Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Medium Voltage
MV design guide
Schneider Electric
Industrie SA
ART86206
Postal address
F-38050 Grenoble cedex 9
Tel.: +33 (0)4 76 57 60 60
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http://www.schneider-electric.com
The technical data given in this guide are given for information
purposes only. For this reason, Schneider Electric Industries SA
is in no way liable for any omission or error contained in its
pages.
AMTED300014EN
Design Guide
Goal
This guide is a catalogue
of technical know-how
intended for medium voltage
equipment designers.
How?
c By proposing simple and clear calculation outlines to
guide the designer step by step.
c By showing actual calculation examples.
c By providing information on units of measure and
international standards.
c By comparing international standards.
In summary
This guide helps you to carry out the calculations required to
define and determine equipment dimensions and provides
useful information enabling you to design your MV
switchboard.
Schneider Electric
General contents
MV design guide
Schneider Electric
Presentation
Voltage
Current
Frequency
Switchgear functions
Different types of enclosures
6
8
9
9
10
Design rules
11
Short-circuit power
Short-circuit currents
Transformer
Synchronous generator
Asynchronous motor
11
12
13
14
14
Reminder
Three phase calculation example
15
17
Busbar calculation
Thermal withstand
Electrodynamic withstand
Intransic resonant frequency
21
24
27
29
31
Dielectric withstand
Dielectric strength of the medium
Shape of parts
Distance between parts
Protection index
IP code
IK code
38
38
39
39
41
41
41
Switchgear definition
45
45
54
61
64
Units of measure
67
Basic units
Common magnitudes and units
Correspondence between Imperial units
and international system units (SI)
67
67
Standards
71
Quoted standards
IEC-ANSI comparison
71
72
References
81
81
Index
83
69
Presentation
Metal-enclosed,
factory-built equipment
Introduction
To start with,
here is some key
information on MV switchboards!
reference is made to the International
Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC).
Schneider Electric
Presentation
Metal-enclosed,
factory-built equipment
Voltage
Operating voltage U (kV)
This is applied across the equipment terminals.
N.B.: IEC 694, article 4 sets the various voltage values together with, in article 6,
the dielectric testing conditions.
Example:
c Operating voltage: 20 kV
c Rated voltage: 24 kV
c Power frequency withstand voltage
50 Hz 1 mn: 50 kV rms.
c Impulse withstand voltage
1.2/50 s: 125 kV peak.
Schneider Electric
Presentation
Metal-enclosed,
factory-built equipment
Standards
Apart from special cases, MERLIN GERIN equipment is in conformity with
list 2 of the series 1 table in IEC 60 071 and 60 298.
Rated
voltage
kV rms.
Rated lightning
impulse
withstand voltage
1.2/50 s 50 Hz
kV peak
7.2
12
17.5
24
36
list 1
40
60
75
95
145
list 2
60
75
95
125
170
Rated
power-frequency
withstand voltage
Normal
operating
voltage
1 minute kV rms.
kV rms.
20
28
38
50
70
3.3 to 6.6
10 to 11
13.8 to 15
20 to 22
25.8 to 36
Rated impulse
withstand voltage
1.2/50 s kV peak
Distance/earth
in air cm
60
75
95
125
170
10
12
16
22
32
U
Um
0.5 Um
t
Rated voltage
Rated power frequency
withstand voltage
50 Hz 1 mm
1.2 s
50 s
Rated lightning
withstand voltage
20 7.2
28
12
38
50
70
Ud
Schneider Electric
17.5
24
36
Ur
60
75
95
125
170
Up
Metal-enclosed,
factory-built equipment
Presentation
Current
Rated normal current: Ir (A)
This is the rms. value of current that equipment can withstand when
closed, without exceeding the temperature rise allowed in standards.
The table below gives the temperature rises authorised by the IEC
according to the type of contacts.
Rated normal current:
Type of mechanism
of material
Max. values
Max. temperature
of conductor (C)
contacts in air
bare copper or copper alloy
75
silver or nickel plated
105
tin-plated
90
bolted connections or equivalent devices
bare copper, bare copper alloy
or aluminium alloy
90
silver or nickel plated
115
tin-plated
105
50
75
65
Examples:
c For a switchboard with a 630 kW motor
feeder and a 1 250 kVA transformer feeder
at 5.5 kV operating voltage.
v calculating the operating current
of the transformer feeder:
Apparent power:
S = UIe
I=
1 250
S
=
Ue 5,5 1,732
= 130 A
P
630
=
= 82 A
Uecos 5.5 1.732 0.9 0.9
Schneider Electric
Presentation
Metal-enclosed,
factory-built equipment
Frequency fr (Hz)
c Two frequencies are usually used throughout the world:
v 50 Hz in Europe
v 60 Hz in America.
Several countries use both frequencies indiscriminately.
Switchgear functions
Designation
and symbol
function
Current switching
operating
fault
Disconnecter
isolates
Earthing disconnecter
isolates
(short-circuit closing
capacity)
Switch
switches,
does not isolate
Disconnecter switch
switches
isolates
switches
protects
isolates if withdrawn
switches
does not isolate
switches
isolates if withdrawn
switches
protects
does not isolate
Withdrawable circuit breaker
Fixed contactor
Withdrawable contactor
Fuse
protects
does not isolate
(once)
= YES
Schneider Electric
Metal-enclosed,
factory-built equipment
Presentation
Metal-clad
Compartment
Block-type
3
indifferent
metal
or not
2
indifferent
metal
or not
Cubicles
External walls
Number of MV
compartments
Internal partitions
Presence of bushings
Ease of operations
when live
difficult, but
always possible
possible
= YES
10
Schneider Electric
Short-circuit power
Design rules
Introduction
Example 1:
25 kA at an operating voltage of 11 kV
R
Zcc L
Icc
U
B
Ssc = e U Isc
Zs
:
:
Example 2:
c Feedback via LV Isc5 is only
possible if the transformer (T4)
is powered by another source.
c Three sources are flowing in the
switchboard (T1-A-T2)
v circuit breaker D1 (s/c at A)
Isc1 + Isc2 + Isc3 + Isc4 + Isc5
v circuit breaker D2 (c/c at B)
Isc1 + Isc2 + Isc3 + Isc4 + Isc5
v circuit breaker D3 (c/c at C)
Isc1 + Isc2 + Isc3 + Isc4 + Isc5
T2
Isc2
Isc3
D1
D2
D3
10 kV
D4
D6
D5
D7
MT
T3
Isc5
Isc4
BT
T4
BT
MT
Schneider Electric
11
Design rules
Short-circuit currents
(example: 25 kA rms)
Ith
Isc
figure 1
Current
I peak= Idyn
2rIsc
direct component
2rIsc
Time
N.B.:
c A specification may give one value in kA rms and one value in MVA as below:
Isc = 19 kA rms or 350 MVA at 10 kV
v if we calculate the equivalent current at 350 MVA we find:
350
= 20.2 kA rms
e 10
The difference lies in the way in which we round up the value and in local habits.
The value 19 kA rms is probably the most realistic.
v another explanation is possible: in medium and high voltage, IEC 909 applies
a coefficient of 1.1 when calculating maximal Isc.
Isc =
Isc = 1,1
U
= E
e Zcc Zcc
12
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Short-circuit currents
Transformer
In order to determine the short-circuit current across the terminals
of a transformer, we need to know the short-circuit voltage (Usc %).
c Usc % is defined in the following way:
U : 0 to Usc
potentiometer
primary
secondary
I : 0 to Ir
Schneider Electric
13
Short-circuit currents
Design rules
Synchronous generators
(alternators and motors)
Calculating the short-circuit current across the terminals of a
synchronous generator is very complicated because the internal
impedance of the latter varies according to time.
c When the power gradually increases, the current reduces passing
through three characteristic periods:
v sub-transient (enabling determination of the closing capacity of circuit
breakers and electrodynamic contraints), average duration, 10 ms
v transient (sets the equipment's thermal contraints),
average duration 250 ms
v permanent (this is the value of the short-circuit current in steady state).
c The short-circuit current is calculated in the same way as for
transformers but the different states must be taken account of.
courant
Example:
Calculation method for an alternator
or a synchronous motor
c Alternator 15 MVA
c Voltage U = 10 kV
c X'd = 20 %
Sr
15
Ir =
=
= 870 A
e U e 10 000
Isc =
Ir
Isc
fault
appears
time
870
Ir
=
= 4 350 A = 4.35 kA
Xcc trans. 20/100
healthy subtransient
state
state
permanent
state
transient
state
short-circuit
Ir
Xsc
Sub-transient X''d
Transient X'd
Permanent Xd
Xsc
10 - 20 %
15 - 25 %
200 - 350 %
Asynchronous motor
M
14
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Short-circuit currents
c Three-phase short-circuit
2
Ssc = 1.1 U Isc e = U
Zsc
Isc =
1.1 U
e Zsc
with
R2 + X 2
Zsc =
c Upstream network
2
Z= U
Ssc
R=
X
0.3 at 6 kV
0.2 at 20 kV
0.1 at 150 kV
c Overhead lines
X = 0.4 /km
X = 0.3 /km
= 1.8.10-6 cm
= 2.8.10-6 cm
= 3.3.10-6 cm
R=L
S
HV
MV/LV
copper
aluminium
almlec
c Synchronous generators
2
Z() = X() = U Xsc (%)
100
Sr
Xsc
turbo
exposed poles
sub-transient
10 to 20 %
15 to 25 %
transient
15 to 25 %
25 to 35 %
permanent
200 to 350 %
70 to 120 %
c Transformers
(order of magnitude: for real values, refer to data given by manufacturer)
E.g.:
Sr (kVA)
Usc (%)
c Cables
100 to 3150
4 to 7.5
MV/LV
5000 to 5000
8 to 12
HV/MV
c Busbars
X = 0.15 /km
Schneider Electric
15
Design rules
Short-circuit currents
Xsc
high speed motors
low speed motors
compensators
Sub-transient
15 %
35 %
25 %
transient
25 %
50 %
40 %
permanent
80 %
100 %
160 %
Isc z 3 Ir,
contribution to Isc by current feedback
(with I rated = Ir)
c Fault arcing
Id =
Isc
1.3 to 2
ainsi
Z2 = Z1 (U2 )2
U1
A
HV cable R1, X1
LV cable R2, X2
Power source
Ra, Xa
transformer RT, XT
impedance at primary
R = R2 + RT
+ R21 + Ra
2
2
n
X = X2 + XT2 + X21 + Xa
n
n2
n: transformation ratio
c Triangle of impedances
Z=
(R2 + X2)
Z
X
16
Schneider Electric
Short-circuit currents
Design rules
Impedance method
All the components of a network (supply network, transformer, alternator,
motors, cables, bars, etc) are characterised by an impedance (Z)
comprising a resistive component (R) and an inductive component (X) or
so-called reactance. X, R and Z are expressed in ohms.
c The relation between these different values is given by:
Z=
(R2 + X2)
Tr2
Isc =
Equivalent layouts
U
e Zsc
Zr
Zt1
Zt2
Za
Z = Zr + Zt1//Zt2
Isc
U
:
:
Zsc
Z = Zr + Zt1 Zt2
Zt1 + Zt2
Za
Zsc = Z//Za
Zsc = Z Za
Z + Za
Example 2:
c Zsc = 0.72 ohm
c U = 10 kV
10
Isc =
= 21.38 kA
e 0,27
Schneider Electric
17
Design rules
Here is a problem
to solve!
Short-circuit currents
Exercice data
Supply at 63 kV
Short-circuit power of the source: 2 000 MVA
c Network configuration:
Two parallel mounted transformers and an alternator.
c Equipment characteristics:
v transformers:
- voltage 63 kV / 10 kV
- apparent power: 1 to 15 MVA, 1 to 20 MVA
- short-circuit voltage: Usc = 10 %
v Alternator :
- voltage: 10 kV
- apparent power: 15 MVA
- X'd transient: 20 %
- X"d sub-transient: 15 %
c Question:
v determine the value of short-circuit current at the busbars,
v the breaking and closing capacities of the circuit breakers D1 to D7.
63 kV
T1
G1
D3
Transformer
15 MVA
Usc = 10 %
T2
D1
D2
10 kV
D4
18
Transformer
20 MVA
Usc = 10 %
D5
Busbars
D6
D7
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Short-circuit currents
Zr = network impedance
Z15 = transformer
impedance 15 MVA
Z20 = transformer
impedance
20 MVA
busbars
( R2 + X2)
Schneider Electric
19
Short-circuit currents
Design rules
Component
Calculation
Z = X (ohms)
Network
Ssc = 2 000 MVA
U op. = 10 kV
Zr =
15 MVA transformer
(Usc = 10 %)
U op. = 10 kV
2
2
Z15 = U Usc = 10 10
15 100
Sr
20 MVA transformer
(Usc = 10 %)
U op. = 10 kV
2
2
Z20 = U Usc = 10 10
20 100
Sr
15 MVA alternator
U op. = 10 kV
2
Za = U Xsc
Sr
Transient state
(Xsc = 20 %)
2
Zat = 10 20
15 100
Zat = 1.33
Sub-transient state
(Xsc = 15 %)
2
Zas =10 15
15 100
Zas = 1
Busbars
Parallel-mounted with
the transformers
U2
Ssc
102
2 000
0.05
0.67 0.5
Z15//Z20 = Z15 Z20 =
Z15 + Z20 0.67 + 0.5
0.67
0.5
Zet = 0.29
Zer = 0.34
Parallel-mounting of
the generator set
Transient state
z 0.27
Sub-transient state
0.34 1
Zer//Zat = Zer Zat =
Zer + Zat 0.34 + 1
z 0.25
Circuit breaker
Equivalent circuit
Breaking capacity
Closing capacity
Z (ohm)
in kA rms.
2
Icc = U = 10 1
e Zsc e Zsc
D4 to D7
transient state
Z = 0.27
Zr
Za
Z15
Z20
21.40
17
17 2.5 = 42.5
17.9
12.4
12.4 2.5 = 31
sub-transient state
Z = 0.25
Zt = [Zr + (Z15//Z20)]//Za
D3 alternator
Zr
Z = 0.34
Z15
Z20
Zt = Zr + (Z15//Z20)
D1 15 MVA transformer
Za
Zr
transient state
Z = 0.39
Z20
sub-transient state
Z = 0.35
Zt = (Zr + Z20)//Za
D2 20 MVA transformer
Zr
Za
Z15
transient state
Z = 0.47
sub-transient state
Z = 0.42
Zt = (Zr + Z15)//Za
20
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Busbar calculation
Introduction
c The dimensions of busbars are determined taking account of normal
operating conditions.
The voltage (kV) that the installation operates at determines the phase to
phase and phase to earth distance and also determines the height and
shape of the supports.
The rated current flowing through the busbars is used to determine the
cross-section and type of conductors.
c We then ensure that the supports (insulators) resist the mechanical
effects and that the bars resist the mechanical and thermal effects due
to short-circuit currents.
We also have to check that the period of vibration intrinsic to the bars
themselves is not resonant with the current period.
c To carry out a busbar calculation, we have to use the following physical
and electrical characteristics assumptions:
Busbar electrical characteristics
Ssc
MVA
Ur
rated voltage
kV
operating voltage
kV
Ir
rated current
* N.B.: It is is generally provided by the customer in this form or we can calculate it having the
short-circuit current Isc and the operating voltage U: (Ssc = e Isc U; see chapter on "Shortcircuit currents").
cm2
cm
cm
( - n)
profile
:
material
:
arrangement :
flat
copper
flat-mounted
aluminium
edge-mounted
In summary:
bar(s) of
Schneider Electric
cm per phase
21
Busbar calculation
Design rules
Temperature rise
Taken from table V of standard IEC 60 694
Temperature
(C)
( - n)
with n = 40C
90
105
100
50
65
60
115
115
100
75
75
60
105
105
100
65
65
60
22
Schneider Electric
Busbar calculation
Design rules
Temperature rise
Extract from table V of standard IEC 60 694
Temperature
(C)
( - n)
with n = 40C
75
90
80
35
50
40
105
105
90
65
65
50
90
90
90
50
50
50
Schneider Electric
23
Design rules
Busbar calculation
Thermal withstand
For the rated current (Ir)
The MELSON & BOTH equation published in the "Copper
Development Association" review allows us to define the
permissible current in a conductor:
I=K
20 [1+ ( - 20)]
with:
perimeter of a bar
( - n)
cm2
busbar perimeter
cm
(opposite diagram)
20
:
:
:
conditions coefficient
product of 6 coefficients (k1, k2, k3, k4, k5, k6),
described below
1.83 cm
2.90 cm
0.05
0.06
no. of bars per phase
2
1.63
1.73
3
2.40
2.45
0.08
1.76
2.50
e/a
0.10
0.12
k1
1.80
1.83
2.55
2.60
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
1.85
2.63
1.87
2.65
1.89
2.68
1.91
2.70
In our case:
e/a =
the number of bars per phase =
giving k1 =
24
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Busbar calculation
In our case:
n=
1
1
2
1
3
0.98
giving k6 =
In fact we have:
k=
I=
24.9 (
) 0.61
[1+ 0.004 (
I=K
0.5
0.39
- 20)]
20 [1+ ( - 20)]
I=
of
bar(s)
cm per phase
25
Design rules
Busbar calculation
cc =
0.24 20 Ith2 tk
(n S)2 c
with:
sc
Ith
20
(Ith2 )2 t = constant
(26.16 103)2 2 = 137 107
( - n)
8.9 g/cm3
2.7 g/cm3
1.83 cm
2.90 cm
A rms
in s
cm2
tk
Example:
How can we find the value of Ith
for a different duration?
Knowing: (Ith)2 t = constant
0.091 kcal/daNC
0.23 kcal/daN C
sc =
sc =
0.24
(
10-6 (
)2
)2
t = n + (-n) + sc
t =
Check:
26
Schneider Electric
Busbar calculation
Design rules
Electrodynamic withstand
We have to check if the bars
chosen withstand the
electrodynamic forces.
F1 = 2 l Idyn2 10-8
d
with
F1
Idyn
:
:
F1
Idyn
Ssc
short-circuit power
Ith
A rms
operating voltage
kV
cm
cm
2.5 for 50 Hz ; 2.6 for 60 Hz for IEC and 2.7 according to ANSI
Giving : Idyn =
kVA
A and F1 =
daN
F = F1
H+h
H
d
with
F
H
h
h = e/2
:
:
:
force expressed
insulator height
distance from insulator head
to busbar centre of gravity
daN
cm
cm
F1
F
H
support
2
0.5
3
1.25
4
1.10
daN
5
1.14
Schneider Electric
27
Busbar calculation
Design rules
F1 l v
12
I
=
with
F1
I/v
daN
cm
cm3
phase 1
phase 2
b
v
h
I
b h2
=
6
v
x'
3
I = 2 ( b h + S d2)
12
phase 2
x
I
=
v
b h3
+ S d2)
12
1.5 h
2(
d
h
S
x'
xx': perpendicular to the plane of vibration
Check:
28
< Bars Cu or Al
(in daN/cm2)
Schneider Electric
Busbar calculation
Design rules
Arrangement*
S
cm2
m
Cu
daN/cm A5/L
100 x 10
10
0.089
0.027
80 x 10
8
0.071
0.022
80 x 6
4.8
0.043
0.013
80 x 5
4
0.036
0.011
80 x 3
2,4
0.021
0.006
50 x 10
5
0.044
0.014
50 x 8
4
0.036
0.011
50 x 6
3
0.027
0.008
50 x 5
2.5
0.022
0.007
x'
cm4
0.83
0.66
0.144
0.083
0.018
0.416
0.213
0.09
0.05
I/v
cm3
1.66
1.33
0.48
0.33
0.12
0.83
0.53
0.3
0.2
cm4
83.33
42.66
25.6
21.33
12.8
10.41
8.33
6.25
5.2
I/v
cm3
16.66
10.66
6.4
5.33
3.2
4.16
3.33
2.5
2.08
cm4
21.66
17.33
3.74
2.16
0.47
10.83
5.54
2.34
1.35
I/v
cm3
14.45
11.55
4.16
2.88
1.04
7.22
4.62
2.6
1.8
cm4
166.66
85.33
51.2
42.66
25.6
20.83
16.66
12.5
10.41
I/v
cm3
33.33
21.33
12.8
10.66
6.4
8.33
6.66
4.16
cm4
82.5
66
14.25
8.25
1.78
41.25
21.12
8.91
5.16
I/v
cm3
33
26.4
9.5
6.6
2.38
16.5
10.56
5.94
4.13
cm4
250
128
76.8
64
38.4
31.25
25
18.75
15.62
I/v
cm3
50
32
19.2
16
9.6
12.5
10
7.5
6.25
x'
x
x'
x
x'
x
x'
x
x'
Check that
the chosen busbars
will not resonate.
EI
ml4
resonant frequency in Hz
modulus of elasticity:
for copper = 1.3 106 daN/cm2
for aluminium A5/L = 0.67 106 daN/cm2
daN/cm
cm
cm4
(see formula previously explained or choose the value in the table above)
giving
f=
Hz
29
Busbar calculation
Design rules
Exercise data
c Consider a switchboard comprised of at least 5 MV cubicles.
Each cubicle has 3 insulators(1 per phase).
Busbars comprising 2 bars per phase, inter-connect the cubicles
electrically.
Busbar characteristics to check:
S
10
cm2
18
cm
70
cm
ambient temperature
40
( - n)
50
(90-40=50)
Top view
Cubicle 1
Cubicle 2
Cubicle 3
Cubicle 4
profile
flat
material
Cubicle 5
arrangement:
edge-mounted
d
d
c Rated frequency fr = 50 Hz
c Other characteristics:
1 cm
1 cm
10 cm
5 cm
12 cm
30
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Let's check
the thermal withstand
of the busbars!
Busbar calculation
I=K
20 [1+ ( - 20)]
with:
ambient temperature
40
( - n)
50
busbar cross-section
10
cm2
busbar perimeter
22
cm
20
copper:
1.83 cm
temperature coefficient
for the resistivity:
0.004
condition coefficient
product of 6 coefficients (k1, k2, k3, k4, k5, k6),
described below
e/a
0.05
0.06
0.08
0.10
number of bars per phase
2 1.63
1.73
1.76
1.80
3 2.40
2.45
2.50
2.55
In our case:
e/a =
number of bars per phase =
giving k1 =
Schneider Electric
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.20
1.85
2.63
1.87
2.65
1.89
2.68
1.91
2.70
k1
1.83
2.60
0.1
2
1.80
31
Design rules
Busbar calculation
In our case:
n= 2
3
0.98
2
1
giving k6 =
In fact, we have:
k = 1.80 1
I = 1.44
1
1
0.8
24.9 ( 90 - 40 ) 0.61 10
1.83 [1+ 0.004 ( 90
22
0.39
- 20)]
20 [1+ ( - 20)]
I=
2 689
Ir < I either
0.5
= 1.44
I=K
32
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Busbar calculation
cc =
0.24 20 Ith2 tk
(n S)2 c
with:
c
10
Ith
31 500
cm2
A rms.
tk
20
( - n):
in secs
8.9 g/cm3
1.83 cm
50
cc =
Calculation of t must be
looked at in more detail because the
required busbars have to withstand
Ir = 2 500 A at most
and not 2 689 A.
cc =
0.24
1.83
10-6 ( 31 500 )2
( 2 10 )2
0.091
8.9
t = n + (-n) + cc
= 40 + 50 + 4
= 94 C
for I = 2 689
Schneider Electric
33
Design rules
Busbar calculation
I
=
Ir
0.61
( (-n)
( ) )
((50) )0.61
2 689
2 500
1
0.61
50
= 1.126
= 44.3 C
v temperature t of the conductor after short-circuit,
for a rated current Ir = 2 500 A is:
t = n + + cc
= 40
+ 44.3
= 88.3
C for Ir = 2 500 A
34
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Let's check
the electrodynamic
withstand of the busbars.
Busbar calculation
F1 = 2 l Idyn2 10-8
d
(see drawing 1 at the start of the calculation example)
70
cm
18
cm
Idyn :
2.5
F = F1
H+h
H
with
F
H
:
:
12
cm
cm
daN
N
kn
giving F = 683
2
0.5
3
1.25
1.14
Schneider Electric
35
Design rules
Busbar calculation
F1 l v
12
I
with
I/v
70
cm
14.45 cm3
482.3 70
12
1
14.45
Arrangement
S
m
daN/cm
cm2
Cu
A5/L
100 x 10
10
0.089
0.027
cm4
0,83
I/v
cm3
1.66
cm4
83.33
I/v
cm3
16.66
cm4
21.66
I/v
cm3
14.45
cm4
166.66
I/v
cm3
33.33
cm4
82.5
I/v
cm3
33
cm4
250
I/v
cm3
50
x'
x
x'
x
x'
x
x'
x
x'
x
x'
36
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Let us check
that the chosen busbars
do not resonate.
Busbar calculation
f = 112
f
frequency of resonance in Hz
modulus of elasticity
for copper =
0.089 daN/cm
70
cm
f = 112
10 21.66
( 1.30.089
)
70
4
f = 406 Hz
In conclusion
bars of 10 1 cm
Schneider Electric
37
Design rules
Dielectric withstand
Pollution level
Pollution may originate: from the external gaseous medium (dust), initial
lack of cleanliness, possibly the breaking down of an internal surface,
pollution combined with humidity causes electrochemical conduction
which will worsen discharge phenomena.
Its scope can be a constraint of the external medium (exposure to
external elements).
38
Schneider Electric
Dielectric withstand
Design rules
Ozone production
0
d
Rated lightning
impulse withstand
voltage
Up (kV)
40
60
75
95
125
Minimum distance
in air phase
to earth and phase
to phase
d (mm)
60
90
120
160
220
The values for distances in air given in the table above are minimum
values determined by considering dielectric properties, they do not
include any increase which could be required to take account of design
tolerances, short circuit effects, wind effects, operator safety, etc.
*These indications are relative to a distance through a single air gap, without taking account of
the breakdown voltage by tracking across the surfaces, related to pollution problems.
Schneider Electric
39
Dielectric withstand
Design rules
Lf
Lf : tracking path
Pollution
level
Example of characteristic
environments
I-low
v industry free zone with very low density of housing equipped with heating
installations
v zones with low density of industry or housing but frequently subjected to wind and/or rain
v agricultural regions 1
v mountain regions
v all these zones can be located at distances of at least 10 km from the sea
and must not be exposed to wind blowing in from the sea 2
II-medium
III-high
v zones with a high density of industries and suburbs of major cities with a
high density of polluting heating installations
v zones situated near to the sea, or at least exposed to quite high winds coming
in from the sea 2
IIII-very high
The use of sprayed fertilisers or the burning of harvested land can lead to a higher level of
pollution due to dispersion by the winds
The distances to the waters edge depends on the topography of the coast region and the
extreme conditions of wind.
40
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Temperature
derating must be
considered.
Protection Index
The IP code
Introduction
Protection of people against direct contact and protection of equipment
against certain external influences is required by international standards
for electrical installations and products (IEC 60 529).
Knowing the protection index is essential for the specification, installation,
operation and quality control of equipment.
Definitions
The protection index is the level of protection provided by an enclosure
against access to hazardous parts, the penetration of solid foreign bodies
and of water. The IP code is a coding system to indicate the protection
index.
Applicational scope
It applies to enclosures for electrical equipment with a rated voltage of
less than or equal to 72.5 kV. It does not concern the circuit breaker on its
own but the front panel must be adapted when the latter is installed within
a cubicle (e.g. finer ventilation grills).
Schneider Electric
41
Protection index
Design rules
Item
Code letter
first characteristic
figure
Figures
or letters
of people
Representation
0
1
against penetration
of solid foreign bodies
(not protected)
diameter 50 mm
against access to
hazardous parts with
(not protected)
back of the hand
diameter 12.5 mm
finger
IP
50mm
12,5mm
X
diameter 2.5 mm
tool
diameter 1 mm
wire
wire
wire
0
1
rain
water projection
spray projection
temporary immersion
prolonged immersion
second characteristic
figure
42
2,5mm
1mm
15
60
Schneider Electric
Design rules
Protection Index
IK code
Introduction
c Certain countries felt the need also to code the protection provided by
enclosures against mechanical impact.
To do this they added a third characteristic figure to the IP code (the case
in Belgium, Spain, France and Portugal). But since the adoption of
IEC 60 529 as the European standard, no European country can have
a different IP code.
c Since the IEC has up to now refused to add this third figure to the
IP code, the only solution to maintain a classification in this field was to
create a different code. This is a subject of a draft European standard
EN 50102: code IK.
c Since the third figure in various countries could have different
meanings and we had to introduce additional levels to cover the main
requirements of product standards, the IK indices have a different
meaning to those of the previous third figures (cf. table below).
Previous 3rd figures of the
IP code in NF C 20-010 (1986)
IK code
IP XX1
IP XX3
IP XX5
IP XX7
IP XX9
IK 02
IK 04
IK 07
IK 08
IK 10
NB: to limit confusion, each new index is given by a two figure number.
Definitions
c The protection indices correspond to impact energy levels expressed
in joules
v hammer blow applied directly to the equipment
v impact transmitted by the supports, expressed in terms of vibrations
therefore in terms of frequency and acceleration
c The protection indices against mechanical impact can be checked by
different types of hammer: pendulum hammer, spring-loaded hammer or
vertical free-fall hammer (diagram below).
striker
relief cone
latching mechanism
pedulum pivot
arming button
support
fall height
attaching
support
Schneider Electric
specimen
43
Protection index
Design rules
IK 01
IK 02
IK 03
IK 04
IK 05
IK 06
IK 07
IK 08
IK 09
IK 10
energies in joules
radius mm 1
material 1
steel = A 2
polyamide = P 3
hammer
pendulum
spring loaded 4
vertical
0.15
10
P
0.2
10
P
0.35
10
P
0.5
10
P
0.7
10
P
1
10
P
2
25
A
5
25
A
10
50
A
20
50
A
= yes
N.B.:
of the hammer head
2
Fe 490-2 according to ISO 1052, hardness 50 HR to 58 HR according to ISO 6508
3
hardness HR 100 according to ISO 2039-2
1
44
Schneider Electric
Switchgear
definition
Introduction
IEC 60 056 and ANSI C37-06
define on one hand the operating conditions,
the rated characteristics, the design and
the manufacture; and on the other hand
the testing, the selection of controls
and installation.
c The circuit breaker is a device that ensures the control and protection
on a network. It is capable of making, withstanding and interrupting
operating currents as well as short-circuit currents.
c The main circuit must be able to withstand without damage:
v the thermal current = short-circuit current during 1 or 3 s
v the electrodynamic current:
2.5 Isc for 50 Hz (IEC)
2.6 Isc for 60 Hz (IEC)
2.7 Isc (ANSI), for a particular time constant (IEC)
v the constant load current.
c Since a circuit breaker is mostly in the "closed" position, the load
current must pass through it without the temperature running away
throughout the equipment's life.
Characteristics
Compulsory rated characteristics
c Rated voltage
c Rated insulation level
c Rated normal current
c Rated short-time withstand current
c Rated peak withstand current
c Rated short-circuit duration
c Rated supply voltage for opening and closing devices
and auxiliary circuits
c Rated frequency
c Rated short-circuit breaking current
c Rated transient recovery voltage
c Rated short-circuit making current
c Rated operating sequence
c Rated time quantities.
Schneider Electric
45
Switchgear
definition
Upeak (%)
100
90
50
1.2 s
t (s)
10
50 s
Standardised wave 1.2/50 s
Rated voltage
(Ur in kV)
7.2
12
17.5
24
36
Impulse withstand
voltage
Power frequency
withstand voltage
(Up in kV)
60
75
95
125
170
(Ud in kV)
20
28
38
50
70
:
:
:
Ssc
e U
short-circuit power
operating voltage
short-circuit current
(in MVA)
(in kV)
(in kA)
46
Schneider Electric
Switchgear
definition
0%
35 %
70 %
100 %
t'
Isc
Ir
O
CO
:
:
c Opening/closing cycle
Assumption: O order as soon as the circuit breaker is closed.
displacement of
contacts
open
position
current flows
time
opening-closing duration
making-breaking duration
contacts are touching in all
poles and order O
energising of
closing circuit
Schneider Electric
47
Switchgear
definition
displacement of
contacts
open position
current flows
current flows
time
making-breaking duration
opening-closing duration
remaking duration
reclosing duration
final arc extinction in all poles
energising of
opening release unit
Example 1:
c For a circuit breaker with a minimum
opening duration of 45 ms (Top) to which
we add 10 ms (Tr) due to relaying,
the graph gives a percentage of the
aperiodic component of around 30 %
for a time constant 1 = 45 ms:
%DC = e
-(45 + 10)
45
= 29.5 %
Example 2:
c Supposing that % DC of a MV
circuit breaker is equal to 65% and that
the symmetric short-circuit current that is
calculated (Isym) is equal to 27 kA.
What does Iasym equal?
Iasym = Isym
1 + 2( %DC )2
100
= 27 kA
1 + 2 (0.65)
[A]
= 36.7 kA
c Using the equation [A],
this is equivalent to a symmetric
short-circuit current at a rating of:
36.7 kA
= 33.8 kA for a %DC of 30%.
1.086
48
% DC
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
4= 120 ms
(alternating time constant)
1= 45 ms
(standardised time constant)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
(ms)
t : circuit breaker opening duration (Top), increased by half a period at the power frequency (r)
Schneider Electric
Switchgear
definition
I (A)
Sequence
IAC
IMC
t (s)
IDC
% Isym.
1
2
3
4
5*
% aperiodic
component %DC
20
20
20
20
according to equation
10
20
60
100
100
IMC
IAC
Idc
%DC
:
:
:
:
making current
periodic component peak value (Isc peak)
aperiodic component value
% asymmetry or aperiodic component:
- (Top + Tr)
IDC
IAC
(1, , 4)
100 = 100 e
IAC
r
Iasym = Isym
1 + 2( %DC )2
100
Schneider Electric
49
Switchgear
definition
U (kV)
Uc
(Ur in kV)
7.2
12
17.5
24
36
TRV
value
Time
Delay
Increase
rate
(Uc in kV)
12.3
20.6
30
41
62
(t3 in s)
52
60
72
88
108
(td in s)
8
9
11
13
16
(Uc/td in kV/s)
0.24
0.34
0.42
0.47
0.57
Uc = 1.4 1.5
0
td
t (s)
r
Ur = 1.715 Ur
e
t3
td = 0.15 t3
v a specified TRV is represented by a reference plot with two parameters
and by a segment of straight line defining a time delay.
Td
:
t3
:
Uc
:
TRV increase rate:
X1
time delay
time defined to reach Uc
peak TRV voltage in kV
Uc/t3 in kV/s
X2
When a circuit breaker is open and the conductors are not synchronous,
the voltage across the terminals can increase up the sum of voltages in
the conductors (phase opposition).
G
U1
UA - UB = U1 - (-U2) = U1 + U2
si U1 = U2 so UA - UB = 2U
U2
Uc = 1.25 2.5
Rated
voltage
(Ur in kV)
7.2
12
17.5
24
36
50
e
Ur
r
TRV
value
Time
Rate of
increase
(Uc in kV)
18.4
30.6
45
61
92
(t3 in s)
104
120
144
176
216
(Uc/td in kV/s)
0.18
0.26
0.31
0.35
0.43
Schneider Electric
Switchgear
definition
B
Ic
By definition
pu = Ur
r
e
c The normal value of over-voltage obtained is equal to 2.5 pu, this being:
2.5 Ur
X1
r
e
C2
C3
2n
2n + 1
Schneider Electric
pu with pu = Ur
r
e
51
Switchgear
definition
Up
Ud
Um
Uc
Uf
Uc
Um
Uif
Up
Ud
:
:
:
:
:
:
Uf
Uif
Test at 50 (60) Hz
rms. value
Impulse test
Between turns
Relative
to earth
(4 Ur + 5) kV
4.9 pu + 5 = 31 kV at 6.6 kV
(50% on the sample)
increase time 0.5 s
(4 Ur + 5) kV
4.9 pu + 5 = 31 kV at 6.6 kV
increase time 1.2 s
(2 Ur + 5) kV
2Ur + 1 2(2Ur + 1) 0
14 kV 28 kV 0
1 kV/s
0
1 mn
52
c Temperature
0C
Installation
Instantaneous ambient
minimal
maximal
average daily maximum value
Indoor
-5C
+40C
35C
Outdoor
-25C
+40C
35C
Schneider Electric
Switchgear
definition
c Humidity
Average relative humidity
for a period
Indoor equipment
24 hours
1 month
95%
90%
c Altitude
The altitude must not exceed 1 000 metres.
Electrical endurance
The electrical endurance requested by the recommendation is three
breaking operations at Isc.
Merlin Gerin circuit breakers are capable of breaking Isc at least 15 times.
Mechanical endurance
The mechanical endurance requested by the recommendation is 2 000
switching operations.
Merlin Gerin circuit breakers guarantee 10 000 switching operations.
7.2
12
17.5
24
36
Schneider Electric
Rated short-circuit
breaking current
Isc (kV)
10
16
25
40
8
12.5
16
25
40
8
12.5
16
25
40
50
8
12.5
16
25
40
8
12.5
16
25
40
8
12.5
16
25
40
Ir (A)
400
630
400
400
400
400
630
630
630
630
630
630
400
630
630
630
400
630
630
630
630
630
630
1250
1250
1250
1600
1600
2500
2500
3150
1250
1250
1250
1250
1600
1600
1600
2500
2500
3150
1600
1600
1600
1600
2500
2500
2500
3150
3150
1600
2500
3150
1600
1600
2500
2500
3150
1600
1600
1600
2500
2500
3150
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
53
Current transformer
Switchgear
definition
Please note!
Never leave a CT in
an open circuit.
3.3
Upr
5.5
6.6
10
11
13.8
15
20
22
30
33
7.2 kV
12 kV
Core balance CT
17.5 kV
insulator
air
24 kV
insulator
t
cable or busduc
54
36 kV
c Special case:
If the CT is a core balance CT installed on a busduct or on a cable.
The dielectric insulation is provided by the cable or busducting insulation
and the air located between them. The core balance CT is itself insulated.
Schneider Electric
Switchgear
definition
Current transformer
:
:
:
:
:
c We will have:
v incomer cubicle
Ips =
S
e U
Ips =
S
e U
Ips =
S
e U
Ips =
P
e U cos
v transformer feeder
v motor feeder
motor efficiency
v capacitor feeder
1.3 is a derating coefficient of 30% to take account of temperature rise
due to capacitor harmonics.
Ips = 1.3 Q
e U
v bus sectioning
The current Ips of the CT is the greatest value of current that can flow in
the bus sectioning on a permanent basis.
Schneider Electric
55
Switchgear
definition
Current transformer
In the case of an ambient temperature greater than 40C for the CT,
the CT's nominal current (Ipn) must be greater than Ips multiplied by the
derating factor corresponding to the cubicle.
As a general rule, the derating is of 1% Ipn per degree above 40C.
(See "Derating" chapter in this guide).
Ith =
Ssc
Ue
Manufacture
standard
sometimes difficult for certain
secondary characteristics
difficult
limited to certain secondary characteristics
very often impossible
56
Schneider Electric
Current transformer
Switchgear
definition
2.5 mm2
c Cable length
(feed/return):
5.8 m
c Consumed power
by the cabling:
1 VA
if Isr = 5 A
if Isr = 1 A
length in metres of link conductors
(feed/return)
cabling section in mm2
Rated output
Take the standardised value immediately above
the real power that the CT must provide.
c The standardised values of rated output are:
2.5 - 5 - 10 - 15 - 30 VA.
57
Switchgear
definition
Current transformer
:
:
c For a relay with two setting thresholds, we will use the highest
threshold,
v For a transformer feeder, we will generally have an instantaneous high
threshold set at 14 Ir max., giving the real ALF required > 28
v for a motor feeder, we will generally have a high threshold set to 8 Ir
max., giving a real ALF required > 16.
Ire
Isr
Isc secondary
Isr
58
Schneider Electric
Current transformer
Switchgear
definition
Differential protection
Many manufacturers of differential protection relays recommend
class X CT's.
c Class X is often requested in the form of:
Vk a . If (Rct + Rb + Rr)
The exact equation is given by the relay manufacturer.
:
:
:
:
:
If
If =
Isc
Kn
:
:
Isc
Kn
relay
If =
CT
7 Ir gen
Kn
CT
relay
Isc
Kn
CT
If =
7 Ir
Kn
Schneider Electric
rated current
59
Switchgear
definition
Current transformer
CT
relay
CT
If = 20 Isr(CT)
c For busbar differential
v the Isc to take is the switchboard Ith
If =
Ith
Kn
60
Schneider Electric
Voltage transformer
Switchgear
definition
We can leave a
voltage transformer in an
open circuit without any danger
but it must never be
short-circuited.
Characteristics
The rated voltage factor (KT)
The rated voltage factor is the factor by which the rated primary voltage
has to be multiplied in order to determine the maximum voltage for which
the transformer must comply with the specified temperature rise and
accuracy recommendations. According to the network's earthing
arrangement, the voltage transformer must be able to withstand this
maximum voltage for the time that is required to eliminate the fault.
Normal values of the rated voltage factor
Rated voltage
factor
1.2
Rated
duration
continuous
1.2
continuous
1.5
1.2
30 s
continuous
1.9
1.2
30 s
continuous
1.9
8h
N.B.: lower rated durations are possible when agreed to by the manufacturer and the user.
v or phase to phase
Schneider Electric
3000 V / 100 V
e
e
Upr =
3000 V / 100 V
Upr = U
U
e
61
Voltage transformer
Switchgear
definition
Rated output
Expressed in VA, this is the apparent power that a voltage transformer
can provide the secondary circuit when connected at its rated primary
voltage and connected to the nominal load.
It must not introduce any error exceeding the values guaranteed by the
accuracy class. (S = eUI in three-phase circuits)
c Standardised values are:
10 - 15 - 25 - 30 - 50 - 75 - 100 - 150 - 200 - 300 - 400 - 500 VA.
Accuracy class
This defines the limits of errors guaranteed in terms of transformation
ratio and phase under the specified conditions of both power and voltage.
Accuracy class
0.1
0.2
0.5
1
3
3P
6P
Voltage error as %
between 5% Upr
and kT Upr
3
6
between 5% Upr
and kT Upr
120
24
between 2%
and 5% Upr
6
12
between 2%
and 5% Upr
240
480
62
Schneider Electric
Switchgear
definition
Voltage transformer
for a TT
Schneider Electric
63
Switchgear
definition
Derating
Introduction
The various standards or recommendations impose validity limits on
device characteristics.
Normal conditions of use are described in the "Medium voltage circuit
breaker" chapter.
Beyond these limits, it is necessary to reduce certain values, in other
words to derate the device.
c Derating must be considered:
v in terms of the insulation level, for altitudes of over 1 000 metres
v in terms of the rated current, when the ambient temperature exceeds
40C and for a protection index of over IP3X,
(see chapter on "Protection indices").
These different types of derating can be accumulated if necessary.
N.B.: there are no standards specifically dealing with derating.
However, table V 442 of IEC 60 694 deals with temperature rises and gives limit temperature
values not to be exceeded according to the type of device, the materials and the dielectric
used.
Correctilon coefficient k
1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
64
altitude in m
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Schneider Electric
Switchgear
definition
Derating
Schneider Electric
65
Units
of measure
Basic units
Symbol of the magnitude1
Unit
Dimension
Basic units
length
mass
time
electrical current
thermodynamic temperature 2
quantity of material
light intensity
l, (L)
m
t
I
T
n
I, (Iv)
metre
kilogramme
second
ampere
kelvin
mole
candela
m
kg
s
A
K
mol
cd
L
M
T
I
N
J
Additional units
angle (plane angle)
solid angle
, ,
, ()
radian
steradian
rad
sr
N/A
N/A
Magnitude
Symbol
Dimension
SI Unit: name
(symbol)
Comments
and other units
metre (m)
area
A, (S)
L2
volume
plane angle
V
, ,
L3
N/A
solid angle
time
, ()
t
N/A
T
steradian (sr)
second (s)
speed
rad/s
acceleration
L T-1
L T-2
angular speed
angular acceleration
T-1
T -2
Magnitude: mass
mass
kilogramme (kg)
linear mass
mass per surface area
mass per volume
volume per mass
concentration
1
A' (s)
v
B
L-1 M
L-2 M
L-3 M
L3 M-1
M L-3
density
N/A
wavelength
T
T-1
N/A
L
second (s)
hertz (Hz)
radian (rad)
metre (m)
power level
N/A
decibel (dB)
Lp
1 Hz = 1s-1, f = 1/T
use of the angstrm (10-10 m) is forbidden.
Use of a factor of nanometre
(109 m) is recommended = c/f = cT
(c = celerity of light)
e1
2
Schneider Electric
67
Units
of measure
Name
Symbol
Dimension
SI Unit:
name (symbol)
Comments
and other units
Magnitude: mechanical
force
weight
moment of the force
F
G, (P, W)
M, T
L M T-2
Newton
1 N = 1 m.kg/s2
L2 M T-2
Newton-metre (N.m)
surface tension
work
energy
,
W
E
M T-2
L2 M T-2
L2 M T-2
power
pressure
P
,
p
L2 M T-3
L-1 M T-2
Watt (W)
Pascal (Pa)
dynamic viscosity
kinetic viscosity
quantity of movement
L-1 M T-1
L2 T-1
L M T-1
Pascal-second (Pa.s)
metre squared per second (m2/s)
kilogramme-metre per second
(kg.m/s)
Magnitude: electricity
current
electrical charge
electrical potential
electrical field
electrical resistance
electrical conductivity
electrical capacitance
electrical inductance
I
Q
V
E
R
G
C
L
I
TI
L2M T-3 I-1
L M T-3 I-1
L2 M T-3 I-2
L-2 M-1 T3 I2
L-2 M-1 T4 I2
L2 M T-2 I-2
Ampere (A)
Coulomb (C)
Volt (V)
Volt per metre (V/m)
Ohm ()
Siemens (S)
Farad (F)
Henry (H)
M T -2 I-1
L2 M T-2 I-1
L-1 I
L-1 I
I
L3 M T-3 I-2
L-3 M-1 T3 I2
L-3 M-1 T4 I2
L2 M T-3
L2 M T-3
L2 M T-3
Tesla (T)
Weber (Wb)
Ampere per metre (A/m)
Ampere per metre (A/m)
Ampere (A)
Ohm-metre (.m)
Siemens per metre (S/m)
Farad per metre (F/m)
Watt (W)
Voltampere (VA)
var (var)
1 T = 1 Wb/m2
1 Wb = 1 V.s
Kelvin (K)
t,
E
C
S
c
L2 M T-2
L2 M T-2 -1
L2 M T-2 -1
L2 T-2 -1
t = T - 273.15 K
P
hr
L M T-3 -1
L2 M T-2
L2 M T-3
L2 M T-3
M T-3 -1
magnetisation
Hi, M
magnetic field
H
magneto-motive force
F, Fm
resistivity
conductivity
permittivity
active
P
apparent power
S
reactive power
Q
Magnitude: thermal
thermodynamic
temperature
temperature Celsius
energy
heat capacity
entropy
specific heat
capacity
thermal conductivity
quantity of heat
thermal flux
thermal power
coefficient of thermal
radiation
68
1 C = 1 A.s
1 V = 1 W/A
1 = 1 V/A
1 S = 1 A/V = 1-1
1 F = 1 C/V
1 H = 1 Wb/A
1 .cm2/cm = 10-8 .m
1 W = 1 J/s
1 var = 1 W
1 W = 1 J/s
Schneider Electric
Units
of measure
Correspondence between
Imperial units and
international system units (SI)
Magnitude
Unit
Symbol
Conversion
acceleration
calory capacity
ft/s2
Btu/Ib
heat capacity
magnetic field
Btu/ft3.F
Btu/IbF
Oe
thermal conductivity
energy
Btu/ft2.h.F
Btu
energy (couple)
thermal flux
pound force-foot
pound force-inch
British thermal unit per square foot.hour
Ibf/ft
Ibf.in
Btu/ft2.h
force
length
Btu/s
Ibf
ft, '
inch (1)
mile (UK)
in, "
mile
1 in = 25.4 mm
1 mile = 1.609 344 km
knot
yard (2)
once (ounce)
pound (livre)
pound per foot
pound per inch
yd
oz
Ib
Ib/ft
Ib/in
1 852 m
1 yd = 0.914 4 m
1 oz = 28.349 5 g (6)
1 Ib = 0.453 592 37 kg
1 Ib/ft = 1.488 16 kg/m
1 Ib/in = 17.858 kg/m
Ib/ft2
Ib/in2
pressure - strain
Ib/ft3
Ib/in3
Ib.ft2
ft H2O
in H2O
Ibf/ft2
calorific power
Ibf/in2 (psi)
Btu/h
square foot
square inch
degree Fahrenheit (4)
degree Rankine (5)
pound force-second per square foot
pound per foot-second
sq.ft, ft2
sq.in, in2
F
R
Ibf.s/ft2
Ib/ft.s
cubic foot
cubic inch
cu.ft
cu.in, in3
fl oz (UK)
fl oz (US)
gal (UK)
gallon (US)
gal (US)
mass
linear mass
moment of inertia
pressure
surface area
temperature
viscosity
volume
(1)
12 in = 1 ft
1 yd = 36 in = 3 ft
Or p.s.i.: pound force per square inch
(4)
T K = temperature kelvin with qC = 5/9 (qF - 32)
(5)
R = 5/9 K
(6)
Apart from mass of precious metals (silver, gold, for example) where the carat is used (1 carat = 3.110 35 10-2 kg)
(2)
(3)
Schneider Electric
69
Normes
Ou commander
les publications CEI ?
Bureau Central de la Commission
Electrotechnique Internationale
1, rue de Varemb Genve - Suisse.
CEI 60 050
haute tension
CEI 60 056
# Transformateurs de courant
CEI 60 185
# Transformateurs de tension
CEI 60 186
CEI 60 129
CEI 60 265
CEI 60 298
# Combins interrupteurs-fusibles
et combins disjoncteurs-fusibles
courant alternatif haute tension
# Rgles de calcul
Schneider Electric
CEI 60 420
CEI 60 470
CEI 60 694
CEI 60 909
# Dclassements
ANSI C37 04
Gamme
AMTED300014FR_038_084.
fm/71
Normes
Thme
ANSI
pouvoir de coupure
asymtrique
sur dfauts aux bornes
niveau d'isolement :
onde de choc
CEI
50 %
30 %
avec dclassement
sans dclassement
de courant
impose des ondes coupes
pour le matriel d'extrieur
115 % Uw/3 s
129 % Uw/2 s
2,7 Icc
2,5Icc en 50 Hz
2,6Icc en 60 Hz
2,7Icc cas particulier
environ 2 fois
plus svre
4 fois K.S.Icc
3 fois Icc
1 500 10 000
2 000
suivant Ua et Icc
pas de texte
circuit d'essais type
(1)
tension crte ANSI est suprieure de 10% la tension dfinie par la CEI.
La pente E2/t2 est plus forte de 50% que la pente Uc/t3.
Par contre, la partie la plus importante de la courbe est la partie initiale ou le SF6
se reconstitue. Les deux normes permettent facilement au SF6 de se reconstituer.
Tensions assignes
Suivant CEI
Matriel d'extrieur
classe (kV)
4,16
7,2
13,8
38
15,5
25
38
Umax (kV)
4,76
8,25
15
38
Umin (kV)
3,85
6,6
11,5
23
K
1,24
1,25
1,3
1,65
1
1
1
Ucrte (%)
Tension
assigne
(kV)
100
90
50
1,2 s
t (s)
10
50 s
Onde normalise 1,2/50 s
AMTED300014FR_038_084.
fm/72
7,2
12
17,5
24
36
Tenue
londe de choc
(kV)
frquence industrielle
(kV)
60
75
95
125
170
20
28
38
50
70
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Normes
Suivant ANSI
Ucrte (%)
Tension
assigne
(kV)
100
90
70
50
10
t (s)
tc
Matriel d'intrieur
4,16
7,2
13,8
38
Matriel d'extrieur
15,5
25,8
38
Tenue
l'onde de choc
(kV)
frquence industrielle
(kV)
60
95
95
150
19
36
36
80
110
125
150
150
200
50
60
80
Nota
# BIL : Basic Insulation Level
Le matriel dextrieur est essay avec des ondes coupes.
# Valeurs des courants assigns : 400 - 630 - 1250 - 1600 - 2500 - 3150 A
Suivant ANSI
Suivant ANSI
Schneider Electric
Gamme
KI U
36
49
23
36
46
35
40
AMTED300014FR_038_084.
fm/73
Normes
le dclencheur donne
l'ordre d'ouverture
et interdit la fermeture
0%
35 %
70 %
100 %
Suivant ANSI
AMTED300014FR_038_084.
fm/74
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Normes
36 56
90 140
180 280
104 127
208 254
14 28
28 56
70 140
140 220
104 127
208 254
Frquence assigne
Suivant CEI
Suivant CEI
% composante apriodique
1
2
3
4
5*
20
20
20
20
30
10
20
60
100
100
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014FR_038_084.
fm/75
Normes
Suivant ANSI
ratio S
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1
0
0
0.5
1
0.006 0.017
2
0.033
3
0.050
4
0.067
cycles
seconds
# % dasymtrie = 50%
# Iasym = 1,1 . 40 = 44 kA
44
44
# Isym = ---------------------------------- = ---------- = 36 kA
1 + 2 ( 50 % )
1 ,22
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9/10
11
12
13/14
courant coup
% composante apriodique
10
50 - 100
30
< 20
60
50 - 100
100
< 20
KI V/K
< 20
SI V
50 - 100
KSI V/K
50 - 100
endurance lectrique
cycle de refermeture ASI et AKSI
C - 2 s - O KI
dure assigne de Icc = KI durant 3 s
essais en monophas KI et KSI (0,58 V)
V max
V min
= -------------
I a sym
I sym
AMTED300014FR_038_084.
fm/76
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Normes
7,2
12
17,5
24
36
Pouvoir de coupure
assign en court-circuit
Icc (kA)
10
16
25
40
8
12,5
16
25
40
8
12,5
16
25
40
50
8
12,5
16
25
40
8
12,5
16
25
40
8
12,5
16
25
40
Ir (A)
400
630
400
400
630
630
630
400
400
630
630
630
400
630
630
630
400
630
630
630
630
630
630
1250
1250
1250
1600
1600
2500
2500
3150
1250
1250
1250
1250
1600
1600
1600
2500
2500
3150
1600
1600
1600
1600
2500
2500
2500
3150
3150
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1250
1600
2500
3150
1600
1600
2500
2500
3150
1250
1250
1250
1250
1600
1600
1600
2500
2500
3150
Suivant ANSI
Tension
maximale
assigne
Umax (kV)
4,76
8,25
15
15,5
25,8
38
Schneider Electric
Pouvoir de
coupure assign
en court-circuit
Umax
Tension
minimale
assigne
Pouvoir de coupure
assign
en court-circuit
Umin
Courant assign
en service continu
Icc (kA)
18
29
41
7
17
33
9,3
9,8
18
19
28
37
8,9
18
35
56
5,4
11
22
36
(kV)
3,5
3,85
4
2,3
4,6
6,6
6,6
4
11,5
6,6
11,5
11,5
5,8
12
12
12
12
12
23
24
Icc (kA)
24
36
49
25
30
41
21
37
23
43
36
48
24
23
45
73
12
24
36
57
Ir (A)
600
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
1200
2000
3000
2000
2000
2000
2000
2000
3000
600
1200
1200
2000
3000
4000
600
1200
1200
1200
Gamme
3000
AMTED300014FR_038_084.
fm/77
Normes
Dclassements
Suivant CEI
(m)
ACF for :
voltage
continous current
1 000
1 500
3 000
1,00
0,95
0,8
1,00
0,99
0,96
Endurance lectrique
Les disjoncteurs Merlin Gerin assurent au minimum 15 fois Icc.
Les normes CEI et ANSI imposent des valeurs beaucoup trop faibles car
elles tiennent compte des disjoncteurs coupure dans l'huile.
Ces valeurs ne sont pas importantes et il faut, dans le cas de demande
client, fournir celles de l'appareil considr.
Suivant CEI
:
:
:
Endurance mcanique
Suivant CEI
Construction
Suivant CEI
Suivant ANSI
Gamme
Schneider Electric
Normes
Conditions normales
de fonctionnement
Temprature
Normes
Suivant CEI
Suivant ANSI
0C
ambiante instantane
Installation
intrieure extrieure
minimale
maximale
valeur maxi
moyenne journalire
minimale
maximale
- 5 C
+ 40 C
35 C
- 25 C
+ 40 C
35 C
- 30 C
+ 40 C
Nota :
Pour tout matriel fonctionnant dans dautres conditions que celles dcrites ci-dessus, un
dclassement est prvoir (voir chapitre dclassement).
Altitude
Suivant CEI
Humidit
Suivant CEI
Valeur moyenne de l'humidit
relative pour une priode
24 heures
1 mois
Matriel intrieur
95 %
90 %
Suivant ANSI
Schneider Electric
Gamme
AMTED300014FR_038_084.
fm/79
References
c MV partner
(Pierre GIVORD)
c Protection of electrical networks
(Christophe PREVE)
c Protection of electrical networks
(dition HERMES fax 01 53 10 15 21)
(Christophe PREVE)
c Medium voltage design
(Andr DELACHANAL)
c Cahiers techniques
v n158 calculating short-circuit
currents
v n166 enclosures and protection
indices (Jean PASTEAU)
Schneider Electric
81
Index
Alphabetical Index
Denomination
pages
A
Acceleration
Accuracy
Accuracy class
Accuracy limit factor
Accuracy power
Active power
Altitude
Angle
Angular acceleration
Angular speed
Aperiodic component
Apparent power
Area
Arrangement
Asynchronous
Automatic reclosing
67-69
57
62
58
57-62
68
53-79
67
67
67
48
68
67
29
14-16
48
Earthing disconnector
Electrical endurance
Electrodynamic withstand
Endurance
Energy
Energy (torque)
Entropy
Environment
Equipment
Equivalent diagram
Equivalent impedance
G
15
51
27
15-17-21
69
69
51-52
68
68
45-48
52
74
47
72
10
67
38
52
68
68
78
53-77
21
69
69
10
8-67-68
54-55
D
Degree Fahrenheit
Degree Rankine
Density
Derating
Dielectric strength
Dielectric withstand
Differential
Differential transformer
Disconnector
Disconnector switch
69
69
67
64-65-78
38
38-39-40
59-60
60
9
9
Merlin Gerin MV design guide
9
53-78
27
53-78
68-69
69
68
40
9
19
16
Bending
28
Block
10
Breaking current
48-50-51-52-75
British thermal unit
69
British thermal unit per (pound.degree Fahrenheit)
69
British thermal unit per cubic foot.degree Fahrenheit 69
British thermal unit per hour
69
British thermal unit per pound
69
British thermal unit per second
69
British thermal unit per square foot.hour
69
Busbars
15-21-28
Busducting
27-29-37
Cables
Cable-charging
Calculating a force
Calculation
Calorie capacity
Calory power
Capacitor bank
Capacity
Celsius
Circuit breaker
Closing
Closing capacity
Closing-opening
Comparison
Compartmented
Concentration
Condensation
Conditions
Conductance
Conductivity
Construction
Coordination
Cross section
Cubic foot
Cubic inch
Cubicles
Current
Current transformer
50
38-39
81
Factor
Fault Arcs
Field
Fixed circuit breaker
Fixed contactor
Fluid ounce (UK)
Fluid ounce (US)
Flux
Foot
Foot of water
Foot per second squared
Force
Forces
Forces between conductors
Frequency
Schneider Electric
Discordance
Distances
Documentation
Gallon (UK)
Gallon (US)
Generators
49-61
16
68
9
9
69
69
68
69
69
69
68-69
27
27
9-29-37-47-54-67
69
69
14-15
H
Heat capacity
Humidity
69
38-53-79
I
IK code
Impedance method
Impulse testing
Inch
Inch of water
Inductance
Induction
Insulation level
Intrinsic resonance frequency
Ionization threshold
IP code
43
17
39
69
69
68
68
6
29
38
41
K
Knot
69
L
Length
Level of pollution
Lightning impulse
Linear mass
Line-charging
Load
Low inductive currents
Luminous
67-69
40
39-7
29-37-67-69
51
68
52
67
M
Magnetic field
Magnetisation
Magnitudes
Making current
Mass
Mass per surface area
Mass per volume
69
68
67
46
67-69
67-69
67-69
83
Alphabetical Index
Index
Denomination
pages
M
Materials
Mechanical effects
Mechanical endurance
Mechanical withstand of busbars
Metal enclosure
Metal-clad
Metre
Mile (UK)
Minimum distances
Modulous of elasticity
Modulous of inertia
Moment of a force
Moment of inertia
Motors
Movement
Multi-stage
67
21
53-78
28
9
10
67
69
39
29-37
28-29-37
68
29-69
16
68
51-52
N
Network
15
O
Oersted
Operating current
Operating current
Operating voltage
Ounce
Over-current factor
Overhead lines
Overview
Overvoltages
69
8
55
6-21
69
56
15
72
6
P
Peak
Peak value
Peak value of admissible current
Period
Periodic component
Periodic phenomena
Permissible short time withstand current
Permissible strain
Permittivity
Phase error
Phase shift
Phase to earth
Phase to phase
Plane angle
Pollution
Potential
Pound
Pound force per square foot
Pound force per square inch
Pound force-foot
Pound force-inch
Pound force-second per square foot
Pound per cubic foot
Pound per cubic inch
Pound per foot
Pound per foot-second
Pound per inch
Pound per square foot
Pound per square inch
Pound square foot
Pound-force
Power
Power level
Pressure
Pressure-strain
Primary current
Primary voltage
Protection index
50
9-46-74
9
67
48
67
46-73
28
68
63
63-67
39
39-63
67
38-40
68
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
69
14-68
67
38-68-69
69
55
61
41-43
Q
Quantity
84
R
Radiation factor
Rated current
Rated frequency
Rated insulation level
Rated short circuit
Rated values
Rated voltage
Ratio error
Reactive power
Resistance
Resistivity
Resonance
Resultant strain
68
8-21-24-46-73
75
46-72
46-74
77
6-7-21-45-47-54-72-74
63
68
68
68
29-37
28
S
Safety factor
Shape of parts
Short circuit power
Short time withstand current
Short-circuit current
Solid angle
Speed
Square foot
Square inch
Standards
States
Strain
Supports
Surface area
Switch
Switching sequence
Symbols
Synchronous compensators
57
38-39
11-21
26
9-19
67
67
69
69
71
14
68
27-29
67-69
9
47-75
67
16
T
Temperature
Temperature rise
Thermal
Thermal conductivity
Thermal effects
Thermal flux
Thermal power
Thermal short circuit current
Thermal withstand
Thermodynamic
Thermodynamic temperature
Three phase calculation example
Time
Transformation ratio
Transformers
Transient
38-52-69-79
22-23
56-68
69
21
69
63
56
24
67-68
67-68
17
67
63
13-14-15
49
U
Units
Units of measurement
67
67
V
Vibration
Viscosity
Voltage
Voltage transformer
Volume
Volume per mass
Volume per mass
29-37
68-69
6-49-62-68
61
67-69
67
68
W
Wave lengths
Weight
Withdrawable circuit breaker
Withdrawable contactor
Work
67
68
9
9
68
Y
Yard
69
68
Merlin Gerin MV design guide
Schneider Electric
ART 86206
Postal address
F-38050 Grenoble cedex 9
Tel.: +33 (0)4 76 57 60 60
Telex: merge 320842 F
http://www.schneider-electric.com
The technical data given in this guide are given for information
purposes only. For this reason, Schneider Electric Industries SA
is in no way liable for any omission or error contained in its
pages.
Published by: Schneider Electric Industries SA
Creation, layout by: HeadLines
Printed by:
03/2000
AMTED300014EN
Schneider Electric
Industrie SA