L:rijv KotA.aoa f-tS wvr; Poowvt:r;, f.I.E ELXOOL EYXQWflO'U n:LvaxEc;
xai. eva OXEOLO, 'A8~va 1978.
Mavoc; EAEY8EPIOY, Ta "O(!ta wii Mv(}ov, 'A8~va - 11978 (Ex-coc; Ef.trtOQLou), 2 1980.
HPO~OTOL,

Moiiaat.

IQANNHL 0 LIN AITHL, KA'i~-ta~, xdf.tEVOV ErtL -cij ~aoa XELQOYQacpmv -cfjc;
Movfjc; 'AyLou ~wvuoLou, 'A8fjvm 2 1979 - 11883, Kmvo-cavnvourcof..tc;.

Ev "A 8cp 'IEQ<ic;

Ntx6/..aoc; KAAAL, 'Door; Ntx~m Pavwv, rcg6/..oyoc; 'OCiuooea 'E/..u-clJ, 'A8~va 1977.
NLxoc; KAPOYZOL, Ta Iloduwra, 2 tOf.tOL, A81]va 1993, 1994.
K[wotac;J r. KAPYQTAKHL, "Arcavm ra Ev(!wx6wva, 2 -cof.tOL, cptf..o/..oytxl] Emf.tEAEta
r[ wgyoc;] II. ~a~~LOl]c;, 'A8~va 1965.

Bao[LAEtoc;] AAZANAL, 'E(!(!{xor; XatvE (Heinrich Heine). '0 E(!Wrtx6r;,

qnAEAEv(}E(!Or;,
XOtVWVtxor; lr(!WTOlrO(!Or;. K(!tTtxfJ avaA.vaq TOii leyov TOV f-tEYaAOV :rrotqTij, 'A8~va 1975.
~l]f.tl]tl]c; n. llAllMITLAL, Jlo{qaq,

1, 'A8~va- 11961, 2 1978, 31985.

TLtoc; llATPIKIOL, Ma(}qrda ~ava, 'A8~va 1991.

nAATQN, K(!arvA.or;.
ftavvl]c; LKAP!MllAL, To L:6A.o roii C/>{yxa(!O, 'A8~va 1992- 11939.
ftavvl]c; LKAPIMllAL, To BaTE(!AW .dvo Fdo{wv, 'A8~va 1994 - 11959.
ftavvl]c; LKAPIMllAL, "A:rravur; L:rixm 1936-1970, 'A8~va 1972.
~tovumoc; LOAQMOL, ''A:rravm, 3 tOf.tOL, Emf.tEAELa - Ol]f.tELWoac; ALvou Ilof..Ltl], 'A8~va

31971-1994-11948.
Ntxoc; UI<I>OPOL,

Ta Ilatota rijr; Jltawar;, 'A8~va 1978.

(3) :Evvreray{liva ae AUe~ rAwaae~ rckrJv rwv EUnwxwv

Wystan Hughes AUDEN, The Dyer's hand and Other Essays, London 1966.
Charles BAUDELAIRE, Les tleurs du mal I Die Blumen des Bosen, Franzosisch
f.I.Eta<pQaOl] Monika Fahrenbach-Wachendorff, Stuttgart 1984.

1 Deutsch ,

BERNARDIN DE SAINT-PIERRE, Paul et Virginie, Paris 1966 - '1806.

Hermann BROCH, Der Tod des Vergil, Frankfurt am Main 1976- '1956.
Paul CELAN, Das dichterische Werk, Frankfurt am Main 1989.
Rene CHAR, Fureret mystere, Paris 1962.
CICERO, De oratore.
DANTE ALIGHIERI, La divina commedia, testa critico stabilito da Giorgio Petrocchi, con una
nota introduttiva sui testa della Commedia, Torino 1975.
Leonardo DA VINCI C1987), Scritti letterari, a cura di Augusto Marinoni, Nuova edizione
accresciuta coni manoscritti di Madrid, Milano- '1974.
John DONNE, Poems, edited with an introduction by Huge I'anson Fausset, London 1 Melbourne I Toronto 1958.

453

Franz KAFKA, Der Prozess, New York 1953.

Jules LAFORGUE, Poesies completes, Paris 1970.
Robert MUSIL, FrUhe Prosa und aus dem NachlaB zu Lebzeiten, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1983- 1 1957.
Robert MUSIL, Gesammelte Werke, 2 t ., E:n:~IJ.. Adolf Frise, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1978.
Pablo NERUDA, 20 poemas de amory una canci6n desesperada, Buenos Aires 1924.
Pablo NERUDA, Selected Poems, A bi-lingual edition, IJ.E E:n:LIJ.EAEW tou Nathaniel Tarn,
London 1 1975 , '1979.
Cesare PAVESE, Poesie, Torino 1985.
PETRARCA, Canzoniere, introduzione e note di Alberto Chiari, Milano 1985.

Giuseppe UNGARETTI, L' allegria, Milano 1942.

Paul VALERY, CEuvres, edition de Ia Pleiade, Paris 1960.
Paul VALERY, Poesies, Paris 1966.
VERGILIUS, Aeneis.

Peter WEISS, Die Asthetik des Widerstands, 3 t61J.O~, Frankfurt am Main 1988 -

1975 I

1978 I 1981.

William WORDSWORTH, Selected Poems, edited with an Introduction and Notes bu H.M.
Margoliouth, London I Glasgow 1 1959, '1979.
William Buttler YEATS, Collected Poems, London 1984.

454

8~ '81> 'ZZ '~8Z '~15oXJN '50"'(flOJJ:9AOHtr

m Z81nlAOXI,lrio9f)tr
oz '8n(!)loflrt 'floX-,;>Aow-nA(!).\oov
zz1 c5(1.3oonAonx1"'(V o 5o1o(l.Ao1v
905o1lo~ny 51.uq.\01V
61 5lt"'(9ADW '5ltXJ?MD1.\lt"'(3V
L I .............. 5010J?l0DAV '5-,;>0DMD1J
m 66z 5i.tA~oov '59X1lA003J
61 5ltl(!)1.\DADll '51.tg)ODJ
m 66Z......................................... So"'(1cb93e '5n~ooa
9 .................................................................. 5019\lOH
P~ '9J7......................... 501"'(l!9ll 'MllOJ?W 501"'().\018
'ill 66Z ...................................... 501.\0(!)3j '59Ai.tfl~18
OZ................................................. 5ltMJ?(l)I 5-,;>on"'(l.tH
6Z ................................ ............. 51.toV, '5ltl(!)1Xflo"'(38
611 ............................................. 5DlO(!))! '51.t"'(nAOJ?H

PZ 1 ............................................. 50lflll93N '5nf)li-,;>a

80" .......................................... 5o.\0(!)1J '51,l"'(nf)lina
ZZ ........................................ 50XOJ?W 'SI.to-,;>xnf)lina
P6Z 'm 16Z 'OZ ......................... 5ltOJ?AD8 '59A1l"'(D8
oz.............................. ...................... 5ow~,tox '5lteJ?a
oz................................................ 5Ltoll,lnl.tv '5o-,;>nov

6 '88'PZ'i Z '1 '~'~9! 'II !' .......5lt"'(glOlD1oy

6................................................ 50"'((l.Dll50"'(0lD9l!V
80 .................. ............................. D?.L 'l.tMJ;>1.\0ri3AV
OZ............ ........................... 5o.\o(!)1j '50A~TI(T)1309AV
I z ................. ...................... DO(!)A03"'(:>! 'l.tXJ?Q30QAV
J791 ..................................... 5ltlJ?Ol~ 'SI.t"'("'(~ODlDnAy
06 '611 ...................................... 51.tOV, 'flOOQAJ?~3"'(V
I Z................................................. SltMJ?1J '5-,;>~lDW
v~ 'Lv ...................................................... 5o"'((l.XD1y
981 'Z81 '9J71 ................................. 5oriM(!)03I 501.\V,

'J)TI0A9 OA3TI9X010fl3 5flOl 5(T)0(1.3"'(lJ:J)0J)lJ: Ol1nlJ?lAJ)lJ:J) flOl9 '5ng)"'(30 5ltl 9TI910J) AOlD MOJJ:ri
-~1.CDODJJ: JOTI910D 10 o.\O"'(J?lDX 9X1A1lD"'( AOlO OA91i 1nlAOOJ;>O.\J)AD DlDTI9AO J?X10(T)O D.L o.\O"'(J?lD'X 9X1A
-1lD"'( AOlO mx 9X1AU"'("'(3 AOlO 1J)X 1DlAOOJ;>O.\DW J)lDTI9AO J?X1A11D"'( D.L '(!)Q31DlAOllJ;>O.\DAD A39 5nJcbDO.\
-01"'(g1g 5ltl5flOl"'(~Q S11o mlAOA-,;>g'lin"'(103JJ: DlD1i9AD no9 .Snpm'li.\noJJ: 5ltl5130(!)131iltooJJ:fl51lO mx OA31i
J3X OlD 1nlAOAJ?g'liD"'(103lJ: flOlJ: J)lD1i9AO D10(1.X Dl 0A91i 1J)lAOllJ;>O.\DAD 'J39fl0"'(0XD flOlJ: '0.\0"'(J?lDX AOl~

KaA.~o<; . Av6Qa<; ..........................................20, 173

KaAA.Lcpatl61], 'Ecp1] ......... ..................................... 397
KaA.ooyouQo<;, fE<ilQYLO<; ............................273, 359
Kava~a<;. K<.ilota<; ................. ...............................20
KaQayL<.ilQy!]<;, K<.ilot a<; .. .................................... 329
KaQOU~O<;, Nlxo<; [t...] ............................. 7, 339, 358
KaQUWtUXT]<;, K[<.ilota<;] f .................. 119, 390, 393
KEvtQWttl<;. fLWQY0<; ....................21, 123, 141,159,
199,210,260,320,357,393
Ko'tvnA.Lav6<;, MaQxo<; <fla~w<; ......................... 324
KoA.oxotQ<ilVT]<;, 8E66wQo<; .............. .................. 349
Kov6uA<ixT]<;, IwaVVT]<; .......... .............................. 164
KLxQwv, MaQxo<; TouA.w<; ..........................so, 346
Kwu:n:T]<;, 1'11]!-LtltQT]<; .. ................ ....... ......................20
KomMxT] AQtE!-LL<; ................................................21
Kot~La<;, AA.!;av6Qo<; ................................... ...... 308
Kw~alo<;, Kwott1<; M .......................... 192, 268, 320
KwvotavtLvl6T]<;, A[VEOtT]<;] ............45 Elt., 55, 12 1,
183, 304 Elt., 352
Aa~ava<;, Bao[li.ELo<;] .........................................300
A$a<;, ~WttlQT]<; .................................................... .21
AouxQntw<; KaQo<;, Tlto<; ............. ..................... I8I
Ma~n<;. I[wavVTJ<;l e .............................................. I9
MEAUXQLV6<;, An6otoA.o<; ........................ ............ 119
MEV<iQOO<;, n!-Lo<; ................................................ 394
M T]tQ6nouA.o<;, K<.ilotac; ................................ 165 Elt.
M6towu, BLxtwQla ............................................ 369
Mna!-L:JtLVLWtTJ<;, fE<ilQYLO<; ..... 34, 96, 98, 103,373 m.
Mnatoai.La, <fiQHOEQlxn ....... 16, 19, 37,94 m ., 268
MwQa'CtT], ~ocpla ... ............. ...................................21

nana~acpELQ6nouA.o<;,

ll[avayL<.iltT]c;] ........ !57, 284

lla:n:ato<.ilv!]<;, Tax!]<; K .................................... .. . l.J 9
llaQlOT], AQWtEa ................................................. 181
llUQ!-LEVL01]<; ................... ............................... .......... 84
llatA.A.n, 16A.TJ ................................................249 m .
llatQLXLO<;, Tlto<; .............................. ............ .20, 325
nauMxnc;. I[wavvl]<;] .........................................284
no8ou/.ax1]-lla:n;:n;a, Katlva .............. .......... ...... 301
llAatWV .. ..................... 3J, 104, 197 Elt., 205, 312 Elt.
llOQCjlUQL0<; ................... ....................... ................ ... 63
Pltao<;, fLaVVTJ<; ....................... 9, 119, 181,321,356
Pouaao<;, Taao<; ............................................. ..... 347
LaQacpT]<;, Ltcpavo<; ....... ............... ...... ................ 329
LUQLMXT]<;, fLaVVT]<; .............................................. 21
~EA.M-Ma~11. EA.v!] ............... t6, 19, 37, 94 m . 268
LEvxa<;, i\Euxw<; Avvaloc; ................................. 306
LECjlEQT]<;, fL<.ilQyo<; ............................................... 119
~xaQl!-L:Jta<;, fLaVVT]<; ................................... 322, 358
~XLa6aQEOT]<;, ~ltUQ0<; ......................................... 358
LOAW!-LO<;, f':o..wvl!moc; ....... 18, 61,273, 325, 355,359
~tWLX0[ ... ............................................................. 306
~uxoutQtj<;, IwavVT]c; ........................................... 397
T~a~aQa<;, fLavvnc; .............................................. 398
TolQxac;,LtQattjc; ........ ........................................ II9
TOLCjlOQO<;, Nlxoc; ................................. ... ....... ..... 360,
<l>LALltltUXT]-Warburton, ELQtlVT] .................. 323, 375
<fiQLAA.lyyo<;, K[<.ilotac;] .................................. 182m.
XaQaAU!-L:JtUXT]<;, XQWt6cpoQoc; ............. 34, 96, ISS,
185,244, 327, 358, 373 Elt., 398 Elt.
XQUOLltltO<; .......................................................... 306

3Ev6yA.wooo'.; xm:aA.oyo(_;
A6aeB, B. H. ......................................................... 196
Abraham, L. ......................... ................................ 195
A dorno, Theodor W[iesengrund] .......... 312 Elt., 395
Agricola, Erhard .......................................... 133, 136
Aitchison, Jean ................................... .................. 107
Albrecht, JOrn .............. ........................ ................ 118
Alighieri, Dante .............................................. 3 10 Elt.
Allen, Harold B ................ ........................ ............ 399

456

Alston, William P.... ..................................... Ill, 224

Althaus, Hans Peter ................. ............................ 172
Apel, Karl-Otto ....................... ............................ 147
Arnault, Antoine .................................................. 108
Atlan, Henri ............ ............................................. 104
Atlas, J................. .................. ................................ .40
Atkins, Beryl A .................................... .................. 39

-'

EYPETHPIO ONOMATQN
Attali, Jacques .......................... .............................. 63
Austin, J[ohn] L[angshow] .................... .42, 224,248
Bach, Johann Sebastian ......................................... 73
Bachelar, Gaston ................. .............. ................... 245
Bachmann, Ingeborg ..................................... 292 En.
Bacon, Francis ........................... ........... ................. 44
Baker, Mona .......... ........... .... .......... ................. 31, 55
Bakhtin, Mikhail ......................................61 EJt., 128
Bally, Charles ..................... ...... ........................... .268
Barel, Yves ................. ........ ................................. 163
Barfield, Owen ............................................. 316, 321
Barnes, Barry ...... ............... .............. ....................240
Barth, Gilbert .......................................................270
Barthes, Roland ................................ ............ 123, 140
Bassnett-McGuirre, Susan ......................... 73, 87,97
Bateson, Gregory ................................................. IS8
Baudelaire, Charles .............................................. 34 7
Bausch, K[arl) Richard ...................... .................... 79
Baylis, Charles A................................... .............. 253
Beattie, James ........................................................ 99
Bednarski, Betty ............................................. .SO m.
Beekmann, John .................................................. 312
Beile-Bowes, Alice .............................................. 185
Bell, RogerT ....... .......... .48 m., 72;89, 11 8, 124 EJt .
Benedict, Ruth ..................................................... 101
Benes, Eduard .................................................... .. 170
Benjamin, A. C. ...... ................................ .............. 234
Benjamin, Walter ................. 15 , 17, 61 , 68,204,304
Benveniste, Emile ..................... 34m., 46, 101, 105,
141 EJt., 163,279,326
Bergmann, Gustav ............................................... 255
Bergson, Henri ...... ............... .... ....... ............... 104 EJt .
Berkeley, George ..................... .................... 209, 215
Berman, Antoine ................ .............. .5 I, 62, 82, 285
Bigelow, J[ulian] ....................................... ...........254
Biguenet, Jean ....... ........................................... ... .. .45
Blakemore, Diane ............... ................................. I04
Bloch, Ernst ........... ............ ............................. ...... .43
Bloomfield, Leonard ....... .........63, 146, 169, 193m.
Boas, Franz ................................. l7, 31, lOOm., 196
Boethius ..... ... .................... ..................................... 63
Bollinger, Dwight L. .............................. 93, 278, 352
Bonfante, Giulio ..................................... .. ........... 302
Bossong, Georg
Bourdieu, Pierre ................................................... 314
Bouton, Lawrence F. ..... ................ 269 EJt., 275,278
Bowen, J. Donald ...........................................270 En.
Branscombe, Peter ........................... ............. 301 EJt .
Breal, Miche1 ........................................................ 367
Brinker, Klaus .......... .................... 134, 136, 138, 297
Broch, Hermann .............................................. .... 357
Buber, Martin ................................................ 73, 288
BUnting, Karl -Dieter ........................................... 169

Burgschmidt, Ernst ................ .............................. 271

BuBmann, Hadumod ......................... .... ............... l68
Callens, J......................... ..................................... l07
Callow,J. [C.] ............... .... ............................ 312,418
Camoes, Luis de ........................ ... .......................... 75
Carducci, Giosue .................................................. 378
Carnap, Rudolf ...................... 169m., 173, 202, 215,
25 I, 253, 368, 376
Caroll, John B................................................ 39, 417
Cary, Edmond ................ .................................. ...... 71
Cassirer, Ernst... ................. ... ......................... 92, 401
Catford, J[ohn) C[unnison] ........... 39, 54, 58, 79, 86,
263,265, 271 EJt., 279,298
Cavell, Stanley ....................................................... 93
Celan, Paul ........................................................... 153
Cetti-Marinoni, Bianca ............................ ...... ..... 302
Chafe, Wallace L. ........................................... ...... 242
Char, Rene ............... ..... ....................................... .338
Chomsky, Noam ..................... 36, 90, 94, 98 EJt., 103,
106m., 124,126,196,240,401,412
Cicero, Marcus Tullius .................................. .SO, 346
Clark, Eve V....................... ............ 33, 35 EJt., 49, 57
Cluysenaar, Anne ........................ ... ........... ........... ! 03
Cobet, C. G ... .................................. ..................... 397
Cohen, Jean ................................................... .56. 317
Cohen, L. Jonathan ........................ ...................... 224
Cole, Peter ...................................... ..................... 399
Comrie, Bernard .......................................... I 00, 402
Copernicus, Nicolaus ........... ............................ 91 m .
Corder, S. Pit... ................................. 25 , 33, 113,274
Cornelis, Arnold ....................... .............. .......... ..... 95
Coseriu, Eugenio ............... 79, 82, 87, 124, 127, 131,
142 EJt., 147 EJt. , IS 1, 154, 157,274,
160,162,165, 175,296m.,312,315,
323, 361' 373, 375, 377 EJt. , 380
Cota, Helene ....................................................... . 121
Cowan, Marianne ............................................... .416
Creagh, Patrick ............................................ 292, 294
Cresswell, M[ax] J........................ l24, 240,254,299
Cruse, D. A[llan]
313,327
Crystal, David ....................... .... ............................. 89
Culler, Jonathan ............................................... 29, 35
Da Vinci, Leonardo ................................................. 9
Dagut, M.B ...................................................315, 356
Dalitz, GUnter ..................... ............................... ....56
Dante Alighieri ......................... ........ .............. 310m.
Darbelnet, Jean ............... 35, 57, 67 m ., 86, 104,267
Davidson, Donald ............... ........ 169, 239, 242,246,
249 EJt., 252, 257 EJt .
De Beaugrande, Robert ................SO EJt. , 57, 65, 73,
87, 138 EJt., 395
De Campos, Haroldo ............................................. 69
De Saint-Pierre, Bernardin .................................. 3SS

457

Donnellan, Keith 5.................................207 m., 236

,0:0CTOeBCKHH, <l>e.n:op .......................................... 299
Downes, William ................ ............ ..................... I93
Dressler, Wolfgang Ulrich ..............57, I38, 309, 395
Dryden, John ........................................................ I2 I
Du Bellay, Joachim .................... ............................ 64
Du Marsais, C. Ch .................................................. 99
Dubois, Jacques ..................... ............. ........... .53, 237
Ducrot, Oswald ......... 98, 269, 330, 358, 360m., 369
Duden ...........................................289, 34 I, 343, 365
Duff, A..... .............................................................. 88
Duhem, Pierre ...................................................... 254
Dummett, Michael ........................... 88, I69, 243m.
Duval, Alain ............................................. .............. 39
Eco, Umbeno ............................... I74, 3I2, 3I5, 3I8
Ehlich, Konrad ..................................................... I 38
Eimermacher, Karl .............................................. I 8 I
Einstein, Alben ...................................... 92, 25 I, 403
Eliot, T[homas] S[teams] .......... .................... I5, 348
Ellis, Jeffrey .................................................. ........309
Empson, William ................................................. 3 I2
Engel, Ulrich .......... .........................................270 en:.
Engels, Friedrich ............. ,.............................. 349m.
Enqvist, Nils Erik ..........................................62, 264
Erdei,G .... ............................................................ I84
Eschbach, Achim ................................................... .SO
Escher, Maurits Comelis ....................................... 73
EceHHH, Cepreii .......................................... I53,355,
Etiemble, R ............................................................56
Evans, J .L. ............................................................2 I I
Eykman, Christoph ................................................ 73
Farinelli, Anuro ................................................... 388
Fauriel, Claude C .. ...... .......................................... I87
Fawcett, Peter D .................................................. I9I
Ferrari, Americo ................................. .49, 55, 69, 74
Ferron, Paul.. ............ ... .....................................SO m.
Filipovic, Rudolf ..................................................276
Fillmore, Charles J....................................... 130, I60
Firth, John R[uperr] ................. 3 I, 89, I I2, I6I, 234,
289,295
Firth, Raymond .................................. ...... ............ 250
Fish, S......................... ............................................ 74
Flammand, Jacques ................... ............................. 87

458

Freud, Siegmund ............................................... 59, 75

Frier, Wolfgang ..................................................... .46
Fries, Charles Carpenter .............................. I 94, I 96
Frege, Gottlob ................. 88, I69 m ., 2 I2, 2 I 9, 226,
228, 243 EJt., 246, 248
Frese, Jiirgen ..................... .................................... .45
Frye, Nonhorp ... .................................................. 372
Fung Yu-Lan .......................................................... 78
Gadamer, Hans-Georg .................. 40 m., 43, 48, 50,
57 m., 60 m., 76, 78, 82 m., 9I, I24,
132m., I4 I en:., I46, I56, I60, I67 m.,
I 70, I 75 m., I 80, 3 I2 m ., 323, 327
Gadda, Carlo Emilio ........................ ~ ................... 29I
Gaffiot, Felix ................................................ I83, 305
Galilei, Galileo .......................................................92
Gardiner, Allan .................................................... 224
Gamier, Georges ..............................55, 86, 24 I, 26 I
Garvin, Paul [L.] .................................................. 306
Gauger, Hans-Marrin ................................... 375, 379
Genette, Gerard ...................................... .46, 68, 3 I 7
Georgi, Harry ................ ................................... 72, 75
Gerhardt, Carl Immanuel.. ................................... 25 I
Gibson, James J. ................................................... I 13
Giddens, Anthony .................................................. 46
Gipper, Helmut ........................................ 92 m., I 97
Gleason, H[enry]-A[Ilan] .................................... 309
Godel, Kurt ............................................................ 73
Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von ...... I8, 187,283 m., 325
Gotz, Dieter ......................................................... 27I
Gombrich, Enst H ................................................389
Gon<;alves, Egito ........................................ .......... I 8 I
Goodenough, Ward H .......................................... 29I
fop6a'!eB, Mnxanrr C. ......................................... I8I
Goretzki, B . ......................................................... I 37
Gove, Philip Babcock .............................. 38 m., 405
Graham, Joseph F.
Gramsci, Antonio ................................................ I53
Green, G[eorgia] M ............................................... 97
Gregory, Michael ................................................... 39
Grice, H[erbert] P[aul] ............. 96, 237m., 322, 37I
Grosse, E.U .......................................................... I38
Giilich, Elisabeth ............................................ 50, I 35
Guiraud, Pierre ............................................. I 72, 370

EYPETHPIO ONOMATQN
Gutt, L. ...................................................................44
Habermas, JUrgen ................................................ 240
Hagege, Claude .......................................... 25, 31,42
Hale, Kenneth ...................................................... !Ol
Halliday, M[ichael] A.K ........................... 30, 39, 57,
87, 132m., 270
Hardwick, Charles S.......................... ................... 220
Harris, Roy ........................................................... 113
Harris, Zelling S[abbetai] .............................. 9S, 196
Harrison, Bemard ................................................ 31S
Hartmann, Peter .................................................... 79
Hartmann, R[einhard] R[udolf] K[arl] ..................SS
Hartung, W .......................................................... 133
Harweg, Roland .................... ............................... 137
Hassan, Ruqaiya ............................................ 133 Jt.
Hatim, Basil ...................................... .46, 66, 98, 108
Haug, U..................................................................74
Hausenblas, Karel ................................................ l34
Healy, R ................................. ........................... ... 256
Hegel, G[eorg] W[ilhelm] F[riedrich]IOS m. 142,313
Heidegger, Martin ................. 80, 82 m ., 99, 145 m.,
148, 157, 160, 175,313
Heine, Heinrich von ........................... ... 299m., 393
Heinemann, Wolfgang ......................... 133, 135, 138
Helbig,Gerhard ............................................ 137, 196
Hellinger, Marlis .......................................... :....... 266
Hempel, Carl Gustav ................................... 170, 235
Henne, Helmut ............................................ 172, 399
Henry, Albert ............................................... 313, 316
Herder, Johann Gottfried ................. 90 m., 101, 324
Hermanns, Theo ....................................... .43, 47,86
Hervey, Sandor ..................................................... 54
Hietaranta, Pertti ............................ ,......................56
Higginbotham, James ..........................................201
Higgins, Ian ........................................................... 54
Hill, A[rcibald] A. ................................................ 195
Hirsch, E.D ................................................... 379, 407
Hjelmslev, Louis ............... .41, 56, 99, 164,293,361
Hlavsa, Zdenek .................................................... 176
Honig, Hans G ..................................................... 263
Hormann, Hans ................................................... 173
Hofmannsthal, Hugo von .................................... 339
Hofstadter, Douglas R ........................................... 73
Holmes, James S.................................................... 63
Horatius Flaccus, Quintus ..................................... 63
Homby ............................ ............. ......................... .4S
House, Juliane ............................... .46, 72, 74, 76 Jt.
Hubig, Christoph ..................................................285
Hudson, R[ichard] A. .............................................55
Hume, David ................................................ 21S, 224
Hymes, Dell H ............................................. 113, 169
Ingarden, Roman ................................................. 262
Ingo, Rune ...................................................... 36, 197

Irmen, Friedrich ................................................... 148

Isenberg, Horst .................................................... 134
Iser, Wolfgang ............................................. ..... 31, 48
Ivir, Vladimir ...................................... .... ....... 277 rn .
Jacoby, GUnther ................................................... .. 91
Jager, Gert .................................................... 121, 279
Jakobson, Roman .................. 32, 31, 47, 86, 97, Ill,
150m.,164, 173,179m., 196m.,
282m., 295, 311, 322, 327, 336, 370
James, C[aradog] v.............................................. 271
5lpl\eBa, B.H ......................................................... l95
Jones, L. .................................................................49
Joos, Martin ............................................. 31, 41, 197
Joyce, James ................. 153, 192,291,303,312,355
Jumpelt, Rudolf Walter ................................. .26, 290
Kade, Otto .................................................... l20, 260
Kafka, Franz............................................. 61, 307m.
Kallmayer, Wemer .............................. l33, 136,138
Kalverkamper, Harmut ....................................... l37
Kant, Immanuel .................................. 74, 90 m., 93,
101m., 106,311 m.
Kattan, Na'im ................................. ... ................... 295
Katz, Jerrold J ...................... 112, 126,240,249,315
Kelly, Louis G .................................... 72, 86, 89, 180
Kempson, Ruth M . ................................ 370 rn., 387
Kenny, Anthony ..................................................202
Kepler, Johannes ................................................... 92
Kielhofer, 8 ....................................................272 rn.
Kipfer, Barbara ................... .......... ....... ................ 148
Kirk, G.S............................................... ,.............. 181
Khomeini ............................................................. 295
Klimonow, Gerda ................................................ 133
Kloepfer, Rolf ........................................ ........54. 356
Knobloch, Clemens ............................................. 132
Konig, Ekkehard ............................................ 60, 270
Konigs, Frank G ................ ................................... 281
Koller, Wemer ................................ 72, 85, 118, IS I,
175 EJt., 262 EJt., 265, 280 EJt.,
Komelius, Joachim ........................ 76, 118, 179,377
Kraft, Ulrich ......................................................... 134
Kraus, Karl... ....................................................... .212
Kress, G .................................................. .............. l33
Kripke, Saul A .............................................. 169, 222
Kroeber, Alfred L. ............................................... 101
Krzeszowski, Tomasz P . ............. .......... 271 m., 274
KUhlwein, Wolfgang ............................................ 271
Kuepper, Karl J . ........ ............................................ 68
Kufner, Herbert L. ...............................................270
Kuhn, Thomas ............... ....................................... 113
Kumarajiva .... ... ............................. ........................78
KuBmaul, Paul ...... ..........................................60, 263
Lacan, Jacques .......................................... 66, 313 m.
Ladmiral, Jean-Rene ..................... 16, 33, 37,43 rn.,

459

Lefevere, Andre .............................................. .43, 79

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm .... ........................ ..... 25 I
Jlemm, Bna.D:l!MIIP MJmq .................................. 349
Lenneberg, Eric H ................. ..................... ..... ...... 98
JieoHTeB, A.A .............. ........... .............................. 133
Levenston, E.A .............................. ....... .269m., 276
Levi -Strauss, Claude .. .......................... 181 , 323, 324
Levinson, S[tephen] .................. ...... .......... .. ... .... ... .40
Levy, Jirf ....... ....... .......... ......................................... 72
Lewis, Clarence !... ....................... ..201, 235 Elt., 368
Liddell, Henry George .................... ..45 m., 55, 121 ,
183, 304 Elt., 352
Liszt, Franz ................................................. .........299
Litt, Theodor .......................................................... 91
Ljudskanov, Alexandre .......................................... 86
Locke, John .................................. 208, 215, 223, 253
Uirscher, Wolfgang ............... .............................. 277
Lortholary, Bemard.................... .........................306
Lotman, J[uri] M ............................................... ..... 66
Lucretius, Titus Carus ... ......... ....... ......... .... .... ...... 181
Luhmann, Niklas .............. 96 Elt., 240, 242, 285, 381
Lukacs, Georg ............ ................... ....................... 126
Luther, Martin ................................. 182 m., 192 Elt.
Lyons, John ................................. 34, 37, 40, 56, 168,
173 Elt ., 176, 310, 336
MacAfee, Norman ............................................... 181
Mackeldey, Roger ........................ .................. 133 m.
MacLane, S........... ...................... ....... ............. ..... .. 16
Magris, Claudio ................. ..... .... ........ ... ............... 307
Malb1anc, Alfred ......................... ........................ .267
Mallarme, Stephane ................................... .......... 328
Malone, J.L. .......................................................... .43
Mann, Thomas ...................................................... 1.85
Mansion, J.E ........... ... ... :: ................... .................... 38
Maradona, Armando Diego ... .......... ........... 180,322
Margolis, Joseph ..... ... ~ .. :...:........ ,........... ..... .... ..... .2~0
Marouzeau, Jean ............ ::............... ..... ......... 267 Elt.
Martin, John W .................. :........ ........... 170, 270m.
Martinengo, Luciano ............... .... ...... ...... .... .... .... 181
Martinet, Andre ............................ 30, 39 Elt., 42, 46,
107, 173 Elt., 311
Marx, Karl .................... ............................... 128, 349
Mason , Ian .......................... .............. .46, 66, 98, 108

460

Meier, Georg F..................................................... 195

Meillet, Antoine .......................... ......... ......... .48, 101
Mel'cuk, Igor .........................................................88
Melville, Hermann ............................ ...... ......... ...... 21
Meschonnic, Henri... ......... ... l6, 35, 79, 86, 158, 182
Mey, Jacob ..... .................................................. ......5 I
Meyer-Eppler, Wemer ........................................ l69
Meyer-Hermann, Reinhard ................. 133, 136, 138
Michel, G ................................... ........................... 138
Miko, FrantiSek ..... ....... ... .. ...... .......... ... ................. 86
Miller, George A ....................................................98
Milne, Rosemary C. ................................. ... ........... 39
Minsky, M ..................................................... ........ .49
Moliere .................................. ...............................253
Monod, Jacques ...................................................274
Moore, George Edward ........ ...............................221
Morgan, Jerry L. ........................ .......... .................. 97
Morris, Charles W ....... ..................... ................... 169
MocKanbcKall, 0 .1 ............................. ............. .... 132
Moulton, William G ....... ............... ................... ....270
Mounin, Georges .... ......40, 46, 86, 97, 103, 107,269
MUller, H ............................... .... ........................... l95
MUller, Max ........... ........................ ...................... 111
Muir, Edwin ......................................................... 307
Muir, Willa ..... .... .................................. ................307
Mukarovsky, Jan .......................................... 327, 386
Musil, Robert ............................... 144, 159, 302, 357
Nagel, Richard I. ..................................................240
Neruda, Pablo ........... .............. 297 Elt., 348, 357, 393
Neubert, Albrecht ............................ .S4, 70, 179, 289
Neuger, L. ........................... ...... ............................. .53
Neurath, Otto ....................................................... 215
Newmann, Aryeh .........................................280, 312
Newmark, Peter .... ...................... 16, 46,86 m., 124,
294, 325, 328, 334 Elt., 338 Elt.,
341' 348, 352 , 356, 385, 388 flt.
Nickel , Gerhart ............ ........................ ... 268, 270m.
Nida, Eugene A . ...................... 30, 48, 57, 72, 75, 79,
86,104,178,180,182,279,294,375
Nietzsche, Friedrich ............................................. 354
Nord, Christiane ................................ ......... ............? !
Nouss, Alexis .......................................................... 43
Nowell-Smith, Patrick ................ ............... ..........211

EYPETHPIO ONOMATQN
Nystrand, M ......................................................... I 39
Ochs, Elinor ................ ....... ..................... ............... 98
Odlin, Terence .............................................. ...... ... 97
Oettinger, A[nthony] G....................................... 279
Ogden, C.K ........................... ...................... ......... 2 16
Ortega y Gasset, Jose .......... .............. 33, 50, 64, I I 7,
Ovidius Naso, Publius ............................. ............. 349
Paepcke, Fritz ............. ........... 67, 123, 126, 150, 185
Pasolini, Pier Paolo .................... ..................... .... 181
TiacTepHaK, Bopuc ............. ......... ........................... 20
Pavese, Cesare ............... ... ..... ... ......... .... ...... 339, 348
Paz, Octavio ... .............. ....... ................. !53, 347, 355
Peirce, Charles S[anders] ....... ...................... I 76,310
Petrarca .................................. ...................... ........ 354
Piaget, Jean ... ............................. .................... 40, I I 3
Popper, Karl R[aimund]......... .44,48, 80 rn., 13 I, 162
Porter, Catherine ................................................. 360
Postgate, J.P ....... ..................................... .... ......... 298
Pottier, Bernard ................................... ............ ... . 148
Poulet, Georges ..................... ................................ .48
Tiporrrr, Bna)(HMHP r ........................................... 18 1
Proust, Marcel ..... ................................................ 133
Putnam, Hilary ......................... ................. ........... 252
Quadri, B ............................................................... .36
Quasthoff, U.M ................. ................................... 135
Quine, Willard Van Orman .............29, 65, 170, 198,
240, 242, 246, 248-259,
367 EJt., 370 EJt., 373
Quintilianus, Marcus Fabius ................................ 324
Qvale, Per .................... ..................... 3 I, 60, 139, 157
Raabe, H ................... ............ ................................ 306
Rader, Wendelin .............................. ................... ...50
Raible, Wolfgang ........................................... .50, I 35
Rammer, G .................. ........... .......... ... ........ ........... 74
Raskin, V..... ......................................................... 125
Raven, J.E ............................................................ I 81
Reed, EdwardS .................................................... I 13
Reichmann, Oskar ................................................. 75
ReiB, Katharina ........ ... ...... .. 48, 71 EJt., 120 EJt., I 38,
182, 187,263,265,289 EJt., 336
Ribas, Albert .......................................................... 86
Richards, Barry ...... .......................................... .... 3 I 7
Richards, Ivor Armstrong ..................... 89, 120,216,
315 EJt. , 319,321,324
Riemer, Friedrich Wilhelm ........ .......................... 187
Rieser, Hannes ...... .... ................................... ..... .. . 137
Rixter, Svatoslav .......... ..... .... ...... .................. ....... 165
Robins, Robert H . .. ............................ ............ 79, 161
Robinson, Douglas .................. .... ...... ... .. .... .......... 3 12
Rosenblatt, L.M ................ ... ................. ................ .48
Rosenzweig, Franz ...... ........................................... 73
Rosiello, Luigi ....................... .4 I, 69, 82, 88, 241 m .
Russell, Bertrand ................................. l45 , 147, 170,

207 rn., 2 I I rn., 2 I 8 rn., 248, 25 I

Ryle, Gilbert ................................................. 211, 224
Sacks, Harvey ...... ............ .................................... 197
Salzmann, Zdenek .......................................! 00, 104
Sapir, Edward ....................... ...34m., 4 I, 82, 90 En.,
96, 100 EJt., 103, 107Jt., 163
Sartre, Jean -Paul ........ .......... ................................ 260
Savory, Theodore [H.] .. ....... .............. .............. ...... 26
Scaglione, Aldo .................... .................................. 86
Schapp, Wilhelm .................................................. 383
Schegloff, Emanuel ............. ..................... ...... ...... I 97
Schemer, Maximilian ...... ................................. ... 134
Schieffelin, Bambi B ................. ............................. 98
Schleiermacher, Friedrich ........ ......................84, 128
Schlick, Moritz ...... ................... .............. .............. 215
Schlieben-Lange, Brigitte ............ ... ........ ............. 377
Schli pp, Paul A. ................................................... .403
Sch!Ondorff, Volker ...... .... .............. ..................... 144
Schmidt, Siegfried J ...................................... 138, I 76
Schmitt, C. .............................................................. 86
Schmitter, P ............................................................ 93
Schnelle, Helmut ............................................ I 70 rn.
Schofield, M ........... ..... ............................ ............. 18 I
Schulte, Rainer ....... .... ..... ...................................... .45
Schwarz, Wolfgang ................................................ 63
Scott, Douglas ...................... ................................ 308
Scott, Robert ........... .45 rn., 55, 121, 183, 304 rn., 352
Searle, John R ........................... ............ 208, 244, 248
Sebeok, T[homas] A . ............................................ .42
Segerdahl, Par ...... ................................................ 111
Seleskovitch, Danica .... .... .. ............ ................ 39, 123
Segre, Cesare ................................................... ..... 315
Seifert, Jaroslav .......... ..................... ..................... 355
Seneca, Lucius Annaeus ......... ... ...... ..................... 306
Shakespeare, William .................................. 340, 356
Sharron, Benny .................. .............. ....................... 96
Shillan, D . ........................................ ..................... 309
Simmel, Georg ....................................................... 18
Simon, Josef .............................................. ..... 169m.
Simone, R ......... ......... .......... ........ ........................... 85
Sinnreich, Johannes .... .......................................... 170
Sitta, Horst ......... ...................................... ... ......... 297
Skinner, Francis ...... .................. .... ....................... 107
Smith, Frank ......................................................... 264
Snell-Hornby, Mary ................................. ....265, 290
Snook, R.L. ..... .......................... ....... .... ................ 270
Souilhe, Joseph ...................................... .... ..... 304 rn.
Sowinski, Bernhard ......... ..................................... 294
Spencer, Herbert .................................................. 105
Sperber, Daniel ........... .............. .................. .......... .42
Stace, W.T ...... ....... ............... .... ....... ....... .............. 235
Stachowitz, R . .... ........ ....... .............. ... .................... 80
Stegmliller, W ............. .... .......... ............................ 2 12

461

Strang, 8. .. ....................................... ..................... 270

Straw son, Peter F[rederick] ... 207 EJt., 211, 250, 371
Strevens, Peter ..................... .................................. 39
Stroker, Elisabeth ..................... ............ ................. 80
Stroud, Barry ............. .......................................... 256
Studdert-Kennedy, M[ichael] ........................ ...... lll
Uemos, K. ........................................................... 136
Taber, Charles R .............. .40, 72, 182,279,285, 375
Tarski, Alfred ................................. 168m., 246,370
TaTapi!HOBa, Mal! ............................... ................... 21
Tatilon, Claude ............................................. ........ I07
Thiel, Gisela ................ .................... ..................... 309
Thome, Gisela ...................................................... 309
Todorov, Tzvetan ............ 98, 330,358, 360 m ., 369
Tolstoj, Lev ....... ................ .......... ... ..... ......... 179, 181
Toury, Gideon ............ ..43, 55, 68, 71, 187, 265, 280
Trager, G[eorge] L. ........................................ ........ 80
Trier, Jost ................................................ .41, 95,269
Tumarkin, Anna .. ................................................... 91
Tymoczko, T[homas] ........... ... l75, 245m., 252m.,
Tytler, Alexander Fraser ................................ .46, 54
Ullian, J.S ....................... .... .............. ... ............ ...... 257
Ullmann, Stephen ......................................... .. 94, 387
Ungaretti, Giuseppe .... ........................... 292 EJt., 294
Valery, Paui .......................... IOO, 163, 185, 317, 355
Van Dijk, Teun A. ............................. ..... l33, 135m.
Van Den Broeck, Raymond ................................ 280
Vasquez-Ay6ra, Gabriel ................. ............... 89, 144
Vater, Heinz ......................................... l33, 135, 294
Vendler, Zeno ...................................................... 224
Vendryes, Joseph ......... ...... .................... ......... ...... .49
Vergilius Maro, Publius ................................ .46, 354
Vermeer, HansJ ....................... 71 m., 120m., 138,
187,260, 263,265,289
Vialette, Alexandre .............................................. 307
Vi co, Giambatt ista .............................................324
Viehweger, Dieter ~ ............................... 133, 135, 138
Vigener, Gerhard .......... ................. ........................50
Villon, Fran~,;ois .................... .. ............... ............... 358
Vinay, Jean-Paul. ..........................35, 67 m., 86,267
Vi on, Robert .................................................. ........ 39
Vogelgsang, Fritz ........................................... ......298

462

Wallace, John ....... ............... ................... .............. 254

Waller, Chris .............. ............ ...................... .... .... 308
Wandruszka, Mario ........................................... ... .48
Wandschneider, Dieter .................................. ...... 173
Warnock, G.J .................... ................................... 211
Watts, Richard J ................................................... 271
Waugh, L.R ...... ...................................................... 34
Wawrzyniak, Zdislaw ...................... 79, 133m., 294
Wegst, Tillmann ............................ ....... .... ~ ........... l70
Wein, H . ................ .......... ..................................... 220
Weisgerber, Leo .................................... .94, 197, 269
Weiss,A.P ...................... ................................. .... I93
Weiss, Peter ........... .............................. 291 , 332,355
Wells, R[ulon] S..... ........ .. ..... ............................... 195
Weydt, Harald ................................ ............ .......... 309
Wheeler, S. C. .............................. ......................... 249
Wheel right, Philip .... ............................ 312, 318, 346
Whorf, Benjamin Lee ................... 30, 33, 90 m., 96,
101 m., 104 EJt., 107m., 110, 113
Widdowson, Henry G .................................... 69, 113
Wiegand, Herbert Ernst .................... ...... .... 172, 399
Wilson, Deirdre M .........................................42, 392
Wilson, N.L. .............................. .................. .........257
Wilson, Patrick ............................ ........................ 255
Wilss, Wolfram ............................ l6, 49, 67, 72, 124,
265 EJt., 271,279 m., 283,
298 EJt., 303, 306, 308
Wiemelt, J ......................... ................................... 139
Winter, W .................................. .......................... 279
Wittgenstein, Ludwig ................ 30,43, i27, 138 Ert.,
lSI, 170, 192m., 199m.,202,
209-233, 244,246 m.,
268, 303 m., 320, 323
Wordsworth, William .......................................... 348
Wotjak, Gerd .................. ....................................... 54
Yeats, William Buttler ................................. I8S, 339
Zgusta, Ladislav .....................................................31
Ziff, Paul ................ .......... ........ ................ ll2, 238 m
Zimmermann, K .................................................. 133
30JIKOBCKIIH, A.K. ............................................... 136

EuQEt~QLO ITQay~atwv

~tov xaniA.oyo, nou axoA.ou8d, avaygaqJovtm 116vo 6oa ov611ma ngayJ1atwv mQtAa!l~avovtm oto
XELJ1EVO xm on<; unool]J1ELWOEt<; tl]<; ngayJ1atela<; oe yA.wooa EAAl]Vtxi). Ot 6Qot "yA.wooa", "yA.wootx6<;", 'TA.woooA.oyla", "yA.woooA.oytx6<;", "qJuotxlj yA.wooa", "A.E~n", "excpoga", "!lnvwa", "Mnacpgaon", "J1Etacpgaonx6<;", "EmotiJ!lll tl]<; MEtUqJQUOl]<;" xm "0ewgla tl]<; MEtUqJQUOl]<;" EXOUV lit' EUVO!jtOU<; A6your; nagaA.ucp8eL Ot agt811ol nagaJt!1Jtouv owv agt8!16 tl]<; oeA.l6ar;, 6nou anavtatm w JtaQUJtAEUQW<; toll<; E1JQLOXOJ1EVO OVOJ1U ltQUY!1UtO<;.

AyyA.tx6<; E!1JtHQL0!16<; ............ ....................... .... 215

mo8nnxn ng6oA.n11Jn ............... ............... .... .......... .43
axmvwvtxlj ouv61jA.won ...................................... 361
aA.!j8ua ................81, 83, 109,168 m., 193,205 m.,
208,212,218,235,239 rn., 245m.,
255, 275, 313 Elt ., 318, 370 Ell:., 373, 376, 385
aA.n81lr; ............................. 61, 197, 207, 214m., 221,
229, 235 Elt., 240, 246,
249 Elt., 254, 257 Elt., 376
aA.n8r; v6n11a ......................................................... 6I
aA. n8iJ<; an6cpavon ....................................... 197, 207
UA1]81j<; LOX1JQLOJ10 ................................ ..............207
aA.nenr; ng6taon ..........................................214, 254
aAA.nyogla ................................ ............................ 325
aAAl]AEJtt6gaonx!j JtQU~l] ..................................... 73
UAAl]AOlt01JAt01JQUALltll ElttltOLVWVLa ................... 66

A!1EQLltUVtlt6<; ~0!1L0!10 ..................................... 193

A!1EQLltUVtlt6<; NtEOltQLlttt~LO!lO ...................... 195
A!1EQLltUVtlt6<; L1:Q01Jltto1JQUALOJ10 ............ 195 Elt.
UJ1EtU~Al]tOt1]1U ltEQLEXOJ1EV01J .................... 280 Elt.
UJ1EtUqJQU01:1] AE~1] .. ............................................. 128
UJ1LYll ltHJ1EVtltlj L006UVUJ1LU .............................272
UJ1Lyljr; !lOQcplj L006UVUJ1LU<; ............. ...................283
UJ1LYll 01EQE011Jltl] J1EtacpOQU ............................ 333
aJ1cpt~oA.oy la ........................................................ 123
UJ1cpwwla ............................ I2S, 169,171,240,357
UJ1qJL01]!10<; ...................... ................. ......... 193
ava~A.u~ouoa yA.wooa ..... ......................................S4
avayxala aA.!j8ua .........................................235 m.
avayxm6tl]ta ..................... .................................236
avayvwo1] .............................................................. .48
avaxw6lxeuon ....................... .47, 148,262-263,283

463

avanagaotanxl] A.nwvgyla
<n yA.wooat; ........................................ 164 m., 170
avacpoga ................... 168, 204m., 208, 252, 255 m.
avacpOQtXU 0'\JVWV'\J[J.U ................................. 389-391
A vacpogtxl] E>EwQla
tov Noi)[J.UTO ............................ 203, 204-209, 239
avacpogtxi) A.movgyla TTJ yA.wooat; .............. ... 164
avacpogtxl] XQi)on ..................... .....................207 m.
avacpoQtX0 ............ .......... 164, 203m., 207m., 369
avonola ........................................................228, 234
a-v6ntTJ xcpgaon ................................................. 374
a-v6nw ................................... 322 m., 349, 362, 366
avmx<i! [J.Etacpgaon ......................................... 76-77
avtOOO'\JVU[.lLU ................................. ... ............ ...... 139
avtaA.A.ayi) JtAT]QO(jlOQtWV ................................. ... .48
avtl8wn ............................................................... 327
avnxEq.tEvtxl]yA.wooa .................. 167, 169m., 172
UVLLXEt[J.EVtXW JtQOXEL[J.EVO ................ .... .............82
avnA.nnnxi) OO[.li) ................................................ 113
AvnnagaBoA.txi)
rA.woooA.oyla ............... ISI, 191,264 m., 267-278
avnnagaBoA.txl] yQUf.lf.lULLxi) avaA.von .............277
A vtmagaBoA.txl] AEl;txoA.oyla ........................... 148
avnnagaBoA.txl] o'l)yxgwn ................................. 125
avnnagaBoA.tx0 .......... 125, 127, 148,264 m., 277
avnnaga<asn ...................................................... 32 7
avnotmxta ...................................... 37, 56, 154, 278
UV'tWWLXWTJ ............ .............................................. 37
UVTLO'tQO(jlT] [J.HU(jlQUOT] ...................................... 185
UV'tWV'\J[J.LU ................................................... 327, 376
al;[a [J.HUOOOEW ............ ..... ................................ 136
al;OVU 0'\JV'tUsEW .. ............................237, 364, 379
antxaonx6 f.lOQcpw[.la ........................................ .40
UJtHXOVWT] ...........................................214, 220, 283
UJttXOVtO'ttXO XUQUX'ti)QU 'tT] [.lHU(jlQUOT] .... 73
an6 <'itaA.txwv ......................... 70, 164 En., 358, 378
an6 owA.txwv y A.wootxa owtxEla .................... 165
an6 <'itaA.xwv ExcpoQa ....................................... 164
an6 <'itaA.Exwv EmA.oy ............................ ........... 70
an6 <'itaA.Exwv owtxla ................................... ... 378
an6 owA.Exwv XQi)OTTJ TTJ yA.wooa ................. 70,
164m., 358,378

464

UJtOVO[.li) VOi)[.laT0 .......... 191, 198,201,243-247,253

anognnxl] tTl yA.wooat; .....................................213
UJtOQT]LLXO ................. .........................211, 213, 220
an6cpavon ............................... l97, 205 m., 235, 245
aJtQOOOWQtotla TTJ [J.ETU(j)QUOTJ ..... 198, 246, 248-259
aJtQOOOtOQWTO ..................................246, 258, 306
UJtWAEta JtAT]QO(jlOQtWV ......................................... 32
agyx6 ....................... .............. ............... 360-364, 391
agyxonxi) xcpgaon .............................. .42, 362,364
UQYXOLLX0 .. :........................ ....................42, 361 EJt.
agyxowHOE A.El;tA.6yw ............. ......................... 382
UQVT]LLXO '\JJtUQXLLXO tOX'\JQW[.lO ...........206, 208
UQQT]T0 .................................................. .................. 64
aQLLYEVVT]'tT] [J.HU(jlOQU ........................ 325, 352-353
agxtA.Esnf.la .......................................................... 380
UQXELO yA.wootXWV OT][J.Elwv ...............................262
UQXELO tT] yA.wooat; ............................................350
agxl] TTJ owBanxoTT]TU ..................................... 31
agxl] <n ovvEgyaolat; .... .... .................................322
agxl] TT] XUQtT0 ............. ................ ...... ..............257
agxl] wv nA.awlov ...... ........................................244
UOT][J.UOtUXO ....................................................... 196
UO'\J[.l[J.UQ[a .............................. ............................ 375
UO'\JVELOT]to ............ ........... ... .................... ... ...... ......60
aouvnoo XEL[.lV0 ...................... ............................. 59
aTO[.ltXi)- Es anoSE[J.UTO- [J.HU(jlOQU ....... 339, 356
UTO[.ltXi) JtQOTUOT] .. ..............................................218
UTO[.ltX6 U(jl0 .................... ...... ...............................95
av8EvttXi) EQ[.lT]VELa ............................................... 61
av8Evttxl] [J.Etacpoga ............................ 325, 354-359
amavncpanxl] JtQ6Taon ............ ......................... 368
acpavi)t; 00[!1] ...... .... ..............................................274
acpmo .... ;........ ........................................................ 64
acpEtT]Q[a 'tT] JtQO'tUOT] ...................................... 136
BaSta <'io[.li) ...........................................................274
Ba8[.l6 f.lTJOv TTJ yA.wooat; ................ .......... 316m.
BaA.A.6[J.EVTJ yA.wooa ................................................54
Baotxl] ng6won TTl yA.wooat; ............................ ! 03
Baotx6 ovotanx6 ................................................ 113
Bwnxi) f.lOQcpi) ..............................................211, 228
Btw[.lanxl] A.movgyla TTJ yA.wooat; .................. 164
BovA.nnxl] A.movgyla TTl yA.wooa ........... 164, 336

EYPETHPIO IIPAfMATQN
YEYQO[.t[.tEVO ............................................................ 18
fEVEtLXl]-MELOOXT][.tOHO'tLXl]
fQ<l[.t[.t01LXlj ........ 99-JJ3,124,137,27Q,273en.,276
yEVLXl] [.tE TUOW; xa80ALXEUOEW<; [.tETaqJOQU .......... 339
yEVLXl] [.tE TUOEL<; [.tEYUAT]<; Ot.acmoQ<i<; [.tELOqJOQU ..... .339
yl.waaa acpETTJQla<; ............ l7, 53, 56, 58 m., 75, 85,
88,92,100,104,117m.,l24m.,127m.,
148,151,153, ISS, 165, 177m.,184,186,
197, 201,242,252,263,265 m., 271 m., 274,
277m., 280 Elt., 282 Elt., 294, 296 en.,
302, 306, 329, 333 Elt., 336, 340 Elt.,
350,355,357,359,385
yl.waaa acpl~Ew<; ............... 17, 53, 56,58 m., 85, 88,
92,104,117m.,l24m.,1 27m.,148,
151,153,155,165,177m.,182,184,186m.,
197, 201, 242, 252,261,263, 265 Elt., 271 Elt.,
274, 277 E:rt., 280m., 282 en., 296m., 302,
306, 331, 333m., 336, 340m., 344 en.,
349m., 353, 355 m ., 359, 362, 385, 390, 392
y AWOOO[.tLVLaTOUQO .....................................22 7
yl.<ilooa-:rcT]yl] ............................................ .53 m., 76
yl.<ilooa-oT6XO<; ..........................................S3 m., 77
YAWOOT][.tO ..................... ,............. .......... .................56
fAWOOT][.tOtLXl] 0EWQla ................................ ........ .56
YAWOOLXU OQW[.tEVO ............................................... 88
y/.womxa 1]81] ...................................................... 10 I
yl.womxa rtl\oa ................................ 85, 123 en., 303
YAWOOLXU XOQOXTT]QWtLXU EX TOU OQXElOU ......... 70
YAWOOLX!] ava/.uoT] ................................. .47, 170 Elt .
YAWOOLXl] a:rt6XQWT] ........................................ ....294
YAWOOLX!] OE~LOTT]10 ............................................ 125
y/.wooLXl] OO[.tlj ............................ 194, 229, 265, 283
y AWOOLX!j 1\6[-tT]OT] ................................................ 134
YAWOOLX!j EYXQUTELa ............................................ 125
YAWOOLX!] EVEQYELa ................................................95
yl.womxlj EVOTT]Ta ........ l23, 137, 176,265,269, 315
y/.womxl] Emxmvwvla ..................42, 134, 164, 174
yAWOOLXl] EmTT]OELOTT]Ta ..................................... 125
y/.womxl] LXOVOTT]ta ........... .47, 65, 74, 76, 87, 101,
110, 124m., ISS, 176, 184,271,299
YAWOOLXl] XOLV0tT]10 ...............25, 31 Elt., 41, 66, 95,
102 en., 153, 157m., 164m., 179,
246;278,303,313,338,377,379
YAWOOLX!] XwOLXO:rtOlT]OT] ...................... 173 Elt., 374
yl.wooLxl] rtovaoa ........................................ l24, 270
YAWOOLX!] [.tOQcpiJ ....................................................63
YAWOOLX!] VOQ[.t0 ..........................................278, 355
YAWOOLXl] ouola ................................................... 304
YAWOOLXl] :rtaQaf./.ayl] ......................................... 377
y AWOOLXl] ltQOY[.tUtWOT] ....................................... 176
yl.womxl] :rtQ<i~TJ ................... 93, 133, 138, 175,224,
244,372 en.

y/.womxl] :rtQ6oAT]1jJTJ ........................................... 302

yt.wooLxl] ourt~aan .... ...........................................
YAWOOLXl] OU[.tltEQL<pOQU .... ..................................250
yl.womxl] ouv1]8ua .._. .............. ............................. .41
yl.wooLXl]UAT] .................................... ........... l75, 197
yl.womx6 aQxElo ........................................... 340 en.
yl.womx6 EYXQUTEU[.ta ......................................... l25
yl.womx6 enLTEAEO[.ta .................................. l24, 126
y/.wooLx6 L6lwrta ...................................................99
yAWOOLXO XOO[.tOElliWAO ........................................ 92
YAWOOLX6 [.tT]TQWO .................................................39
y/.womx6 rt6Q<pW[.ta .............................................. 84
y/.wooLx6:rcEalo .....................................268 en., 379
YAWOOLXO ltEQL~UAAOV ............ 98, 164, 246 Elt., 369,
373,376,378,386
YAWOOLXO ltEQLEXO[.tEVO ....................................... 194
y/.wooLXO OTOLXElO ...................... 175, 269, 328, 379
y/.wooLx6 auv-xElrtEV0 ........................................305
YAWOOLXO oUOTT][.tO ........... 30 Elt., 56, 133,268,271 ,
278, 327, 377 Elt .
YAWOOLXO UALX6 ................................................... 194
YAWOOLX6 U<pO<; ...................................................... 95
yl.wooLx6<; autwrt6<; .... .........................................65
YAWOOLX6<; OXEUXW[.t0<; .................................90-1!3
y/.wooLX<il<;OT]AOU[.tEV0 .......................... 71, 127,196
yl.woooyvwonx6<; oxEnxwrt6<; ......................... 106
yl.woooEloua .........................................................88
y A(J)OOOXOUA10UQOALX6 UALXO ..............................68
YAWOOOAOYLX!] OVUAUOT] ................................ l95 Elt.
yl.woool.oyLxl] yl.waaa ....................................... 172
yl.woool.oyLxl] tvvma ...........................................87
yl.woool.oyLx6:rtEalo ........................................... 197
yl.wooo:rcalyvw .... ..43, 138,210-233,244 en., 305,323
yvl]oLa [.tETO<pOQU .................................325, 354-359
yv<iloT] ltQOY[.tOTOAOYLXOU XOQOXTl]Qa ..........5 I, 125
yv<iloT] QTJTOQLxou xaQaxTl]Qa .......................5 I, 125
yv<iloT] OT][.tOOWAOYLXOU XOQOXTl]Qa ............ .SO, 125
yv<iJOT] OUVTOXTLXOU XOQOXtl]Qa .............50 Elt., 125
YVWOLX!j ouyXQOTT]OT] TOU VOlj[.taTO<; .................. 139
yvwmxl] UATJ TWV y/.woo<ilv ................................ 170
yvwmx6 a:rc68Erta ................................................ 139
yvwmx6 auvartLx6 .................................................40
yvwmx6 ouvo/.o ....................................................48
yvwmo8EWQT]tLX6 XEL[.tEVLXO ltEQL~AAOV ............ 17
yvwonxl]-avaqJOQLXl] OT][.taola ........................... 369
YVWO'tLXl] XOTOOXEU!j .............................................94
yQartrtanxa ouvcilvurta ........................ 383-385, 386
fQO[.t[.tOtLX1] ...................................... 30, 98, 108, 196
YQO[.t[.taTLXl] 00[.1,1] ....................................... 38, 57, 92
YQOrtrtanxl] 6ortl] TTJ<; y/.<ilooa<; ............................ 98
YQO[.t[.tatLX!j EVOTT]ta .....................................30, 133
YQO[.t[.tanxl] 8EwQla ............................................. 198

.so

465

yQmnT] yA.wooa ........................... ........................ 378

YQUJt'tO XEL1!EV0 .................................................... 117
yQam6 v6n!!a ...................................................... 139
yQaJt'tO'tT]'ta .......................................................... 133
ygacpT] .........................................................44, 58 m.
yQa<poA.oyLxa xagax<TJQWnxa .............................69
oavno ................................................................... 155
oavEL01!6<; .............................. ................................ 67
oemEQoB<lS!!w yA.wooa ...................................... 168
OEU'tEQOtaYE<; 1JJtOXELI!VO lTJ<; !!E'tU<pQUOTJ ....... 178
6emEQO"tayT]<; yvwon .............................................93
OEU'tEQO"tayT]<; 1!E1U<pQUOTJ .............. 76, 178-183, 184
onA.oli!!EVO ........... 71, 80, 127, 130, 153m., 176m.,
196m., 200, 232, 266, 269m., 272 m.,
275 EJt., 278, 293, 304, 318, 331, 369
OTJAOU!!EVO ev A.mougyla .................................... 176
oT]A.won ................................................... 372 m., 376
32, 79,102,118,295
OWYAWOOLXT] LOOOUVUI!LU ...................................274
6wyA.wooLxw<; ouvwvwo<; .................................392
OLaA.exnxT] XQOVLXO'tTJta .......................................61
OLaA.exw<; .................................70, 106,361, 377m.
6wA.oyLx6 XELI!EVO ev AH'tOUQyla ....................... 138
OLUAOYLXO 1JJtOVOTJI!U........................................... 322
6wA.oyLx6<; ................................................... 138, 322
OLaA.oyo<; ..........................................................61 m.
OLavonnxT] ow6Lxaola .........................................82
0LUOTJI!LW'tLXT] EJtLXOLVWV[a ................................. 32
OLaO'tQW!!U'tLXT] owcpoga .............................. 377m.
owo<QWI!anxT] OO!!Tl <TJ<; yA.wooa<; .................... 165
owo<QWI!a1LX61TJ<a ............................................ 165
owo<gwola .......................................................... 377
OLawnla ............................................................... 377
OLmomxT] 6w<poQ<l .......................................377m.
OLawmxT] OO!!Tl <TJ<; yA.wooac; ............................. l65
0La't01tLX01Tj'tU ..................................................... 377
OW'tUJt(J)OTj .............................................................73
6La<pamxT] OLa<poQa .......................................377 m.
6La<paoLxT] OO!!Tl <TJ<; yA.wooa<; ............................ 165
6La<pamx6unoolimnl!a ..............................372-380
6La<pamx6<T]<a .................................................... 165
OW<pOQU ....................................................... 197, 34 7
OLa<pOQLXT] YQU!!I!anxT] .......................................268

466

0LOQ8WOEL<; O'tlj !!HU<pQUOT] ......................... 186-188

OWTJI!LU .................................................................276
O['tOJtlj OXEOTJ ........................................................254
60!!LXT] fAWOOOAOy[a ......................................... 137
oo11n ........... 34, 38,41, 57, 65, 88, 91 m., 95, 97 m.,
103, I 06 m., 109m., 113, 131
135m., 165,194,196,212 EJt.,
220,222,229,245,247,253,
266, 270m., 274m., 278, 283, 309, 331
OO!!Tl EJtL'tOVW!!OU .............. .... .............................. 309
OO!!Tl EJtL<pavEla<; ........ 98, 106 EJt., 134, 137,274 m.
OO!!Tl I!OQ<pWV .........................................................65
OO!!Tl <TJ<; yA.wooa<; ........................ .41, Ill, 229, 270
OO!!Tl <TJ<; nx6va<; .................................................213
OO!!Tl 'tTJc; OXE'IjJTJc; ............................................88, 245
OO!!TJI!EVTJ YVWOTJ .................................................. 110
OO!!TJOTJ EVVOLWV ................................................... 106
MI!TJOTJ 'tTJ<; YVWOTJ<; ............................................... 91
OO!!LXT] avaA.UOTJ ................................................... 193
OO!!LX6 emxmvwvwx6 !!OV'tEAO ......................... 164
6o~Lx6 ouo<nl!a ...................................................259
ouv<li!H woouva11la ev OLa<poQ<l ........................285
01JVU1!LX01WV VOTJ!!U'tWV ......................................57
01JVU101Tj1U lOU EJtLXOLV(J)VE[V..............................30
ouoxoA.le<; o<n 1!1U<pQaOTJ ..... 85, 191,291-309,316
eyyevT]<; aA.T]Sna ............................................. 110 EJt.
eyyevT]<; OO!!Tl ..........................................98, 109, Ill
eyyevT]c; L6a ......................................................... 11 0
eyyevT]<; xa8oA.LxT] OO!!Tl .........................................98
EYXAEW1!6c; ...................................................236, 364
EYXUQTJ !!ElU<pQaOT] ......................................249, 251
e8vLx6 A.E~LA.6yw .................................................. l28
n6LxT]yA.wooa ..................................94, 168,171 m.
ELOLx6c; xouA'tougaA.Lx6c; OE0!!6c; ........................ 357
nxal;61!EVO v6n!!a ...............................................284
nx6va .................................................. l93, 209,213,
216m., 244, 303, 321, 341, 371
nx6va 'tTJ<; JtQUYI!U'tLXO'tT]'tac; .....................213, 216
ELXOV08EWQLU ................ .......................................218
ELXOVOJtOL[a ...................................................31 0 EJt.
ELQ!!0 ........................................... 125, 134,137,139
EX lOU EQE8LOI!a10<;
(JtQoxunwv) v6n11a ............................240, 252 m .

EYPETHPJO llP ArMATQN

EX LOU XEL!.LEVOU (ltQOXlllttOV) VOT)[.lU ................. 139
EX LOU ltQ!.tlLOtUltOU (ltQOXUlttOV) VOT)[.lU ........... I93
EXltE[.lltOUGU yJ..tiJaaa .............................................S4
EXltE<pQUG[.lEV0 ................................67, 160-162, 164
Extacrtx~ yJ..waaa ...........................................255 m.
Extamx6c; .......................................................255 Elt.
EX<pQaanx~ J..mouQyla tTJt; yJ..waaac; .. 5 I, 337, 35 I
EX<pQUGtLX~ GT)[.lUGLU ........................................... 373
EX<pQUGtLXWt; GUVWVU[.lOt; ................................... 374
EXtUlt0 ....................................................................67
EX<pEQO[.lEvoc; Myoc; ..................... 32, 34, 62, 245 Elt.
EX<pQaanxl] J..mouQyla tT)t; yJ..waaac;
ExcptiJVT)[.laSO, 124m., 173,176,213,215,221,238,
.....245 Elt., 258,312,317 Elt., 327,346,364,372 Elt.
EX<pWVT)GT) .............................................................215
EAEYXOt; t!.tlV [.lEtU<pQ(WE!.tlV .......................... 186-188
EAEUBEQT) [.letU<pQUGT) ............................................. 67
ti..J..oyn yJ..waaa ....................................................212
E[.lltELQLXW[.lOt; .................................. ... ..........234 Elt.
E[.lltQUY[.lUtO UvtLXQUG[.lU ..................... 34, 128, 172,
183,225,251,273
E[.lltQ08ELOt; WO[.lOQ(jlW[.lOt; .................... ............. 368
EV auvet&l\<rEL Myoc; ........................................... ...59
tva-ltQoc;-tva altetx6vwn ...................................283
Evala8T)<J1'] .................................... ......................... .42,
EVbta8noc; Myoc; .................................................24S
ev&oyJ..ooamxl] mtxotvoovla ..................................32
Ev&oyJ..ooaatxl\ [.lEt<lcpQa<rl] ..........................252, 382
ev&oyJ..ooamxl] JtaQ<l<pQa<J11 .................................274
EVOoyJ..ooamxl] Gl][.lUGLOAOYLXi) LGOOUVU[.lLU .......274
Ev&oyJ..ooamx6c; ....................................252, 274, 382
tv&ov f.tOQ<pl\ tTJc; yJ..tiJaaac; ..............................94 m.
EVEQynnxl]-&tal..oytxl\ xatav6nan ........................ 62
EVVEVOT)[.lEVO ...................................... J8,84, 160- 162
EVVOT)[.lU .................................................................. 83
EVVOT)[.lUt!.tl[.lEVT) ltQOtUGT) ....................................215
EVVOT)[.lUt!.tlGl] .........................200 Elt., 206, 234, 303
tvvma ....................29, 33 m., 36, 40, 43, SO, 67 en.,
85, 88, 106, 118, 140-144, 145m.,
156-159,165,183,194,208,217,221,
223,234 m., 245,260,285,289,319,
323,328,330,341,349,358,370,386Elt.
EVVOLUXi) avtL8EGT) .................................................41
Evvowx6 auatT)[.la ................................................. 62
EVVOLOAOYLX~ OO[.l~ ................................................ 95
EVVOLOAOYLX~ XWQU ...............................................42
EVVOLOltOLT)GT) .........................................................43
EVVOLOGUGtUGLU .................................................... .40
EVVOLOGUGtUGLU [.lOQ<ptiJ[.latoc; ... ... ....................... .40
EVVOLOltAU<rnx6c; E[.lltAOmW[.lOt; .................. 34, 326
EVOtT)ta GT)[.lUGLWV ......................................... 148 m.
ev6tT)ta tTJc; yJ..waaac; .......................................... 112

EvtUGT) ........ ..................................................253, 256

Evtamxa auvucpmv6[.teva ...................................255
EvtUGLX~ -yJ..tiJaaa .................................................255
evtamxl] ovt6tT)ta ................................253, 255 en.
EvtUGLX~ ltQOtUGT) ...............................................256
EvtUGLXO VOT)[.lU ...................................................256
evtamx6c; ...............................................253, 255 Elt .
evtamx6c; xaQaxt~Qac; tT)c; yJ..tiJaaac; .................2SS
Es ano8E[.lUtoc; [.lEta<pOQU ........... 325, 332,338-351,
353,356
el;ooyJ..ooamxa f.tE<ra ...................................... 131, 162
Es!.tlYA!.tlGGLXl\ UltOXQW1] ......................................294
el;ooyJ..ooamxl] xataatacrn ltQUY[.l<ltoov143, 272,281
El;ooyJ..ooamxl] ltQawanx6tT)ta .............. 95, 369 Elt .
el;ooyJ..ooaatxl] ltQOGA1]\j!TJ ..................................... 302
Es!.tlYA!.tlGGLXl\ GU[.lltEQL(jlOQU ...............................250
el;ooy J..ooaatx6 XELf.lEVO ......................................... 134
Es(I)XEL[.lEVLxo vonf.lU ............................................ J39
El;ooyJ..ooamx6mQL~aJ..Aov ..................................247
el;ooyJ..oocrcrtx6 ltQUy[.la ......................................... 143
el;ooyJ..ooaGLXO GtOLXELO ......................... 134, 156-159
el;ooy/.ooamx6 auyxELf.lEVO ................... 133, is7, 305
el;ooyl..ooacrtx6c; ................... 95, 131, 133 Elt., 156m.,
162, 176,205,226 Elt., 242,247,
250,272,302 m., 305,323, 369 elt., 376
Es!.tlYA!.tlGGLXOt; XOG[.lOt; ................................ 176, 205
e!;ooyJ..ooaatx6c; ltaQayovtac; ................ IS7, 242,376
El;ooyJ..ooamx6c; axolt6c; ...................... ..................230
Eltaf..l]8EU<J11 .................................................. 194, 371
mai..T)8EUGL[.lT) ltQ6taGT) ....................................... I95
mai..T)8EUGL[.lOtT)ta .......................................234-236
EltU[.lqJOtEQW[.lOt; ................. ................... l40 Elt., 330
mava<pUltVWT) tT)t; EX tOU XEL[.lEVOU evvotac; ..... 141
macptxl\ J..mouQyta tl]c; yJ..tiJaaac; ...................... l64
mtxl..nnxl] J..mouQyla tTJc; yl..waaac; ...................5 I
EltLXAl]tLXO XEL[.lEVO ............................................. 336
EltLXOLV!.tlVLU ................ 32, 42 Elt., 66, 79, 88, 95 Elt.,
100, I 13, 133, 138, 164, 169, 174,
178,180,184,208,221,225,232,
240,257,276,295,311,327,358,361
EltLXOLV!.tlVtUXi) al;la ..........................65, 67, 69, 125
EltLXOLV!.tlVLUXlj 0LU0LXUGLU ................... 32, 133, 169
Emxowoovwxl] ev6tT)ta ...................................... 138
EltLXOLV!.tlVLUX~ macpl] ......................................... 138
mtxowoovtax~ txav6tT)ta ............................... ..... 46
EltLXOLV!.tlVLUXl] LGOOUVU[.lLU ..........................280 Elt.
Emxmvoovwxl] xataotacrn ...................5 I , 138, 179
emxotvoovwxl] J..ettouQyta
tTJc; yJ..tiJaaac; ........................ 138, 171, 194m., 272
Emxmvoovtaxl] J..ettouQyta
t!.tlV XEL[.lEV!.tlV ............................................ 138, 194
EltLXOLV!.tlVLUXl\ GXEGl] ............................................69

467

EJtLXOLVWVLaX6c; I\EO~t6c; ...................................... 378

EltLXOLVWVLUX6c; OQOc; ........................ .................. J38
EJtLXOLVWVLUX6c; JtQOOUVULOf..LO!!Oc; ................... 137
EJtLXOLVWVLUX6c; OXOJt6c; ..................................... 184
mxoLvwvwx6c; x.aQaxlrjQac; lTJc; yt..waaac; .........65
EJtLXOLVWV6c; ....................... ......................46 EJt., 295
EJtLXOLVWV6c;-!!ELUCj)Qaatrjc; .................................. .4 7
EltLJtEI\0 EXCj)QUOEWc; ...............................................58
EJtLOll'J!!OVLXO XOO!!OEll\wf..o .................................92
EJtLlff..EO!!U ........... 124, 126, 177,241 , 245,297,302
EltL'tOVLO!!Oc; .........................................................309
EJtLCj)UVELUXrJ 1\0!!rJ ... ................................ 98, 274 EJt.
EltLCj)OQU ............................................................... 346
EQ!!T)VEac; .............................................................. 180
EQ!!T)VELU ...... .40, 83 EJt., 135, 246 Elt., 250, 322, 340
EQ!!TJVEU!!EVTJ 1umxrj yt..waaa ..............................246
EQ!!l'JVEULLXrJ ............................................58. 84, 180
EQ!!T)VEU'tLXrJ al;la ...... ..........................................223
EQ!!T)VEU'tLXrJ 1\Lai\Lxaala ..................................... 316
EQ!!TJVEmLxrj f..Lxa .................................................40
EQ!!l'JVEU'tLXrJ !!ijnc; ........................................... .... 316
EQ!!T]VEU'tLXrJ OltELQU ..............................................40
EQ!!l'JVEULLXrj tT)c; !!ELU(j)QUOT]c; ...............................60
EQ!!T]VE1J'tLXOc; ..................... .40, 43, 58, 124, 180, 316
EQ!!T]VE1JLLX6c; I\Laf..oyoc; ....................................... J80
EQ!!T)VEU'tLXOc; XUxf..oc; ............................................40
ElEQoyt..waala ........................................................ 61
E'tEQ008EVELa ........................................................ 139
EU8Ela !!E'tUCj)QUOT) ............................................... 185
ECj)UQ!!OYrJ lT]c; f..El;l'Jc; ....................................21 0, 224
~aQyx6v ...................................................... .......... 361
TIX.TJLLXO EJtLJt1\o lT)c; yf..waaac; ............................ 194
8~ta ...................................................................... l36
BE~tEI..LWiil'Jc; at..rj8La ............................................212
BE~tEI..LWiil'Jc; Jtf..T]QOcpoQla ............................. 136, 309
8EO~t08Etl'J!!EVT) !!Eta(j)OQU .................... ...............315
8ELLXLOLLX6c; ................................................... 193 Elt.
0EWQla 111c; AJtELx6vw11c; ....................... .............212
0EwQla LOU TI/..awlou ...........................................49
LliavLxrj yt..waaa ................................................... 167
LliavLxrj lio~tr] ........................................................212
L00VLx6c; 1\lyt..waaoc; ...................... 271 m., 275, 278

468

Norl~tawc; ...........................203, 204-209, 211, 237

LI\EOf..OyLXl\ X00!!08EWQLU ......................................92
LliLULlEQU X.UQUXlT]QLO'tLXU LOU VOrJ!!ULOc; .........236
LI\LOf..EXLLXrj !!ElUCj)OQU ........................................358
LI\L6f..EX't0 ................................................ 336, 357 EJt.
LliLOlT]lU lOU VOU ........................................... I 09 Elt.
LliLW!LULLXrJ EX(j)OQU ............................................. 164
LliLW!!atLXrj EXCj)QUOl'J .............................................42
LliLw~tanx6c; .................................................. .42, 164
LliLW!!atLO!!Oc; ............................... 322, 325, 342, 357
LliLwnxrj yt..waaa .................................................233
LEQagx.la yt..waawv .............................................. 169
LXUVOlT)ta LOU EJtLXOLVWVELV ................................ 30
LXUVOlT)lU lOU O!!Lf..ElV........................................ ! 00
Lxav6ll'Jta (X.QrJOEwc;) 111c; yt..waaac; ......................46
Laoi\Uva~ta f..El;rJ!!Ula ....................................... 35, 38
woi\Uva~ta !!TJW!!Ula ...................................... .... 283
woi\Uva~tEc; f..El;ELc; .................................................38
woi\Uva!!fc; !!ELa(j)QUOELc; .................................... 131
woi\Uva!!fc; JtQot<laELc; ................................238, 368
wol\uva~tla .................. 18,40,53-70, 128,130,139,
150-159, 170, 191, 193, 197,
26Qc290,327,349,367,370
LOOI\UVa~tla 1\T]f..OU!LEVWV ....................................270
wol\uva~tla EV 1\wcpoga .......... 150m., 153m., 283
LOOI\UVa~tla EV tOLe; JtQUY!!UOL ............................ 285
LOOI\UVU!!LU XEL!!EVWV ..........................................266
wol\uva~tla XQLVO!!EVTJ
EX LOU aJtOlEf..EO!!ULOc; .....................................280
wol\uva~tla !!ElacpQaOEwc; I
!!Eta(j)QUOEWV .............. ;......... 131, 276 EJt., 280 Elt.
LOOI\UVa~tla JtUQUCj)QUOEWV .................................276
wol\uva~tla JtEQLEX.O!!Evou ..................................280
LOOI\1JVU!!LU OT]!!UOLWV................................... J52 Elt.
LOOI\UVU!!LU OLOV xat..f..LlEX.VLXO
ma8T]nx6 1o!!fa ...............................................281
wol\uva~tla wu Ol'J!!flou ............................. 151, !53
wol\uva~to xEl~tEVO ................................................55
woi\Uva~toc; ................. 35, 37m., 40, 102, 131,238,
265, 270, 276 Elt., 289, 293, 335, 368
w6~toQcpc; lio~tc; .................................................278
LOO!!OQ(j)LXU f..El;LXU 01JVWV1J!!U ...........................387

EYPETHPIO IIPAfMATQN
LO'O!!OQ<pLXE<; yf.<iJaa<; ......................................... 294
LO'O!!OQCflLO'!!O<; ...................................................... 368
wtoQtx~ yl.waaa ................................... 165, 377 en.
LO'toQLXOXOUAtoUQUALX~ GHY!L~- ........................ 128
LO'tOQLXOXOUAtOUQGAL)(~ H!1~ ...............................40
LO'toQLXOXOUAtoUQUAtX6c; .. .......................... .40, 128
totoQtx6c; OQ(~ovtac; ........................................... 142
lotoQLXOGuyXQtnXl\ fAWOOOAOy(a ................. ..... 32
LO't6c; OUVU<patVO!LEVWV .......................................207
WXUQLG!!6c; .....................................205, 207 Elt., 229
wxuc; ..................................... ................................248
xa8' unoauvdlirrw A6yoc; .................................... .59
xa8aQl] !!Etacpgaan .................................. ........... 186
xa8n!!Qtvl\ yl.waaa ............................................ 327
Ka8 tEQW!Lvn 8wQla .... ....................................... 36
xa8ol.txa tou A6you ................................ 96, 99-113
xa8ol.txc; lio!LE<; (tnc; yl.waaac;) ...........................98
xa8ol.tx~ YQG!!!!Gnxl] ......................................... 109
xa8ol.txl\ lio!!it tnc; yl.waaac; .............. ................ 111
xa8ol.txl] txav6tnw tou O!!tl.dv ................ ......... 30
xa8ol.tx6 axl\!!a ............................ ........................ 94
xa8ol.tx61n1a ...................................................... 106
xa8ol.tx<ilc; avayxaloc; 6Qoc; ............................... 110
xa8o!!tl.ou!!vn yl.waaa .... .................... ......218, 222
xa/.1] !!EtUq>Qaon .................................. 37, 54, 66, 75
xal.untouaa XQ1\on .............................................. 357
xav6vac; ............................... l23, 125, 133, 137, 172,
186,220 m., 227,231 en., 245
xavovtxl\ yl.waaa ................................................ 170
xavovtxl\ axton A6you .......................................... 68
xavovtxl] XQl\on tnc; yl.waaac; ............................ 315
xavovtxi[ XQl\on wu vOl\!!atoc; .............. ............ .240
xavovw!LtXl\ yl.waaa .......................................... 171
xm' HXOVU !!El:Uq>Qaon ...................................... 341
xa1:' txcpgaatv woliuva!!la .................................281
xa1:' tvvotav v6n!!a ........................ ... ..................235
xma l.tl;n UV'[LO''totXla ........................................ l54
xma l.tsn woliUva!!o ..........................................283
xma AEsn !LE1Uq>Qaon ................. 37, 57, 67, 92, 121'
296 Elt., 341 m., 351
xma Atsn v6n!!a .................................................. l25
xma Atsn an!!aala ....................................... ....... 151
xma A6yov axton taoliuva!!lac; ......................... 128
xmalil]J.wan .................... .29, 31, 38 Elt., 52, 58, 208
xa'talinl.wnxl] woliuva!!la .................................281
Xatalinf.wnxl] on!!ao(a ...................................... 328
xawlinl.wnx<ilc; woliUva!!a AEsl\!!ma ................. 38
xamxl.u~6!!Evn yl.waaa .......................................54
xmavonnxl] txav6tnm .... ..................................221
xawvonnxl] xmnyoQla ......................... ............... 91
xmagxnxa xatotxn!LEVTJ an!!aala 1nc; Atl;nc; ...... 148
xawoxEuao!LEVn yl.waaa ............................. 170 rn.

Xa'tnyogtaxi[ on!!ao(a ......................................... 369

xatnyOQLXl\ ltQOGtay~ ... ....... ............. .................... 93
XH!LeVLXl\ UVUAUon .............................................. 351
xet~Evtxl\ txcpQaan .............................................. 177
XH!!EVLXl\ EVO'tnta ................................. 136 m., 144
XH!LEVtxl\ woliuva!!la .................... .55, 271 elt., 280 .
XEL!!EVtXl\ !!OVUiia ................. ............................... 135
XH!LEVLXl\ VOQ!!U ........................................ :.........278
XH!LEVtxl\ auvoxl\ ................................................327
)(EL!LEVtXl\ ul.n .................. .....................................266
XEL!LEVLXO COntinuum .... ......................................... 96
XEL!LEVLXO 8e!!EAW ................................................ 136
XEL~EVLXO LO'OiiUVG!LO .................... .............. 272, 275
XH!LEVLXOlteQL~UAAOV ............ 17, 207, 298, 303 Elt.,
317m., 341, 344 en., 375, 385, 387, 391
XEL!!EVLXOJteQLEXO!LEVO ........................................ I42
XH!LEVLXO O'totXlO ........................... ...........265, 280
XH!LEVLX6 UALXO ...................................................265
XEL!LEVLXO<; ................... 17, 55, 96, 135 CJt., 142, 144,
177,207,265 en., 271 en., 278,280,
298, 303 Elt., 317, 327,341,344,385,387,391
Xl!LEVO .... ............... I5 en., 19, 29 en., 40, 43, 48 Elt.,
52, 55 en., 66 en., 72 EJt., 79, 83 Elt., 88,
92, 96, 99 m., I 04, 117m., 132 en.,
130m, 132- 139,141 EJt., 144m., 148, 152EJt.,
156-159, 162 rn., 175 en., 179m., 185 en.,
244, 252, 258, 260 en. 263, 265 en., 268,
271,278,280 m., 282,284 m ., 293m.,
303 en., 315m., 318 EJt., 330,
336m., 341,348 m ., 351,365,386 m., 390
xEl!!EVO anagn~6!1EVO
an61inl.ou!LEVa ................................... 176m., 266
Xl!LEVO EV AEL'tOUQy(a ................... .............. 138, 176
XEL!LEVO EV ltQOltAUO!LUH .......... ................... 175-177
XEt!LEVO mtcpavElac; ............................................. 135
XEL!LEV0-8E!!U ................................... ..................... I36
XH!LEVO!!UXQOiiO!!l\ ........................ ... ..... ............ 135
XEL!LEVO!!LXQOiiO!!l\ ............................................. 135
Ket!LEVoyl.waaol.oyla ........ 18, 79, 134, 136 Elt., 395
XEL!LEVOY AWOOOAOytx6c; ...................................... 134
Ket!!EV08EwQla .................................................... 176
XEL!LEVoxavovwnxi[ woliuva!!la .. .....................281
KEL!LEVOOT]!!UOWAOy(a ........................................ 309
XEL!LEVOGn!!GOWAOytxl] OUVOXl\ .......................... 136
xl.w ..................................................................... 336
xi.Hml\ !LHUcpQaan .......................................... 76-77
xotv~ yl.waaa ........................ 168, 171m., 214,218,
326,327 Elt., 361,368
xowl] tvvma ............................................. ........... 153
xotvi[ xa8n!!EQtvl\ yl.waaa ..........................214, 327
xmvl] !!EtacpQaonxl] ..... ........................................ 88
xmv61onn !LEtacpoQa ........... 325, 332-337, 333, 338

469

X.OLVWVLOX.OUAtOUQUALX.l\ OtOL~Oiia ...................377

X.OLVWVLOX.OUAto1JQUALX.6 EJt(JtEI\0 ......................294
X.OLVWVLOX.OUAtOUQUALX.O JtEQL~OAAOV ............... 132
X.OLVWVLOX.OUAtOUQUALX.O OUYXEL~EVO ................ 139
X.OLVWVLOX.OUAto1JQUALx.6 ........ 132, 139, 165,294,377
X.OLVWVLOAEX.t0 .............................................281, 378
X.O~Ll; ............................................ ........................ l34
x.oo~o8aoT] ...........................................................66
x.oo~oeewg(a ............................................. 66, 91 rn.
x.ouA.touga-aq>EtTJQ(a ................................ 72, 74 rn.
x.ouA.touga-ot6xo ..............................72, 74 rn., 77
x.ouA.tougaA.Lxl\ ~ae~tlia .......................................48
X.OUAtoUQUALX.l\ liLOOtUOT] tT] ~EtW:j>OQO ......... 355
x.ouA.wugaA.Lx.l\ liwcpoga .................................... 154
X.OUAtoUQUALX.l\ LliLaLtEQOtT]tU ............................. 73
X.OUAtoUQUALX.l\ X.OLV6tT]ta ...................................25
X.OUAtoUQUALX.l\- ES aJt08E~Uto~Etaq>OQO .................................................. 339, 356
X.OUAtOUQUALX.l\ JtQOOUQ~oyl] .................. ........... 356
x.ouA.tougaA.Lx.6 corpus ......................... ............... 182
x.ouA.tougaA.Lx.6 liLaq>gay~a .................................. 77
X.OUAtOUQUALX6 AOUOtQO .................................... 342
X.OUAtoUQUALX.6 JtEQL~OAAOV ................ ............... 100
X.OUAtoUQUALX.6 JtAULOLO ............................... 73, 263
x.ouA.toUQUALX.6 OtOLXELO ..............................355 EJt.
X.OUAtOUQUALX.0 ............. 17,25,40,48, 73, 77,100,
182, 263, 283, 339, 355 EJt.
X.OUA'WUQUALX.O liEO!J-0 ..................................... 357
X.OUAtOUQUALX.O LOt6 ........................................283
X.QLtl\QLO Eq>UQ!J-OYl\ ......................................235 EJt.
X.QLtLX.l\ aJtOtL~T]OT] tT] ~EtOq>QUOT] .................. 298
x.gucpl\ yA.wooa .....................................................360
Kux.A.o tTJ BLEVVTJ ............................................215
X.UQLO 6VO!J-U ........ ...... ....................................... ....208
X.UQLOAEX.tLX.l\ EX.q>QUOT] ........................ ................ 340
X.UQLOAEX.tLX.l\ EJtEl;l\yl]OT] ....................... 340, 348 EJt.
X.UQLOAExtLX.l\ OT]!J-UOLa ...... .317, 322, 331, 349, 353, 371
X.UQLOAEX.tLX.6 EJtLJtEiio ......................................... 330
X.UQLOAEX.tLX.0 ................. 317 EJt., 318, 322, 329 EJt.,
333 EJt., 336 EJt., 340, 348 EJt., 353, 359, 371
X.UQLOAEl;(a ........................................... 143, 317, 387
X.6JiiLX.U .................. 57EJt.,65,69, 103, 173EJt., 180

470

ev liLacpoga ........................282-287, 304, 306, 337

AELtOUQYLXl\ LOOiiUVU!J-LU .....................................280
AEL101JQYLX.6 1\uva~EL LOOiiUVU!J-0
EV liLUq>OQO ................................................292, 353
AELtoUQYLX.6 LOOiiUVU!J-0 ........................................67
A.ELtoUQYLX6 oUOtT]!J-U twv x.av6vwv
tTl ~uvmsTJ ....................................................296
A.eLtoUQYLX6 ouotT]!J-a twv x.av6vwv
tOU AEl;LXOU ......................................................296
AELtoUQYLXO ....................67, 125, 280,282 EJt., 336
AELtOUQYLXO ELQ!J-0 ........................................... 125
AEL'WUQYLXW LOOiiUVU!J-0 ..................................285
AELtOUQYLXW Ol]!J-UVtLX.l\ !J-OQq>l\ ........................ 358
A.ex.nx.l] ELx6va ..................................................... 321
A.Ex.nx.l\ ~ovMa ................................ 361 EJt., 375 en.
AEX.tLX.l\ JtQOl;T] .....................................................244
A.ex.nx.6 JtEiiLO .................................................268 EJt.
AEX.tLX.0 ............244, 268 EJt., 321' 361' 363, 375 EJt.
AEX.tLX.O OUVELQ!J-0 ............................................. 363
AEST] JtQO AEl;T] !J-Et0q>QUOT] ................................... 84
Afl;T]-OT]!J-UOLU .........................................................56
AEST]!J-U .......29, 33 EJt., 38, 49,289,361,369,373,376
A.el;Lxa ayaea ......................................................... 35
A.el;Lx.a ouvwvu~a ......................................... 386-388
A.el;Lxa xagax.tT]QLonx.a ........................................69
A.el;Lxl\ avayvl:iJQLOlJ ...............................................35
AESLX.l\ UJtOVtT]OT] ................................................... 39
AEl;LX.l\ liLOl]!J-LU .....................................................2 76
A.el;Lxl\ tx.cpgaoT] .....................................................56
A.el;Lx.l\ EAAEL'IjJT] ....................................................... 35
AESLX.l\ EVOtT]ta .........................................3J, 49,264
AESLX.l\ LOOiiUVU!J-LU ..............................................296
AESLX.l\ X.atOQtLOT] ..................................................41
AESLX.l\ X.UtT]YOQLU ......... ....................................... 376
AESLX.l\ XwliLXEUOT] ............................................25, 41
A.el;Lxl\ !J-Ovalia .............................................312, 331
AEl;Lx.l\ OT]!J-UOLU ............. ....................................... 369
AESLX.l\ OUVWVU!J-LU ............................................... 373
A.el;Lx6 ............................. 36, 103, 148, 154, 297, 317
A.el;Lx6 an68e!J-a .....................................................49
A.el;Lx.6 EJtLJtEI\0 .............................................. .55, 378
A.el;Lx6 corpus .........................................................58

....'"

EYPETHPIO TIPAfMATQN
A.E1;Lx6 wob'Uva!!0 ........................................ 154, 294
A.E1;Lx6 A.l\!11-la .........................................................42
A.E1;Lx6 !!OQ<fTJI!U .................................................... 36
A.E1;Lx6 VOTJ!!U .. .... ................................................... 31
AE1;Lx6 JtEQLEXO!!EVO .............. ............................... 144
A.E1;Lx6 otoLXEL0 ........ .................................. 17, 42, 56
AE1;Lx6 ouotTJI!U ............ ....................................... 126
AE1;Lx6 tE!laxw .......................................................42
AE1;Lxoygacpla .................... .............................. ....268
A.E1;Lx6c; ................... 17, 25, 31 , 35m., 39,41 EJt., 49,
55 m., 58, 126,276,294,296,
312,331,369,376,378
A.E1;Lx6c; xav6vac; .......... .... .................................... I 03
A.E1;Lx6c; 6goc; ..........................................................31
AE1;LXOOTJI!UOLOAOYLX1] JtOLXLALU ..................369, 375
AE1;LAOYLX1\ UAATJAEYYUTJ ... ............................. 372-380
A.El;Lt.oyLxl\ llovalia ..............................................369
A.E1;LA.oyLx6 JtEiilo ..... ............................................ 380
A.E1;LA.oyLx6 otoLXElo ..................................... ....... ! 03
AE1;LXOAOYLX6 OUOtTJ!!U ........................................ 331
AE1;LA.oyLx6c; .......................................... 331, 362, 380
ALtl\ OtEQEOnJJtTJ !!EtU<pOQU ................. ..... ....... ... 333
AoyLx1] .......................................................... 191, 215
A.oyLxl\ avayxm6tTJta ..... ..................... ... ..... ........212
A.oyLxl\ avaA.UOTJ tTJc; yA.ciJooac; ............... .............213
A.oyLxl] an6cpavoTJ .............. ..................................245
A.oyLxl] yA.ciJooa ....................................................214
AOYLXl\ 00!11\ ......................... .... ... ......... 137, 213, 220
A.oyLxl] ELx6va ................. ....... ..............................213
A.oyLxl\ 1\vvow ................. ... ..................................249
A.oyLxl\ 8Ewgla ..................................................... 198
A.oyLxl] woliwa!!la .......... ....... ...................... ....... 367
AOYLX!] !!OQ<pl] .. .................................... ... 218 EJt., 226
AOYLXl\ !!OQ<pl] TTJc; JtQUY!!UtLXOtTJtac; ...........213 EJt.
AOYLX!] JtQ6taOl1 .... ................... 80 EJt., 170, 245, 373
AOYLX!] OWEJtaywyl\ ................. ........ ....... ......... ... .370
A.oyLx6 wob'Uva!!O ....................................... ........246
A.oyLx6c; .................. ... ...... ......... 80m., 137, 170, 198,
212m., 218m., 245m., 249
AoyLx6c; Ato!!W!16c; ................................ .... 212, 220
AoyLx6c; E>mxw116c; ......... .... ....... ...............215, 234
A.oyLx6c; wt6c; ........... ................................. ..........215
AOYLXOOTJ!!UOLOAOYLX!] OXEOTJ ........... ............ .... ...363
A.oyonalyvw .............. .... ...36, 165 EJt., 312,357,362
f.oyotEXVLXl] al;la .................................................. 68
11ayEla tllc; y /.ciJooac; ......................... ..................... 18
I!UYLXOXEL!!EVO ................................ .......... ............ 73
!!UXQac; JtVOl\c; !1Vl]!!TJ ........................................... J35
!!UXQOOO!!l] ........................................ ............. 135 m.
!1UXQOXav6vac; ..................................................... l35
!!UXQOJtQOtUOTJ ................................. ............. 135 EJt.
!!UXQOOTJ!!UOLOAOyla ........................................... 169

!!E80!!LAla .................................................... ......... 168

!!E!10VW!1EVTIYAWOOU ............................ l27-129, 142
1-lEQLXl\ owwvwla ......................................... 373 m.
!!EQLXciJc; WObUVUI!O XEl!!EVO ............................ .... .55
1-lEQLXciJc; owwvwa AEsl\!!Uta .. ........... 373, 375, 378
!!EQOt1JJtOc; ............ ................................................ l76
!!Etayywll xouA.tougac; .......................................263
!!EtUYYLOTJ OTJI!UOlac; ..... .......................... .............. .4 7
!!Et<i-!1EtayA.ciJooa ........................................ l69, 172
I!EtayA.ciJooa ...................................... 88 m ., 167-1 74
!!EtayA.wooLxl] A.utougyla
tTJc;yA.ciJooac; ........................51, 164,166,167-174
!!EtayA.wooLxl] UATJ .............. ................................. 173
!!EtUYAWOOLXO UvtLXEl!!EVO ................................ 173
I!Etay AWOOLXO OUOtTJI!U .. .................................... 168
!!EtayA.womx6c; ....... ...........51 , 164, 166m., 173m.
!!EtayA.ciJnWTJ ........................................................ 17
!!ETU8EOTJ ................................................................67
METUOXTJ!!UtLotLXl\ fQU!l!!UtLXl\ .......... 106m., 112
!!ElUOXTJ!!UtWtLX6c; ....................... 106m., 112, 135
!1ElUOXTJ!latWtLX6c; xav6vac; .............................. 107
!!EtUtQOJtl\ ............. .................................................67
!!EtU<pOQU ................ ................ 18, 34, 143, 191,268,
299, 310-359, 390, 393
!!ElU((JOQU !!Etacpogac; ......................................... 315
!!Eta<pOQLXl] EX<pQQU ............................................ 327
1-lEtacpoQLxl\ EX<pQaOTJ ..... 331, 333 en., 336, 346, 350
!!EtacpoQLXl\ tvvma .......... .............. .............. 330, 344
!!EtU<pOQLXl\ EQ!!TIVEla ............................. ...... .......322
!!Eta<poQLXl\ Lxav6t TJta tllc; yA.ciJooac; ... .. ............ 313
!!Eta<pOQLXl\ Olli!UO(a ........................... 328, 331 , 333
I!EtacpoQLXl\ XQ1\0TJ ....................................... 313, 315
!!EtacpoQLX6 VOTJ!!U ................................. ............. 315
!!EtU((JOQLX6c; .......... ............. 303, 313, 315,317, 321,
327m., 330 EJt., 333 m ., 336, 344, 346, 350
!!EtU((JQU~OV 1JJtOXEL!1EVO .. .............................43, 262
I!ElU((JQUOTJ OtTJV t<il;TJ t01J OXOAEL01J ........... 184-185
!!Eta<pQUOTJ Oto !1U8TJ!!U ................................ 184 m .
!!EtU<pQUOTJ we; avayVWOTJ ......... ................... .48, 197
!!EtU<pQUOI!U ................ 15, 31, 36m., 50 m., 59 m.,
62 m ., 67 m., 73 EJt.,87 EJt., 117m., 125 EJt.,
135 EJt., 139, 141, 152, 165, 186m., 191,
193,201 , 243 EJt. , 282, 284,295 m ., 299,
340, 344,349,351 , 355,358,378,385,387,390
!!E1Ct((JQUO!!U-XEL!1EV0-8E!!U ............. .................... 136
!1Etacpgao11a we; ouyygacpLx6 EQYO .......................59
!1EtU<pQUOtl\c; .... ....................... 16, 18, 20, 25, 31 m.,
36, 40, 45-52, 56 m., 64, 66 EJt., 68, 70,
73 m ., 77, 83 m., 87 m., 92, 99 m.,
118, 124m., 135, 139, 146m., 153m.,
158, 162,177,180,184, 186m., 191,198,
201,203,207,218,223, 228,236,240,242,

471

~-tnacpQaanxa aya8a ................... ............. ............49

i-(EtUCjlQUO"CLXU LOOOUVU!-(U ......... ............ .54 Elt., 271
!-(E"Ca<pQaanx~ 6uaxof..La ....... ...... 29I-309, 333,346,
355 , 357,361 , 366, 380
!-(E"Ca<pgaanx~ txav6TTJ"Ca ..... ... 87, 125m., 177, 297
~-tnacpQaanx~ wo6uva~-tla ...... .................. .........277
i-(HUCjlQUO"CLX~ i-(OVUOU ........................... ............. 124
i-(E"Ca<jlQUO"CLX~ ltQUYi-(UTWOT] ............................... 177
!-(ELU<pQaanx6 EYXELQLOL0 ........249 m ., 253,257 m .
!-(E"Ca<pQaanx6 mtTf.w~-ta .. ........................ 177, 302
!-(E"Ca<pQaanx6 !-(OVTEAO ............... ... ............. ......... .4 7
i-(E"Ca<jlQUO"CLX6 OXEOLUO!-(U ....... .............................. 61
i-(HWVUi-(LU .. .......... 261 , 301 , 312, 323,328,330,341
1-tTJ yf.fuaatx6c; TQ6noc; excpQaaewc; ........... .......... 144
!-(T]-EVVOLa ............... ............... ......................... ......234
!-(T]-XEL!-(EVO ...... .............. .. .................................... 134
i-(T] i-(ETU<pQUOL!-(Oc; ........................... ..................... 148
i-(TJ Cj)UOLX~ EVVOLU LOU VO~i-(aLOc; .... .... ..........237 Elt.
1-tTJ cpumx6 v6n~-ta .......... ....... ........ ................. 237-238
i-(T]"CL6ELc; i-(E"CUCjlQUOt~c; .................. ................. .45 EJt.
1-tfilL\; ................ ... .............. .... .........45-52, 55 , 87, 316
i-tTJXUVLO"CLX6c; ............................................ .... . 193 m .
!-(LyaO LX~ O"CEQE6"CUltT] i-(E"Ca<jlOQU ........... ............. 3J3
i-(LXQOOO!-(~ ................................ ............ .......... 135 m .
i-(LXQOOT]i-(UOLOAOyla ............................................ 169
i-(V~i-(TJ "COU XWOLXU ................. ............ ....................69
~-tova6taloc; 6Qoc; .................. ......................... ......255
~-tova6tx~ AELLOUQyla ...... .... ..................... ........ ...208
i-(OV6yf.waaoc; 0!-(LATJT~c; ..... ..................... .... ..........29
!-(OVOAEX"CLX~ i-(E"Ca<jlOQU ......... 325, 328, 339 Elt., 346
!-(OVOO~!-(aVlTJ wo6uva~-tla ............. ....................... 62
!-(OVTf.o wo6uva~-tlac; ........ ........................ ..........280
i-(OQLUX~ ltQ6TUOTJ ............ ....................................218
!-(OQ<p~ LOu vuv xovLOc; ........ ............. ... ................. 59
!-(6Q<pT]i-(U ................................... ............... ..... ......... 95
!-(OQ<pLx~ wo6uva~-tla ................. ..................273, 280
i-(OQCjlLX~ Oi-(OL6"CT]"Ca ............................................. 272
!-(OQ<ptx~ auvox~ ....................... ............... ............ 125
!-(OQ<ptx6 mlne6o ..................... ......................... ... 364
i-(OQ<pLX6 LOOOUVU!-(0 ........... ................ ...................67
!-(OQ<ptx6 ax~~-ta ...................................... ......... ...... .S6

472

i-(WOa'(X6 't(l)V AEl;EWV .. .............................. .......... 269

1-tfla<pOQU ..... 315 Elt. , 325 , 326-331 , 332, 338
VEOAOYLO~-t6c; .............. ...................325 , 352-353, 362
v6n~-ta .............. .... ......... I5, 18,29 m., 34m., 40 m .,
49 m ., 52,56 m ., 63, 68, 70, 74, 102,
106,108,112, 117m., 125,135,139,
191 , 192, 240, 242, 245 m ., 248 en.,
251m., 256,258 m., 271 , 274 Elt.,
277, 285, 289, 292,294 m., 304,
310m., 315 , 317, 322, 330, 336m., 343,
350, 35 6m., 363, 368, 371 , 373m., 382, 387
v6n~-ta we; XQ~OTJ .... ...... .... ............................. 2 10-233
von~-tanx6 of..La8n~-ta ............... ......... ................... 363
VOT]lLX~ UQX~ ........ ................ ............................... I 57
VOT]lLX~ 00!-(~ .................................... .....................92
VOT]tLX~ ELX6Va ..................................... J93, 209, 244
VOT]lLX~ ~-t8o6oc; ..... ..... ...... ...... .............................. 82
VOT]1LX6!-(0V1EA0 .............. .......................... ........ .. ..66
vonnx6c; .....................66, 82, 92, 157, 193, 209, 244
VOT]tLX6 ltQO'L6V .... ... .............. ............... ....... .......... 82
VLOltLOAUALU .. .... ...... .... .............. ................ .. 357, 361
VWlt~ i-(HUCjlOQU ............................ 325, 352-353, 354
OLXOYEVELUX~ Oi-(OL61T]1U .... ...... .................. .227, 232
OLOVEL!-(ElUCjlQUOTJ ................. .. ............................. 187
OALX~ 00!-(~ .. ......................................................... 135
of.tx~ an~-taala ...... .... ...... ........................... .......... 135
of.la8nan .............. .............................. .................. 364
of.la8T]OT] i-(VT]i-(OVLXOU 1UltOU ..............................364
of.oxf.TJQWLLX~ wo6uva~-tla ..... ............ .................. 68
OA61Ult0 ............................................................. 176
o~-ttf.la 1TJ yf.waaac; ............................................228
O!-(O<pwvla ... .... .... .... ............... ............... ................ i 56
0!-(WVUi-(LU ...................... .............34, 36, 330, 375 Elt.
0!-(WVUi-(0 AESTJ!-(U ................................................... 34
OVO!-(UOLOAOYLX~ 6ta6txaala .... .......................... 273
OVO!-(UOLOAOYLX~ Cj)UOT] 1T] !-(E"CUCjlQUOTJc; ..... 14 7-1 49
OVO!-(UOLOAOYLX6c; .... .............................. 147 EJt., 273
Olt"CLX~ !-(HU<pOQU ... ...................... ....................... 364
og8of.oyta!-(6c; ..................... .......... ............ ....... .... ! 08
OQL~OV"CU ...........................................60 m ., 83, 141
oQl~oVTac; xmavo~aewc; ...... .... ... .,........................ 83
VEXQ~

EYPETHPIO TIPAfMATQN
~

ogl~ovtac;

tou nag6vtoc; .................................... 142

OQLGnxrj JtQLYQmprj ........................................... .207
6goc; aAT]8lac; tT]c; nQ6taoT]c; ... ..................239-240,
246,275, 370m.
6goc; tT]c; auvwvu[.Llac; .................................... ... ...387
ouM;I.wc; WOf.LOQ<pc; lio[.Lc; ................................ .278
6XTJf.L0 ............... ............................. 316, 318,351,371
OXTJf.LO OAT]8lac; ................................................... 371
nayLWf.LEVTJ y;\waaa ............................................. 171
nayLwf.LEVTJ x<pgaoT] ............................................392
na8T]nxrj XQrJGTJ ................................................... 358
nmyvttilliT]c; JtQU~T] UJtOAOYWf.LOU .......................226
naQa Myov oxoT] woliuva[.Llac; ......................... 128
nagayAWGGLXO GtOLX(0 ........ ............................. 134
nagaliuyf.La f.Lta<pQaowc; ..................................276
nagaliLy[.Lanxrj oxoT] ..................315, 327m., 376
nagaliLYf.Lanxli axtaT] avttxataotaowc; ......... 328
nagaliuy[.Lanxli oxoT] unoxataotaowc; ......... 328
nagaliLy[.Lanx6c; ............................. ..... 315, 327m.,
237,364,376,379
nagaliLy[.Lanx6c; a~ovac; ................... 237, 364, 379
JtOQU(jJQOGT] ............ 124, 274 Jt., 298, 304, 307, 344
naga<pgaanxli avaywyli ..................................... 135
naQa<pgaanx6c; ........................................... 135, 284
JtOQO[.LOlWOT] .......318, 322, 340 Jt., 346 fJt ., 349 EJt.
ml\lo 01JVWVU[.LWV .... ............... ... ... ...................... 375
nmolST]oTJ ........................................253 m., 256m.
JtQl taut6tT]tac; WX1JQW[.L6c; ..... ....... ................. .205
JtQLj3aAAOV tT]c; nQ6taoT]c; ...... ...... ............... .... ...216
TIQLyQa<ptxrj nwaao;l.oyla ............ ....... ..... 194, 196
JtQLYQO(jJLXU GUVWVU[.L0 .......... ............................374
JtQLYQO(jJLX'fi OT][.LOGla ................................... 371 EJt.
JtQLYQO(jJLXO VOT]f.L0 ....................... .... .................. 375
JtEQLYQO(jJLXW<; G1JVWV1J[.LO<; ................................. 375
JtEQLXO~lVO in situ ......... ..................................... 260
JtEQLOQW[.LO<; tT]c; EJtLAOyrjc; ......................... .. .......321
mQl<pgaoT] .............................. ................. .41, 385m.
nugrjvac; tT]c; nQ6taoT]c; ...... ........ ......................... 136
mat6c; Qf.LTJVUtrjc; ............................... ...... ........... 63
JtArJQT]c; VOT\[.Latoc; LGXUQW[.L6c; ............................207
JtArJQW<; WOiiUVOf.LO XEl[.LV0 ................................. .55
JtVEU[.LO t01J 8vouc; ............................. ........... 91, 101
nvU[.Lanxrj ouala .......... ........... ....... ..................... 18
JtVE1Jf.LOtLX6 Et1J[.LOV ..................................... .......... 16
JtOLT]nxrj an61iooT] ............................................... 346
noLT]nxrj y;\tilaoa ................................................. 327
nmT]nxrj ;l.mougyla tTJc; y;l.waaac; ..................... 164
JtOLT]lLXrJ [.LHQ(jJOQU ... ............................. ............. 354
JtOAUYAWGGLxrj avta;\Aayrj JtAT]QO(jJOQLWV .......... .48
noAUOT]f.LTJ AE~T] ............................................. .........36
JtOA1JOT]f.L(0 ............................... 34,36,165,169,171,
303, 330 En., 357, 375

JtOAUGT][.LOc; ................................................... 193, 303

no;\uauotT]f.LO .... .....................................................61
JtOAUtoJtT] GXEGT] .................... ....... .............. ... ...... 254
noawanxa li1io[.Lva .........................................213
ngay[.Lanxrj xataotaoT] ................ 149, 152m., 281
ngay[.Lanxrj ngay[.Lanx6tT]ta .............. ............... 158
JtQOYf.LOtLX6 ... ....... .................................. 149, 152m.
JtQOYf.LOlLXO VOT][.LQ .............. .............................. .. 245
ngawanx6c; x6o[.Loc; ... .........................................41
TIQOYf.LOtoAOyla .............. ........ .51, 138, 179m., 368
JtQOYf.LOtOAOYLXrj liQUGT] .. ......................................66
JtQOYf.LOtoAOYLXrj Qf.LT]Vda ...................................51
JtQOYf.LatOAOYLXrj WOiiUVa[.Lla .......................55, 281
JtQOYf.LatOAOytxrj JtOAUGT][.Lla ......................... ..... 124
JtQOYf.LOtOAOYlXO aUGtT]f.L0 ................................ .. 126
JtQOYf.LOtoAOyLx6c; ................ .5 1, 55, 66, 77, 124 En.,
126,134,281,369,376
JtQOYf.LOtOAOYLX6c; nagayovtac; .................. 369, 376
nga~T] avayvwoT]c; ................................................. 18
JtQOltAOO[.L6c; .. ..................... .......................... 175-177
JtQOltAOG[.L6c; Xlf.LEV01J ............. ....... .............. 175 m .
JtQOGOQf.LOYrJ ...... .......................... ........................... 67
JtQOGOQ[.LOG[.LEVT] [.Lta<pOQU ......................... 325, 338
JtQOGiiLOQWlLXrJ XQrJOT] ................... ...... ........207
JtQOOAEXtLXrj 1\0[.Lrj ...............................................224
JtQOGAEXnxrj JtQU~T] .. ..... ......................................224
JtQOGAXtLXO 1\UVO[.LlXO ........................ ..... ...... ... . 138
JtQOGAXtLXO .............................. ............... ......... 138
JtQOGAT]\j!T] ........... .................. ... 31, 40, 43, 60, 69, 74,
101 ,138, 153, 302 , 321
rrgoatuyxavovta ~w8v otOLXEla ........... ... ... .... l41
ng6o<pOQTJ ava;l.oyla ............ .... ...........................265
rrg6o<pOQTJ woata6f.LWTJ .............. ... .....................265
JtQOtOOT]-GT][.LElO ..................................................226
JtQOlOGLXrj HXOVQ ...............................................218
rrQ6turrT] y;\waaa ........................................... 171 m.
rrgo<poQLxrj y;\waaa ............................... 363m., 378
JtQO(jJOQlXOtT]ta ................ ... ......................... ....... 133
nQ6taoT] ltOQatT]QrJGWc; .... ........... .......... ............254
JtQOtaGLXO f.LOV1EAO ............................................. 134
JtQOtOOlXOltQlEXOf.LEV0 ................................248 En.
JtQWtomyc; 1JJtOXl[.LVO tT]c; f.LHU(jJQOGT] ......... 178
JtQWt otayrjc; [.LEtU(jJQOGT] ..........76, 178- 183, 184 m.
ngwtomyrjc; nga~T] ............................................... 72
ltQWt Ot1JltT] f.LHO(jJOQa .. ................................. 315 m .
ltQWt011Jlt0 ................. ....... 15, 17, 35, 37, 40, 43, 48,
52, 54, 60, 62, 67 m ., 74 m ., 77, 84,
88 n., 117m., 125, 148m., 152, 158,
186m., 201,242, 252, 257 rr., 260m.,
280,285,293,298,301,305,307,337,
341 En., 344m., 355m., 382, 385, 390, 394
Jt1JQT]VlXrJ ltQOtaGT] .......... ...... .............................. 103

473

QL~Lx6r; [!EtU(jJQUOtljr; ............................249 Jt., 257

OT][!aL[!O[!V0 .. .............................. ..... .....................60
OT][!ULVOV ............................. ............................ .......60
OT][!UOLU ................. 30, 39, 42, 47,56 Jt., 62, 65, 95,
103, 107, 123, 127, 129, 135, 140-144,
145m., ISO-ISS, 168, 174, 194m.,
221, 223, 248 m., 253, 268 m.,
288, 303m., 311 EJt., 317, 322, 328,
330,333,348,353,363,367,369,371 Jt.,376
OT][!aala wr; XQllOll ................ 150- 159, 210-233, 245
onf!amaxlj yyutl]ta ........................................... 369
OT]f!UOLaxlj f..HtOllQyla ........................................ 323
OT][!amaxlj f!taBot..lj ... .... .................................... 312
OT][!UOLUX!j [!0Val\a ................. ................... .......... 323
OT][!amax6 mlmbo .............................................292
OT][!UOLUXO mblo .................................................359
OT][!UOLUX6r; ..........................292, 312,323,359,369
~llf!UOLof..oyla ......................... 31, 5 I, 191, 195,240,
241-242,246 m., 268, 276,284,
296,299,348,368,369,372,379,385
OT][!UOLOAOYLXO 000[!EVU .................. .................247
OT][!UOLOAOYLXO [!EOU ...........................................246
OT][!UOLOAOYLXO XUQUXtl]QW'tLXO ............ ..............69
OT][!UOLOAOYLXll avaxglBLa .. .......... .. ............ 306 m.
OT][!UOLOAOYLXi] avat..llOT] .......................................95
OT][!UOLOAOYLXi] UVW[!af..la ..................240, 317, 321
OT][!UOLOAOYLXi] al;la ............................................ l97
OT][!UOLOAOYLXi] aJt6000T] ......................................52
OT][!UOLOAOYLXi] 0LU(jJOQ0 ............................. 247, 376
OT][!UOLOAOYLXi] OO[!i] ......................42, 92,242,247,
253, 274, 331 , 376
anf!amot..oyLxlj bo[!i] rnr; yt..waaar; .............. .4l, 253
OT][!aawt..oyLxi] Oof!lj toll f..el;lj[!mor; ................. 376
OT][!UOLOAOYLXi] EVVOLU tOll XL[!EV01J ................... 66
OT][J.aawt..oyLxlj V6tl]ta .................. 30, 133, 135 m.
OT][!UOLOAOYLX!j Q[!T]Vla ............................ 103, 275
OT][!UOLOAOYLXi] LXUVOtl]ta ................ ..... .... ......... 240
OT][!UOLOAOYLX!j W001JVU[!LU ......53 m ., 68,274,277
OT][!UOLOAOYLXi] [!OVUOa .......................... .... .247, 369
OT][!UOLOAOYLXi] [!OQ<pi] ...................................... .... 16
OT][!UOLOAOYLXi] O[!OAOyla ................................... 385
OT][!UOLOAOYLXi] O'tQ0tl]'tU ................................24 7

474

OT][!UOLOAOYLX6 JtEOLO ............................42, 314, 336

OT][!UOLOAOYLXO JtEQLEXO[!EVO ............ .............. 35, 42
OT][!UOLOAOYLXO spleen ......................................... 146
OT][!UOLOAOYLXO OUOtl][!U ............................. l26, 331
OT][!UOLOAOYLX6r; .... ...... 16, 35,42 Jt., 50 Jt., 55, 69,
5, 101,113, 125m., 133, m ., 135m.,
146m., 168, 171, 195, 197m., 240m., 245m.,
253, 274m., 277, 294, 303, 306 EJt., 314m.,
317, 321 m., 330m., 334, 336, 346, 348,
355, 359, 363m., 369m., 372 m., 376, 385
OT][!UOLOAOYLX6r; xav6var; ................................... 171
OT][!UOLOAOYLX6r; [!EtUOXT]f!a1W[!Or; .................... 346
OT][!UOLOAOYLX6r; [!EtaOXT][!a1WtLX6r;
xav6var; .................................................... ......... l3S
OT][!UOLOAOYLX6r; JtA01JtW[!6r; ............................. 331
OT][!UOLOAOYLX6r; Jtf..outar; ................................... 334
OT][!UOLOAOYLX6r; XWQOr; .......................................314
OT][!UOLOAOYLX<i:Jr; UVW[!Uf..Or; ............................... 321
OT][!UOLOAOyLx<i:Jr; W061iVU[!Or; ...............................37
OT][!EL0 ....................... 30, 34 Elt., 65, 67, 70, 140-144,
145 EJt., lSI, 153m., 156-159, 163,
165,191,202,216,226,228,231 m .,
245, 248, 25 I, 262m., 267, 269, 303,
310, 312, 327, 330, 362m., 369, 374
OT]f!HOy t..waaa ..................................................... 168
OT]f!EL06onxlj AHtOllQyla
tl]r; yf..waaar; ........................................ l63 m., 166
~T][!ELOAOyla ........ ...... .... ..... ................................ .. 245
OT][!ELOJtalyVLO ..................................................... 167
OT][!ELOOUOtl][!U ................................................ 32, 66
OT][!ELW[!EVT] JtQUY[!aLLXOtl]ta ....................... 164 m.
OT][!eLWOT] .............................................................. IS8
~llf!Hwnxi] ............................................................ 66
OT][!ELWtLX!j OVtOtl]ta ............................................ 66
OT][!ELW'tLXOr; XWOLXar; ....... ....................................66
Oi][!T][!U .................................. ... ............... ... .......... 318
OT][!LXi] tU1JtOtl]ta ................................................ 318
OLWJtl]QO [!EtO(jJQUOT] ........................................... 180
OXOJtL[!Or; WO[!OQ(jJW[!6r; .....................................368
axon6r; .... ............... l8,68m., 71-75,179,181,185,
221, 223, 232 m ., 258, 290, 302, 368
at..avyx .......................................................... 360-364

EYPETHPIO IIPAfMATQN
ota8EQtl yf.<.i>ooa .................................................. 171
OtEVtl ~Et<lCjJQUOil ................................................. 118
OtEVO JtQWt6tu:n:o ................................................260
OtEQEOT\Jltll ~Etacpo ....... 315 Elt., 325, 332-337, 338
ony~L6tu:n:oc; ....................................................... 176
~tgouxwugaf.wnxtj nwooof.oyla ............ 195 m.
ouyXEL~EVO .......... 37, 39, 66 Elt., 133, 137, 139, 151,
157,277, 304 rn., 315, 317 rn., 319, 348, 350
OuyXEL~EVLXtl UVOAU01l ........................................ 350
~uyxQLtLXtl fAWOOOAOy(a ..................................... 79
ouyxg6tllOil tou votj~atoc; ................................. 139
OUYXQOVLX6c; .................................................. 32, 194
OuyXWVEUOil OQL~OVtWV ...................60, 124, 141 Elt.
OUAAOYLXtl :n:agaOt\AWOil .....................................363
ow~anxt\ EXCjJQUOil .............................................. 33
OU~atLXtl AfSil- .. 33
ou~anxt\ ~ogcpt\ .................. ................................ 31
ow~of.Lxt\ f.nwugyla .......... ...................... ......... 158
OU~OALXtl AOYLXt\ ........................................212, 222
ow~of.Lxt\ :n:gay~anx6tllta ............................... 158
OW~OALXO OUOTil~a ............................................ 169
OW~OALX6c; .................................. 158,169,212,222
ou~of.o .................. 167, 216,222,226, 311m., 314
ou~ayt\c; xcpgaoll .............................................294
ou~av toU 6uvat6v ELOvm .............................. 167
ou~aga6tjf.woll ............................... ............ .52, 306
ou~ago~aQtouvta 1;w8Ev otmxEla ................ 141
OU~EQU0~6c; .......................................................256
OU~EQLCjJOQLXO ~OVTEAO ..................................... 107
ou~f.oxll ~Etacpoga ..... 325, 339, 342,345 m., 357
OU~AOXIl OTEQEOtultll ~Etacpoga ...................... 333
ou~tw~anxt\ f.ntougyla tile; yf.<.i>ooac; ........... 164
OU~CjJQU~O~EVa .............................. .. .39, 55,247,342
ou~cpgaonxa ouv<.i>vu~a ............................. 392-394
owcpgaonx<.i>c; ouv<.i>vu~oc; ........................... 393 m.
ouv- I ouyxEl~Evo ........................................298, 308
OUV01\AW01l ........ .40, 52, 58, 208, 294, 361 , 370, 387
OUVOilAWtLXtl woouva~(a .. .................................281
OUVELOilTO ................ ........................................ .59 Elt .
OUVEXOOXt\ ............................................................ 312
ouvmaywyt\ ................................................... 370 m.
o1Jv8Hil ~Etacpoga ................... ............................ 325
OUV8EtLXtl af.t\8EW ........ ....................................... 208
ouv8Enxt\ :n:g6taoll .............................................254
ouvell~anxt\ yf.<.i>ooa ............. ................. ............ 360
OUVOALXtl L000Uva~(a ..........................................283
ouvoxt\ ................................... ..................... .......... 136
ouvtay~a .......................................................273 m.
ouvtawanxt\ OXE01l .................... 315, 327, 369, 376
ouvtay~anxtj ouvacpna .. .... ........................ ....... 364
oUVTay~anx6c; ....................... 42, 364, 369, 376, 379
ouvtayj.Lanx6c; al;ovac; ....................................... 379

ouvmxnxa xagaxtllQWnxa ................................69

ouvtaxnxtj avtL:n:Qoo<i>:n:EU011 ............................ 103
ouvtaxnxtjoo~t\ ........................................... 93, 112
ouvtaxnxtj Ev6tllta ............................. ............... 327
ouvtaxnxtj LOLO~ogcpla ...................................... 170
ouvmxnxtj wo6uva~la ......................................296
ouvtaxnxtj JtEQLygacpt\ ....................................... 107
ouvtaxnx6 mlmoo ............................................ 113
ouvtaxnx6 woouva~o .......................................294
ouvtaxnx6 oxt\~a ....................................... 103, I 07
ouvtaxnx6 OUOTil~a ........................................... 126
ouvtaxnx6c; ......... .50, 69,93 E:n:., 103, 113, 125m.,
134, 136m., 170, 294, 296, 327
ouvtaxnx6c; xav6vac; ........................................... 94
~uvtal;ll ..................................................51, 268, 297
ouvw:n:la .............................................................. 377
ouvucpmv6~Eva .. .............39 m ., 61 m ., 66 m., 112,
118, 139 m., 172, 206 m.,
246,314,330,338,350,355,384
ouvwvwa AEst\~ata ............................................ .41
OUVWVWil EXCjJQUOil ................. ............................ 368
OUVWVWil ~EtOCjJQUOil .... ....... ........................252 m.
ouvwvwll :n:g6taoll .............252, 257, 367, 370, 385
ouvwvwla .............................. 37, 200m., 240, 251,
253, 327, 365-395
ouvwvu~la LOE<.i>v ................. ................................. 37
OUVWVWLXtl EXOOXt\ .... ................................... 381 Elt.
OUVWVWLXO JtE0t0 ............................................... 376
ouv<.i>vu~o .................. l8, 52, 67, 191,259,265,275,
281, 284, 290,299, 304, 335m., 365-395
ouv<.i>vu~oc; ............................205 , 252m., 257, 275,
301,357, 359,365 m.,
367m., 371,379,381,385,388,391
ouotanxa otmxEla tile; :n:g6taollc; .....................217
OUOTil~a XatllYOQLOJtOLtlOEW ............................... 39
OUOTil~a Oll~ELWV ....................................... ......... 157
OUOTil~a Oll~ELWOEWc; ...... .................................... 158
OUOTil~U tile; yf.<.i>ooac; ................ .......... .. ..... 187, 264
~UOTil~LXt\0EWQ(a ........................ ...... .... ............ 285
OUOTQWO(a ...................... ..................................... 377
oxeoll Ollf.liloEwc; ..................................................272
OXEOil EYXAEW~OU ........................................236, 364
oxeoll Ev a:n:ouola ........................ ........................ 327
oxoll EV :n:agouola ....................... ....................... 32 7
ox011 ouvwvu~lac; ...... .369, 374,379,381-382,383 rn.
oxwwxganxtjoo~t\ .............................................. 34
~xmxw~6c; .................................................... 90-113
OXEtLXWtLXO OTOLXELO .... ........................ ............. 356
OXHLxwnx6c; ................................................. 96, 356
o<.i>~a EXCjJEQO~Evou Myou ............................ 245 m .
ow~anxt\-oll~ELwnxt\ yv<i>oll ...............................32
Tal;wo~Lxt\ fga~~anxt\ ..................................... 110

475

tQLtO 01J!J,JtGV ...... ...................... .................... ......... 93

tQOltLO!J,6<; ......... ........................... ... ............ ..... ..... 58
tllmx~ y/..ciJaoa ..................................... ............... 246
tllltOltOLT]!J,EVT] Oll!!JtGY~<; EX(j)QGOT] ......... ............ 294
tuno<; wo6uva!J,la<; .......... .... ........ .... ....... .. ..........265
tllXTJ!!ala !J,Etacpoga ..... .... .. .............................. .. .321
llALX~ A.l;T] ............. .. ..................................... .......... 18
llALx6 E!!JtQCtY!J,atO avtlXQllO!J,a ..................... ...... 34
llltaLVLY!J,0<; ......................... .................................... 36
llltQ60!J,~ ................................................ ....... 17, 172
llltEQL6a ...................... ......................................... 136
llltQAl;Lx6 JtLJtE6o ..... .... .... .... .............................55
llltEQ!J,OVOy AWOOLX6 ltEQLEXO!J,EVO ........... ...... ...... 142
llltEQJtQotaaLx~ EVOtT]ta ..................................... 138
llltEQqJQaonx6<; .................................................... 13 7
llltEQqJQGOtLXO<; OQW!J,O<; tOll XH!J,EVOll .... .... ...... 137
llJt66ELY!!a tTJ<; ngay!J,anx6tT]ta<; .......................216
lllt060!J,~ ... .... .................................................... 17 Elt.
llJt68EOT] Sapir I Whorf ......... .................. 66, 101, 104
llJtoxataotaan .............................................262-263
llltOXEL!J,EVT] 60!J,~ tT]<; y/..ciJaoa<; .......... ... ........ 98, 222
llltOXEL!J,EVO tT]<; !J,EtCtqJQGOT]<; ......... ..................... 178
llltOVOT]!J,G .................................. ............... ............ 322
llltOOtaOLW!J,EVO VOT]!J,G ........................... ............249
llltOOllVEL6T]tO ................................................ .59 En.,
llltOtL8E!J,EVT] GltOqJGVOT] .............. ........................235
llltWVU!J,L0 ....... ......... ............................................. 376
llqJOAOYLX~ wo6uva!J,[a .............. .53 Elt., 68,280 Elt.
llcpo/..oyLx6 ouotT]!J,a ..... ....................................... 126
llcpo/..oyLx6<; ................. .53 m ., 68 , 126, 280 m ., 294
ucpo<; ..........................................................68, 95,297
qJaLVO!J,EVT] 60!J,~ ..................... ........... ............ .... ... 274
cpavtamax~ ngay!J,atLx6tT]ta ............................ 158
cpavtaowx6<; x6o!J,O<; ............ ........................ 318m.
cpanx~ A.mollgyla tT]<; y/..ciJaoa<; ......... .51, 164, 336
qJQGOEOAOYLX~ !J,OV<'t6a ............................ .. .......... 369
cpgaonx~ 6o!J,i] ..... ............................... ................ 103
Cj)llOLX6 VOT]!J,G ............. ... ............. ........... 237 Elt., 290
Cj)llOLXO<; O!J,LAT]t~<; ... ........ ........ ....... 102 Elt ., 124, 377
cpciJVTJ!J,a ................................... ........................ .56 m .
<l>WVT]tLX~ ...................................... .... ................268
cpwvnnxi] ux6va .......... ....................................... 303

476

XQi]OT] tT]<; A.l;TJ<; .................... .... ...................216, 304

XQTJOL!J,onolnon tTJ<; t..l;n<; ............. ......220, 225, 231
XWQLO OT]!J,GOLOAOYLXciJ<; GltQ006L6QWtO ........ ... 306
1j!Eu6i]<; .................. 197, 207,221 , 235, 240, 246, 254
1j!Eubi]<; an6cpavOT] ....................................... 197, 207
1j!Ell6i]<; WXUQW!J,6<; ..............................................207
1j!Ell6~<; ltQOtGOT] .......................... ........................254
1J!Eu6o<; ..................................................................255
1j!llXLX6 QE~EQBOllCtQ ............................................ .. .58
\jlllXOAOYLX~ 6La6Lxaola
tOll oxntw8m ................................................... 88
1J!uxoA.oyLxi] ovt6tT]ta ...........................255 m., 258
W!J,LATJ!J,va otmxda tTJ<; y/..ciJooa<; ...................... l62
W!J,LAT]!J,EVT] JtQ6taOT] ....... ......................... ............249
W!J,LAT]!J,EVO ................... I8, 67, 99, 103, 160-162, 164