Resonance Circuits

Resonance In Electric Circuits

Any passive electric circuit will resonate if it has an inductor
and capacitor

Resonance is characterized by the input voltage and current

being in phase.

The impedance (or admittance) is completely real when this

condition exists.
Basically ,there are two types of resonant circuits :
(a) series resonance, and
(b) parallel resonance.

Series Resonance
Consider the series RLC circuit
shown below.

The input impedance is given by:

The current in the circuit is:

The magnitude of the circuit

current is;

Z=
R + j ( wL

1
)
wC

Variation of inductive and capacitive reactance as the frequency f

of the source is varied:

When f = 0 , XL = 0 and XC = .

As f increases , the XL increases and the XC decreases till at a

frequency fr the two reactances become equal .
With further increase in f , XL > XC
At fr

the net reactance of the circuit = 0

The impedance of the circuit z= R and the current in the circuit = V/R

fr is known as resonance frequency and the circuit , is said to be in

resonance.
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Therefore resonance occurs when,

1
wL =
wC

r
1
fr =
=
2 2 LC

This is an important equation to remember. It applies to both

series and parallel resonant circuit

The following figure shows the variation in the impedance of the circuit
as the frequency varies from 0 to

At low frequency Xc >XL and the

circuit is capacitive .
As f goes on increasing , the net reactance
goes on decreasing , and the
impedance also goes on decreasing .
At f = fr , the net reactance = 0,
and the circuit impedance is the min. Z = R
.
XL >XC and the circuit is
When f >fr
inductive.
As f incr. , Z is incr. too.

The variation in the magnitude is plotted in the following fig. :

Since the current is proportional to

Z, the current incr. with increasing
of f .
At f = fr
(Imax).

the current is max.

As f incr. beyond f r

I decr.

The voltages across XL and XC are :

VL = I XL , VC = I XC
At fr

XL = XC

VL =VC

Series Circuit Current at Resonance

The frequency response curve of a series resonance circuit shows that the
magnitude of the current is a function of frequency.
Since the current is proportional to Z, the current incr. with increasing
of f .
At f = fr

the current is max. (Imax).

As f incr. beyond f r

I decr.

The voltages across XL and XC are :

VL = I XL , VC = I XC
At fr
9

XL = XC

VL =VC

example
A series RLC circuit has : R = 80 , L = 100 H and C = 300 pF

Find the resonance frequency and the current at resonance if E = 10v

10

solution
a

fr =
=

1
2 LC
1

[2 (100 10

300 10

12

1
2

= 0.919 10 6 Hz = 0.919 MHz

current at resonance E / R = 10 / 80 = 0.125A

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Bandwidth of a Series Resonance Circuit

The bandwidth (B) of a series

RLC circuit is :
BW = f = f2 - f1
Where f1 and f2 are the
frequencies of which the power
delivered to the circuit is
power delivered at resonance .
These known as half power
points.
The power delivered at
resonance is :
Therefore ,
Thus the currents I1 and I2 ,at
half power point are:

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From the eq.

It is seen that at hpp :

We can write

(XL XC) / R = 1

At resonance XL XC = 0 ,then when freq. incr. from fr to f2 , XL must

incr. by 0.5 R and XC must decr. by 0.5R to satisfy the eq.
thus :
2 f2 L - 2 fr L = 0.5R or

Similarly when freq. decr. from fr to f1 , XC incr. by 0.5R and XL decr. by

the same value ,thus :
2 fr L - 2 f1 L = 0.5R

or

13

Bandwidth of a Series Resonance Circuit

14

Q Factor
The ratio of the resonance frequency to the BW is known as factor
Q:
f
Q= r
f
from eq. f = R/ 2L

Q=

and from eq. f =

r

2L
1
(
)
R 2 LC

Thus Q can be incr. by decr. R or by incr. L/C ratio .

15

1
2 LC

The following fig. shows the current versus frequency graphs for
circuits with different values of Q :
A circuit with high Q has a narrow B

16

Exercise 1
A series RLC circuit has L = 50H , C = 2000 pF and R
= 50 .
a Calculate Q factor of the circuit
b Find the new value of C required for resonance at
the same frequency if the inductance is doubled .
c Find the new value of Q factor

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Exercise 2
A constant voltage at frequency of 1 MHz is applied to a coil
in series with a variable capacitor .
when the capacitor is set at 500 pF, the current in the circuit is
maximum.
When the capacitor is set at 600 pF, the current is half the maxi.
value .
Find Resistance , Inductance , and Q factor of the coil .

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Exercise 3
A series resonance network consisting of a resistor of 30, a
capacitor of 2uF and an inductor of 20mH is connected across a
sinusoidal supply voltage which has a constant output of 9 volts at all
frequencies.
Calculate:
The resonant frequency,
The current at resonance,
The voltage across the inductor
and capacitor at resonance,
The quality factor
The bandwidth of the circuit.
Also sketch the corresponding current waveform for all frequencies.

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Exercise 4
A series circuit consists of a resistance of 4, an inductance of
500mH and a variable capacitance connected across a 100V,50Hz
supply.
Calculate:
- The capacitance require to give series resonance
- The voltages generated across both the inductor and the capacitor .

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21

Parallel Resonance
The admittance of the circuit is :

If the source frequency is

adjusted so as to make XL = XC
,then :
Y =1/R and Z = R , I = V/R
This is the condition of the
parallel resonance .
The frequency f r at which parallel
resonance take place :

22

Parallel Resonance
Consider the circuits shown below:
V

R
V

C
I

23

1
1
I = V + jwC +

R
jwL

1
V = I R + jwL +

jwC

Duality

1
1
I = V + jwC +

R
jwL

1
V = I R + jwL +

jwC

We notice the above equations are the same provided:

R
L
24

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R
C

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Parallel Resonance

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25

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Serial Resonance

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Parallel resonance

When a parallel circuit at resonance ,

the following characteristics can be noted :
1. The total current in the circuit is MIN.

2. The current is in phase with the supply voltage and the circuit
acts as pure resistive circuit .
3. Admittance of the circuit is MIN. ,therefore the impedance of
the circuit is MAX.

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Exercise 5:
A coil of 20 resistance has an inductance of 0.2 H and is
connected in parallel with a 100 F capacitor.
Calculate
- The resonance frequency.
- The quality factor
- The bandwidth of the circuit

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