GIA S

C KHNH
Thp sng ngn la thnh cng

Chuyn luyn thi i Hc

Khi A - B
Nhn dy km tt c cc lp
22A - Phm Ngc Thch TP.Quy Nhn
Lin h : Thy Khnh 0975.120.189

BT NG TH
C - BT PHNG
TRNH - CC TR I S
A - BT NG TH
C
I KIN TH
C CN NH
a) NH NGH A: Cho hai s a v b ta c a > b a b > 0
b) M$T S BT NG TH
C C B%N
Cc bt ng thc v lu tha v cn thc :

A2 n 0n vi A l mt biu thc bt k , du bng xy ra khi A = 0

2 n A 0 ; A 0; n ; du bng xy ra khi A = 0

A + B A + B Vi A 0; B 0 du bng xy ra khi c t nht
nht 1 trong hai s bng
khng

A B A B vi A B o du bng xy ra khi B = 0
Cc bt ng thcv gi tr tuyt i

A 0 Vi A bt k , du bng xy ra khi A = 0

A + B A + B du bng xy ra khi A v cng du

A B A B Du bng xy ra khi A v B cng du v A> B
Bt ng thc Cauchy ( Csi ) :

a1 + a2 + ... + an
( Trung bnh nhn ca n s khng
n
m khng ln hn trung bnh cng ca chng
chng ). Du bng xy ra khi a1 = a2 = ... = an

Cho cc s a1 , a2 ,..., an 0 n a1a2 ...an

Bt ng thc Csi cho hai s c th pht biu di cc dng sau :



GIA S

a+b
ab
2
2
( a + b ) 4ab

C KHNH

0975.120.189

Vi a v b l cc s khng m
Vi a v b l cc
cc s bt k
22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

a +b
2

(a + b)

Vi a v b l cc s bt k

Du bng xy ra khi a = b
Bt ng thc Bunhiacopsky (Cn gi l bt ng thc Csi Svac ) :

Cho hai b cc s thc: a1 , a2 ,..., an v b1 , b2 ,..., bn .Khi :

( a1b1 + a2b2 + ... + anbn )

)(

a12 + a22 + ... + an2 b12 + b22 + ... + bn2 . Du bng xy ra khi :

Hoc

a1 a2
a
=
= ... = n vi ai , bi khc 0 v nu ai = 0 th bi tng ng cng
b1 b2
bn

bng 0
 Hoc c mt b trong hai b trn gm ton s khng
khng
2
2

Bt ng thc Csi Svac cho hai cp s : ( ax + by ) ( a + b 2 )( x 2 + y 2 ) Du bng xy ra
khi ay = bx
1
x

Bt ng thc x + 2 Vi x > 0 ; x +

1
2 Vi x < 0
x

c) CC TNH CHT C)A BT NG TH

C
Tnh cht bc cu : Nu a > b v b > c th a > c
Tnh cht lin quan n php cng :
 Cng hai v ca bt ng thc vi cng mt s : Nu a> b th a +c > b+ c
 Cng hai bt ng thc cng chiu : Nu a > b v c > d th a+c > b +d
Tr hai bt ng thc ngc chiu : Nu a > b v c < d th a c > b d
Cc tnh cht lin quan n php nhn :

Nhn 2 v ca bt ng thc vi mt s
 Nu a >b v c > 0 th ac > bc
 Nu a > b v c < 0 th ac < bc

Nhn 2 bt ng thc cng chiu
 Nu a > b >0 v c > d > 0 th ac > bd
 Nu a < b < 0 v c < d < 0 th ac > bd

Lu tha hai v ca mt bt ng thc :
 a b a 2 n +1 b 2 n +1
Vi mi n
2n
2n
 ab0a b
Vi mi n
2n
2n
 ab<0a b
Vi mi n
n
m
 0<a<1 a <a
Vi n > m
n
m
 a>1 a >a
Vi n > m
II M$T S I*M CN L
Khi thc hin cc php bin i trong chng minh bt ng thc , khng c tr hai bt ng
thc cng chiu hoc nhn chng khi cha bit r du ca hai v . Ch c php nhn hai v ca bt
ng thc vi cng mt biu thc khi ta bit r du ca biu thc
Cho mt s hu hn cc s thc th trong bao gi ta cng chn ra c s ln nht v s nh
nht . Tnh cht ny c dng sp th t cc n trong vicchng minh mt bt ng thc
III M$T S PHNG PHP CH
NG MINH BT NG TH
C
VN . 1: S0 D2NG CC TNH CHT C B%N C)A BT NG THC
V d 1: Chng minh rng vi mi s thc x th :
GIA S

C KHNH

0975.120.189

3 x 2 + 4 x + 11
2
x2 x + 1

Gii :
22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

Ta c : x 2 x + 1 = x + > 0 Vi mi x
2 4

Do vy :

3 x 2 + 4 x + 11
2 3 x 2 + 4 x + 11 2 ( x 2 x + 1) 3x 2 + 4 x + 11 2 x 2 2 x + 2
x2 x + 1
2
x 2 + 6 x + 9 0 ( x + 3) 0 ng vi mi x

Du bng xy ra khi x = -3
V d 2 : Cho a, b v a+b 0 . Chng minh rng
Gii :

a 5 + b5
a 2 b2
a+b

a 5 + b5 a 2 b 2 ( a + b )
a +b
a +b
2 2
2 2
Ta c :
a b
a b 0 M =
0
a+b
a+b
a+b
5

Xt t ca M :

a 5 + b 5 a 3 b 2 a 2 b3 = ( a 5 a 2 b 3 ) ( a 3 b 2 b 5 ) = a 2 ( a 3 b 3 ) b 2 ( a 3 b3 ) =

(a

b3 )( a 2 b 2 ) = ( a b ) ( a 2 ab + b 2 ) ( a b )( a + b ) =

= ( a + b )( a b )

2
2
1 2 3 2
1 3 2
2
a ab + 4 b + 4 b = ( a + b )( a b ) a 2 b + 4 b

1 3 2
V a+b 0 nn M= ( a b ) a b + b > 0 do a, b khng th ng thi bng 0
2 4

VN . 2: PHNG PHP PH%N CH

NG
V d 3: Cho ba s a, b, c tho mn

a + b + c > 0

ab + ac + bc > 0 . Chng minh rng c ba s u dng

abc > 0

Gii:

- Gi s c mt s khng dng: a 0
T abc > 0 ta c:
bc < 0 (* )
T a+b+c >0 ta c:
b+c>-a>0
T ab +bc+ac >0 ta c:
bc + a(b + c) > 0
Ta c (*) v (**) mu thun nhau pcm.

bc > - a (b + c) > 0

(**)

VN . 3: PHNG PHP S0 D2NG CC BT NG TH

C C B%N
V d 4:
4 Chng minh rng: Vi x, y > 0. Ta c : ( 1 + x) (1 + y) (1 + xy )2
Gii
Cch 1 : p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopsky ta c :
(1 + x)(1 + y ) = 12 +

( x ) 1 + ( y ) (1 +
2

xy

Cch 2 : Theo bt ng thc Cosi ta c:

GIA S

C KHNH

0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

2 xy
x
y
+

1+ x 1+ y
(1 + x)(1 + y )
1
1
1
+
2
1+ x 1+ y
(1 + x)(1 + y )
2

2 xy + 1
(1 + x)(1 + y )

xy + 1
(1 + x)(1 + y )

1 (1 + xy (1 + x)(1 + y ) <=> (1 + x)(1 + y ) 1 + xy

Du bng xy ra khi x = y
V d 5 : Cho a, b v 3a + 4 = 5 . Chng minh rng a 2 + b 2 1
Gii :
Cch 1 : p dng bt ng thc Bunhiacopxky ta c :
52 = ( 3a + 4b ) ( 32 + 42 )( a 2 + b 2 ) a 2 + b 2 1
2

a=
3a + 4b = 5

5
Du bng xy ra khi : a b

4
=
3 4
b =
5

Cch 2 : T 3a +4b = 5 ta c a=

5 4b
3

5 4b
2
2
2
Vy a + b 1
+ b 1 25 40b + 16b + 9b 9
3

25b 2 40b + 16 0 ( 5b 4 ) 0 ng vi mi x
2

V d 6 : Chng minh rng vi mi gc nhn x ta c :

a ) sin x + cosx

1
2

b) tgx + cotgx 2
Gii :
a) p dng bt ng thc Cosi cho hai s dng ta c :
sin 2 x + cos 2 x 1
sin x + cosx
=
2
2

Du bng xy ra khi sinx = cosx hay x = 450

b ) V tgx , cotgx >0 . p dng bt ng thc Cosi cho hai s ta c ;
tgx + cotgx 2 tgx.cot gx = 2 ( V tgx . cotgx = 1 )
Du bng xy ra khi tgx = cotgx hay x= 450
V d 7 : Cho a 4 . Chng minh rng : a +
GIA S

C KHNH

1 17

a 4

0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

Gii :
Ta c : a +

1 a 1 15a
= + +
a 16 a 16

p dng bt ng thc Cosi cho hai s dng

a
1
v ta c :
16
a

a 1
a 1
1 1
+ 2
. =2
=
16 a
16 a
16 2

M : a 4
Vy a +

15a 15
15
.4 =
16 16
4

1 17
Du bng xy ra khi a = 4

a 4

V d 8 : Chng minh rng vi mi s thc x , y ta c : 5 x 2 + 2 y 2 2 xy 4 x 6 y > 10

Gii :
Bt ng thc cn chng minh tng ng vi :
5 x 2 + 2 y 2 2 xy 4 x 6 y > 10

( 4 x 2 4 x + 1) + ( y 2 6 y + 9 ) + ( x 2 2 xy + y 2 ) 0
( 2 x 1) + ( y 3) + ( x y ) 0
2

iu ny ng v ( 2 x 1) 0; ( y 3) 0; ( x y ) 0
2

v khng ng thi xy ra (2x-1)2 = (y-3)2 = (x-y)2 = 0

VN . 4: PHNG PHP S0 D2NG I.U KI8N
C NGHI8M CH)A PHNG TRNH
V d9 : Chng minh rng nu phng trnh: 2x2 + (x + a)2 + (x + b)2 = c2. C nghim th
4c2 3(a + b)2 8ab
Gii:
Gii:
Ta c : 2 x 2 + ( x + a ) + ( x + b ) = c 2 4 x 2 + 2 ( a + b ) x + a 2 + b 2 + c 2 = 0
2

phng trnh c nghim th :

' 0 ( a + b ) 4(a 2 + b 2 c 2 ) 0 4c 2 3 a 2 + b 2 2ab 4c 2 3 ( a + b ) 8ab

2

VN . 5 : PHNG PHP LM TR$I

V d10 : Chng minh vi n N* th:

1
1
1 1
+
+ ... +
>
n +1 n + 2
2n 2

Gii
GIA S

C KHNH

0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

Ta c:

1
1
1
>
=
n + 1 n + n 2n
1
1
>
n + 2 2n

1
1
>
2n 1 2n

1
1
=
2n 2n
1
1
1
1 1
=>
+
+ ... +
> n. =
n +1 n + 2
2n
2 2

IV BI T<P T LUY8N
Bi 1:
1: Trong tam gic vung ABC c cnh huyn bng 1 , hai cnh gc vung l b v c. Chng minh
rng : b3 + c3 < 1
Bi 2 : Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau :
7 x 2 15 x + 12
a)
3 Vi mi x
x2 x + 1

b) Nu a + b < 0 th a3 + b3 ab ( a + b )
c) Nu x3+y3 = -2 th 2 x + y < 0
d) Nu x3+y3 = 16 th 0 < x +y 4
Bi 3 : Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau :
a) Nu a2 +b2 = 13 th a2 +b2 2a +3b
b) 5 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 4 ( x y ) + 2 ( xy + 1) 0 Vi mi x , y
Bi 4:
a) Cho hai s thc dng a v b . Chng minh rng :
b) Cho 0 < x < 2 v x 1 . Chng minh rng :

1 1
4
+
a b a+b

( x 1)

1
> 4 x2
x (2 x)

Bi 5:
a) Cho a > b > 0 . Chng minh rng
b) p dng so snh

a>

2007 2006 v

a +b + a b
2
2006 2005

HNG D>N
Bi 1 : Theo nh l Pitago ta c 1 = b2 + c2 v 1> b; 1 > c . Vy 1= b2 + c2 > b3 + c3
GIA S

C KHNH

0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

Bi 2 :
7 x 2 15 x + 12
1
3

a) Ta c : V x - x +1 = x + > 0 vi mi x Nn
3 7 x 2 15 x + 12 3 x 2 3 x + 3
2
2
4
x x +1

4 x 2 12 x + 9 0 ( 2 x 3) 0 ( ng )
2

Du bng xy ra khi x =

3
2

a 3 + b3 ab ( a + b ) ( a + b ) ( a 2 ab + b 2 ) ab ( a + b )

b ) Ta c :

( a + b ) ( a 2ab + b
2

) 0 ( a + b )( a b )

. ng v a +b < 0 v a+b2 0

c) Ta c 2 = x3 + y 3 = ( x + y ) ( x 2 xy + y 2 )

M x 2 xy + y 2 = x + y 2 0 Nn x + y < 0
2 4

Mt khc :

( x y ) 0 x 2 xy + y 2 xy ( x + y ) ( x 2 xy + y 2 ) xy ( x + y )
y ( x + y ) 2 3xy ( x + y ) 6
3
x3 + y 3 + 3xy ( x + y ) 8 ( x + y ) 8 x + y 2
2

Du bng xy ra khi x = y = -1
d) Tng t cu c
Bi 3 :
a) p dng bt dng thc Bunhiacopxky ta c :

( 2a + 3b )

( a 2 + b 2 )( 22 + 32 ) = 13 ( a 2 + b 2 ) = ( a 2 + b 2 )

2a + 3b a 2 + b 2 2a + 3b a 2 + b 2

Du bng xy ra khi a = 2 ; b = 3
b) Ta c :

5 ( x 2 + y 2 ) 4 ( x y ) + 2 ( xy + 1) 0

( 4 x 2 4 x + 1) + ( 4 y 2 + 4 y + 1) + ( x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 ) 0
( 2 x 1) + ( 2 y + 1) + ( x + y ) 0
2

1
2

iu ny lun lun ng. Du bng xy ra khi x = ; y =

1
2

Bi 4:

1 1
4
a+b
4
(*)
+

a b a+b
ab
a+b
2
V a,b > 0; a+b > 0 nn: (*) ( a + b ) 4ab ( Bt ng thc Cosi cho 2 s )

a ) Ta c:

Vy

1 1
4
vi mi a , b > 0
+
a b a+b

b) t (x-1)2 = t th t > 0 v x(2-x) = -x2+2x = 1-(x-1)2 = 1-t

V 0 < x < 2 nn 1-t > 0
p dng bt ng thc cu (a) cho hai s dng t v 1-t ta c
GIA S

C KHNH

0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

( x 1)

1
1
1
4
= +

=4
x (2 x) t 1 t t + 1 t

M 4 - x2 < 4 do 0 < x < 2.

Vy:

( x 1)

1
> 4 x2
x (2 x)

Bi 5:
a) Ta c

a+b + ab
2 a > a+b + ab
2

a>

Bnh phng hai v ca bt ng thc ta c:

4a > 2a + 2 a 2 b 2 a > a 2 b 2 a 2 > a 2 b 2 0 > b 2 ng

b) p dng cu a vi a = 2006 v b = 1 ta c:
2 2006 > 2007 + 2005 2006 2005 > 2007 2006

B - GI TR LN NHT V GI TR NH? NHT C)A BI*U TH

C
I KIN TH
C VN NH
Cho cc biu thc A v B
Nu A a trong a l mt gi tr ca biu thc A . Th a c gi l gi tr ln nht ca A
(GTLN ca A ) , c k hiu l MaxA
MaxA hay AMax
Nu B b trong b l mt gi tr ca biu thc B . Th b c gi l gi tr nh nht ca B
(GTNN ca B ),c k hiu l Min B hay BMin
Cc cch bin i thng dng tm GTLN v GTNN.

Cch 1:
1:
Cch 2:
2:

a) Tm GTLN:
GTLN:

f(x) g(x) a

b) Tm GTNN:

f(x) g(x) a

a) Tm GTLN:

f(x) = h(x) + g(x) (h(x) 0; g(x) a)

b) Tm GTNN:

f(x) = h(x) + g(x) (h(x) 0; g(x) a)

Vi biu thc nhu bin c cch lm tng t

II M$T S I*M CN LU
Khi tm gi
gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca mt biu thc . Nu bin ly gi tr trn ton tp th
vn khng n gin . Khi bin trong biu thc ch ly gi tr trong , , hoc mt khong gi tr
no th vn
cng phc tp v d mc sai lm .
Mt sai lm thng mc phi l khi bin i cc biu thc theo cch 1 hoc cch 2 . Ta kt
lun gi tr ln nht hoc nh nht ca biu thc l a nhng du bng khng xy ra ng thi
V d 1: Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc : P = 4x2+ y2+2xy+3x+5
Li gii 1 :
P = x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 + 2 x 2 + 4 x + 2 + x 2 x + 3 = ( x + y ) + 2 ( x 1) + x 2 x + 3 x 2 x + 3 Vi mi x
2

GIA S

C KHNH

0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

11 11

M x 2 x + 3 = x +
2
4 4

Nn Min P =

11
1
1
khi x = v x +y = 0 nn y = 4
2
2

Ta thy li gii ny sai lm ch du bng khng xy ra ng thi . Khi x =

1
th (x-1)2 0
2

Li gii 2 :
2

1 17
1 17 17
2

Ta c P = x + 2 xy + y + 3 x 2 + x + + = ( x + y ) + 3 x + +
4 4
2
4
4

x=
x + y = 0

17

2
Vy Min P =

Khi 1
4
x + 2 = 0
y = 1

V d 2 : Cho a 2 . Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = a +

1
a

Li gii 1 : Theo bt ng thc Cosi cho hai s dng ta c P = a +

1
1
2 a. = 2
a
a

Vy P t gi tr nh nht bng 2
Li gii ny sai lm ch P = 2 a = 1 khng tho mn iu kin a 2
Li gii 2 : Ta c P = a +
Vy Min P =

1 a 1 3
a 1 3
3
7
= + + a 2 . + a 2+ a
4 a 4
4
2
a 4 a 4
7
khi a = 2
2

III BI T<P V D2
V bn cht bi ton tm gi tr ln nht hoc nh nht ca biu thc v bi ton chng minh bt
ng thc c th coi l tng ng nhau . Bi ton tm gi tr ln nht hoc nh nht ca biu thc nu
ta phn on c kt qu th bi ton tr thnh chng minh bt ng thc
V d 3:
3 Cho x, y, z R tho mn x2 + y2 + z2 = 1. Tm GTLN ca P = x + 2 y + 3z
Gii:
Theo bt ng thc Cosi Bunhiacopxki ta c:
P2 = ( x + 2y + 3z)2 (12 + 22 + 32) (x2 + y2 + z2) = 14
Nn P 14

GIA S

C KHNH

0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

 2 1
x = 14
2
2
2
x
y
z

x
y
z

=
= =
=
2 4
Du = xy ra khi: 1 2 3
=> 1

4
9
y =
14
2
2
2
x + y + z = 1
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1

2 9
z = 14

14 2 14 3 14
(1)
Vy (x, y, z) =
;
;

14

Hoc (x, y, z) =

14

14

14 2 14 3 14
;
;
(2)
14
14
14

14 2 14 3 14
14 2 14 3 14
hoc (x, y, z) =
khi (x, y, z) =
;
;
;
;

Vy Pmax = 14

14

14

14

V d 4: Cho a, b, x, y l cc s dng tho mn

a) P = xy;

14

14

14

a b
+ = 1 .Tm gi tr nh nht ca cc biu thc sau :
x y

b) Q = x + y
Gii:

a) Theo bt ng thc Cauchy ta c: 2

Vy Pmin = 4ab khi

ab a b
+ = 1 xy 4ab
xy x y

x = 2a
a b 1
= =
x y 2
y = 2b

a
a b
b
b) Ta c: + ( x + y ) =
+

x
y
x y

b
x + y
. x+
. y =
x

a+ b

(Bt ng thc

Bunhiacopxki)
Vy : Q = x+ y
Qmin =

a+ b

a + b khi x = a + ab ; y = b + ab

V d 5:
5 Tm GTLN ca P =

x
( x + a) 2

Gii:
Gii:
iu kin : x a
Ta c: Vi x = 0 => P = 0
Vi x 0 ta c: P =

x
x = P(x + a)2 px2 + 2 apx + pa2 = x px2 + (2ap 1) x + a2 = 0
( x + a) 2

phng trnh c nghim th:

GIA S C KHNH 0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

 0 (2ap 1)2 4pa2 0 <=> 4a2p2 4ap + 1 4a2p 0 <=> 4a2p2 4a (a + 1)p + 1 0

Gii bt phng trnh bc 2 thu c P1 P P2

IV BI T<P T LUY8N
Bi 1: Tm gi tr nh nht ca cc biu thc sau:
a) A = x2 - 6x +1
b) B = 10x2+5y2- 4x - 6y -12xy +2020
x
2x + 1
+
2x + 1
x

c) C =

3x = 5 y + 2

d) D = 3x2+5y2 vi

Bi 2 : Tm gi tr ln nht ca cc biu thc sau:

a) M = - x2 + 4x + 7
b) N = 2003 -2x2 - 8y2 +2x + 4xy + 4y
c) P = ( x+1 ) (2 - x )
Bi 3: Tm gi tri ln nht v nh nht ca biu thc: P =

3x 1
x2 + 1

Gii:
Bi 1:
a) A= (x-3)2 -8 nn min A = 8 khi x = 3
b) B = ( x-2)2 +(y - 3)2 +(3x -2y)2 +2007 Nn Min B = 2007 Khi x = 3; y =2
1
2

c) iu kin: x < ; x > 0 (*). p dng bt dng thc Cosi cho hai s dng ta c:
C=

x
2x + 1
+
2
2x + 1
x

Vy MinC = 2 khi

x
2x + 1
=2
2x + 1
x

x
=
2x + 1

x = 1
2x + 1
2
2
2
x = ( 2 x + 1) 3x + 4 x + 1 = 0
x = 1
x
3

i chiu vi (*) ta c x =-1

d) T

3x = 5 y + 2 3 x 5 y = 2

Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacopxky ta c:

3x.1 5 y.1 ( 3 x 2 + 5 y 2 ) (1 + 1) 3x 2 + 5 y 2 2
2

Vy MinD = 2 khi x=

1
3

v y =

1
5

Bi 2:
GIA S

C KHNH

0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

a) M = 11 - (x - 2)2 Nn MaxM = 11 khi x = 2

b) N = 2005 - (x -1 )2 -(2y+1)2-(x-2y)2 Nn MaxN = 2005 khi x = 1; y = 9
x +1+ 2 x
c) P = ( x+1 ) (2 - x )
=
2
4

1
2

Vy MaxP =

( Bt ng thc Cosi )

9
1
khi x =
4
2

Bi 3: Ta c: P =

3x 1
P ( x 2 + 1) = 3 x 1 Px 2 3 x + P + 1 = 0 (* )
x2 + 1

Ta thy P = 0 khi x =

1
3

Vi P 0 th gi tr ca P phi tho mn cho phng trnh (*) c nghim vi x

iu ny tng ng vi: = 32 4 P ( P + 1) 0 4 P 2 + 4 P 9 0 ( 2 P + 1) 10
2

10 2 P + 1 10

Vy MaxP =
MinP = -

10 + 1
10 1
P
2
2

10 1
khi x =
2

10 + 1
3

10 + 1
1 10
khi x =
2
3

BT PHNG TRNH

I KIN TH
C CN NH
Bt phng trnh bc nht : ax +b = 0 ( a 0 )

Nu a > 0 bt phng trnh c nghim x >

b
a

Nu a <0 bt phng trnh c nghim x <

b
a

Tng t cho bt phng trnh ax + b < 0

Ta c th nh cch ly nghim ca bt phng trnh bc nht theo qui tc " Ln cng b khc
Ngha l nh thc bc nht f(x) = ax +b ( a 0 ) c nghim x =
Khi x >

b
.
a

b
b
th f(x) v h s a cng du , khi x < th f(x) v h s a khc du
a
a

GIA S

C KHNH

0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

A( x) > 0
A( x) < 0

B ( x) > 0
B ( x) > 0

Bt phng trnh tch : A(x)B(x) > 0

; A(x)B(x) < 0
A( x) < 0
A( x) > 0

B( x) < 0
B( x) < 0

trong A(x) v B(x) l cc biu thc ca bin x

Bt phng trnh cha du gi tr tuyt i : Ta lm mt du gi tr tuyt i gii bng cch
xt khong gi tr ca bin hoc bnh phng hai v ca bt phng trnh
B( x) 0
B( x) 0

A( x) B ( x) B( x) > 0
; A( x) B( x)
2
2
( A( x) ) ( B( x) )
( A( x) ) 2 ( B ( x) ) 2

Bt phng trnh v t :

A( x) 0

A( x) B( x) B ( x) 0
A( x) B( x)

A( x) 0

B( x) 0
A( x) B( x)
B( x) > 0

A( x) ( B( x) )2

A( x) 0

A( x) B( x) B ( x) 0
A( x) ( B ( x)) 2

II BI T<P TH D2
V d 1: Gii cc bt phng trnh sau :
a) -3(x+2) +2(x-1) 4x -3
b)

( m + 1)

x 2m ( x + 1)

Gii:
Gii:
a) Ta c :
-3(x+2) +2(x-1) 4x -3 3 x 6 + 2 x 1 4 x 3 x 4 x 3 + 7
4
5 x 4 x
5

b) Ta c : ( m + 1) x 2m ( x + 1) ( m 2 + 2m + 1) x 2mx + 2m ( m 2 + 1) x 2m
2

GIA S

C KHNH

0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

V m 2 + 1 > 0 vi mi m nn bt phng trnh c nghim x

2m
m2 + 1

V d 2 : Gii cc bt phng trnh :

a) x 2 5 x + 6 0
b) x 2 + 4 x 3 0
Gii:
Gii:
a) Tac: x 2 5 x + 6 0 x 2 2 x 3x + 6 0 x ( x 2 ) 3 ( x 2 ) 0 ( x 2 )( x 3) 0
x 2 0

x 3 0

x 2 0

x 3 0

x 2

x 3
x 2

x 3

x 3

x 2

b) Tac : x 2 + 4 x 3 0 x 2 + x + 3x 3 0 x ( x 1) 3 ( x 1) 0
x 1 0
x 1

3 x 0
x 3

( x 1)( 3 x ) 0

1 x 3
x 1 0
x 1

3 x 0
x 3

Ch : - Ta c th kt hp nghim trn trc s

- Ta c th so snh A(x) v B(x) trong bt phng trnh tch gii nhanh hn :
V d : ( x 1)( 3 x ) 0 ( x 1)( x 3) 0 do x-1 > x-3
x 1 0
x 1

1 x 3
x 3 0
x 3

nn ch xy ra

V d 3 : Gii cc bt phng trnh :

a)

x 2 3x + 2 x 2

b) 3 x + 2 2 x 1
Gii:

a) Ta c :

GIA S

x 2 3x + 2 0

x 1 0
x 2 3x + 2 x 1
x 1 > 0

x 2 3 x + 2 ( x 1)2

C KHNH

0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

 ( x 1)( x 2 ) 0

x 1 0

x
>
1

x 2 3 x + 2 x 2 2 x + 1

x 1 0

x 2 0 x 2
x > 1

x 1

Ch : Trnh bin i sai lm nh sau :

x 2 3x + 2 x 1

( x 1)( x 2 ) ( x 1)

x 2 x 1 1 0

x 2 x 1

Kt lun phng trnh v nghim

b)
Cch 1 :
1

3 x + 1 0
x
Ta c : 2 x + 1 3x 1
3
2
2
( 2 x + 1) ( 3 x 1)
4 x 2 + 4 x + 1 9 x 2 12 x + 1

1
1

1
x
x
3

x 0 x
3

3
5 x 2 16 x 0
x ( 5 x + 16 ) 0

16

x
5

1
3

Cch 2 : Nghim ca bt phng trnh cho nu c phi tho mn : 3x-1 0 x (1)

Xt 2x+1 0 x

1
(2)
2

Bt phng trnh tr thnh : 2 x + 1 3 x 1 x 2 x 2

Kt hp vi (1) v (2) ta c x
Xt 2x +1 < 0 x <

1
l nghim ca bt phng trnh cho
3

1
(3)
2

Bt phng trnh cho tr thnh : 2 x 1 3x 1 5 x 0 x 0 Khng tho mn (3)

Vy bt phng trnh cho c nghim x

1
3

III BI T<P T LUY8N

Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
Bi 1 :
a) 2 ( 3x 1) 3 ( x 2 ) 5 (1 2 x ) + 4
GIA S

C KHNH

0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

b)

( m 2 ) ( x + 1) 4m ( 3 x )
2

c) 6 x 2 7 x + 2 0
d) 9 x 2 + 18 x 5 0
Bi 2 :
a) x + 2 2 x 1
b) 1 + 2 x 1 3x 5
c)

x 2 5x + 6 3x + 2

d)

x 2 3x + 2 < 2 x 2 5x + 3

e) 3x 2 + 2 x 1 x + 1
Bi 3:
a) x 6 x + 8 0
b)

2x
x

<0
2x + 1 x + 2

Gii:
5
Bi 1: a) x ;
13

16m m 2 4
b)x
;
m2 + 4

1
c) x 1 ;
5

x 1
d)
x 1
3

1
1

2
1
0

2
2

x
2

1
>
0

1
Bi 2: a) x 2 2 x 1


x 1
1
x>
x >

( x 2 ) 2 ( 2 x 1) 2
2
2

x 1
3 x 3 0

x 2 0
b) Ta c: 1 + 2 x 1 3x 5 2 x 1 3 x 6
2
2
( 2 x 2 ) ( 3 x 6 )
x 2

x 2
x 2
x 4

x4
( 3 x 6 2 x + 2 )( 3x 6 + 2 x 2 ) 0
( x 4 )( 5 x 8 ) 0
x 8

5

c) Ta c:

GIA S

( x 2 )( x 3) 0

x 2 5x + 6 0
x 2

3
x
+
2

3
x 2 5 x + 6 3x + 2

3x + 2 > 0
x > 2

2

2
3
x 5 x + 6 ( 3 x + 2 )
2
2
x 5 x + 6 9 x + 12 x + 4

C KHNH

0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

 x 2; x 3

x 2

3
2

x
3
x > 2
(*)

3
8 x 2 17 x + 10 0

d)

( H (*) v nghim do bt phng trnh 8x2-17x +10 v nghim )

x 2 3x + 2 < 2 x 2 5 x + 3

x 1
2

x 3 x + 2 0
Ta c: x 3 x + 2 < 2 x 5 x + 3 2
x 2
2
x 3 x + 2 < 2 x 5 x + 3
2
x 8x + 1 > 0
x 1

x 4 15
x 2

x 4 + 15
x 4 + 15
x 4 15

2

f) Ta c:
x 1

x 1
( x + 1)( 3 x 1) 0
3 x 2 + 2 x 1 0
x = 1

3x + 2 x 1 x + 1 x + 1 0
x 1

1
x 1
3 x 2 + 2 x 1 x 2 + 2 x + 1
x2 1
x 1
3

1 x 1

Bi 3:
a) iu kin x 0
Ta c: x 6 x + 8 0
b) Ta c:

x 2

)(

x 4 0 2 x 4 4 x 16

2 x( x + 2) x ( 2 x + 1)
2x
x
3x

<0
<0
< 0 x ( x + 2 )( 2 x + 1) < 0 (*)
2x + 1 x + 2
( x + 2 )( 2 x + 1)
( x + 2 )( 2 x + 1)

Ta c th lp bng xt du hoc xt tng khong gi tr gii

- Vi x > 0 th (*) ( x + 2 )( 2 x + 1) < 0 2 < x <

1
khng tho mn x > 0
2

x < 2
- Vi x < 0 th (*) ( x + 2 )( 2 x + 1) > 0
kt hp vi x < 0 ta c
x > 1

x < 2
1
< x < 0
2

IV M$T S BI T<P NNG CAO

Bi 1:
1: Cho x 2 ; y 2 . Chng minh rng: (x + y) (x2 + y2) x5 + y5
Bi 2:
2: Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng:
Bi 3: Chng minh rng:

GIA S

1
3(1 + 2 )

C KHNH

a
b
c
3
a
b
c
+
+

+
+
2
2
2
2 b+c c+a a+b
1+ a
1+ b
1+ c

1
5( 2 + 3 )

0975.120.189

1
7( 3 + 4 )

+ ... +

1
4003( 2001 + 2002)

<

2001
4006

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

Bi 4: Cho a, b, c > 0; a + b + c = 6. Chng minh rng: 1 +

Bi 5:
5: Cho abc = 1; a3 > 36. Chng minh rng:

1
1
1 729
1 + 3 a + 3
3
a b
c 512

a2
+ b2 + c2 > ab + bc + ca
3

Bi 6 : Chng minh rng. Nu x, y, z 0 th x(x - y) (x - z) + y(y - z) (y - x) + z (z - x) (z - y) 0

Bi 7: Cho a, b, c [0;2] c a + b + c = 3. CMR: a2 + b2 + c2 < 5
Bi 8: Cho cc s thc dng a , b , c tho mn abc = 1.
ab
bc
ca
< 1
+ 5
+ 5
5
5
5
a +b +c
b + c + bc c + a 5 + ac
Bi 9: CMR. nu x, y + th mt trong hai bt ng thc sau l sai:

Chng minh rng :

1
1
1 1
2 +

2
x( x + y )
5 x
( x + y )
b+a c+a a+b
Bi 10:
+
+
a + b + c +3
10: Cho a, b, c > 0 v abc = 1. Chng minh rng:
a
b
c
1 1
1
1

2 + 2
xy
y
5x

Bi 11:
11: Chng minh rng: Mi a, b, c, d, p, q > 0 ta c:

1 1 1
p + q'
p+q
p+q
+ +
+
+
a b c pa + qb pb + qc pc + qa

Bi 12
12: Cho x, y thay i sao cho 0 x 3; 0 y 4. Tm Max ca P = (3 x) ( 4 y) (2x + 3y)
Bi 13: Tm GTLN v GTNN ca xy vi x, y l nghim ca phng trnh: x4 + y4 3 = xy (1 - 2xy)
Bi 14: Gii bt phng trnh:

( x + 1)( x + 2 )( x + 3)( x + 4 ) 3 0

HNG D>N
x2 + y2
2
2
x + y x2 + y2 x + y
x + y x3 + y3
=> 2.
=> 2.
=> 2.(x + y )( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 x 3 + y 3 ( x 2 + y 2 ) x 5 + y 5

2
2
2
2
2

Bi 1: V x 2 ; y 2 => x2 + y2 4 =>

Bi 2: Ta c :

a
1
a
b
c
3
Tng t cho b , c ta c

+
+

2
2
2
2
2
1+ a 1+ b 1+ c
2
1+ a

Du bng xy ra khi a = b = c = 1
Mt khc :

a
b
c
3
1
1 9
1
+
+
<=> (a + b + c)
+
+

b+c a+c a+b 2

b+c a+c a+b 2

t a+b= x ; b+c =y ; c+a = z ta c

(x + y + z ) 1 + 1 + 1 9 <=> ( x y) 2 + ( y z ) 2 + ( z x) 2 0 ( ng )
x

Bi 3: Xt
GIA S

n +1 n 1 1
1
( n +1 n )
1
=
<
=

2
(2n + 1)( n + n + 1)
n +1
4n + 4n + 1 2 n(n + 1) 2 n

C KHNH

0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

Vy S n < 1
2

2S n < 1

4n + 4

2S 2001 < 1

< 1

1
1
1
1
1
+

+ ... +

=
3
3
5
n
n

2
n 2 + 4n + 4

=1

1
1
1

2
n +1

2
n
=> S n <
, vi n = 2001 ta c:
n+2
2( n + 2)

2
2001
2001
=
=> S 2001 <
2003 2003
4006

Bi 4: t A = 1 +

1
1
1
1 + 3 1 + 3
3
a b c

1
1 1
1
1
1
1
+ 3 + 3 + 3 3 + 3 3 + 3 3 + 3 3 3
3
b
c a b
b c
a c a b c
a

Ta c A = 1 +

3
3
1
1

A 1+
+ 2 2 2 + 3 3 3 = 1 +
( Bt ng thc Cosicho 3 s dng )
abc a b c
a b c
abc
1
1
a+b+c

= 8 => abc 8 =>

3
abc 8

Theo bt ng thc cosi: abc

3

729
1
Vy A 1 + =
512
8

Bi 5:
5: Ta c :
<=>

(Du bng xy ra: a = b = c = 2)

a3
+ b 2 + c 2 > ab + bc + ac
3

a2
a2
+ b2 + c2 a(b+c) bc > 0 <=>
+ (b + c)2 a(b+c) 3bc > 0
3
3

Thay bc =

(*)

1
a2
3
ta c: (*) <=>
+ (b + c)2 a(b+c) > 0
a
3
a

a3
<=> a( b + c) a (b + c) +
-3>0
3
2

t b + c = x ta c: ax2 a2x +

a3
- 3 > 0 Vi mi x
3

iu ny tng ng: = a4 4a (
<=> a4 -

a3
- 3) < 0
3

4a 4
+ 12a < 0 <=> 12a (36 a3) < 0 ng v a3 > 36
3

Bi 6: Do vai tr bnh ng ca x, y, z nn c th gi s z y x
Khi : x(x - y) (x - z) 0 (1)
Mt khc: z (z - x) y(y - z)
Do vy: z (z - x) (z - y) y(y - x) (z - y)
z (z - x) (z - y) + y(y - z) (y - x) 0 (2)
T (1) v (2) pcm.
GIA S

C KHNH

0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

Bi 7: Do a, b, c [0;2] nn (2 - a) (2 - b) (2 - c) 0
8 - 4 (a + b + c) + 2 (ab + bc + ac) - abc 0

2 (ab + ac + bc) + 4 (a + b + c) + abc - 8

2 (ab + ac + bc) 4 + abc 4

(a + b + c)2 - (a2 + b2 + c2) 4

(a2 + b2 + c2) < 5

Du "=" xy ra khi a, b, c c mt s bng 2; mt s bng 0; mt s bng 1.
Bi 8: Ta c: (a3 - b3) (a2 - b2) 0 (a5 + b5) a2 b2 (a + b)
ab
ab
c2
c
Do : 5 5
2 2
2 =
a + b + ab a b (a + b) + ab c
a+b+c
bc
a
Tng t: 5 5
<
(2)
a+b+c
a + b + ab
ca
b
<
(3) .
5
5
a+b+c
c + a + ac

(1)

T (1) ; (2) v (3) ta c iu cn chng minh

Bi 9: Gi s c hai bt ng thc u ng khi :
5 xy x2 + y2 v

5 x(x + y) x2 (x + y)2

5 (x2 + 2xy) 3x2 + 2xy + 2y2

2y2 - 2( 5 - 1)xy + (3 - 5 )x2 0

4y2 - 4 ( 5 - 1)xy + (6 - 3 5 )x2 0
(2y)2 - 2 . 2y ( 5 - 1)x + [( 5 - 1)]2 0
[2y - ( 5 - 1)x]2 0
iu ny khng xy ra v ( 5 - 1)x l s v t khng th bng 2y khi x ,y + .
Bi10: Theo bt ng thc Cosi cho hai s dng ta c:
bc
b+c c+a a+b
ca
ab
+
+
2
+
+

b
c
a
b
c
a

b+c
a

c+a
b

ca
ab ab
bc bc
ca

+
+
+
+
+

c c
a a
b
c
b

a+b

b+c c+a a+b

+
+
2( a + b + c ) a + b + c + 3 6 abc = a + b + c + 3
a
b
c

(Bt ng thc cosi cho 3 s)

Du bng xy ra khi a = b= c =1
Bi 11: Theo bt ng thc Bunhiacopxi ta c: ( p + q )

q
p q
=
. pa +
. qb + ( pa + qb )
b
a b
a

p q
+ ( pb + qc)
b c

Tng t ( p + q )2

GIA S

C KHNH

0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

( p + q )2 p + q ( pc + qa )
c

1
1
1
1 1 1
( p + q ) + +
+
+
a b c
pa + qb pb + qc pc + qa

Do ( p + q )2
=>

1 1 1
p+q
p+q
p+q
+ +
+
+
a b c pa + qb pb + qc pc + qa

Bi 12: Ta c: P =

1
(6 2x) (12 3y) (2x + 3y)
6

6 2 x + 12 3 y + 2 x + 3 y
3
6P
=6
3

P 36
6 2 x = 12 3 y = 2 x + 3 y
x = 0

Pmax = 6 <=> 0 x 3

y = 2
0 y 4

Bi 13: Ta c: x4 + y4 3 = xy ( 1- 2xy)
<=> xy + 3 = x4 + y4 + 2x2 y2 <=> xy + 3 = (x2 + y2)2
Do (x2 + y2)2 4x2y2 do : xy+ 3 4x2y2
t xy = t ta c: 4x2y2 xy 3 0 hay 4t2 t 3 0 <=>

3
t 1
4

Vy (xy)max = 1 khi x = y = 1
(xy)min =
Bi 14: Ta c:

3
3
khi x = y =
4
2

( x + 1)( x + 2 )( x + 3)( x + 4 ) 3 0 ( x + 1)( x + 4 ) ( x + 2 )( x + 3) 3 0

( x 2 + 5 x + 4 )( x 2 + 5 x + 6 ) 3 0

t x2 +5x +4 = t th x2 +5x +6 = t +2
t 1
t 3

Bt phng trnh tr thnh : t 2 +2t -3 0 ( t + 3)( t 1) 0

Vi t 3 ta c: x2+5x+8 0 x + + 0 V nghim
2
4

5
13
5 + 13
x+

x
5
13

2
2
Vi t 1 ta c: x 2 + 5 x + 4 1 x 2 + 5 x + 3 0 x + 2

2
4

5
13
5 + 13
x +
x

2
2

2
2

GIA S

C KHNH

0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

PHNG PHP CHBN I*M RI CHO BT NG TH

C CAUCHY
Khi p dng bt csi trong cc bi ton tm cc tr th vic la chn tham s ti du = xy
ra l iu quan trng v kh khn nht. i lc trong cc bi ton khi cc bin b gii hn bi mt iu
kin no th khi p dng trc tip s dn n nhiu sai lm. V th trong chuyn mc nh ny ti
mun trnh by nhng phng php c th bn c th tm c tham s ph hp.
Bi ton 1: Cho cc s dng x,y,z sao cho x+y+z = 1. Tm cc gi tr nh nht:
a) A = x2 +y2 +z2
b) B = x2 +y2 +3z2
c) C = x2 +2y2 +3z2
d) D = ax2 +by2 +cz2

GiIi:
a) Bi ny kh n gin chc bn no cng u bit n. Tuy nhin dng bi ny minh ha
cho vic la chn tham s theo mnh l ph hp nht.
V vai tr cc bin x,y,z l nh nhau nn ta c th d on c du = xy ra ti x=y=z=1/3. Nn ta c
nh sau:
(du = xy ra khi
)
Nh vy ta p dng nh sau:
cng dn li ri suy ra.
b) Nh bi trn mnh ni ln mt tng l thm vo cc bit s ph nh chng hn.
V phng php thm ny ni chung rt hiu qu v trit cho cc bi ton dng ny.
Ta thy vai tr ca x,y l nh nhau nn ta c th d on c du = xy ra x=y. Ta cn chn cc bit s
ph sao:
(du = xy ra khi

(du = xy ra khi

(du = xy ra khi
)
V mc ch ca cc bit s ph sao cho khi ta cng dn li ch xut hin x+y+z. Nn ta c
suy ra:
(*)
ng thi vi cc iu kin du bng v (*) cc bn s tm c cc bit s ph nh mun.
c) thy thm s hiu qu th cu c iu kin cc tham s k rng buc. Ta chn cc bit
s ph sao cho:
(du = xy ra ti

(du = xy ra ti

(du = xy ra ti
)
V mc ch ca cc bit s ph khi ta cng dn li ch xut hin x+y+z
(*)
Vy ta suy ra d dng:
GIA S

C KHNH

0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

n thi vi du = xy ra v k (*) bn c th tm c bit s.

d) Sang cu d y l mt dng tng qut ca bi ton ny. Tuy nhin khi gii m lm theo cc
bc trn th tht l kh chi v mt thi gian nhiu. Nay mnh xin ni thm y l mt cch rt hay ch
cn 1 hay 2 dng l ra cc bit s ph lin. Tuy nhin cc bn phi hiu r cc cch trn v y ch l mt
cch suy ra t pp trn m thi.
nh vy bn ch cn rt x,y,z theo ri th vo iu kin l c th ra c im
ri.
Ngoi ra vi bi ton trn n k ch gii hn mc nh u m n cn nng ln bc cao
m,n,k ca x,y,z bt k cng vi iu kin c th tng qut hn:
. M cch gii vn
khng my thay i (tuy nhin u l s nguyn)
Bi ton 2: Cho x,y,z l cc s dng tha xy+yz+zx=1. Tm gi tr ln nht:
a) A = x2 +y2 +2z2
b) B = x2 +y2 +az2
c) C = ax2 +ay2 +z2
d) D = ax2 +by2 +cz2

GiIi:
Nhng bi ny chng ta cng s v c chung mt hng i gii quyt :
a.1=a+b, 1=c+d, 2=e+f (trong a,b,c,d,e,f c l cc s s tm c)
Ta c:
du = xy ra khi:
Suy ra: ade=bcf
V mc ch ca cc bit s ny l c th a v dng xy+yz+zx. Nn khi :
Nh vy ta c h phng trnh sau:
abd = cef a+b=1 c+d=1
e+f=2
H trn 6 phng trnh tng ng vi 6 n s cc bn hon ton c th gii c c iu hi di. Tuy
nhin trong trng hp bi ton a,b,c chng ta thy rng cc bin x,y c tnh i xng nay nn vic phn
tch s n gin hn th ny a=c, b=d, e=f. Nh vy th n gin hn ng k1
Cn trng hp bi cui cng kh tng qut th vic gii n s kh khn i cht. Nhng c mt
phng php rt hay v mi:
Xt biu thc:

Vi
Nh vy ta c h phng trnh bc 3 theo trong
l nghim dng nh nht. T y bn c
th tnh ra suy ra gi tr nh nht ca biu thc m k cn phi gii a,b,c,d,e,f.

GIA S

C KHNH

0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

JI BIN * CH
NG MINH BT NG TH
C
i khi chng minh mt bi ton BT c rt nhiu cch khc nhau gii, song khng
phi cch no cng thun li cho vic chng minh BT, c nhiu BT ra phc tp lm cho ta
cm gi ri, nhng qua vic a v bin mi th bi ton tr nn d hn. Bi vit ny xin nu ra
mt s cch i bin chng minh BT c d dng hn.
Sau y l mt s v d :
VD1:(BT Nesbitt): Cho a,b,c l cc s thc dng . CMR:

a
b
c
3
+
+

b+c c+a a+b 2

y+zx

a =
2
x = b + c
x+z y
1 y+ zx x+ z y x+ yz 3

Ta t y = c + a b =
nn BT
+
+

x
y
z
2
2
2
z = a + b

x+ yz

c =
2

x y y z z x
x y
y z
z x
+ + + + + 2
. +2
. + 2 . = 6 (ng)
y x
z y
x z
y x z y x z

Vy BT uc chng minh.
Du = xy ra a = b = c
VD2: (Prance Pre MO 2005) Cho cc s thc dng x, y, z tho mn: x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3 . CMR:
xy yz zx
+ + 3
z
x
y

a =

t b =

c =

xy
z
yz
vi a, b, c > 0 t gi thit x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3 ab + bc + ca = 3
x
zx
y

V BT cn CM CM BT a + b + c 3
mt khc ta c BT sau: a 2 + b2 + c 2 ab + bc + ca a + b + c 3(ab + bc + ca) = 3
Vy BT uc chng minh.
Du = xy ra x = y = z = 1
VD3: Cho x, y, z >0 tho x + y + z = 1 . CMR

1 4 9
+ + 36
x y z

x = a + b + c

T gi thit ta c th t: y =
vi a,b,c >0
a+b+c

z = a +b + c

a+b+c
a+b+c
a+b+c
Nn BT CM
+ 4.
+ 9.
36
a
b
c

GIA S

C KHNH

0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

b c
a
c
a
b
+ + 4. + 4. + 9. + 9. 22
a a
b
b
c
c
a c
a c
b
b a
c a
c b
b
+ 4. + + 9. + 4. + 9. 2 .4. + 2 .9. + 2 4. .9. = 22 (ng)
b a
c b
c
a b
a c
b c
a

x = 6

b = 2a
1
Du = xy ra
y =
3
c = 3a
1

z = 2

VD4: Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng. CMR xyz ( x + y z )( y + z x)( z + x y )

x = b + c

Ta t y = c + a vi a, b, c > 0 nn BT CM BT (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) 8abc

z = a + b

mt khc ta c (a + b)(b + c)(c + a ) 8abc = a (b c) 2 + b(c a ) 2 + c(a b) 2 0

Vy BT uc chng minh.
Du = xy ra x = y = z
VD5: ( IMO 2000) Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tho mn abc=1 .

CMR: a 1 + b 1 + c 1 + 1
b
c
a

a = y

Do abc = 1 nn ta c th t b =
vi x, y, z > 0
z

c = x

x
z y
x z
y
Nn BT c th vit li 1 + 1 + 1 + 1
y z
z x
x
y
xyz ( x + y z )( y + z x)( z + x y ) ( CM VD4)

Vy BT uc chng minh.
Du = xy ra a = b = c = 1
VD6:( IMO-1995) Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tho mn abc=1 .
CMR :

1
1
1
3
+ 3
+ 3

a (b + c) b (c + a) c (a + b) 2
3

1
a = x

Ta t b =
vi x, y, z > 0 v do abc = 1 nn xyz = 1
y

1
c =

GIA S

C KHNH

0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

Nn BT

x2
y2
z2
3
+
+

y+z z+x x+ y 2
x2
y2
z2
2
+
+
( x + y + z)
y+z z+x x+ y

mt khc theo BT Cauchy- Schwarz ta c: ( y + z ) + ( z + x ) + ( x + y )

x2
y2
z 2 x + y + z 3 3 xyz 3

+
+

2
2
2
y+z z+x x+ y

Vy BT uc chng minh.
Du = xy ra a = b = c = 1
VD7: Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tho mn: xyz = x + y + z + 2 .
3
xyz
2
1
1
1
T xyz = x + y + z + 2
+
+
=1
1+ x 1+ y 1+ z
1
1
1
Ta t
= a,
= b,
= c vi a, b, c > 0
1+ x
1+ y
1+ z
1 a b + c
1 b a + c
1 c a + b
x=
=
,y=
=
,z =
=
a
a
b
b
c
c
a
b
b
c
c
a
3
Nn BT cn CM CM BT
.
+
.
+
.

b+c c+a
c+a a+b
a+b b+c 2

CMR:

x+ y+ z

Mt khc ta c:

a
b
1 a
b
.

+

b+c c+a 2 a+c b+c

b
c
1 b
c
.

+

c+a a+b 2b+a c+a

c
a
1 c
a
.

+

a+b b+c 2 c+b a+b

Nn

a
b
b
c
c
a
1 a
b
b
c
c
a 3
.
+
.
+
.

+
+
+
+
+
=
b+c c+a
c+a a+b
a+b b+c 2 a+c b+c b+a c+a c+b a+b 2

Vy BT lun ng
Du = xy ra x = y = z = 2
Sau Ly l mQt sS bi tTp LV luyWn tTp:
Bi 1: Cho a,b,c l 3 cnh ca tam gic:
a
b
c
+
+
3
b+c a c + a b a +bc
1
1
1
1 1 1
2)
+
+
+ +
a +bc b+c a c +a b a b c

1)

Bi 2: Cho x, y, z l cc s thc dng tho mn x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 xyz = 1 . CMR:

1) x + y + z
2)

3
2

1 1 1
+ + 4( x + y + z )
x y z

GIA S

C KHNH

0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN

Gi : t gi thit ta c th t x =

a
b
c
,y=
,z =
b+c
c+a
a +b

Bi 3: Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng tho mn a + b + c = 1 . CMR:

Bi 4: Cho a, b, c > 0 tho mn abc = 1 . CMR: 1 +

1
1
1
1
+
+
2 + 22 +
abc
ab
bc
ca

3
6

a + b + c ab + bc + ca

Bi 5: Cho a,b,c l di 3 cnh ca tam gic. CMR:

1) a 2 + b 2 + c 2 4 3S vi S l din tich tam gic
2) a 2b(a b) + b 2 c(b c) + c 2 a(c a) 0
Gi : t a = x + y, b = y + z, c = z + x

GIA S

C KHNH

0975.120.189

22A PHM NGC THCH TP .QUY NHN