CHNG I

CU TO NGUYN T

I. Cc cu t chnh:

1. Cc ht c bn:
Nguyn t

Electron(e)

-1

Nhn Proton(p) +1 1dvc

Neutron(n) 0 1dvc
me/mp = 1/1840 Kl(ng.t) = Kl(nhn)

2. K hiu nguyn t:

A
Z

12
6

Z: Bc s ng.t= p trong nhn

A= S khi = p + n
p = 6
n = 12 6 = 6

Nguyn t trng thi c bn trung

ha in
e = p =6

3. Ng.t ng v: Cng Z, khc A

1 protn. C 0; 1; 2
1
2
3
1H 1H 1H
neutron
12
6

35
17

Cl

13
6

37
17

Cl

6 proton. C 6; 7; 8
neutron
17 proton. c 18; 19; 20
neutron

Cc ng.t ng v c cng Z e bng

nhau ha tnh ging nhau.

4. Nguyn t nguyn t:
*1 ng.t x.nh khi c 1 gi tr Z x.nh.
*Trong 1 ng.t c th gm nhiu ng. t
ng v vi thnh phn xc nh
1
2
H
gm:
H(99,985%)
v
H(0,015%)
*1
*17Cl gm: 35Cl(75,4%) v 37Cl(24,6%)
*6C gm: 12C(98,982%) v 13C(1,108%)
Ai .%(i )
*Klnt (ng.t) =
100
35.75,4 + 37.24,6
= 35,453
Td: klnt(Cl) =
100

II. Cu to ng.t theo thuyt c lng t.

e di chuyn trn cc orbital ng.t (AO)
* V ph.d vt l: AO:vng k.g quanh nhn
trn x.s tm thy e cc i t 9099%
*V ph.d ton hc: AO c biu din bi
hm s n,l,m :nghim ca p.t Schrodinger
2 2 2 82m
+ + + (E V) = 0
x2 y2
z2
h2
Gii p.t ny cc cp nghim E;

1. H 1 electron:
1H : nhn 1+ v 1e di chuyn quanh nhn
+
He
He
+e : nhn 2+ v 1e quanh nhn
2
2
2+
Li

Li
+2e: nhn 3+v 1e quanh nhn
3
3
H 1e Nhn c Z+ v 1(e) quanh nhn
Gii p.t Schrodinger p dng cho h 1(e)
Cc hm n,l,m biu din cc AO,v En
AO c dng x.nh khi hm n,l,m x.nh.
n,l,m xc nh khi cc s lng t n,l,m c
gi tr xc nh

a. Cc s lng t:
. S l.t chnh n: lp m e di chuyn trn
, v kch thc ca AO..
n = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7..
Lp K L M N O P Q
2

Z
En = 13,6. eV
n

En< 0 v En khi n
nkch thc AO
2

1
E1 = 13,6. = 13,6eV
1

Td: 1H:
2
n=1E = 13,6. 1 = 3,4eV
2
2

2
n =1=>E1 = 13,6 = 54,4eV
1
2
2
+
E2 = 13,6 = 13,6eV
2He (Z=2): n =2=>
2
2
2
n =3=>E3 = 13,6 = 6,05eV
3
2

n+
X
:
Z

n=

Z
E = 13,6 = 0eV

. S lng t ph l: Vi1gi tr n
l c n tr s: 0;1;2; 3; 4; 5;; n-1.
Slt ph l: hnh dng ca AO v phn lp
c trong 1 lp th n ca nguyn t.
l
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7.
Ph.l s p d f g h i j..
. S lng t t m (ml):
Vi 1 gi tr ca l m c (2l+1) tr s:
m = -l; -(l-1); -(l-2); ..; 0; 1; 2; ..; +l
S lng t t m cho bit s nh hng
ca AO trong khng gian

n l
m
n,l,m
(nl)
AO
1,0,0
1s
1s
1 0
0
lp K(n=1) c1 phn lp(1s) v ch c
1AO(1s)

n,l,m
(nl) AO
2,0,0
2s
2s
0
0
2
2px
-1 2,1,-1
2p
1 0
2,1,0
2py
+1
2pz
2,1,+1
lp L(n=2) c 2 phn lp: 2s c 1 AO (2s)
v 2p c 3 AO ( 2px; 2py; 2pz )

n
3

l
0
1
2

0
-1
0
+1
-2
-1
0
+1
+2

n,l,m nl
3,0,0
3s
3,1,-1
3p
3,1,0
3,1,+1
3,2,-2
3,2,-1
3,2,0
3,2,+1
3,2,+2

3d

AO
3s
3px
3py
3pz

3dxy
3dyz
3dz2
3dxz
3dx2 y2

lp M(n=3) c 3 phn lp: 3s (1AO);

3p(3AO) ; 3d(5AO)

n = 4 l= 0;1;2;3 c 4 phn lp:

4s;4p;4d;4f
Phn lp 4f (l=3) =>m c (2.3+1)=7 gi tr
7AO
Lp th n c n phn lp: ns;np;nd;nf;

. S lng t spin ms
Trng thi chuyn ng ca elctron cn
c biu din bi mt slt th t l ms: khi
di chuyn quanh nhn electron c th t
quay quanh trc i xng theo 2 chiu tri
nhau( thun v ngc chiu kim ng h)
1
1
Slt ms c 2 gj tr : ms = v ms = +
2
2

Trng thi chuyn ng ca e c xc

nh bi 4 s lng t: n,l,m,ms.Mi e

b. Ghi ch: *trong h 1(e)

Cc ph.l 1 lp c En bng nhau
*e c th di.ch bt k lp no t n=1
*Khi e di chuyn lp noEn ca lp
2
Z
En = 13,6. eV
n
* tr.th c bn: H c E nh nht e n=1
*e t n=1n=2 E12=E2E1>0
*e t n=2n=1 E21=E1-E2<0
*e t Enthp Encao H nhn nng lng
*e t Encao Enthp H pht nng lng

2. H nhiu electron:
Gm cc nguyn t cha t 2e tr ln:
e y ln nhau
cc
phn lp trong
* Cc
cng 1 lp c E khc nhau
* Cc e di chuyn quanh nhn cng trn
cc lp v phn lp tng t trng hp
h 1e.
* Trng thi chuyn ng ca cc e trong
h nhiu e phi tun theo cc nguyn l
ca c lng t.

a. Cc nguyn l ca c lng t:
. Nguyn l ngoi tr Pauly:
Trong 1 ng.t nhiu e, khng c cp e no
c 4 s lng t hon ton ging nhau.
* S e ti a trong 1AO:
Cc e di chuyn trn cng 1AO(n,l,m) phi
c 3 slt n,l,m ging nhau ms khc nhau
V ms ch c 2 gi tr: - 1/2 v + 1/2
1AO ch c ti a 2e vi ms ngc chiu
ms =+1/2 ms = -1/2
AO cha 2e

Cn

S electron ti a trong 1 phn lp:

Trong1ph.l th l: C (2l+1) AOc2(2l+1)e
Ph.lp s(l=0) ti a 2(2.0+1)=2e s2
6

ti
a
2(2.1+1)
=
6e

p
Ph.lp p(l=1)
Ph.lp d(l=2) ti a 2(2.2+1) = 10ed10
Ph.lp f (l=3) ti a 2(2.3+1) =14e f14
ns: s0 ; s1 ; s2
np: p0; p1 ; p2 ; p3 ; p4 ; p5 ; p6
nd: d0; d1; d2; d3; d4; d5; d6 ; d7 ; d8 ; d9 ; d10
nf:f0; f1; f2; f3; f4; f5; f6; f7; f8; f9; f10; f11; f12;
f13; f14
*

S electron ti a trong 1 lp

Trong lp th n: Cha ti a (2.n2 )e

n=1 ti a 2.12= 2 e
n=2 ti a 2.22 = 8e
n=3 ti a 2.32 = 18 e
n=4 ti a 2.42 = 32 e
n=5 ti a 2.52 = 50 e
n=6 ti a 2.62 =72 e
n=7 ti a 2.72 = 98 e

. Nguyn l vng bn
Trong 1 nguyn t nhiu electron,cc
electron di chuyn quanh nhn nh th
no nng lng ca h l nh nht.
* Cc phn lp nl: C (n + l) E
Td: 3s(3 + 0)< 3p(3 + 1) E3s < E3p
* Trng hp 2 ph.lp c (n + l) bng nhau:
Phn lp no c n En
Td: 3d(3 + 2) v 4p(4 + 1) E3d < E4p
4p(4 + 1) v 5s(5 + 0) E4p < E5s

Quy tc Kleckowski:
Trong 1 ng.t nhiu e, cc e ln lt vo
chim cc ph.l c E nh nht trc(mi AO
ch cha ti a 2e vi spin ngc
chiu).Khi no ph.l c E nh hn bo
ha e,th e tip theo mi vo chim ph.l c
E cao hn k tip. Th t tin E ca cc
ph.l c xc nh bi qui tc KlecKowski.
Th t tin nng lng ca cc phn lp:
1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s
4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p
*

Quy tc Kleckowski:

. Quy tc Hund:
Trng hp ph.l c nhiu AO ng nng:

e ln lt vo chim
p.l: npx
m = -1 0 +1
cc AO nh th no :


p.l: ndx
ms cc i
-2 -1
+2
0 0+1+1
+2

mlm =-2
-1
m cc tiu
P1
d1
d6
P2
2
7

d
d
P3
3
8

d
d
4

P
4
9

5
d
d
P
p6 d5 d10

. Ghi ch:
* Cc phn lp p v d: Cu hnh bn nht l
cu hnh bo ha v cu hnh bn bo ha
p.l p Bn l p6 v p3
p.l d Bn l d10
v d

b. Cu hnh electron:
1
H(1s
):
1
2
He(1s
)
2
2
1
Li(1s
2s
)
3
2
2
Be(1s
2s
)
4
2
2
1
B(1s
2s
2p
)
5
2
2
2
C(1s
2s
2p
)
6
2
2
3
N(1s
2s
2p
)
7
2
2
4
O(1s
2s
2p
)
8
2
2
5
F(1s
2s
2p
)
9
2
2
6
Ne(1s
2s
2p
)
10

C th vit cu hnh electron ca cc

nguyn t nu bit Z
1

2
2
6
1
(KL
3s
)

11Na (1s 2s 2p 3s )
2
6
2
6
(KL3s
3p
4s
3d
)
Fe
26
2
6
2
9
Cu
(KL3s
3p
4s
3d
)
29
Nhng:c cu d9 khng bn bng c cu d10
Cu s hiu chnh thnh c cu 4s1 3d10
2
6
1
10
Cu(KL3s
3p
4s
3d
)
29

c. Hiu ng chn v hiu ng xm nhp:

.Trong ng.t nhiu e,khi di chuyn
ej b cc ei cn li y mt lc y
tng cng l Sj
Sj: hiu ng chn ca cc ei tc
dng ln ej
e(j) b nhn ht < tr.hp ng.t ch c 1e(j)
1ei s gy1hiu ng chn ij ln ej(Sj =ij)
* ej cng xa nhnSj ;ej cng gn nhnS
j
: i cng gn nhnij
* ei cng xa nhn ije
s
p
d
f
Trong cng 1 lp:
ij

. Hiu ng xm nhp:
Cc e khi di chuyn, do lc ht ca nhn
tc dng ln to nn hiu ng xm nhp
(e xm nhp vo gn nhn hn)
e

to hiu ng chn mnh hn

Trong cng 1 lp

h. xm nhp

III. Bng phn loi tun hon.

1. V tr ca cc nguyn t trong bng
phn loi tun hon.
L xc nh chu k v phn nhm ca ng.t:
Chu k:s lng t chnh n ln nht ca
ng.t
Phn nhm:

Phn nhm chnh A

Phn nhm ph B

Nguyn t thc phn nhm chnh A:

L ng.t m e cui cng ang x.d ph.lp ns
hoc np v ph.lp (n-1)d khng cha hoc
x ns1 p.nh I
cha bo ha e ns :
A
H
S
2
ns p.nh IIA
ns2 npy ns2 np1p.nh IIIA
ns2 np2 p.nh IVA
ns2 np3 p.nh VA
H P
ns2 np4 p.nh VIA
ns2 np5 p.nh VIIA
ns2 np6 kh tr
*

Nguyn t thuc phn nhm ph B:

Ng.t m e cui cng ang x.d ph.lp (n-1)d
ns2 d1 p.nh IIIB
d2 p.nh IVB
d3 p.nh VB
d4 p.nh VIB
d5 p.nh VIIB
H
D
6
*

d
d7 p.nh VIIIB
d8
1
10

ns
(n-1)d
p.nh
I
9
B
d
10 p.nh IIB
d

2. Tnh cht ca cc nguyn t:

a. Tnh kim loi v phi kim:
. K.l: l ng.t m e lp ngoi cng 3
K.l gm:ph.nh IA; IIA; IIIA v cc p.nh B
. Phi kim:l ng.t me lp ngoi cng 4
phi kim gm:phn nhm IVA;VA;VIA;VIIA
*Ng.t thuc ch.k ln ca p.nh IVA;VAl k.l
b.Soh (+) cao nht v soh (-) thp nht
* Soh (+) cao nht ca 1 ng.t = e ha tr
ca ng.t
e ha tr l e c th tham gia to lin kt

 Cc

ng.t phn nhm chnh A c soh(+)

cao nht = ct phn nhm ca ng.t .
2
y
(6-y)2
6
X
(ns
np
)
+
(6-y)e

X
{ns
np
}
* Z
S oxyd ha (-) thp nht = e ha tr - 8
Kim loi ch c s oxyd ha (+)
phi kim c : s oxyd ha (+) v (-)
b.Nng lng ion ha th nht (I1) ca ng.t
I1 ca 1 ng.t l n.l cn thit m ng.t nhn
vo tch 1e ra khi ng.t ion M+.
M M+ + e I1 = EM+ - EM I1 > 0
I1 ng.t cng kh ion ha,tnh kh v
tnh Kl

c. i lc electron:
i lc electron l nng lng trao i khi 1
ng.t nhn thm 1e ion XX + e X-A1=EX-- EX (A1: <0 hoc >0)
A1 cng<0 nhn e tnh oh,a,pk
d. Bn knh ng.t
* Trong cng 1 ph.nh,khi i t trn xung
s lng t chnh nbn knh ng.t
*Cng1chu k: cc ng.t thuc ph.nh A,
khi i t tri sang phi Zrng.t
rng.t,tnh kh, kl ,I1
rng.t, oh,pk,a

CHNG II
LIN KT HA HC

I. Cc c trng ca lin kt ha hc
1. di lin kt::khong cch ngn nht ni
2 ht nhn ca 2 nguyn t tham gia lin kt
Lin kt HF HCl HBr HI
d(Ao)
0,92
1,28
1,42
1,62

2. Gc lin kt:
Gc to thnh bi 2 on thng ni lin
ng.t vi 2 nhn ca 2 ng.t lin kt vi n.

Cl
111.4o

Cl

C O
124.3o

3. Bc lin kt:

S mi l.kt c hnh thnh gia 2 ng.t

Etan
H3CCH3
blk = 1
Eten
H2C = CH2
blk = 2
Etin
HC CH
blk =3
4. Nng lng lin kt
a. Phn t 2 nguyn t:AB(k) Q A(k)+B(k)
: Q l nhit hp thu ca p Q>0 EAB = Q
b. Phn t nhiu nguyn t:
1
CH4(k) Q C(k) + 4H(k) ECH = 4 Q
EAB > 0 v EAB bn lin kt
Blk EAB, blk, nhng dAB

5. Cc loi lin kt.

Gm:
Lin kt ion
Lin kt cng ha tr
Lin kt Hidro
Cc loi lin kt
Lc Van Der Walls
yu
Lin kt trong phc cht
phn bit lk ion v lkcht:cn c vo
m in ca 2 nguyn t tham gia lin kt.
0 A - B< 1,7 lkcht
Lk (AB)
A B 1,7 lk ion

II. LIN KT CNG HA TR

1. Nguyn tc:
Lin kt AB: 0 A B < 1,7 lkcht
*2 ng.t A v B tin li gn nhau, cc AOht
tin li gn nhau, n 1 khong cch x
cc AO ca chng s che ph ln nhau
cc Orbital ph.t:Molecular Orbital (MO)
:vng
khng
gian
quanh
2
nhn,
trn
MO
*
xc sut tm thy e cc i t 9099%
Mi MO cng ch cha ti a 2e vi spin
ngc chiu.

AO(A) AO(B) MO(AB)

Lin kt phi tr
+
(cho
nhn)

+
Ch c cc AO ha tr(AO cha cc e ha
tr) mi tham gia che ph to lin kt.
Qui tc che ph hu hiu
*Che ph cc i:cc AO tin li vi nhau
theo hng nh th no ccAO che
ph ph ln nhau cng nhiu cng tt
* E2AO
Che ph hu hiu bn lk

Cc kiu xen ph : s to lin kt ,

Lin kt sigma ma: Hnh thnh do s

xen ph trc, tc l s xen ph xy ra
dc theo trc lin kt gia 2 nguyn t
K hiu
s-s

s-p

p-d
Slide 51 of 48

General Chemistry:

p-p

d-d
HUI 2006

 Lin kt : Hnh thnh do xen ph

bn, K hiu

p-d
Slide 52 of 48

d-d
General Chemistry:

HUI 2006

2. Cc th d:
H(1s1)
* H2
H(1s1)

H(1s )
* HF
F(1s2 2s2 2p5)

H2 H:H HH

Cl(
3s
3p
)
Cl
*
2
Cl( 3s2 3p5)
2

MO s

2s

2p

sp

H:F:HF

2
2
3
N(1s
2s
2p
)
N
* 2
N(1s2 2s2 2p3)
y

NN
y

z
X

x
y

x
y

H2O

H(1s1)
O(1s2 2s2 2p4)
H(1s1)

L thuyt: HOH=900
nhng thc nghim:= 104,50

OH

NH3:

3H(1s1)
N(1s2 2s2 2p3)

H
H

L thuyt: HNH= 900

nhng thc nghim= 1070

1

CH
4H(1s
)
*
4
C(1s2 2s2 2p2)C*(1s2 2s1 2p3)
H
H
C
H

L thuyt: CH4 gmH 2 loi lin kt CH

3 CH to thnh tam din vung,
CH th t khng nh hng
Thc nghim: CH4 c dng t din u,
gc HCH=109,50

3. Thuyt lai ha cc AO
Trc khi to lin kt,1 ng.t t che ph
cc AO ha tr nhng AO lai ha c hnh
dng, kch thc, E hon ton ging nhau.
Sau , n dng cc AO l.ha ny che ph
vi cc AO ca nhng ng.t khc to l.k
a. Cc trng thi lai ha:
. Lai ha sp:1(s) + 1(p) 2(sp)

Trng thi lai ha sp dng gii thch c

cu ca cc phn t thng hng.
Trong ha hu c, lai ha sp dng gii
thch c cu ca carbon lin kt ba (C )
sp
sp sp
Td: O=C=O ; HCCH

Td: BeH2: Be(2 + 2.1=4)=> Be(sp)

phan t BeH2

BeCl2: Be(2 + 2.1 = 4)=> (sp)

.Trng thi lai ha sp2: 1(s) + 2(p) 3(sp2)

C c cu tam gic u: tm l nhn ng.t,
3 trc .x ca 3(sp2) hng ra 3 nh ca
Trng thi lai ha
sp2 dng gii
thch cc ph.t c
dng hoc
gc.Trong ha hu
c: gii thch c
cu ca C lin kt
i (C = )

. Trng thi lai ha sp3:

1(s) + 3(p) 4(sp3) :t din u,4 trc x
Hng ra 4 nh ca t din u
Trng thi lai ha sp3 c dng gii
thch c cu ca phn t c dng t din,
thp tam gic,gc.Trong ha hu c,dng
gii thch c cu ca C ni n.

. Trng thi lai ha dsp3;

1(s) + 3(p) + 1(d) 5(dsp3)
Dng hnh 6 mt ( lng thp y tam gic)

. Trng thi lai ha d2sp3

1(s) + 3(p) + 2(d) 6(d2sp3)
C dng hnh 8 mt
(lng thp y
hnh vung)

4. D on c cu lp th ca ha cht
Xem cht: MLn ; MLnx+ ; MlnyM:ng.t tr.tm(ng.t c s ng.t nh nht.)
L:ligand(cc ng.t chung quanh l.k vi M)
n; ch s ligand ( n 2)
X+: ,t(+) ca cation. Y- :.t (-) ca anion
xc nh dng lp th:
ehtlh(M) =ehtcb(M)+e: cc L(1L gp
1e tr O;S = 0e)
+ y(e) nu l anion
- x(e) nu l cation

 Xc nh trng thi lai ha ca (M) v

dng lp th
ehtlh: AOlh: tr.thi lh dng lp th
4
2
sp
thng hng
6
3
sp2
tam gic; gc
8
4
sp3
t din, thp,
gc
10
5
dsp3 lng thp y
12
6
d2sp3
hnh bt din

*Cc cp e ha tr phi c phn b cch

xa nhau nht c c lc y nh nht
gia chng
* Hiu ng lp th gim dn: Cp e khng
lin kt(K) > cp e lin kt(L) > e khng
lin kt [K(1)]
*Lc y ca cc cp e gim dn theo th
t sau: KK > KL > LL > K(1)L
*e trong lin kt bi y > e
lin kt n.
Slide 76 of 48

Cl

111.4o

Cl

General Chemistry:

C O
124.3o

HUI 2006

Td: CO2: C(4 + 2.0 = 4) sp O =C = O

O
C
O

BeCl2:Be(2+2.1=4)=> sp

BeH2: Be(2+2.1=4)=> sp

z
x

2.2e
Blk = 1( ) +
( ) = 2
2

phan t BeH2

Blk= 1

CHCH

CO32-: C (4 + 3.0 + 2 =6) sp2

1.2(e)
Blk = 1() + () = 1,33
3.2

BF3: B(3+3.1=6e)=> sp2

..
..
..

1.2(e)
Blk = 1() + () = 1,33
3.2

CH2=CH2 :C(sp2)

BCl3: 3+3.1=6=> sp2

3p
Cl
3p

3p

sp

Cl
3p

B
sp2
2p

Cl
3p
3p

1.2e
Blk = 1( ) +
( ) = 1,33
3.2
Slide 84 of 48

General Chemistry:

HUI 2006

CH4 ehtlh = 4 + 4.1= 8lh sp3 Blk CH = 1

NO2: ehtlh = 5 + 2.0 = 5 lh sp2

1.2e

Blk=1()+
()
=
1,5
N
O
2.2
O

ONO>120o

NO2- : ehtlh = 5 + 2.0 +1 = 6 lh sp2

2.2e

Blk = 1() + () = 1,5

N
O
2.2
O
ONO < 120o

NO2+ : ehtlh = 5 + 2.0 1 = 4lh sp

2.2e

Blk = 1() + () = 2
ONO
2.2

NO2+ thng hng

NH3: ehtlh = 5 + 3.1 = 8 lh sp3

Blk = 1;HNH < 109,5o
NH4+ : ehtlh = 5 + 4.1 -1 = 8
3 :Blk = 1; HNH=109,5o
lh sp
NO3- : ehtlk = 5 + 3.0 +1 = 6 lh sp2

1.2e

Blk=1()
+
()
NO
3.2
=o 1,33
ONO = 120

H2O : ehtlh = 6 + 2.1 = 8sp3

O
H
H

HOH<109,5o
SO2: ehtlh = 6 + 2.0 = 6 lh sp2

SO
O

1.2e
Blk = 1() + () = 1,5
2.2

OSO < 120o

H
C
H
H
H
O
109.5

N
H
H
H
107O

H
H
O
104.5

SO3: ehtlk = 6 + 3.0 = 6 sp2

O
SO
O

1.2e
Blk = 1() + () = 1,33
3.2

OSO = 120o

SO32- :ehtlh = 6 + 3.0 +2 =8 lh sp3

OSO < 109,5o

SO42- : ehtlh = 6 + 4.0 + 2 = 8 lh sp3

2-

O
O

S
O

OSO = 109,5o
PCl5 : ehtlh = 5 + 5.1 =10 lh dsp3

5. Tnh cht:
a. Cng ha tr ca 1 nguyn t l s lin
kt cng ha tr xut pht t nguyn t .
Td: HOH {cht(H) = 1; cht(O) = 2 }
b. Bn knh ca 1 ng.t: l di lin kt
n to bi 2 ng.t ca ng.t .

Td:N-NcdN-N=1,45ArN=1,45/2=0,725A

c. Lkcht c tnh bo ha, nh hng, c

th khng phn cc hoc phn cc.
Lk: AB c A B = 0 AB khng
phn cc; AB =0

Td: H2 c = 0
0<A B<1,7AB phn cc; AB 0
Td: HF c F > H
d
HF
HF= 4,8.dHF. (Deby)
phn cc
HF

Trng hp ph.t nhiu ng.t:MLn mi l.k

ML c 1 ga tr ML MLn = hp lc ca
nML
Td: NH3 v NF3
CH4 c = 0

III. LIN KT ION

1. Nguyn tc:
A + B nuA - B 1,7 lk ion
nA
+
ne

A
A > B
nm+
mA
+nB
AmBn
m+
B B

+ me

Cc ion An- v Bm+ phi c cu hnh e bn

* Cu hnh e bn ca cc ion:
c cu 8e :(ns2 np6): ng.t p.nh chnh A
C cu 18e(.ns2 np6 nd10): p.nh ph B
C cu ns2 (.ns2)(thng gp cc
ng.t chu k ln phn nhm IVA,VA )

Td:

2.

Tnh cht:
a. Bn knh ion:
Xem phn t AB: A-B+
A + e A- rA- > rA
dAB= rA- +
+
r
r
B B +e B < B
Trong dy ion ng e:
N3-; O2-; F-; Ne; Na+; Mg2+; Al3+
+

rB+

Z rion

P3-; S2-; Cl-; Ar; K+; Ca2+;

Z rion

Trong cc ion ng e:
Ion no c Zrion

b. Tnh cng ha tr ca lin kt ion ( tnh

ion ca lin kt cng ha tr).
rM+ Tnh

m+
Cation M c tnh phn

m(+)

cht
cckhi
Anion An- c tnh b phn n(-) Tnh
rA- ion
cc khi

100% ion

lkcht ph.cc lkcht khng cc

Tnh cht bn; t0s , t0nc

Trng hp 2 cation c bn knh v in

tch bng nhau, tnh phn cc tng theo th
t:
(ns2np6) < (ns2np6nd(x<10)) < (ns2np6nd10)

IV: Cc loi lin kt yu:

1. Lin kt Hydro:
L l.k to thnh bi ng.t H linh ng( l H
l.k vi 1 ng.t hay 1 nhm ng.t c m
din ln nh: O, F, Cl, CC) vi 1 ng.t
hay nhm c m in ln v c cc cp
e khng lin kt. AH+ BR
Td: HF HF
a. Phn loi
C 2 loi: lkH lin phn t v lkH ni phn
t

. Lin kt Hydro lin phn t:

c to thnh bi cc p.t ring bit nhau;
Td: H2O
HOHO
H

C2H5OHO

. Lin kt Hydro ni phn t:

c to thnh trong chnh bn thn 1 phn
O
H
O
O
t
H
H
N

b. Tnh cht
. Lin kt hydro cng bn khi H cng linh
ng v tm B cng giu e.
Td: C2HOHO
H

bn hn C2H5O
HOH
H

. Nhit si, nhit nng chy:

Ha cht no cho l.k(H) l.p.t th t0s, t0nc, .
Td: C2H5OHO C2H5 bn hn CH3O CH3
H

Cht no cho lin kt Hydro ni phn t

cng mnh th tos , tonc, cng thp
Td:

OH

c tos, tonc>

OH.
...
O
N

O
O

. tan
Cht no cho c l.k(H) l.p.t vi d.mi
cng th tan cng trong d,mi .
Td: C2H5OH tan trong H2O > CH3OCH3
b. Lc Van Der Walls (VDW)
L lc lin ph.t, c to thnh ga cc
ph.t trung ha, lc VDW c dng
gii thch s c th ha lng ca cht kh,
hoc c th ng c ca cht lng.
. Phn loi:
Lc VDW gm cc loi:

Lc nh hng:
c to thnh bi cc ph.t lun phn cc.
*

Lc cm ng:
c to thnh bi 1 phn t phn cc v 1
phn t khng phn cc.
*

Lc khuch tn.
To thnh bi cc cht khng phn cc
*

He
.

=0

Lc nh hng > lc cm ng > lc khuch

tn

Lc VDW r(phn t)
M

. Tnh cht
o
o
Cht
no
cho
lc
VDW
t
,
t
*
s
nc
Td:
F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 tos , tonc
Cc cht c phn cc ging nhau
ha tan tt vo nhau, v ngc li.
Td: HCl ha tan trong H2O tt hn CH4
CH4 ha tan trong CCl4 tt hn HCl
*

CHNG III: NHIT HA HC

I. Cc khi nim c bn:

1. H:
L 1 phn ca v tr c gii hn trong
phm vi ang kho st v phng din ha
hc. Phn cn li ca v tr quanh h c
gi l mi trng ngoi (mtng) i vi h.
Td: 1 cc cha nc y kn: phn bn
trong cc l h, cn thnh cc v khong
khng gian quanh cc l (mtng).

. H h: C th trao i E,vt cht vi(mtng)

* H kn: ch trao i E nhng khng trao
i cht vi (mtng)
* H c lp: khng trao i E v vt cht
vi (mtng)
Td: Cc cha dd ha cht khng y np l
h h, cn trong bnh y kn l h kn,
trong bnh cch nhit y kn l h c lp.
*H ng th: Ch c 1 pha,cn t 2 pha tr
ln l h d th [H gm nc(l) ng.cht l
ng th, nc(l) v nc l d th]
*

2. Thng s trng thi v hm trng thi;

a. Thng s trng thi:
Cc i lng vt l nh:(p),(V),(T),(n)
dng biu din trng thi ca h c
gi l thng s trng thi
Gia cc thng s trng thi c 1f.t lin h:
p: (atm),V:(lit),T:(oK)
pV= nRT
0,082 l.atm.mol-1
Pt trng thi R 1,987cal.mol-1
hs klt
8,3 j.mol-1
Khi x c 3 tr s,tr s th 4 c x.
Do : thng dng 3 thng s: p,V,T

b. Hm trng thi:Trng thi ca h thay i

khi ch cn 1 thng s trng thi thay i
Hm trng thi l 1 i lng c gi tr ch
ph thuc vo cc thng s trng thi ca h.
c. Qu trnh: Xem1h tr.thi (1): (p1,V1,T1),
1 thng s tr.thi thay i tr.thi (2):
(p2,V2,T2) h thc hin 1 qu trnh t t
thi(1)trng thi(2)
*1 (p1,V1,T1) *2 (p2,V2,T2)
Q.t ng p: p khng i( p=0;p=const)
Q.t ng tch:V khng i(V=0;V=const)
Q.t ng nhit:T khng i(T=0;T=const)

Q.t on nhit: khng trao i nhit (Q=0)

Q.t tn: kh nng xy ra theo chiu thun
hay chiu nghch l nh nhau().Q.t ch
xy ra 1 chiu l qt t nhin ( )
c. Nhit v cng
Khi thc hin q.t t tr.th(1) n tr.th (2), h
c th trao i E vi mtng di 2 dng:
nhit v cng.
m: khi lng (gam)
. Nhit: Q = mcT c: nhit dung
T= T2 T1
m=1g ; T=1 c=Q c: nhit dung ring

m=M, T= 1 Q= Mc = cc: nhit dung mol

C n mol cht Q = nc T
. Cng
*
Cng
thay
i
th
tch
h
Cng A
* Cng ha hc
Trng hp ch c cng thay i th tch:
A = pngoi . V { V = V2 V1}
png=0(q.t xy ra chn khng)A = 0
V=V2 - V1=0(q.t ng tch)A = 0
Qu trnh ng p hoc thun nghch:
png = ph = p A = p.V

Qui c v du: Q < 0 pht nhit

Q > 0 nhn nhit
A< 0 nhn cng
A> 0 sinh cng
II. p dng nguyn l I nhit ng lc hc.
1. Nguyn l I v ni nng
Xem h thc hin q.t t tr.th (1) n tr.th (2)
c th theo nhiu ng q.t khc nhau:
*

Q 1 , A1
Q2 , A2
Q3 ,A3

Qn ,An

Q1 Q2 Q3 Qn;A1 A2 A3 An
Q1-A1=Q2-A2=Q3- A3=Qn-A=hs= U
* U= U2 - U1( U1 v U2 ni nng ca h
trng thi (1) v (2).

U = Q - A
Ni nng U l tt c cc dng nng lng
tch cha bn trong h.
A = png.V U = Q png.V
Trong trng hp h thc hin 1 chu trnh:
U = U2 U1 = Q A = 0
1*2
Q=A
Q > 0A > 0: h nhn nhitsinh cng
A < 0 Q < 0: h nhn cngpht nhit

2. Entalpi: 1 p thng c thc hin theo

1 trong 2 cch sau:
* Bnh kn,Vh=Vbnhq.t ng tch(V=0)
U=Q-A=Q-pngVU=QV: nh ng tch
QV>0U>0h nhn nhitU2>U1 h
nng ln
QV<0U<0h pht nhitU2<U1:
h lnh i

Bnh h, p tc dng ln h l p kh quyn =

1atm qu trnh ng p
U = Q A = Q - pV Q =U + pV
Qp=U2-U1+p(V2 V1) =(U2+pV2)-(U1+pV1)
t: H2 = U2 + pV2 ; H1 = U1 + pV1
L Entalpi ca h trng thi (2) v (1)
Vi H = U + pV
H = H2 H1 = Qp nhit ng p
Qp>0H>0h nhn nhit:H2>H1h
nng ln
Qp<0H<0h pht nhit:H2<H1h
*

3. Hiu ng nhit
Hiu ng nhit ca 1 p. l Q trao i gia
p vi mtng iu kin V=0 hoc p = 0.
*V=0:U=QV: hiu ng nhit ng tch.
* p=0H = Qp : hiu ng nhit ng p.
S lin quan gia H v U
Ta c: H = U + pV H = U + pV
H = U + p(V2 V1) = U + pV2 pV1
H=U+ n2RT n1RT = U + (n2 n1)RT
H =U + n.RT n=n(k)(sp)-n(k)(tc)
Trong qu trnh: Qp = QV + n.RT

Td: 2NH3(k) + 3/2 O2(k) N2(k) + 3H2O(k)

H =U+n.RT = U+ RT
a. Nhit to thnh v nhit phn hy
. Nhit to thnh mol tiu chun
L hiu ng nhit ca phn ng to thnh
1 mol ha cht t cc n cht bn iu
kin chun (p=1atm, T = 298oK{25oC}
Td: H2(k) + O2 (k) H2O(l)
Ho298 = Hott,298 [H2O(l)]
H0tt,298 thng <0 v H0tt,298 cng bn
H0tt,298 [n cht] = 0

. Nhit phn hy mol tiu chun

L nhit trao i khi phn hy hon ton 1
mol ho cht thnh cc n cht bn kc
H2O(l) H2(k) + O2(k)
H0298 = H0ph,298 [H2O(l)]
H0ph,298 thng>0 v H0ph,298cng bn
b. Nhit t chy mol tiu chun.
L hiu ng nhit ca p t chy hon
ton 1 mol ho cht bng O2(k),sn phm
to thnh l cc oxyt bn ca cc nguyn t
to thnh ho cht kc.

H2(k) + O2(k) H2O(l)

H0298 = H0ch,298 [H2(k)]
Hoch,298 thng < 0
v Hoch,298
[n cht] 0

4. nh lut Hess v h qu.

a. nh lut Hess
Mt p c th xy ra theo nhiu giai on,
hiu ng nhit tng qut bng tng hiu
ng nhit ca cc giai on trung gian. V
hiu ng nhit tng qut ch ph vo trng
thi u v trng thi cui ca p
I + J
H1

H2

A+BC+D
H3 H4

E+FG+H

H5

H0298=H1+H2=H3+H4+H5

H CO (k)
C(tc) + O2 (k)
2
H1
H2
CO(k)

H0298 = H1 + H2

C th biu din nh lut Hess di dng:

C(tc) + O2 (k) CO(k) (1) H1
CO(k) + O2(k) CO2(k) (2) H2
(1)+(2)(3) C(tc)+O (k)CO (k)
2
2
H3=H1+H2
b. H qu:
. Phn ng thun nghch
H = Hth + Hng = 0
H
A+B C+D
H
Hth = - Hng
th

ng

. Tnh h. nhit ca p theo nhit to thnh

AB

CD

H1

H2

A+B

C+D

AC + BD
H3

H = H1 + H2 + H3
H1 = -1.H0tt,298[AB]
H2 = -1.H0tt,298[CD]

H3 = + 1.H0tt,298[AC] + 1.H0tt,298[BD]
H= {1.H0tt,298[AC] + 1.H0tt,298[BD]}
- {1.H0298[AB] + 1.H0298[CD]}

Xem p tng qut

mA + nB pC + qD
H0298 = {mH0tt,298[C] + nH0tt,298[D] }

- { pH0tt,298[A] + qH0tt,298[B] }

H0298 = H0tt,298[s.p] - H0tt,298[t.c]

Td: 2NH3(k)+3/2O2(k) N2(k) + 3H2O(k)
H0298=3H0tt,298[H2O(k)]-2H0tt,298[NH3(k)]
H0298= 3.(-241,8) - 2.(- 46,2) = - 633kj

. Tnh h. nhit ca p theo nhit chy.

Xem p:H2C=CH2(k) +H2(k) H3C-CH3(k)

C2H4(k) +3O2(k) 2CO2(k)+2H2O(l) (1) H1

H2(k) +1/2 O2(k) H2O(l)
(2) H2
C2H6(k) +7/2O2(k)2CO2(k) +3H2O(l) (3) H3

(1) + (2) (3) p cn phi tnh

Ho298= H1 + H2 - H3

Ho298= 1.Hoch,298[C2H4(k)] + 1.Hoch,298[H2(k)]

- 1.Hoch,298[C2H6(k)]

Ho298= Hoch,298[tc] - Hoch,298[sp]

. Tnh hiu ng nhit theo nng lng lk.

H

Xem p: H2C=CH2(k) + H2(k) H3CCH3(k)

H1

H2

H3

2C(k) + 4H(k) 2H(k)

Ho298= H1 + H2 + H3
H1= EC=C + 4ECH
H2= EH-H
H3= -EC-C + -6EC-H
Ho298= {EC=C + 4EC-H +EH-H } - {EC-C + 6EC-H}

Ho298= Et - Erp

Xt du Ho298 ca phn ng:

Ho298 < 0 p pht nhit: p d xy ra.
Ho298 > 0 p thu nhit: p kh xy ra.
Ho298 = 0 p on nhit: p kh xy ra.
P c H cng < 0 cng d xy ra.
Td: p: H2 + X2 2HX
X( halogen)
F2
Cl2 Ho p cng kh xr
298
Br2
I2

III.Ng.l 2 nhit ng lc hc - chiu q.t

1. Nguyn l 2 nhit ng lc hc Entropi
(1)
nAmol Chn
khng
kh

VA

VB

T nhin

(2)
nAmol kh

V = VA + VB

Khi h thc hin qu trnh t(1) (2) :

:( t do, xo trn, bt trt t), xc sut
hin din phn t kh
Trong q.t t nhin,h lun i t trng thi c
t do ,xs hin din p.t kh thp n trng
thi c t do, xs hin din ph.t kh cao.

VA = VB ; TA = TB

nA

nA

QA >

xt,td (A) = (B)

nA

QB

nA

xt,td (A) > (B)

Bin thin ca xt,td ca h t l thun

vi lng nhit Q trao i ca h.
VA = VB ; TA > TB

nA

nA

td(A) > (B)

QA = QB
nA
nA

td(A) < (B)

td ca h t l nghch vi nhit

Vy: Mi trng thi ca h c biu din

bi 1 h.s x.s entropi S (S l h.s biu din
t do,xo trn,bt trt t,v x.s hin din
ph.t ca h),m bin thin ca S c cho
bi h thc:
Q Q.t thun nghchSh=Qtn/T
S
T Q.t t nhin Sh >Qktn/T
Mi ha cht u c 1 gi tr So298 > 0 x. .
Ha cht c S t do
Vi 1 ha cht: Sk > Sl > Sr

2. Tnh bin thin entropi ca 1 phn ng.

Xem p: mA + nB pC + qD
So298 ={ pSo298[C]+qSo298[D]}-{mSo298[A]+nSo298[B]}
So298 = So298[sp] - So298[tc]
Td: CaCO3(r) CaO(r) + CO2(k)
So298=1.So298[CaO(r)]+1.So298[CO2(k)]
-1.So298[CaCO3(r)]

So298 = 39,7 + 213,7 88,7 = 164,7 kj/oK

* C th d on du ca S da vo n ca p:
n > 0 S > 0; n<0S<0; n=0tnh c th
N2(k) + 3H2(k) 2NH3(k) c n= 2-1-3=-2S<0

3. Xt du S ca p:
S > 0 d xy ra. S
Mt p c: S = 0 kh xy ra. d
S < 0 kh xy ra. xr
4. Chiu ca p
Ng.l 1; 2 khng kt lun c p xy ra
c hay khng. Do phi kt hp 2 ng.l
G=H-TS (G: hm Gibb, nng lng t do)
Khi h thc hin qu trnh t (1) (2):
G= G2 G1 = (H2 TS2) (H1 TS1)
G=(H2 H1) T(S2 S1)= H - TS
GoT = HoT - TSoT

Gott,298 [ha cht]: Go298 ca p to thnh 1

mol ha cht t cc n cht bn kc.
H2(k) + O2(k) H2O(k)
Go298 = Gott,298[H2O(k)]
. Gott,298[n cht] = 0
Xem p: mA + nB pC + qD
Go298 = {pGott,298[C] + qGott,298[D]}
- {mGott,298[A] + nGott,298[B]}
Go298 = Gott,298[sp] - Gott,298[tc]

G = H - TS
* H<0, S>0 G<0: p t xy ra ()
* H>0,S<0G>0: p t xy ra ()
H>TSG<0: ().
H<0,
H<TSG>0:
().
S<0:
H=TSG=0:()
H>0,
S>0:

H<TSG<0: ()
H>TSG>0: ()
H=TSG=0:()

V ng biu din G theo T ta c:

G
H > 0 ; S < 0

G
H > 0; S >0

G
H > 0 ; S = 0

G
H < 0 ; S < 0

G
H < 0 ; S > 0
T

G
H < 0 ; S = 0

G
H = 0 ; S < 0

G
H = 0 ; S > 0

G
H = 0 ; S = 0

CHNG IV
TC P-CN BNG HA HC
I. Tc phn ng
1. Biu thc tc phn ng
Xem p: m A + nB pC + qD
k:hs tc p;k> 0;k=f(T)
v=k(CA)m(CB)n Bc m theo A,bc n theo B
P bc (m + n) tng qut
* m,n l cc tr s thc nghim: c th l s
nguyn, thp phn
* m,n h s p,ch i vi p n gin( ch

Trng hp cc cht tham gia p l cht

kh, ta c th dng nng hoc p sut.
v = kCAm.CBn hoc v = kpAm.pBn
* trng hp cc cht p gm(lng v rn)
Ta c: v=kS.Cim : Si l b mt hot ng ca
cht rn.
* Trng hp cc cht p gm kh v rn,
ta ch ch n cht kh: v = kpim
*

2. Cc yu t nh hng n tc p
a. nh hng ca nng (T= const)
mA + nB pC +qD: p n gin.
v1 = kCAm.CBn : CA= xCA v CB= yCB
v2=k(CA)m.(CB)n = k(xCA)m.(yCB)n
=kxmynCAmCBn v2/v1= xm.yn
* Hn hp p l cht kh: C th dng p sut
v1= kpAm.pBn ;v2= k(xpA)m.(ypB)n
v2/v1= xm.yn

Td1:p: 2A + B C :CA= 2CA; CB= CB

v = kCA2.CB :x=2; y=1;v2/v1= x2.y1=22.11=4
Td2; mA + nB pC + qD :V = kCAm.CBn
.CA=2CA;CB=CB:v2/v1=4=2m.1n=2mm=2
. CA=CA; CB=2CB:v2/v1=2=1m.2n=2nn=1
v = kCA2CB

Td3:2NO(k)+O2(k)2NO2(k) :v = kpNO2.pO2
Khi tng Vbnh ln 2 lnp sut cc kh
gim 2 ln
pA =pA; pB= pB:v2/v1=(1/2)2.(1/2)1=1/8

b. nh hng ca nhit .(nng khng

i)
. H thc Vant Hoff
T1v1,k1,t1; T2v2,k2,t2
v1= k1CAmCBn ;v2= k2CAmCBn

v = k = t =
v k t

T
10

: h s nhit ca k,

>1
1
1
2
T = T2 T1
T = 100 => v2/v1 =
2

*Td1: T1=20oCT2=50oC; =3
v2/v1=3(50-20)/10=27
*Td2: T1=20oCT2=50oC;
v2/v1=8=(50-20)/10=3=2
*Td3: T1=20oC,t1=3hT2=400C;=3t2=?
. t1/t2=(40-20)/10=2=32=9 = 180/t2
t2=180/9= 20
Td4: T1=20oC,t1=3h,=3t2=20 T2=?
.t1/t2=T/10=3T/10=180/20=9T/10=2
T2=40oC

. H thc Arhnius
Ea:nng lng hot ha p
k = .e-Ea/RT =hs: tha s tn s.
Ea>0; Ea=>k
TEa/RT0 k= (hs tc T=)
lnk = -Ea/RT+ln ;v lnk = f(1/T)
lnk

lnk nghch bin vi 1/T

lnk ng bin vi T
Tk; Tk
1/T

T1,k1lnk1=-Ea/RT1+ln
T2,k2lnk2=-Ea/RT2+ln
Ea 1 1
lnk2 lnk1= - -
R T2 T1
k 2 Ea 1 1
ln = - -
k 1 R T 2 T1

c. nh hng ca cht xc tc(cxt)

Cxt l cht c cho vo p vi lng rt
nh, lm v hoc nh hng p theo chiu
mong mun.Sau p, cxt c hon tr li mt
H
Td: RCOOH + ROH RCOOR + H2O

N2(k) + H2O(l)
,xt NO(k) + H O(l)
2
NH3(k)+O2(k)
. Xt ng th: cxt v cht p cng 1 pha
. Xt d th: cxt v cp 2 pha khc nhau
. Cxt lm v l do lm gim Ea ca p
+

II. Cn bng ha hc.

1. Hng s cn bng
v ,k
Xem p tn: mA +. nB v ,k pC + qD
vth= kthCm.CBn
v
=
v

v
tq
th
ng
p
q
vng = kngCC .CD
th

th

ng

ng

vtq= kthCAm.CBn - kngCCp.CDq

. t t0: CA v CB >> CC v CD
vth>>vngv>>0
. t:CA v CB; CC v CDvth; vngvtq

. vth = vng vtq = 0p t trng thi cn

bng (tcb)
tcb: kth[A]m[B]n = kng[C]p[D]q
kth [C]p[D]q KC:hs cb ;KC=f(T)
KC= = KC>0;KC,cb >thun
kng [A]m[B]n KC, cb > nghch
. Khi phn ng t trng thi cb, trong hn
hp p cn cc cht c thnh phn c
xc nh bng biu thc hng s cb.

. Khi hn hp p l cht kh:c th dng Kp

(pC)p.(pD)q
Kp: hs cb p sut.
Kp;cb>thun.
Kp =
(pA)m.(pB)n cb Kp;cb>nghch
Kp=KC.(RT)n; Kp = f(T)
. 2NO(k) + O2(k) 2NO2(k) (1): K1
a.(1)=>2aNO(k)+aO2(k)2aNO2(k)(2): K2
(pNO2)2
(pNO2)2a
K1= ; K2 =
(pNO)2(p O2)
(pNO)2a(pO2)a
=> K2 = (K1)a

. C(tc) + O2(k) CO(k) (1) K1

CO(k) + O2(k) CO2(k) (2) K2
(1)+(2)(3): C(tc) + O2(k) CO2(k) (3)K3
K3 = K1.K2
. 2NO2(k) N2O4(k) (1) K1
N2O4(k) 2NO2(k) (2) K2
(1) v (2): th v ng K1.K2 = 1
. P c mt cc cht (r,l,k), ta dng Kp v
ch ghi p sut cht kh trong biu thc Kp.
.P c mt cc cht (l,r), ta dng KC v ch
ghi nng cht lng trong biu thc KC.

2. Cc yu t nh hng n cn bng.
a. nh lut Le Chtelier
Khi p t trng thi cb, nu ta thay i 1
yu t tc dng ln h,th cb s dch chuyn
theo chiu ngc li vi s thay i .
b. nh hng ca nng .
A+B C+D
. + A vo h: CA cb > CA: thun()
. - A ra: CA cb > CA: nghch()
. + D vo h: CD cb > CD: nghch()
. - D ra: CD cb > CD: thun()

c. nh hng ca p sut
p sut ch nh hng n cb nu trong h
c mt cht kh.
Xt n = n kh (sp) - n kh (tc) ca p:
Khi p cb > n < 0 ; khi p cb > n > 0
Td:N2(k) + 3H2(k) 2NH3(k): n= -2
p cb > n < 0 : thun()
p cb > n > 0: nghch()
nu n = 0 cb khng dch chuyn.

d. nh hng ca nhit .
Khi T cb > thu nhit(H > 0)
Khi T cb > pht nhit(H < 0)
Nu H = 0 cb khng dch chuyn
Td: CaCO3(r) CaO(r) + CO2(k) H > 0
T cb > H > 0 ; thun()
T cb > H < 0 : nghch()
e. nh hng ca cht xc tc.
Trong p cb, thm cht xt ,n lm vthng
thi lm vng; vth=vng. cht xt khng
lm dch chuyn mc cb m ch lm p
nhanh chng t trng thi cb.

Td:

t0

kxt: tcb
C xt: tcb

A+B C+D

1
1
0,3 0,3
0,3 0,3

0
0
0,7 0,7 tcb= 10h
0,7 0,7 tcb = 1h

3. S lin h gia G0298 v K ca p

Xem p: mA + nB pC + qD
Ta cng tnh cH0298,S0298,G0298,v K
G0T = - RTlnK G0lnKK
Td: A + B C + D G0298 = - 10kj
G0298 - 10.1000
lnK= - = - = 4 K= 54,6
RT
8,3.298

ng lng gam ca 1 cht l s phn

khi lng ca cht c th kt hp, thay
th vi 1 phn khi lng Hydro(lg=1)
hoc 8 phn khi lng Oxy(lg=8)
MA(g)
A: ng.t MA: ng.t gam
A=
A: p.t MA: p.t gam
n
. A: nguyn t; n: ha tr ca nguyn t .
Td1: Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2
*

n = 2 lg(Fe) = 56/2 = 28g

Td2: Fe + 3/2Cl2 FeCl3

n = 3 lg(Fe) = 56/3 = 18,7g

A: hp cht
Acid:
n = H+ = OH- trao i
Baz
Td:H2SO4 + 2NaOH Na2SO4 + 2H2O
*

n=2

n=1

Mui n = (+) = (-) ca cng thc

Oxyt phn t .
Td: NaCl:(n=1); Na2SO4(n=2); MgO(n=2)
Cht oxy ha kh:n= e trao i
5Fe2++MnO4- +8H+ 5Fe3+ +Mn2+ + 4H2O
n= 1

n=5

Vi 1 ha cht A c khi lng mA(g):

mA
NA mA/A MA
mA
nA= ; NA= = = = n NA= n.nA
A
nA mA/MA A
MA

NA
CN NA/V
nA
CM = ;CN = = = n CN= nCM
V
CM nA/V
V

Td: ha tan 4,9g H2SO4 vo nc to thnh 1l dd.

4,9/98
CM = = 0,05M CN = 2CM = 2.0,05 = 0,1N
1

2. Dd khng in ly dd in ly.
* Dd khng in ly l dd m cht tan l cht
khng in ly(l cht khi ha tan trong
nc khng phn ly thnh cc ion tri du).
* Dd in ly l dd: cht tan l cht .ly(khi
HO
cc ion tri du)
. Cht .l mnh: phn ly hon ton , qu
trnh phn ly l 1 chiu()
2

HCl H+ + Cl- ;

NaCl Na+ + Cl-

. Cht in ly yu: ch phn ly 1 phn, qu

trnh phn ly l thun nghch()
CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+

. in ly ca cht .ly l t s gia s

mol .ly v s mol ban u ca cht .ly.
x x: s mol(hay nng ) .ly
=
a: s mol(hay nng ) ban u

0 x a => 0 1
v 1cht in ly cng mnh
v 0 cht in ly cng yu
. tin so snh, ngi ta qui c:
> 0,3 cht in ly mnh
< 0,03 cht i ly yu
0,03 0,3 cht din ly trung bnh

II. TNH CHT DUNG DCH IN LY

1. S in ly ca nc ch s pH v pOH
Nc nguyn cht l cht in ly yu.
H2O

H+ + OHKly
[H+][OH-]
Kly = = 1,8.10-16
[H2O]

250C

V lng H2O .ly rt nh so vi lng

H2O ban u [H2O] xem nh khng i.
Kn=Kly[H2O]=(1000/18).1,8.10-16 = 10-14
Vy Kn = [H+][OH-] = 10-14 250C
Kn: tch ion ca H2O

Vi 1 dd (dm l H2O) bt k,ta vn c:

Kn = CH+.COH- = 10-14
250C
-lgKn = -lgCH+ -lgCOH- = 14
t: pKn=-lgKn;pH=-lgCH+; pOH= -lgCOH pKn = pH + pOH = 14 250C
. Mi trng trung tnh: CH+ = COH- = 10-7
pH = pOH = -lg10-7 = 7
. Mi trng axit: CH+ > COH- CH+ > 10-7
pH = -lgCH+ < 7 ; pOH > 7
. Mi trng baz: CH+<COH- CH+< 10-7M

pH > 7 ; pOH < 7

*

2. Tnh pH ca dung dch axit- baz

a. nh ngha axit-baz
. Quan im Arhnius
AHn An- + nH+
B(OH)m Bm+ + mOH. Dm = H2O;
. Axit: n chc; baz: m chc
.CH+axit;COH-baz
Td:HCl(k) + NH3(k) NH4Cl(r):
khng l p(a-b)

. Quan im Bronsted
AHn An- + nH+
B + mH+ [B(OH)m]m+
. Dm khng bt buc l H2O
. Axit n chc, baz m chc
. Phng thch H+axit
. Nhn H+baz
H+

Td: HCl(k) + NH3(k) NH4Cl(r)

axit

baz

H+

baz1

axit2

xem p: AH + BOH A- + BOH2+

axit1

baz2

H+

AH A-+H+;AH/A-:cp axit/baz lin hp(1

BOH2+ BOH+H+
BOH2+/BOH: cp a/b lin hp(2)
p(a-b) phi c s tham gia ca 2 cp a/b
lin hp.
. Quan im Lewis
Axit + ne . + e axit
Baz me . e baz

b. pH ca dung dch axit

. Dung dch axit mnh
AHn An- + nH+ CH+ = nCA
t0 CA(M) 0
0 CN = nCA
t 0
CA nCA =>CH+ = CN = nCM
pH = -lgCH+ = -lg(nCA)
. HCl 0,1N: CH+= CN= 0,1(iong/l)pH= -lg0,1= 1
. HCl 0,1M:n=1CH+=CN=CM=0,1(iong/l)pH=1
. H2SO4 0,1NCH+= CN=0,1(iong/l)pH= -lg0,1=1
. H2SO4 0,1M: n=2CH+=CN=2CM=2.0,1=0,2(iong/l)
Vy: pH= -lg0,2= 0,67

. Dung dch axit yu

* Dung dch axit yu n chc
AH A- + H+ = x =>x=C
t0 C a
0
0
a
C
AH

tcb C+ a x

[
H
]
[
A
]

Ca
.

Ca

Ca
=
=
=
:<< 1 1- = 1
K
[ AH ]
Ca(1 ) 1
2

Ka
a
Ka = 2Ca =
Ca Ca ; Ca
Ka
+
= Ka.Ca
[H ] = x = Ca = Ca
Ca
1
pH = lg Ka.Ca =
( lg Ka lg Ca )
2
1

t: pKa= - lgKa :Ka pKa pH = 2 ( pKa lgCa)

Td: dd CH3COOH 0,1M, Ka = 10-5 c:

5

Ka
10
=
= 10
=
Ca 10
1
pH = 2 ( pKa lg Ca)
1

= 10 =

1
= (5
2

0.01
1

lg10 ) = 3

Dung dch axit yu a chc

H3PO4 H+ + H2PO4- Ka1 = [H+][H2PO4-]/[H3PO4]= 10-2,1

H2PO4- H+ + HPO42- Ka2 = [H+][HPO42-]/[H2PO4-]= 10-7,2
HPO42- H+ + PO43Ka3 = [H+][PO43-]/[HPO42-] = 10-12,3
4
trng
hp
tng
qut:
K
/K
/K

10

*
a1
a2
a3
ch ch chc th nht, xem nh l axit yu
n chc c K =K

Vi : H3PO4 c: Ka1/Ka2/Ka3 = 10-2,1/10-7,2/10-12,3=105

1
= ( pKa
2

1
= (
2

pH
lg Ca)
lg10 lg10 ) = 1,55
c. pH ca dung dch baz
. Dung dch baz mnh
B(OH)n Bn+ + nOHt0
t

Cb
0

0
Cb

2 ,1

0
nCb

COH- = nCb ; CN= nCM COH- = CN = nCM

pOH = -lgCOH- pH = 14 - pOH
Vy pH = 14 (- lgCOH-)

Dd NaOH 0,1 N
COH-=CN=0,1iong/l pH =14-(-lg0,1)=13
* Dd NaOH 0,1 M
COH-= CN= CM = 0,1iong/l pH = 13
* Dd Ba(OH)2 0,1 N
COH- = CN = 0,1iong/l
pH= 14 (-lg0,1) = 13
* Dd Ba(OH)2 0,1 M
COH- = CN = 2CM = 2.0,1 = 0,2iong/l
pH = 14 (-lg0,2) = 13,33
*

. Dd baz yu
* Dung dch baz yu n chc
BOH B+ + OHt 0 Cb
tcb Cb - x

= x
Cb
+

0
x

0
x

= Cb

[
B
]
[
OH
]
CC = C
=
=
K
C (1 ) 1
[ BOH ]
<< 11 - = 1 Kb = 2Cb=>
2

K
C

b
b

K
= K C
[OH ] x
C
C
1
pOH = lg[OH ] = lg K C = 2 ( lg K lg C )
1
t pKb = -lgKb=> pOH = 2 ( pK lg C )

Cb =

pH = 14 pOH=> pH = 14 [

1
(
pK

b
2

lg C )]
b

Td: dung dch NH4OH 0,1 M c pKb = 5

1
pH = 14 [ 2 (5 lg10 )] = 11
*Baz yu a chc: nu Kb1/Kb2/Kb3104
ta ch ch n chc th nht,v xem n
nh l 1 baz yu n chc vi K = K .
1

c. pH ca dung dch mui

Mui c xem l sp ca p gia axit v baz
Axit + Baz Mui + H2O
m
m
4 loi mui
y
y
. Mui to thnh bi axit (m) v baz (m)
mAHn + nB(OH)m AmBn + m.nH2O
AmBn mAn- + nBm+
An- v Bm+ l gc ca axit v baz mnh
khng b thy phn : dung dch c pH = 7
Td: NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO4, KCl, KNO3,
K SO .

. Mui ca axit (y) v baz (m) (n chc)

AH + BOH AB + H2O
AB A- + B+
t0
t

Cm
0

0
Cm

0
Cm

A- + H2O AH + OH- pH > 7

pH =

1
+
(
pK
n
2

pK + lg C )
a

Td: dd CH3COONa 0,1 M

pH =

1
+
(
14
2

5 + lg 0,1 )= 9

. Mui ca baz yu v axit mmh

AH + BOH AB + H2O
AB A- + B+
B+ + H2O BOH + H+ pH < 7
Gi Cm l nng mui ban u

pH =

(
pK
n
2

pK lg C )
b

Td: dd NH4Cl 0,1 M, pKb = 5

pH =

(
14
2

5 lg 0,1 )= 5

. Mui to bi axit yu v baz yu

AH + BOH AB + H2O
AB A- + B+
pH dd ty thuc
A- + H2O AH + OH- vo s so snh
B+ + H2O BOH + H+ gia Ka v Kb

pH =

1
+
(
pK
n
2

pK

pK )
b

Ka > Kb pKa < pKb pH < 7

Ka < Kb pKa > pKb pH > 7
Ka = Kb pKa = pKb pH = 7

d. Dung dch n
Dung dch n l dd c pH thay i khng
ng k, khi thm vo dd 1 lng nh axit
mnh hay baz mnh, hoc pha long dd.
. Dd n to bi 1 axit yu v mui ca n
vi baz mnh( dd n axit yu).
Xem dd n ( CH3COOH + CH3COONa)
CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+
CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+

+
+
+
+
H
cb
>
nghch(H
);
H
b p htpH khng i
*
+
+
+
OH
:
OH
+
H
H
OC
;
cb>thun(H
)
*
2
H+
OH- b p ht=> pH khng i.

Gi Ca v Cm l nng d ca axit yu v mui;

CH3COONa CH3COO- + Na+
t0
Cm
0
0
t
0
Cm
Cm
pH < 7
CH3COOH CH3COO- + H+
t0
Ca
0
0
tcb
Ca x
x
x
[CH3COOH] = Ca x = Ca ;[CH3COO-] = Cm + x = Cm
[H ] [CH COOH ] [H+] = Ka. [CH COOH ]
Ka =
[CH COO ]
[CH COOH ]
+

Ca
Ca
pH = lg( Ka
) = lg Ka lg
Cm
Cm
3

Ca * C = C => pH = pK
pH = pKa lg
a
m
a
Cm

Td: dd n (CH3COOH 0,1 M v CH3COONa 0,01M)

pH = 5 lg(0,1/0,01) = 5 lg10 = 4

.dd n to bi baz (y) v mui ca n vi

axit (m)
Xem dd n( NH4OH v NH4Cl): dd n axit yu
NH4Cl NH4+ + ClNH4OH NH4+ + OH-

pH > 7

Thm H+ : H+ + OH- H2O OH- : cb>

thun (OH-) H+ b p ht pH khng i.
Thm OH-OH- cb> nghch(OH-) OHb p ht pH khng i.

Gi Cb v Cm l nng ca NH4OH v
NH4Cl, chng minh tng t trng hp dd
n axit:
Cb
pH = 14 ( pKb lg

Cm

= Cm pH = 14 - pKb
Td: dd n: NH4OH 0,1 M v NH4Cl 0,1 M
c:
pH = 14 ( 5 lg 0,1/0,1) = 5
. Cb

3. Chun Axit - Baz

Axit{Ca,Va}? + Baz{Cb,Vb} bit Mui + H2O
Baz{Cb,Vb}? + Axit{Ca,Va} bit Mui + H2O
Dd cn ch.
dd chun
s ch.
(c th mnh
(mnh)
hoc yu)
* Cht cn chun : bnh
tam gic.
* Dung dch chun: ng nh
git.

a. phn ng :
AHn + NaOH NaA + H2O
Ca,Va Cb,Vb
Vi Ca,Cb: nng (CN)
* Ti im tng ng (l thi im m lng cht
cn chun p va ht vi lng cht chun nh t
ng nh git xung).
Theo nh lut ng lng ta c:
NA = NB CaCa = CbVb
b. xc nh im tng ng: dng cht ch
th mu.
Cht ch th mu l cht cho vo dd cn chun
.Ti im tng ng: mu ca dd thay i.

Cht ch th mu thng l 1 axit hoc baz yu, m

mu ca dd thay i ty theo pH ca dd.
Mi cht ch th mu c 1 khong pH i mu xc
nh.
*

c. Cc th d:
Td1: Chun 10ml dd HCl phi dng ht 12ml
dd NaOH 0,1 N CHCl = ?
Ti im tng ng:
Cb.Vb 0,1.12
= 0,12 N
CaVa = CbVb Ca =
=
Va
10
Td2: Chun 10ml dd NaOH phi dng ht 15
ml dd HCl 0,1N , CNaOH = ?
Ca.Va 0,1.15
CaVa = CbVb Cb =
= 0,15 N
=
Vb
10
Td3: nh 1 git metyl da cam vo nc , c mu ?
Nc c pH = 7, khong pH i mu ca metyl
da cam t 3,3 4,4 mu vng

4. Trn ln dd axit baz.

a. Trn ln dd axit mnh v baz mnh
mAHn + nB(OH)m AmBn
+ m.nH2O
(Na=CaVa) = (Nb=CbVb)
M(trung tinh)pH = 7
CaVa

<

CbVb

CaVa

>

CbVb

B(OH)m
pH > 7
AmBn
AHn
pH < 7
AmBn

b. Trn ln dd axit yu v baz mnh

CH3COOH + NaOH CH3COONa + H2O
CaVa
=
CbVb
M[a(y)+b(m)] pH>7
NaOH
pH>7
CaVa
<
CbVb
CH3COONa
dd n axit
CH
COOH
3
CaVa
>
CbVb
CH3COONa pH< 7
c. Trn ln dd baz yu v axit mnh
NH4OH
+ HCl NH4Cl
+ H2O
CbVb
=
CaVa
M[b(y)+a(m)]pH< 7
HCl
pH < 7
CbVb
<
CaVa
NH4Cl
NH4OH Dd n baz
CbVb
>
CaVa
pH > 7
NH Cl

III. Cn bng ha tan ca cht kh tan(tch s tan)

1. Tch s tan.
em ha tan cht kh tan AmBn(r) vo nc:
lng ha tan rt nh, Dd rt long:
phn ha tan xem nh din ly hon ton: c cb
AmBn mAn- + nBm+ : dd bo ha AmBn/H2O
t0 a
0
0
Nng ca dd bo ha
tcb -S
mS
nS
gi l tan(S) ca AmBn.
Kc = [An-]m[Bn+]n = (mS)m(nS)n = mmnnS(m+n)

Kc = T

=m nS
m

AmBn

(m+ n)

S AmBn =

(m+ n)

T
mn

AmBn
m
n

TAmBn SAmBn
* Cc cht c cng thc tng t nhau(A mBn CmDn)
cht no c T S
Td: AgX
TAgX
SAgX = (TAgX)1/2 (M)
AgCl
10-10
10-5
AgBr
10-13
10-6,5
AgI
10-16
10-8
* Cc cht c cng thc khng tng ng(A mBn
v CpDq), phi tnh c th
Td: AgCl
TAgCl = 10-10 SAgCl = 10-5
*

12

4
.
10
Ag2CrO4 T = 4.10
S=
= 10
21
Pha
long
ddtan
nhiu
hn
*
-12

2 1

un si:H2O bay hiC(ion) kt ta nhiu hn

2. iu kin c kt ta
a. Ha tan 1 lng xc dnh cht kh tan A mBn
* Nu tan ht :
AmBn mAn- + nBm+
t -C0
mC0
nC0 Vi C0 = m0/MAmBn
TAmBn = (mC0)m.(nC0)n
So snh TAmBn v TAmBn: ta c
T < T dd cha bo ha: tan ht
T = T dd bo ha: tan ht
T > T dd qu bo ha: tan 1 phn, c (r l)
Td: ha tan 10-3 mol Ag2CrO4(r) vo nc 1l dd
Ag2CrO4 2Ag+ + CrO42C0=10-3M T=(2.10-3)2.(10-3) =4.10-9 >Ttan 1 phn

b. Trn ln 2 dd:
dd(1)An-{C1,V1} + dd(2)Bm+{C2,V2} dd(3) c?
mAn- + nBm+ AmBn dd(3){C1,C2,V3=V1+V2)
* Sau khi trn ln nhng cha p:
.V 2
.V 1
n1=C1V1=n1=C1V3
C
C
2
1

;
C
C
=
2 =
1

V3
V3
n2=C2V2=n 2=C 2V3
TAmBn = (An-)m.(Bn+)n ; so snh vi TAmBn
T < T dd cha bo ha cha c
T = Tdd bo hacha c
T > Tdd qu bo ha c
10ml dd(1) AgNO3(2.10-3 M) +10ml dd(2) Na2CrO4(2.10-3M)
CAg+ = 2.10-3.10/20 = 10-3M
;CCrO4 = 2.10-3.10/20 = 10-3M
TAg2CrO4 = (10-3)2.(10-3) = 10-9 > Tag2CrO4 c