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Class X NTSE Plus PDF
Class X NTSE Plus PDF
PAGE NO.
SPECIMEN COPY
1.
PHYSICS
1-11
2.
CHEMISTRY
12-25
3.
MATHEMATICS
26-40
4.
BIOLOGY
41-45
5.
SOCIAL SCIENCE
46-63
6.
MENTAL ABILITY
64-71
7.
ANSWER KEY
72-74
FORCE
EFFECTS OF FORCE
To define force first of all one has to see the effects of
force. By effects of force we mean what force can do
or what changes a force can bring about.
ILLUSTRATIONS
1.
Effects of Force :
A force can produce the following effects :
(i) A force can move a stationary body.
(ii) A force can stop a moving body.
(iii) A force can change the speed of a moving body.
(iv) A force can change the direction of a moving body.
a =
F
15
=
= 3 m/s2
m
5
v u
v u = at = 3 2 = 6m/s
t
RESULTANT FORCE
Many forces may be simultaneously applied on a body,
for example- several persons may jointly make an effort
to move a heavy body, each person pushes it i.e. each
person applies a force on it. t is also possible that a
stronger man pushes that body hard enough and
produces same acceleration in it. f a single force
acting on a body produces the same acceleration as
produced by a number of forces, then that single force is
called the resultant force of these individual forces .
PAGE # 1
NOTE :
PAGE # 2
(f) Tension :
B
Normal spring
Force on B
Force on A
Stretched spring
CONSERVATIVE AND NON-CONSERVATIVE FORCE
Force on B
Force on A
Compressed spring
If the spring is pushed at the ends, its length becomes
less than natural length. It is known as compressed
spring. A compressed spring pushes the objects
attached to its ends.
B
m
F = 0 spring in natural
length does not exerts
any force on its ends
A m
x
F
Fext
F = kx ;k = spring
constant or stiffness
constant (unit = N/m)
x = extension in spring
x
F
F
Fext
F = kx
x = compression in spring
(e) Weight :
The earth attracts all the bodies towards its centre.The
force exerted by the earth on the body is known as the
weight of the body .It acts in vertically downward
direction. These forces are not contact forces.
If mass of the body is m and gravitational acceleration is g,
then the weight of the body will be mg, here g = 9.8 m/s2.
(c)
F = force of friction ;
If the other side is made horizontal, the ball will never
stop because it will never be able to reach the same
height, it means its speed will not decrease. It will
have uniform velocity on the horizontal surface. Thus, if
unbalanced forces do not act on a body, the body will
either remain at rest or will move with a uniform velocity.
It will remain unaccelerated.
GALILEOS EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 1 :
It was observed by Galileo that when a ball is rolled
down on an inclined frictionless plane its speed
increases, whereas if it is rolled up an inclined
frictionless plane its speed decreases .If it is rolled on
a horizontal frictionless plane the result must be
between the cases describe above i.e. the speed
INERTIA
(a) Definition of Inertia :
The tendency of the body to oppose the change its
states of rest or uniform motion in a straight line is
called inertia. Newtons first law of motion is also called
law of inertia.
(b) Description :
v
v
v = v
Experiments 2 :
TYPES OF INERTIA
There are three types of Inertia which are :
h
(a)
(b)
MOMENTUM
Definition :
Momentum of a particle may be defined as the quantity
of motion possessed by it and it is measured by the
product of mass of the particle and its velocity.
by p
p mv
Unit of momentum :
Tie a stone to one end of a string and holding other
end of the string in hand, rotate the stone in a horizontal
circle. If during rotation, the string breaks at certain
stage, the stone is found to fly off tangentially at that
point of the circle.
Sol .
String
Breaks
= 100 gm. =
100
kg.
1000
= 0.1 kg.
= 15 m/s
= mass of the ball velocity of
the ball
= 0.1 kg. 15 m/s
= 1.5 kg. m/s
PAGE # 5
m( v u)
t
Here,
mv mu
t
or
We know :
1 N = 1kg 1ms-2
or 1 N = 1000 g 100 cms-2
or 1 N = 105 g cms-2 = 105 dyne
1 N = 105 dyne
mv mu
F
t
vu
= a (acceleration)
t
So Fma
or F = kma (Here k is proportionality constant.
If 1N force is applied on a body of mass 1 kg and the
acceleration produced in the body is 1 m/s 2, then
1 = k 1 1 or k = 1
Hence,
F = ma
So the magnitude of the resultant force acting on a
body is equal to the product of mass of the body and
the acceleration produced. Direction of the force is
same as that of the acceleration.
4.
m1 =
20
F
=
= 5 kg
a
4
m2 =
F
20
=
= 40 kg
a
0 .5
UNITS OF FORCE
then
a=
20
F
=
= 0.44 ms2
45
(m1 m 2 )
F = ma gm cm/s2 = Dyne
IMPULSE OF FORCE
Definition of one dyne :
If m = 1 gm, a = 1 cm/s2, then F = 1 dyne.
When a force is applied on a body of mass 1 gram and
the acceleration produced in the body is 1 cm/s2, then
the force acting on the body will be one dyne.
(b) In S.I. System :
I = Ft
F = ma kg m/s = Newton
p 2 p1
t
or Ft = p2 p1
N=W
V
Examples :
Change in momentum
= Force
time
Change in momentum = F t
If F = 0
then,
Change in momentum = 0
PAGE # 7
Linear
m1
m2
u1
u2
before collision (u1 > u2)
mv
M
mv
M
m v m1u1
F1 = 1 1
t
.............(1)
mv
M
The force on A by B is F2 =
Change in momentum
time
m 2 v 2 m 2u 2
t
m1
0 = MV + mv
or V =
Change in momentum
The force on B by A is F1 =
time
.............(2)
m2
v1
v2
after collision
TRANSLATORY EQUILIBRIUM
m1v 1 m1u1
m v m 2u 2
= 2 2
m1v1 m1u1
t
t
= m2v2 + m2u2
F = 0 with F =
or
or
F = 0 with F =
=0;
F = 0
=0;
=0
r
O
P
M
= F(OM)
From OMP
sin =
OM
, OM = rsin
r
Hence,
= Fr sin
.....(i)
Case-I
If = 0
From equation (i)= Fr sin 0= 0
Case-II
If = 90
From equation (i)= Fr sin 90Fr max.
Case-III
If = 180
From equation (i)= Fr sin 180 = 0
EXERCISE
1.
2.
IMPORTANT NOTE :
For bodies of regular shape having uniform density
the C.M and the C.G. lie at the geometrical centre of the
body.
Example :
For Ring : The centre of the ring (it lies out side the
body)
TORQUE
If a body is free to move about an axis and a force is
applied on the body then it rotates about that axis. The
capability of the force to rotate the body or to change
the rotational motion of the body is known as torque.
(A) 0
(C) 10 N
3.
(B) 5 N
(D) 15 N
PAGE # 9
mx
t
(B)
mx
t
(D) mxt2
(C) mxt
6. A truck and a car are moving with same kinetic energy. They are brought to rest by the application of
brakes which provide equal force.
(A) both will cover equal distance
(B) the truck will cover a greater distance
(C) the car will cover a greater distance
(D) none of the above.
7. Newton's third law of motion can be used to explain:
(A) Why the passengers in a bus tend to fall backward when its starts suddenly
(B) Swimming of a man
(C) Motion of a rocket
(D) Both (B) and (C).
8. Two blocks are kept in contact with each other on a
smooth surface. The force on the lighter block and
its acceleration is : -
10N
(A) 6 N, 1 m/s2
(C) 10 N, 1 m/s2
9.
6Kg
4Kg
(B) 4 N, 1 m/s2
(D) 0 N, 0 m/s2
(D) Zero
PAGE # 10
wheels
(D) In the forward direction on both the front and rear
wheels
on the body is :
(A) 80 N
(B) 12 N
(C) 20 N
(D) zero
(B) 10 N
(C) 50 N
(D) 200 N
(B) 600 N
(C) 800 N
(D) 100 N
(B) 15 m/s
(C) 20 m/s
(D) zero
PAGE # 11
STRUCTURE OF ATOM
DALTONS ATOMIC THEORY
ELECTRON
Electrons are the fundamental particles of all
substances.
The important points of Daltons theory are (i) Elements consist of small indivisible particles
called atoms and atoms take part in chemical
reactions.
(ii) Atoms of same element are alike in all respect.
(iii) Atoms of different elements are different in all
respect.
(iv) Atoms cannot be created or destroyed.
(v) Atoms combine in a fixed, small, whole number to
form compound atoms called molecules.
Note :
The term Element was coined by Lavoisier.
(a) Merits :
(i) Daltons theory explains the law of conservation of
mass (point iv) and law of constant proportion (point v).
Note :
In 1859, Julius Plucker started the study of conduction
of electricity through gases at low pressure in a
discharge tube.
A number of interesting things happen when a high
voltage (say, 10,000 V) is applied across the
electrodes of the discharge tube, and the pressure of
the gas inside the tube is lowered.
(i) When the pressure of the gas in the discharge
tube is at atmospheric pressure and a high voltage
is applied across the electrodes, nothing noticeable
happens. But as we lower the pressure and increase
the voltage, sparking or irregular streaks of light are
seen in the tube. This is called positive column.
(ii) As the pressure of gas is reduced further, the length
of the positive column reduces, a fine glow can be
seen at the cathode. The dark space or gap left
between the cathode and the positive column is
called the Faradays dark space.
12
12
PAGE # 12
N
High
voltage
Shadow
Anode
Deflection of
cathode rays
in magnetic field
Cathode
Object
High
voltage
Note :
Cathode rays travel with very high velocities ranging
from 109 to 1011 cm per second.
Note :
The negatively charged particles of cathode rays were
called negatrons by Thomson. The name negatron
was changed to electron by Stoney.
Note :
A cathode ray tube is used to measure the charge to
mass ratio of the electrons.
13
13
PAGE # 13
19
1.6 10
1.76 1011
= 9.1096 10-31 kg
= 0.000549
24
Note :
Anode rays are called canal rays because they pass
through the canals or holes of the cathode. These
rays are also called anode rays since they originate
from the anode side. Anode rays are produced from a
positively charged electrode, therefore these were
1.6 73 10
Mass of hydrogen atom
=
= 1837
Mass of electron
9.1096 10 28
Note :
1
Thus, the mass of an electron is
times the
1837
PROTON
(a) Anode Rays (Canal rays) :
It has been established that electron is a negatively
charged particle and present in all the atoms. As an
atom is electrically neutral, there must be some
positively charged particles present in the atom to
neutralize the negative charges of the electrons. It
has been confirmed by experiments. Scientist
Goldstein in 1886 discovered the existence of a new
type of rays in the discharge tube. He carried out the
experiment in discharge tube containing perforated
cathode. It was observed that when high potential
difference was applied between the electrodes, not
only cathode rays were produced but also a new type
of rays were produced simultaneously from anode,
moving from anode towards cathode and passed
through the holes of cathode.
Anode rays
+
H e
H (Proton)
Note :
The name proton was given by Rutherford in 1911.
(d) Characteristics of Proton :
(i) A proton is a sub - atomic particle which constitute
anode rays produced when hydrogen is taken in the
discharge tube.
(ii) Charge of a proton :
Proton is a positively charged particle. The charge on
a proton is equal but opposite to that on an electron.
Thus, the charge on a proton is +1.602 10 19
coulombs/ unit.
Fluorescence
hydrogen atom.
m p = 1.0073 amu
= 1.673 10-24 g
= 1.673 10-27 kg
14
14
PAGE # 14
1.673 10 24 g
Mass of a proton
=
= 1837
Mass of an electron
9.110 28 g
1.602 10 19
e
of proton =
= 9.579 104 C/g
1.673 10 24
m
THOMSON MODEL OF AN ATOM
J.J. Thomson (1898) tried to explain the structure of
atom. He proposed that an atom consists of a sphere
of positive electricity in which electrons are embedded
like plum in pudding or seeds evenly distributed in
red spongy mass in case of a watermelon. The radius
of the sphere is of the order 108 cm.
(a) Merits :
(i) Thomsons model could explain the electrical
neutrality of an atom.
Note :
- particles are made up of two protons and two
neutrons and are Helium (He) nuclei.
(b) Rutherford Nuclear Model of Atom (1911) :
Rutherford proposed a new picture of the structure of
atom.
Main features of this model are as follows(i) The atom of an element consists of a small
positively charged Nucleus which is situated at the
centre of the atom and which carries almost the entire
mass of the atom.
(ii) The electrons are distributed in the empty space
of the atom around the nucleus in different concentric
circular paths (orbits).
15
15
PAGE # 15
Note :
Rutherfords model is also called Planetary model.
multiple of
h
h
, i.e. mvr = n
2
2
where :
m = mass of the electron
v = velocity of electron
r = radius of the orbit, and
n =1,2,3 ---- number of the orbit.
The angular momentum can have values such as
h 2h 3h
,
,
, but it cannot have a fractional value.
2 2 2
Thus, the angular momentum is quantized. The
specified circular orbits (quantized) are called
stationary orbits.
r=
n 2h 2
2
4 mkZe 2
Note :
Greater is the value of n larger is the size of atom.
On the other hand, greater is the value of Z smaller
is the size of the atom.
For hydrogen atom, Z = 1; so r =
n 2h 2
4 2mke 2
n 2 (6.625 10 34 ) 2
2
16
16
PAGE # 16
NEUTRONS
E=
2 2k 2me 4
n 2h 2
E=
=
=
n 2 (6.625 10 34 )2
21.79 10 19
n
13.6
n2
J per atom
9
4 Be
4
2 He
12
6C
(Beryllium) ( particle)
1
0n
(Carbon)
(Neutron)
Electron
Proton
Neutron
Symbol
Note :
Nature
Neutral
Relative
charge
-1
+1
Absolute
charge
1.602 10-19 C
+1.602 10-19 C
Relative
mass
1
18 37
1.6725 10-24 g
1.6748 10-24 g
Absolute
mass
9.109 10-28 g
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
VELOCITY OF AN ELECTRON IN BOHR'S ORBIT
Velocity of an electron in Bohrs orbit can be given by
the formula :
Z
v=
n
2e 2
2 3.14 ( 4.8 10 10 )2
Z
6.625 10 27
n
v=
Z
2.188 108 cm/sec ----------- (iii)
n
2.188 10 8
v=
cm/sec (For hydrogen , Z = 1)
n
v2 =
1
2.188 108 cm/sec = 1.094 108 cm/sec
2
v3 =
1
2.188 108 cm/sec = 0.7293 108 cm/sec
3
17
17
PAGE # 17
n
1
2
3
4
u cl e
us
2n2
2
2(1)
2
2(2)
2
2(3)
2
2(4)
Shell
K
L
M
N
K L M N
Electron shells
Maximum number of
electrons which can be
accommodated in the
various shells
8 18 32
X
s- orbital
(2) p - orbitals : The p-subshell contains three
orbitals which have dumb-bell shape and a directional
character. The three p-orbitals are designated as px,
py & pz which are oriented in the perpendicular axis
(x,y,z). The maximum number of electrons which can
be accommodated in the p subshell is 6 (2 electrons
in each of three orbitals).
z
px
pz
py
dxz
dxy
dyz
Note :
The maximum number of orbitals that can be present
in a shell is given by the formula n2.
y
dx y
2
Orbit
dz2
Note :
Letters s, p, d & f have originated from the words
sharp, principle, diffused & fundamental respectively.
Orbital
It is circular in shape.
18
18
PAGE # 18
Note :
Heisenbergs uncertainty principle - It is impossible
to determine exactly both the position and momentum
(or velocity) of an electron or of any other moving
particle at the same time.
QUANTUM NUMBERS
To describe the position and energy of electron in an
atom, four numbers are required, which are known
as quantum numbers.
Four quantum numbers are :
(a) Principal quantum number
(b) Azimuthal quantum number
(c) Magnetic quantum number
(d) Spin quantum number
mvr
nh
2
Note :
Azimuthal quantum number was given by
Sommerfeld.
(i) It is denoted by m.
Note :
Principal quantum number was given by Bohr.
(b) Azimuthal Quantum Number :
(i) It is represented by .
Note :
s,p,d and f signify sharp, principal, diffused and
fundamental respectively.
Note :
Azimuthal quantum number is also called angular
quantum number, subsidiary quantum number or
secondary quantum number.
(ii) For a given value of n values of is 0 to n 1
Value of n
Values of
1 (1st shell)
0
2 (2nd shell)
0,1
3 (3rd shell)
0,1,2
4 (4th shell)
0,1,2,3
m
0
0
1
1, 0, +1
2
2, 1, 0, +1, +2
3
3, 2, 1, 0, +1, +2, +3
(iv) Maximum number of orbitals in a sub-shell
= (2+1)
Sub shell
Orbitals
s ( = 0)
(2 0 +1) = 1
p ( = 1)
(2 1 +1) = 3
d ( = 2)
(2 2 +1) = 5
f ( = 3)
(2 3 +1) = 7
19
19
PAGE # 19
s- orbital
When = 1,m has three values 1, 0, +1 . It implies
that p subshell of any energy shell has three space
orientations, i.e. three orbitals. Each p-orbital has
dumb-bell shape. Each one is disposed
symmetrically along one of the three axis. p orbitals
have directional character.
orbital
m
z
Pz
0
Px
1
Py
1
pz
py
x 2 y2
Note :
If the outermost shell has its full quota of 8 electrons
it is said to be an octet. If the first shell has its full
quota of 2 electrons, it is said to be duplet.
The pictorial representation of Bohrs model of
hydrogen, helium, carbon, sodium and calcium atoms
having 1, 2, 6, 11 and 20 electrons respectively are
shown in the figure where the centre of the circle
represents the nucleus.
x
dyz
dxz
dxy
Note :
Spin quantum number was given by Gold Schmidt.
px
Note :
Magnetic quantum number was given by Zeeman.
y
2
dx y
dz2
f
f
yz2 , xz2 , z3
20
20
PAGE # 20
Electronic
configuration
Hydrogen
1s 1
He
Helium
1s
Li
Lithium
1s , 2s
Be
Beryllium
Boron
2
2
1s , 2s
1s , 2s , 2p
Carbon
1s , 2s , 2p 2
Nitrogen
1s 2, 2s 2 , 2p 3
Oxygen
1s 2, 2s 2 , 2p 4
Fluorine
1s 2, 2s 2 , 2p 5
10
Ne
Neon
1s 2, 2s 2 , 2p 6
11
Na
Sodium
1s , 2s , 2p ,3s
12
Mg
Magnes ium
1s , 2s , 2p ,3s
1s
2s
2p
3s
3p
3d
4s
4p
4d
4f
5s
5p
5d
5f
6s
6p
6d
7s
7p
13
Al
Alum inium
1s , 2s , 2p ,3s ,3p
14
Si
Silicon
1s , 2s , 2p ,3s ,3p
15
16
Sulphur
1s 2, 2s 2 , 2p 6 ,3s 2 ,3p 4
17
Cl
Chlorine
1s 2, 2s 2 , 2p 6 ,3s 2 ,3p 5
18
Ar
Argon
1s 2, 2s 2 , 2p 6 ,3s 2 ,3p 6
19
Potas s ium
1s 2, 2s 2 , 2p 6 ,3s 2 ,3p 6, , 4s 1
20
Ca
Calcium
1s , 2s , 2p ,3s ,3p , 4s
21
Sc
Scandium
6,
6,
2
2
6,
6,
6,
1s , 2s , 2p ,3s ,3p 3d , 4s
22
Ti
Titanium
1s , 2s , 2p ,3s ,3p 3d , 4s
23
Vanadium
1s , 2s , 2p ,3s ,3p 3d , 4s
1s , 2s , 2p ,3s ,3p 3d , 4s 1
24
Cr
C hrom ium
25
Mn
26
Fe
Iron
1s 2, 2s 2 , 2p 6 ,3s 2 ,3p 6, 3d 6, 4s 2
27
Co
Cobalt
1s 2, 2s 2 , 2p 6 ,3s 2 ,3p 6, 3d 7, 4s 2
28
Ni
Nickel
1s 2, 2s 2 , 2p 6 ,3s 2 ,3p 6, 3d 8, 4s 2
29
Cu
Copper
1s , 2s , 2p ,3s ,3p 3d , 4s
30
Zn
Zinc
1s , 2s , 2p ,3s ,3p 3d , 4s
6,
10
6,
10
21
21
PAGE # 21
VALENCY
Valency of an element is the combining capacity of
the atoms of the element with atoms of the same or
different elements. The combining capacity of the
atoms was explained in terms of their tendency to
attain a fully filled outermost shell (stable octet or
duplet)
ISOTOPES
Note :
The number of electrons gained, lost or contributed
for sharing by an atom of the element gives us directly
the combining capacity or valency of the element.
Note :
The term isotope was given by Margaret Todd.
The difference in their masses is due to the presence
of different number of neutrons.
e.g. Isotopes of hydrogen :
Hydrogen
isotopes
Pr ot iu m
1
1H
De u t e r iu m
2
1H
T r itium
3
1H
1. Atomic number
2. No. of protons
3. No. of electrons
4. Mass number
5. No. of neutrons
Isotopes of oxygen :
Note :
Hydrogen and helium are exceptions to this rule.
Hydrogen and helium atoms have 1 and 2 valence
electrons respectively, but they are non-metals.
Oxygen isotopes
16
8O
17
8O
18
8O
1. Atomic number
2. No. of protons
3. No. of electrons
4. Mass number
16
17
18
5. No. of neutrons
10
Note :
Whether the atom while combining with other atoms
can form ionic or covalent bonds is determined by
the number of valence electrons present in the atom.
Note :
All the isotopes of an element have identical chemical
properties.
22
22
PAGE # 22
ISOBARS
(i) The physical properties of the isotopes of an
element are different. This is due to the fact that
isotopes have different numbers of neutrons in their
nuclei. Hence mass, density and other physical
properties of the isotopes of an element are different.
35
17 Cl
and
37
17 Cl
40
3. No. of electrons
18
20
4. No. of protons
18
20
5. No. of neutrons
22
20
2, 8, 8
2, 8, 8, 2
6. Electronic configuration
Note
Isobars contain different number of electrons,
protons and neutrons.
ISOTONES
Isotones may be defined as the atoms of different
elements containing same number of neutrons.
e.g.
13
6C
and
30
31
14 Si , 15 P
and
32
16 S
17Cl
No. of electrons
18
18 Ar
19 K
18
18
20 Ca
18
EXERCISE
1.
Cathode rays :
(A) travel in straight line
(B) can do mechanical work
(C) are negatively charged
(D) all of these
2.
3.
24
32
the help of radioactive isotope 11
Na, 131
53 , 15P etc.
Note :
Isotopes (Like Uranium-238) are used in Nuclear
reactor to produce energy and power.
14
7N
ISOELECTRONIC
Ca
20
e.g.
40
20
Ar
40
40
18
18
= 26.25 + 9.25
= 35.5 u.
Thus, the average atomic mass of chlorine is 35.5 u.
are isobars.
2. Mass number
75
25
= 35
+ 37
100
100
2625
925
+
100
100
40
20 Ca
1. Atomic number
and
are isobars.
Isobars
of Elements :
two isotopes
14
7N
and
40
18 Ar
14
6C
23
23
PAGE # 23
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
( 1)
(C) 2 +1
(B) +2
(D) 4 +2
m
s
(A) 3
2
2
1/2
(B) 4
0
0
1/2
(C) 3
2
3
1/2
(D) 5
3
0
1/2
15. The number of vacant orbitals in the valence shell of
an element with atomic number 14 is :
(A) 2
(B) 4
(C) 8
(D) 6
16. n and values of an orbital A are 3 and 2 and of
another orbital B are 5 and 0. The energy of :
(A) B is more than A
(B) A is more than B
(C) A and B are of same energy
(D) None of the above
17. The energy of electron in
871.6 1020 J. The energy
orbit of H is :
(A) 871.6 1020 J
(C) 217.9 1020 J
18.
first orbit of He + is
of electron in the first
(B) 435.8 1020 J
(D) 108.9 1020 J
m
s
(A) 1
1
2
(B) 1
1
2
(C) 2
(D) 2
1
2
1
+
2
24
24
PAGE # 24
24. Correct set of all four quantum number for an unpaired electron for 3d9 is :
(A) 3, 2, 3, + 1/2
(B) 3, 2, 2, 1/2
(C) 3, 3, + 2 + 1/2
(D) 3, 3, + 2, 1/2
25. The number of electrons with the azimuthal quantum
number = 1 and 2 for 24Cr in ground state are :
(A) 16 and 5
(B) 12 and 5
(C) 16 and 4
(D) 12 and 4
26. The energy of second Bohrs orbit in H-atom is 328
kJ mol1, hence the energy of fourth Bohr orbit would
be :
(A) 82 kJ mol1
(B) 41 kJ mol1
(C) 1312 kJ mol1
(D) 164 kJ mol1
27. Which of the following is not the basic postulate of
Daltons atomic theory ?
(A) Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in a
chemical reaction.
(B) In a given cmpound, the relative number and
kinds of atoms are constant.
(C) Atoms of all elements are alike, including their
masses.
(D) Each element is composed of extermely small
particles called atoms.
28. Two electrons A and B in an atom have the following
set of quantum numbers :
A :
3,
2,
2,
+ 1/2.
B :
3,
0,
0,
+1/2.
Which statement is correct for A and B.
(A) A and B have same energy.
(B) A has more energy than B.
(C) B has more energy than A.
(D) A and B represents same electron.
(B) 12 and 5
(D) 12 and4
25
25
PAGE # 25
P E R C E N TA G E
To calculate what percentage of a is b, use the
The word 'percentage' literally means 'per hundred'
or 'for every hundred.' Therefore, whenever we
calculate something as a part of 100, that part is
numerically termed as percentage.
In other words, percentage is a ratio whose second
term is equal to 100. i.e. 1 : 4 can be written as 25 : 100
or 25%, 3 : 8 can be written as 37.5 : 100 or 37.5%, 3 :2
can be written as 150 : 100 or 150%, and so on.
formula : Percentage =
90
100 = 37.5%.
240
b
100.
a
125
100 = 166.66%.
75
REMARK :
In short, if you ask yourself, of what are we calculating
100.
i.e. x/y = (x/y x 100)%
will form the whole and b will form the part of the whole.
p
p% of a number N is = N
100
37.5
Sol. 37.5% of 648 =
648
100
b a
a 100, when b a ;(increase )
= a b
a 100, when b a ;(decrease )
375
648 = 3 81 = 243.
1000
60 50 20
Sol. Required percentage 200 100 100
100
So, x =
Increase / Decrease
100
Initial Value
60
x = 720
100
720 100
= 1200.
60
the number by
REMARK :
To solve these type of problems calculate x% of given
number & add or subtract the value from given number
for increase or decrease respectively.
percentage increase
a 1
100
=
percentage decrease
a 1
100
Ex.6 A dealer buys products for Rs.80 and hikes up the
price to Rs.125. He sells it to the customer after
giving a discount of Rs.5. Find his profit percentage.
Sol. Profit percentage = Percentage Increase/Decrease
in his income.
Pr ofit
120 80
= Cost Pr ice 100 =
100 = 50%.
80
Ex.7 A dealer sells goods priced at Rs.180 after giving a
discount of 25%. Find his selling price.
25
= 135.
Sol. Selling price after discount = 180 1
100
100 %
not to change the expenditure is :
(100
r)
PAGE # 2626
(100 r)
Fraction
100 %
16
21
100
100 x
Percentage
Fraction
Percentage
Fraction
Percentage
50%
1
10
10%
1
18
1
3
33.33%
1
11
9.09%
1
19
5.26%
1
4
25%
1
12
8.33%
1
20
5%
1
5
20%
1
13
7.69%
1
21
4.76%
1
6
16.66%
1
14
7.14%
1
22
4.54%
1
7
14.28%
1
15
6.66%
1
23
4.34%
1
8
12.50%
1
16
6.25%
1
24
4.16%
1
9
11.11%
1
17
5.88%
1
25
4%
1
2
5.55%
1
, so if Rickys salary is divided into 5 parts,
5
loss in salary ?
Reduction 50%
Now salary = Rs. 50
Increase = 50%
than its previous height. What height will the ball reach
on its 4th bounce ?
1
7
th
1
7
less than the previous height. Or, the ball is rising up to
Therefore, the ball is rising up to a height which is
6
of the previous height.
7
Therefore, on its 4th bounce the ball will reach a height of
a height which is
120
= 160.
0.75
Increase% = 60%.
4802
or
100 75
Loss % =
= 25
100
Hence, loss is 25%.
th
50 150
= Rs.75
100
1
6
5
into percentages immediately..
8
6 6 6 6
= 2592 m.
7 7 7 7
Increase in saving =
37.50 25
100 = 50%.
25
PAGE # 2727
100 66
= 200 marks.
33
110
75 = 165
100
New expenditure =
165
75
=
2
2
75
25 = 25
Increase in savings =
2
2
25 1
100 = 50%
%age increase in savings =
2 25
A
B
C
1
1
.
= x 1
100
100
100
= a b 100 %
year.
Short cut :
10% of the matches were drawn. So by unitary method
10
8
10
1
1
= 26730
P 1
100 100 100
P=
26730
10
8
10
1
1
1
100
100
100
10 25 10
P = 26730
11 27 9
P = 25000.
20%
100%
?
200
10 x
11x
= 10
100
10
100
1
=9
%
11
11
ab
100
x=
10%
10
10
Then 0 = 10 x
40
50
x
x + 20 = x or x = 200
100
100
Sol.
5
15
10
20
A=
B&
B=
C
100
100
100
100
A = 3B and B = 2C = 2 2000 = 4000
A = 3 4000 = 12000
A + B + C = 12000 + 4000 + 2000 = 18000.
PAGE # 2828
1.
2.
Passing percentage marks in an exam is 40. A obtained 72 out of 200. By what per cent did he fail?
(A) 8
(B) 5
(C) 4
(D) 6
3.
4.
In order to increase sales, price of a product was decreased by 20%. The net sales increased by 28%.
What is the increase in unit sales ?
(A) 48%
(B) 50%
(C) 60%
(D) 83%
5.
6.
2
% of the votes the winner
3
1
of the remaining on house rent and the balance on
4
food. If he spends Rs. 300 on conveyance, what is the
expenditure on house rent ?
(A) Rs. 525
xy
% of a
z
z
(C)
xy % of a
(A)
x
zy % of a
xz
(D)
y % of a
(B)
winner, then :
7.
8.
9.
What per cent of the total votes did the winner get?
(A) 60
(B) 80
(C) 66.66
(D) 65
5
. What was the original fraction ?
4
3
4
(A)
(B)
5
5
7
3
(C)
(D)
8
7
17. A mans basic pay for a 40-hour week is Rs. 20. Overtime is paid for at 25% above the basic rate. In a certain week, he worked overtime and his total wage was
Rs. 25. He therefore, worked for :
(A) 45 hr
(B) 48 hr
(C) 47 hr
(D) 50 hr
18. When any number is divided by 12, then dividend
1
th of the other number. By how much
4
first number is greater than the second
?
(B) 200
(D) Date inadequate
becomes
percent
number
(A) 150
(C) 300
4
of its original
5
value. If the premium on it at the rate of 1.3 percent
amounts to Rs.910, the original value of the tempo is :
(A) Rs.78500
(B) Rs.80000
(C) Rs.82500
(D) Rs.87500
PAGE # 2929
22. Fresh fruit contains 68% water and dry fruit contains
20% water. How much dry fruit can be obtained from
100 kg of fresh fruits ?
(A) 32 kg
(B) 40 kg
(C) 52 kg
(D) 80 kg
31.
2
of the voters promise to vote for P and the rest
5
promised to vote for Q. Of these, on the last day 15% of
the voters went back of their promise to vote for P and
25% of voters went back of their promise to vote for
Q, and P lost by 2 votes. Then, the total number of
voters is :
(A) 100
(B) 110
(C) 90
(D) 95
45. Peter could save 10% of his income. But two years
later when his income is increased by 20%, he could
save the same amount only as before. By how much
percent has his expenditure increased ?
2
(A) 22%
(B) 22 %
9
1
(C) 23 %
(D) 24%
3
46. Mr. X, a businessman had the income in the year 2000,
such that he earned a profit of 20% on his investment
in the business. In the year 2001, his investment was
less by Rs. 5000 but still had the same income (Income
= Investment + Profit) as that in 2000. Thus, the percent
profit earned in 2001 increased by 6%. What was his
investment in 2000 ?
(A) Rs. 1,02,000
(B) 3255
(C) 3575
(D) 3591
50. One type of liquid contains 20% water and the second
1 r
(A) Rs. 1
(C) Rs.
1 r2
100
10000
(D) Rs.
2
10000 r
(B) 51.2%
(C) 58.8%
(D) 61.7%
2
%
7
(A) 20%
(B) 24
(C) 37%
(D) 40%
PAGE # 3131
RATIO-PROPORTION, PARTNERSHIP,
MIXTURE & ALLIGATION
RATIO
a
is called the ratio of a to b, we
b
write it as a : b.
or
a anticedent
a
=
b consequent
b
Comparison of ratios
In order to compare two given ratios, we follow the
following steps :
Step-I : Obtain the given ratios
Step-II : Express each one of them in the form of a
fraction in the simplest form.
Step-III : Find the L.C.M. of the denominators of the
fractions obtained in step II.
NOTE :
fraction.
Now, the denominators of both the fractions will be
same.
Step-V : Compare the numerators of the fractions
obtained in step IV. The fraction having larger
numerator will be larger than the other.
45 : 108 =
7
4
and 4 : 9 =
6
9
Now, L.C.M. of 6 and 9 is 18
7:6=
21
8
7
4
>
>
18
18
6
9
or, b : c = 4 : 7 = 9 :
4
4
4
63
a:b:c=5:9:
= 20 : 36 : 63.
4
0 .5
7
= 1 : 14
Ratio of sugar extract to the rest of the mixture
=
0.5
= 1 : 13
6.5
PAGE # 32
Variation :
PROPORTION
a
b
c
d
e
=
=
=
= ...
b
c
d
e
f
a
b
=
b
c
b2 = ac
b=
Then,
ac .
>
c
d
12x
60
=
12
12
x=5
9 12
= 27.
4
b.
16 x = 36 36 x =
36 36
= 81.
16
1
a3
1
b3
a
c
b
d
=
then
= .
b
d
a
c
a
c
a
b
Alternendo : If
=
then
= .
b
d
c
d
Invertendo : If
Componendo : If
Dividendo : If
a
c
ab
cd
=
then
=
.
b
d
b
d
a
c
ab
cd
=
then
=
.
b
d
b
d
a
c
=
b
d
ab
cd
then, a b = c d .
1
.
y
a :
(a : b) > (c : d)
If
a
c
e
ace
=
=
then each ratio is equal to
.
b
d
f
bd f
= 0.08 0.18 =
8
18
=
100 100
144
100 100
12
= 0.12
100
4x = 8
8
x=
= 2.
4
PAGE # 33
9
x
3
9
9:x=3:9
99=x3
81 = 3x
[direct proportion]
81
= 27
3
Hence, 27 people will consume 9 loaves of bread.
x=
PARTNERSHIP
Partnership : When two or more than two persons
run a business jointly, they are called partners and
the deal is known as partnership.
Ratio of Division of Gains :
(i) When investments of all the partners are for the
same time, the gain or loss is distributed among the
partners in the ratio of their investments.
x t1
A ' s share in profit
=
y
t2
B' s share in profit
Profit of B
4
3500 12
2
=
7x
3
14x = 126000
Profit of Ramesh =
Profit of Mahesh =
3
P
7
4
3
P = P + 1000
7
7
4
3
P P = 1000
7
7
P
= 1000 P = Rs.7000.
7
3
Profit of B
4
Profit of A =
3
1208 = Rs. 906
4
12.5
8800
100
= Rs. 1100
Net profit = 8800 1100 = Rs. 7700
Nitesh share in profit =
5
7700 = 3500
56
Profit of A =
x = 9000.
5
16500 = 7500.
11
6
16500 = Rs. 9,000
11
PAGE # 34
Quantity of cheaper
C.P. of dearer Mean price
(d)
Mean price
(m)
(m c)
Rs. 20
Mean price
Rs. x
(20 x )
2
=
( x 15)
3
60 3x = 2x 30
5x = 90
x = 18.
5
.
8
x
1/ 8
1
y = 1/ 8 = 1 .
C.P. of 1 litre mixture in 1st can
3/4
(x 15)
Mean price
5/8
1/2
1/8
= Rs.130.50
So, the mixture is formed by mixing two varieties, one
at Rs. 130.50 per kg and the other at say, Rs. x per kg
in the ratio 2 : 2, i.e., 1 : 1. We have to find x.
By the rule of alligation, we have :
Cost of 1 kg tea of 1st kind
130.50
1/8
Ex.15 The cost of Type 1 rice is Rs.15 per kg and Type 2 rice
5
litre,
8
x
3/4 5 / 8
y = 5 / 8 1/ 2 ;
n
y
= x 1 x units.
(20 x)
1
.
2
(d m)
Rs. 15
1
litre,
2
(c)
3
.
4
(x 153)
1=
Rs. x
Mean price
Rs. 153
22.50
x 153
22.5
153 + 22.5 = x
x = Rs.175.50
PAGE # 35
5.
40%
19%
Mean strength
26%
6.
(A) 12 : 30 :: 20 : x
(B) 30 : 12 :: 20 : x
(C) 30 : 12 :: x : 20
(D) 20 : 8 :: x : 20
14
(C)
2
.
3
7.
5x
3x
x = 5
3
8
8
(B) 1 : 8
(C)10 : 1
(D) 1 : 10
5x
litres.
Quantity of syrup in new mixture = 5
8
(D) x2 y2
boys leave this class, then the new ratio of boys to girls
3x
x litres.
Quantity of water in new mixture = 3
8
xy
xy
xy
xy
(B)
9.
(A) 8 : 15
(B) 8 : 3
(C) 3 : 7
(D) 4 : 7
(B) 50
(C) 70
(D) 60
5x + 24 = 40 5x
10x = 16 x =
8
.
5
received by C was :
8 1
1
So, part of the mixture replaced = = .
5
8
5
2.
3.
4.
(B) 26 : 61
(C) 29 : 22
(D) 25 : 27
(A) 2 : 3 : 5
(B) 3 : 4 : 7
(A) 7
(B) 8
(C) 4 : 5 : 9
(C) 6
(D) 5
(B) 4 : 1
(C) 7 : 5
(D) 5 : 2
(B) 54
(C) 27
a 2 ab b 2
b 2 bc c 2
ac
(A)
ab
c
(C)
a
can be simplified to :
a
c
ac
(D)
b
(B)
PAGE # 36
1 4 5
: :
2 5 2
(C) 10 : 15 : 18
(B) 3 : 8 : 15
(D) 1 : 2 : 3
2
1
of what B gets and B gets
of what C gets,
3
4
1
3
that
27
11
5
, is equal to :
9
1
55
3
(C)
11
(A)
(B)
1
11
(D) 55
2
%
3
1
(D) 18 %
2
(B) 16
2 : 3 : 4 and
(B) 70%
(C) 78%
(D) 80%
PAGE # 37
29. Zinc and copper are melted together in the ratio 9 : 11.
What is the weight of melted mixture, if 28.8 kg of zinc
has been consumed in it ?
(A) 58 kg
(B) 60 kg
(C) 64 kg
(D) 70 kg
(B) 5 : 9
(C) 7 : 5
(D) 9 : 5
7 4 6
: : .
2 3 5
1
1
of the capital for
of the
6
6
1
1
time, B invests
of the capital for
of the time and
3
3
33. Arun, Kamal and Vinay invested Rs. 8000, Rs. 4000
and Rs. 8000 respectively in a business. Arun left after
six months. If after eight months, there was gain of Rs.
4005, then what will be the share of Kamal ?
(A) Rs. 890
2
of the profit. How much
7
(B) 1 : 4
(C) 2 : 3
(D) 3 : 2
(B) 8.6 kg
(C) 9.2 kg
(D) 10.8 kg
45. In what ratio must water be mixed with milk costing Rs.12
per litre to obtain a mixture worth of Rs.8 per litre ?
(A) 1 : 2
(B) 2 : 1
(C) 2 : 3
(D) 3 : 2
4
46. A tin of oil was
full. When six bottles of oil were taken
5
3
full.
4
How many bottles of oil did the tin contain initially ?
(A) 16
(B) 40
(C) 32
47. In what ratio must rice at Rs. 9.30 per kg mixed with
(B) 6 : 7
(C) 7 : 6
(D) 8 : 7
48. A container contains 40 litres of milk. From this container 4 litres of milk was taken out and replaced by
water. This process was repeated further two times.
How much milk is now contained by the container?
(A) 26.34 litres
(C) 28 litres
55. A mixture of rice is sold at Rs. 3.00 per kg. This mixture
is formed by mixing the rice of Rs. 2.10 and Rs. 2.52
per kg. What is the ratio of price of cheaper to the costlier quality in the mixture if the profit of 25% is being
earned.
(A) 5 : 2
(B) 2 : 7
(C) 2 : 5
(D) 15 : 8
56. The ratio of expenditure and savings is 3 : 2. If the
income increase by 15% and the savings increases
by 6%, then by how much percent should his expenditure increases ?
(A) 25
(B) 21
(C) 12
(D) 24
(B) 20
(C) 21
(D) 25
(B) 5 ml
(C) 10 ml
(D) 25 ml
PAGE # 39
59. From a container, 6 litres milk was drawn out and was
(A) 15
(B) 16
(A) 14 and 26
(B) 13 and 27
(C) 25
(D) 31
(C) 17 and 27
PAGE # 40
(d) Ethylene :
PLANT MOVEMENTS
Movement of plant towards the direction of stimulus is
called tropism. Bending of plant towards light is called
phototropism. Shoot of plants show positive
phototropism. Downward movement is in response to
gravitational force is called geotropism. Roots of plants
shows positive geotropisms, stems show negative
geotropism.
Such movements in plants which are caused by external
stimuli but are not directional are called nastic
movements (such as in touch-me-not plant). - Mimosa
pudica
PHOTOPERIODISM
Flowering and germination of seeds in plants is
controlled by duration of day light (photoperiod). This
phenomenon is called photoperiodism.
On the basis of length of photoperiod requirements of
plants, they have been classified into.
(i) Short day plants Xanthium
(ii) Long day plants Spinach, Radish
(iii) Day neutral plants Cotton, sunflower
Response of plants to photoperiodic stimulus is due
to a specialized pigment phytochrome.
Fig : Requirement of light and dark periods during 24 hours for flowering in short day, long day and day neutral plants.
PAGE # 41
Endocrine glands
Endocrine glands are ductles s .
2 Thes e glands dis charge their s ecretions into the Thes e glands dis charge their s ecretions directly
ducts .
into the blood.
Thes e glands are pres ent far away from the s ite
3 Thes e glands are pres ent near the s ite of action.
Exam ples : Sweat and oil glands of s kin, s alivary of action.
glands , etc.
Exam ples : Pituitary, thyroid, hypothalam us , etc.
Hormones
Enzymes
amino
3 They are secreted by cells at one site and pass into They are secreted by cells and may act in the cells
blood to another site to act.
themselves or pass via ducts to act in some cavity in the
body.
4 They are used up in their action.
5 Hormone-controlled reactions are not reversible.
6 Hormones are effective in low concentration. Their Enzymes also act in low concentration. However,
excess or deficiency may cause physiological the rate of enzymes-catalysed reactions steadily increase
disorders.
with an increase in their concentration.
7 They may act slowly or quickly.
8 Hormones may accelerate or
physiological processes.
Table : Summary of the Effect of Hypersecretion and Hyposecretion of Some Important Endocrine Glands.
Glands and Hormones
Hypersecretion
Hyposecretion
1. Pituitary
GH
ADH
Gigantism In child;
Acromegaly in adulthood
2. Thyroid
Thyroxine
Exophthalm ic Goitre
3. Parathyroid
PTH
Decalcification of bones ;
increas e calcium level.
Hypertens ion
Conn's disease.
Cushings' disease
Addison's disease.
4. Adrenal
(i) Mineralocorticoid
(aldos terone)
(ii) Glucocorticoid
(cortis one)
(iii) Adrenaline
(iv) Noradrenaline
5. Pancreas
Ins ulin
Dw arfism in child.
Diabetes insipidus
Hypertens ion
Increas es blood pres s ure.
Decreas e in blood glucos e
level.
PAGE # 42
Spinal Nerves
Cervical
Thoraic
Lumbar
Sacral
Coccygeal
8 Pairs
12 Pairs
5 Pairs
5 Pairs
1 Pairs
Sympathetic system
Parasympathetic system
Heart
Blood vessels
3.
Lungs
4.
Intestines
peristalsis decreased
peristalsis increased
Urinary bladder
Pupil of eye
dilation
Salivary glands
1.
2.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
inhibits secretion
PAGE # 43
Reflex
Stimulus
Blinking
Swallowing
Sneezing and coughing
Knee-jerk
Response
Unconditioned reflexes
1. Unconditioned reflexes are inborn (hereditary).
2. Learning does not form the basis of
unconditioned reflexes.
3. These are mainly protective in function.
Examples : Breast feeding and swallowing in
newly born babies, blinking of eyes, sneezing
and coughing and knee-jerk, etc.
Conditioned reflexes
1. Conditioned reflexes are acquired after birth.
2. Learning forms the basis of conditioned reflexes.
Examples : Withdrawal of limb when it is touched
by hot things, typing, riding a bicycle, knitting,
etc.
KNOWLEDGE BOOSTERS
EXERCISE
1.
2.
3.
PAGE # 44
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
PAGE # 45
(ii)
75. Buddhist missionaries from China introduced handprinting technology in Japan around
(A) AD 766-770.
(B) AD 767-770.
(C) AD 768-770.
(D) AD 769-770.
PAGE # 53
POWER SHARING
Some of the elements of the Belgian model are
(i)
ACCOMMODATION IN BELGIUM
Between 1970 and 1993, they amended their
constitution four times so as to work out an
arrangement that would enable everyone to live
together
POWER SHARING
Forms of Power Sharing :
Power sharing
Among different organs
of government
Among different
social groups
Among Governments
at different levels
(i)
Political Parties
pressure groups
and movements
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
26. The first general elections held in India was in the year
(A) 1971.
(B) 1964.
(C) 1951.
(D) 1947.
37. The major cause of the civil war in Sri Lanka was the
distrust between the two communities namely,
(A) Sri Lankan Tamils and the Indian Tamils.
(B) Hindus and Muslims.
(C) Sinhalas and Moors.
(D) Sinhalas and the Tamils.
PAGE # 58
WATER RESOURCES
Freshwater is mainly obtained from surface run off and
ground water that is continually being renewed and
recharged through the hydrological cycle. All water
moves within the hydrological cycle ensuring that water
is a renewable resource.
WATER SCARCITY
Water scarcity is a situation wherein adequate water
is not available to meet its requirement in different
uses. Broadly speaking, water scarcity may be caused
by (i) over-exploitation, (ii) excessive use, and (iii)
unequal access to water among different social
groups.
Another situation when water is sufficiently available
to meet the needs of the people, but, the areas still
suffers from water scarcity, due to bad quality of water.
Increasing population a cause of water scarcity (i)
(i)
RAINWATER HARVESTING
In ancient India, there existed an extraordinary tradition
of water-harvesting system.
(i)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
INTERLINKING PRODUCTION
ACROSS COUNTRIES
MNCs set up production where it is close to the
markets; where there is skilled and unskilled labour
available at low costs; and where the availability is
assured. MNCs might look for government policies
that look after their interests.
Ways in which the MNCs spread their production
across the globe (i)
Negative Impacts
(i)
1.
Liberalization means
(A) removing trade barriers.
(B) adding more trade barriers.
(C) protecting domestic industries.
(D) closing domestic economy.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
PAGE # 62
PAGE # 63
NUMBER SERIES
Number series problems deal with numbers.
While attempting to solve the question, you have
to check the pattern of the series. Series moves
with certain mathematical operations. You have
to check the pattern.
Type of questions asked in the examination :
(i) Find the missing term(s).
(ii) Find the wrong term(s).
Ex 6.
Sol.
Number Series
In this type of series, the set of given numbers in
a series are related to one another in a particular
pattern or manner. The relationship between the
numbers may be
Consecutive odd/even numbers,
Ex 7.
Sol.
Ex 8.
Sol.
Sol.
Ex 2.
Sol.
Ex 3.
Sol.
Ex 4.
Sol.
Ex 5.
Sol.
Ex 9.
Sol.
Ex 10.
Sol.
Ex 11.
Sol.
Ex 12.
Sol.
Difference
(B) 216
(D) 207
(A) Difference 5
22
17
12
(B) 9
(D)10
[Difference series]
57
35
18
116
59
24
205
89
30
PAGE # 64
Ex 13.
Sol.
17.
Sol.
111000 is wrong.
The correct term is 121000.
18.
Sol.
+4
37
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
78
164
340
696
1412
2+4
2+8
2+12
2+16
Ex 15.
Sol.
2
9
57
3
(P)
(Q)
Which number will come
(A) 113
(C) 3912
(
A
2+20
337
(R)
(S)
in place of (Q) ?
(B) 17
(D) 8065
(T)
3.
4.
5.
)
6.
Similarly,
3
87
(P)
(Q)
17
113
76
(R)
(S)
673
65
3361
7.
54
8.
Sol.
2, 5, 9, 11, 14
(A) 2
(B) 5
(C) 9
(D) 11
(C) Series : + 3, + 3, + 3, ..........
The next term is got by adding 3 in preceeding
term.
2 + 3 = 5, 5 + 3 = 8
9 is wrong term.
+5 +6 +7
+8
+9
2.
(B) 17
(D) 32
EXERCISE-1
(A)
Similarly
24
2, 6, 11, 17, 23, 32, 41
1.
Sol.
10.
2, 3, 5, 7, ?
(A) 9
(C) 11
(B) 10
(D) 14
0, 6, 20, 42, ?
(A) 64
(C) 80
(B) 72
(D) 84
(B) 64
(D) 99
(B) 256
(D) 289
(B) 48
(D) 60
(B) 210
(D) 258
(B) 66
(D) 94
(B) 106
(D) 102
(B) 100
(D) 108
(B) 23
(D) 25
PAGE # 65
11.
3, 6, 12, 24, ?, 96
(A) 84
(C) 52
26.
27.
28.
29.
1, 2, 4, 7, ?, 16
(A) 9
(C) 12
30.
31.
32.
(B) 50
(D) 48
12.
13.
4, 7, 3, 6, 2, 5, ?
(A) 6
(C) 3
(B) 5
(D) 1
14.
15.
2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 8, 8, ?
(A) 10
(C) 14
(B) 12
(D) 16
16.
17.
33.
18..
3, 6, 11, 18, ?
(A) 19
(C) 30
34.
3, 4, 8, 17, 33, ?
(A) 58
(C) 49
3, 8, 15, 24, ?
(A) 30
(C) 36
35.
36.
37.
1, 4, 9, ?, 25, 36
(A) 11
(C) 21
38.
39.
40.
41.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
PAGE # 66
42.
43.
44.
52.
53.
(NTSE Stage-II,2011)
(B) 165
(D) 169
5
18
48
112
7
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
Which number will come in place of (S) ?
(A) 172
(B) 276
(C) 270
(D) 376
15
159
259
323
7
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
Which of the following numbers will come in
place of (R) ?
(A) 251
(B) 315
(C) 176
(D) 151
EXERCISE-2
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
55, 168, 57, 120, 60, 80, 62, 48, 65, 24, ?, ?
(NTSE Stage-II,2011)
(A) 69, 11
(B) 67, 8
(C) 8, 71
(D) 6, 72
8, 7, 16, 5, 32, 3, 64, 1, 128, (?)
(NTSE Stage-I / Raj./ 2012)
(A) 18
(B) 13
(C) 1
(D) 3
16, 33, 65, 131, (?), 523
(NTSE Stage-I / Raj./ 2012)
(A) 261
(B) 521
(C) 613
(D) 721
5, 2, 17, 4, (?) , 6, 47, 8, 65
(NTSE Stage-I / Raj./ 2012)
(A) 29
(B) 30
(C) 31
(D) 32
1, 2, 4, 8, (?), 32 (NTSE Stage-I / Raj./ 2012)
(A) 10
(B) 12
(C) 14
(D) 16
2.
3.
2
3
8
27
5
(P)
(Q)
(R)
(S)
(T)
Which of the following numbers will come in
place of (T) ?
(A) 184
(B) 6
(C) 925
(D) 45
(B) 45
(D) 34
0, 2, 3, 6, 6, 20, 9, 54, 12
(NTSE Stage-I / Raj./ 2007)
(A) 3
(C) 20
4.
(B) 6
(D) 54
5.
(D) 130
50.
(B) 66
(D) 21
(C) 264
6.
7.
(D) 82
(B) 66
(D) 218
9.
8.
(D) 44
(B) 42
(D) 9
(B) 78
(D) 166
PAGE # 67
10.
16.
11.
(A) 6
(B) 10
(A) 155
(B) 320
(C) 20
(D) 30
(C) 254
(D) 200
17.
12.
13.
(B) 41
(A) 12
(B) 22
(C) 68
(D) 107
(C) 26
(D) 30
(A) 27
(B) 54
(C) 82
(D) 162
(B) 81
(C) 28
(D) 7
(A) 65
19.
(B) 35
(C) 17
(D) 9
15.
18.
14.
(A) 16
(A) 27
(B) 45
(C) 17
(D) 11
20.
(A) 94
(B) 46
(C) 22
(D) 3
21.
(A) 5
(B) 17
(C) 35
(D) 128
9, 63, 5, 35, 1, 8
(B) 28
(A) 63
(B) 5
(D) 51
(C) 35
(D) 8
PAGE # 68
ALPHABET SERIES
Alphabet Series problems deals with alphabets
and Alpha-Numeric. While attempting to solve
the question, you have to check the pattern of
the series.
Type of questions asked in the examination :
(i) Find the missing term(s).
(ii) Find the wrong term(s).
Alphabet Series
In these types of questions, a series of single or
pairs of groups of letters is given. The terms of the
series form a certain pattern as regards the
position of the letters in the English alphabet.
Position of Alphabet :
(i) Alphabet in order :
Z Y X W V U T S R Q P O N M L K J I H G F E D C B A
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
Directions : (1 to 7) Find the missing term :
Ex 1.
Sol.
Ex 2.
Sol.
Ex 3.
A, C, ?, G, I
(A) E
(B) D
(C) F
(D) H
(A) Series consists of alternate letter in order .
So, the missing term would be E.
V, T, R, ?, N, ?
(A) O,M
(B) P,M
(C) L,P
(D) P,L
(D) Given series consists of alternate letters in
reverse order. So, the missing terms would be
P and L .
A, C, F, ?, O
(A) G
(C) H
C
(B) Hint
Ex 4.
Ex 5.
Sol.
Ex 6.
Sol.
Sol.
+2
+3
Ex 8.
Sol.
FE
+2
(B) FG
(D) GH
Sol.
Hint
+2
0
FG
Ex 9.
+5
+2
DE
+4
+2
HG
HI
0
(B) J
(D) K
Sol.
Sol.
Ex 7.
Alpha-Numeric Series
A series in which both alphabets and number are
used.
Direction : (10) Find the missing term :
Ex 10.
Sol.
69
PAGE # 69
Sol.
13.
14.
15.
EXERCISE-1
Directions : (1 to 36) Find the missing letters :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
B, E, H, ?
(A) K
(C) J
(B) L
(D) M
Y, W, U, S, Q, ?
(A) A
(C) O
(B) P
(D) B
(B) NX
(D) NY
(B) AB
(D) ZO
(B) FGH
(D) HGF
(B) EYQ
(D) EXP
(B) CGC
(D) BGC
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
(B) I17B
(D) J16B
10.
11.
12.
(B) NMOLM
(C) QJRIP
(D) PKQJO
70
PAGE # 70
26.
EXERCISE-2
(B) INLN
(C) GEJL
(D) PSNP
27.
28.
(A) QIRH
(B) NLOK
(C) GSHR
(D) PJQI
(A) KLHI
(B) MNJK
(C) GHIJ
(D) JKGH
31.
32.
2.
(A) QRLM
(B) QRST
(C) QULM
(D) QRLF
3.
34.
(A) BCD
(B) CDE
(C) DEF
(D) FEG
(B) XMF
(C) VKK
(D) RGU
4.
(B) DDMF
(C) BBED
(D) EEQG
(A) CHM
(B) BGL
(C) CIO
(D) BHN
(A) KQPL
(B) JRNM
(C) JQMN
(D) ISPM
(C) JHJ
(C) TQP
5.
6.
33.
30.
1.
29.
the series.
(A) BGL
(B) LWH
(C) DLT
(D) GJM
(B) onm
(C) oqp
(D) nom
(D) ZKW
(D) LJO
8.
(D) HIT
7.
(D) YWU
(D) ITZ
35.
(A) AFUZ
(B) AUFZ
(C) ZFUA
(D) ZUFA
36.
(A) JLPN
(B) LJPN
(C) NPLJ
(D) PNLJ
9.
10.
(D) RQP
P 3 C, R 5 F, T 8 I, V 12 L, X 18 O, Z 23 R
(A) V 12 L
(B) X 18 O
(C) Z 23 R
(D) R 5 F
(B) YTVB
(C) UYAX
(D) ASVD
71
PAGE # 71
10
11
12
13
14
15
Ans.
Que. 16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Ans.
2. STRUCTURE OF ATOM(CHEMISTRY)
Ques
Ans
Ques
Ans
Ques
Ans
Ques
Ans
1
D
12
D
23
B
34
A
2
C
13
A
24
B
35
D
3
B
14
C
25
B
4
C
15
D
26
A
5
B
16
A
27
C
6
A
17
C
28
B
7
C
18
C
29
B
8
B
19
D
30
B
9
A
20
B
31
D
10
C
21
B
32
A
11
B
22
D
33
B
3. PERCENTAGE (MATHEMATICS)
Q.
Ans.
Q.
Ans.
Q.
Ans.
Q.
Ans.
Q.
Ans.
1
B
11
C
21
B
31
A
41
A
2
C
12
C
22
B
32
A
42
D
3
C
13
D
23
A
33
D
43
B
4
C
14
C
24
B
34
C
44
D
5
C
15
D
25
B
35
A
45
B
6
D
16
A
26
C
36
C
46
B
7
C
17
B
27
A
37
A
47
D
8
B
18
B
28
C
38
B
48
D
9
A
19
D
29
C
39
B
49
C
10
B
20
C
30
C
40
B
50
B
1
C
11
B
21
C
31
D
41
A
51
B
2
B
12
B
22
B
32
A
42
C
52
A
3
B
13
C
23
A
33
A
43
C
53
B
4
D
14
D
24
B
34
B
44
D
54
C
5
B
15
A
25
B
35
D
45
A
55
C
6
C
16
C
26
B
36
B
46
C
56
B
7
C
17
D
27
C
37
B
47
D
57
B
8
A
18
B
28
B
38
C
48
D
58
B
9
D
19
D
29
C
39
C
49
C
59
A
10
D
20
C
30
C
40
C
50
B
60
B
PAGE # 72
10
Ans.
Ques.
11
12
13
14
15
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20
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Ans.
D
21
A
A
22
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31
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41
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43
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47
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Ques
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
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61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
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71
72
73
74
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80
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10
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11
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31
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51
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91
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PAGE # 73
Ques
10
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11
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10
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Ques
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46
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EXERCISE-2
Que.
10
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16
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Que. 17
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10
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EXERCISE-2
Que.
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Ans.
PAGE # 74