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AISC LRFD93 Untuk Perencanaan Stuktur Baja Dengan SAP2000 PDF
AISC LRFD93 Untuk Perencanaan Stuktur Baja Dengan SAP2000 PDF
45
46
A
Ae
Ag
Av 2 , Av 3
Aw
B1
B2
Cb
Cm
Cw
D
E
Fcr
Fr
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Fy
G
I 22
I 33
J
K
K 33 , K 22
Lb
Lp
Lr
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
M cr
M lt
M nt
M n33 , M n22
M ob
M r 33 , M r 22
Mu
M u 33 , M u 22
Pe
Pn
Pu
Py
Q
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Table IV-1
AISC-LRFD Notations
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
be
bf
d
de
hc
=
=
=
=
=
k
kc
=
=
l33 , l22
r
r33 , r22
t
tf
tw
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
p
r
s
slender
b
c
t
v
Table IV-1
AISC-LRFD Notations (cont.)
47
(LRFD A4-1)
(LRFD A4-2)
0.9 DL 1.3 WL
1.2 DL 1.3 WL
1.2 DL + 0.5 LL
1.3 WL
(LRFD A4-6)
(LRFD A4-4)
(LRFD A4-4)
1.0 EL
(LRFD A4-6)
(LRFD A4-4)
(LRFD A4-4)
0.9 DL 1.0 EL
1.2 DL 1.0 EL
1.2 DL + 0.5 LL
These are also the default design load combinations in SAP2000 whenever the
AISC-LRFD93 code is used. The user should use other appropriate loading combinations if roof live load is separately treated, if other types of loads are present, or if
pattern live loads are to be considered.
Live load reduction factors can be applied to the member forces of the live load case
on an element-by-element basis to reduce the contribution of the live load to the
factored loading.
When using the AISC-LRFD93 code, SAP2000 design assumes that a P- analysis
has been performed so that moment magnification factors for moments causing
sidesway can be taken as unity. It is recommended that the P- analysis be done at
the factored load level of 1.2 DL plus 0.5 LL (White and Hajjar 1991).
Classification of Sections
The nominal strengths for axial compression and flexure are dependent on the classification of the section as Compact, Noncompact, Slender or Too Slender.
48
Figure IV-1
AISC-LRFD Definition of Geometric Properties
Classification of Sections
49
Check
COMPACT
( p)
SLENDER
( slender )
NONCOMPACT
r
bf 2t f
(rolled)
65
Fy
141
Fy - 10.0
No limit
bf 2t f
(welded)
65
Fy
162
Fy kc
No limit
For Pu
640
Fy
I-SHAPE
hc
tw
For Pu
b y
Pu
P
b y
1P
b y
191
Fy
Pu
b Py
Pu
b Py
970
Fy
Fy Fy
253
Fy
190
Fy
238
No limit
Fy
BOX
b
hc
tf
tw
As for I-shapes
As for I-shapes
CHANNEL
bf
hc
tf
tw
As for I-shapes
As for I-shapes
As for I-shapes
As for I-shapes
No limit
As for I-shapes
T-SHAPE
bf
d
2t f
tw
As for I-Shapes
Not applicable
As for I-Shapes
127
Fy
No limit
No limit
Fy
ANGLE
Not applicable
76
Fy
No limit
DOUBLEANGLE
(Separated)
Not applicable
76
Fy
No limit
PIPE
Fy
Fy
ROUND BAR
Assumed Compact
RECTANGULAR
Assumed Noncompact
GENERAL
Assumed Noncompact
Fy
(Compression only)
No limit for flexure
Table IV-2
Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for
Classification of Sections in Flexure based on AISC-LRFD
50
Classification of Sections
WidthThickness
Ratio
NONCOMPACT
(Uniform Compression)
(M 22 M 33 0)
( r)
COMPACT
(SEISMIC ZONE)
(
bf 2t f
(rolled)
52
Fy
95
Fy
bf 2t f
(welded)
52
Fy
95
Fy
253
Fy
I-SHAPE
hc
tw
For Pu
520
Fy
For Pu
191
Fy
b y
Pu
b Py
1P
b y
Pu
b Py
253
Fy
238
Fy
253
Fy
BOX
b
hc
tf
tw
Not applicable
Not applicable
CHANNEL
bf
hc
tf
tw
As for I-shapes
As for I-shapes
As for I-shapes
As for I-shapes
T-SHAPE
bf
d
2t f
tw
Not applicable
Not applicable
As for I-shapes
127
Fy
76
Fy
ANGLE
Not applicable
DOUBLE-ANGLE
(Separated)
Not applicable
76
Fy
PIPE
Not applicable
3300
Fy
ROUND BAR
Assumed Compact
RECTANGULAR
Assumed Noncompact
GENERAL
Assumed Noncompact
Table IV-3
Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios for
Classification of Sections (Special Cases) based on AISC-LRFD
Classification of Sections
51
Cm
Pu Pe
, where
52
Ag F y
2
Kl
r
Fy
E
), and
Cm
Ma
,
Mb
(LRFD C1-3)
M a M b is the ratio of the smaller to the larger moment at the ends of the member, M a M b being positive for double curvature bending and negative for single curvature bending. For tension members C m is assumed as 1.0. For compression members with transverse load on the member, C m is assumed as 1.0
for members with any unrestrained end and as 0.85 for members with two unrestrained ends. When M b is zero, C m is taken as 1.0. The program defaults C m
to 1.0 if the unbraced length factor, l, of the member is redefined by either the
user or the program, i.e., if the unbraced length is not equal to the length of the
member. The user can overwrite the value of C m for any member. C m assumes
two values, C m 22 and C m 33 , associated with the major and minor directions.
The magnification factor B1 , must be a positive number. Therefore Pu must be less
than Pe . If Pu is found to be greater than or equal to Pe , a failure condition is declared.
SAP2000 design assumes the analysis includes P- effects, therefore B 2 is taken as
unity for bending in both directions. It is suggested that the P- analysis be done at
the factored load level of 1.2 DL plus 0.5 LL (LRFD C2.2). See also White and
Hajjar (1991).
For single angles, where the principal axes of bending are not coincident with the
geometric axes (2-2 and 3-3), the program conservatively uses the maximum of
K 22 l 22 and K 33 l 33 for determining the major and minor direction Euler buckling capacity.
If the program assumptions are not satisfactory for a particular structural model or
member, the user has a choice of explicitly specifying the values of B1 and B 2 for
any member.
53
If the user specifies nominal strengths for one or more elements in the Redefine
Element Design Data form, these values will override the above mentioned calculated values for those elements as defined in the following subsections. The
specified nominal strengths should be based on the principal axes of bending.
Compression Capacity
The nominal compression strength is the minimum value obtained from flexural
buckling, torsional buckling and flexural-torsional buckling. The strengths are determined according to the following subsections.
For members in compression, if Kl r is greater than 200, a message to that effect is
printed (LRFD B7, SAM 4). For single angles, the minimum radius of gyration, r z ,
is used instead of r22 and r33 in computing Kl r .
Flexural Buckling
The nominal axial compressive strength, Pn , depends on the slenderness ratio, Kl r,
and its critical value, c , where
54
max
Kl
r
K 33 l 33 K 22 l 22
,
r33
r22
Fy
, and
For single angles, the minimum radius of gyration, r z , is used instead of r22 and r33
in computing Kl r .
Pn for Compact or Noncompact sections is evaluated for flexural buckling as follows:
Pn = Ag Fcr , where
2
c
Fcr =
Fy ,
Fy ,
Fcr =
(LRFD E2-1)
for
, and
(LRFD E2-2)
for
(LRFD E2-3)
2
c
Fy ,
Fcr =
F y , for
for
The reduction factor, Q, for all compact and noncompact sections is taken as 1. For
slender sections, Q is computed as follows:
Q Q s Q a , where
(LRFD A-B5.3c)
The Q s factors for slender sections are calculated as described in Table IV-4 (LRFD
A-B5.3a). The Q a factors for slender sections are calculated as the ratio of effective
cross-sectional area and the gross cross-sectional area (LRFD A-B5.3c).
Qa
Ae
Ag
(LRFD A-B5-14)
55
Section
Type
if
b f 2t f
Qs
b f 2t f
Fy , if
Fy ,
Fy
if
Fy ,
b f 2t f
Fy ,
b f 2t f
Fy .
b f 2t f
Fy k c ,
bf 2t f
Fy k c ,
b f 2t f
Fy k c .
Equation
Reference
LRFD A-B5-5,
LRFD A-B5-6
(rolled)
I-SHAPE
if
b f 2t f
Qs
kc
b f 2t f
Fy k c
2
if
Fy
Fy k c
if
LRFD A-B5-7,
LRFD A-B5-8
(welded)
Qs
BOX
LRFD A-B5.3d
LRFD A-B5-5,
LRFD A-B5-6,
LRFD A-B5-7,
LRFD A-B5-8
CHANNEL
if
Qs
Fy , if
d tw
2
d t w Fy ,
Fy
if
if
DOUBLEANGLE
(Separated)
Qs
ANGLE
Qs
b t
b t Fy ,
Fy
bt
if
Fy E , if
Fy E
d tw
Fy .
Fy ,
b t
Fy ,
b t
Fy .
if
b t
Fy ,
Fy ,
b t
Fy , if
d tw
d tw
Fy E
if
LRFD A-B5-5,
LRFD A-B5-6,
LRFD A-B5-7,
LRFD A-B5-8,
LRFD A-B5-9,
LRFDA-B5-10
LRFD A-B5-3,
LRFD A-B5-4
b t
Fy E ,
b t
Fy E ,
b t
Fy E .
LRFD SAM4-3
PIPE
Qs
LRFD A-B5.3d
ROUND
BAR
Qs
LRFD A-B5.3d
RECTANGULAR
Qs
LRFD A-B5.3d
GENERAL
Qs
LRFD A-B5.3d
Table IV-4
Reduction Factor for Unstiffened Slender Elements, Q s
56
Section
Type
Equation
Reference
if
h
tw
if
h
tw
if
h
tw
if
h
tw
if
b
tf
if
b
tf
if
h
tw
if
h
tw
T-SHAPE
be
LRFD A-B5.3b
DOUBLEANGLE
(Separated)
be
LRFD A-B5.3b
be
LRFD A-B5.3b
h,
I-SHAPE
he
tw
f
(h tw ) f
h,
he
tw
f
(h tw ) f
BOX
b,
be
tf
f
(b t f ) f
h,
CHANNEL
he
tw
f
(h tw ) f
ANGLE
if
1,
PIPE
Qa
D t Fy
ROUND
BAR
RECTANGULAR
GENERAL
if
D
t
D
t
(compression only, f
P
)
Ag
(compression only, f
P
)
Ag
LRFD A-B5-12
(compr. or flexure, f
Fy )
LRFD A-B5-11
(compression only, f
P
)
Ag
LRFD A-B5-12
LRFD A-B5-12
,
.
,
.
Fy
Fy
(compression only)
LRFD A-B5-13
Not applicable
be
LRFD A-B5.3b
Not applicable
Table IV-5
Effective Width for Stiffened Sections
Calculation of Nominal Strengths
57
Ag
be t
Flexural-Torsional Buckling
Pn for flexural-torsional buckling of Double-angle and T-shaped compression
members whose elements have width-thickness ratios less than r is given by
Pn = Ag Fcrft , where
Fcrft =
Fcrz
H 1
Fcr 2 Fcrz
2H
(LRFD E3-1)
1
4 Fcr 2 Fcrz H
Fcr 2
Fcrz
, where
(LRFD E3-1)
GJ
,
Ar02
x 02
y 02
r02
58
(LRFD A-E3-1)
Fcr = Q
F y , for
, and
(LRFD A-E3-2)
for
(LRFD A-E3-3)
Fy ,
Fcr =
is calculated as
(LRFD A-E3-4)
Fe
EC w
K z lz
GJ
I 22
(LRFD A-E3-5)
I 33
Fe 22 Fez
2H
4 Fe 22 Fez H
Fe 22
Fez
(LRFD A-E3-6)
For Channels:
Fe =
Fe 33 Fez
2H
4 Fe 33 Fez H
Fe 33
Fez
(LRFD A-E3-6)
Fe 33 Fez
2H
4 Fe 33 Fez H
Fe 33
Fez
(LRFD A-E3-6)
x 02
r02
Fe2 ( Fe Fe 33 )
y 02
r02
0,
where,
59
r0
H 1
x 02
r02
Fez
EC w
K z lz
(LRFD A-E3-9)
K 22 l 22 r22
K 33 l 33 r33
2
Fe 22
I 33
Ag
y 02
Fe 33
I 22
y 02
GJ
(LRFD A-E3-10)
(LRFD A-E3-11)
1
,
Ar02
(LRFD A-E3-12)
Tension Capacity
The nominal axial tensile strength value Pn is based on the gross cross-sectional
area and the yield stress.
Pn
Ag F y
(LRFD D1-1)
It should be noted that no net section checks are made. For members in tension,
if l r is greater than 300, a message to that effect is printed (LRFD B7, SAM 2). For
60
Yielding
The flexural design strength of beams, determined by the limit state of yielding is:
Mp
Z Fy
(LRFD F1-1)
S Fy
Lateral-Torsional Buckling
Doubly Symmetric Shapes and Channels
For I, Channel, Box, and Rectangular shaped members bent about the major axis,
the moment capacity is given by the following equation (LRFD F1):
M p 33 ,
if
M n 33 = C b M p 33 - M p 33 - M r 33
M cr 33
Lb - L p
Lr - L p
M p 33 , if
M p 33 ,
if
Lb
Lp
Lp ,
Lb
Lb
Lr ,
Lr .
=
=
S 33 F y ,
(LRFD F1.1)
61
M cr 33 =
EI 22 GJ +
E
Lb
(LRFD F1-7)
(LRFD F1-11)
I 22 C w
(LRFD F1-13)
57 000 C b JA
for boxes and rectangular bars,
Lb r22
(LRFD F1-14)
Lb
Lp
Lr
X1
X2
Cb
(LRFD F1-5)
(LRFD F1-6)
57 000 r22 JA
for boxes and rectangular bars,
M r 33
(LRFD F1-10)
EGJA
,
2
S 33
4
Cw
I 22
M
S 33
GJ
(LRFD F1-8)
M
, and
+ 3 M A + 4 M B + 3 MC
(LRFD F1-9)
(LRFD F1-3)
M , M A , M B ,and M C are absolute values of maximum moment, 1/4 point, center of span and 3/4 point major moments respectively, in the member. C b should be
taken as 1.0 for cantilevers. However, the program is unable to detect whether the
member is a cantilever. The user should overwrite C b for cantilevers. The program also defaults C b to 1.0 if the minor unbraced length, l 22 , of the member is re-
62
(LRFD F1)
S 22 F y
M n = M p = Z Fy
(LRFD F1)
M n 33 =
Lb
M n 33
M n 33
B + 1 + B 2 , where
F y S 33 ,
d
Lb
(LRFD F1-15)
(LRFD F1.2c)
(LRFD F1-16)
The positive sign for B applies for tension in the stem of T-sections or the outstanding legs of double angles (positive moments) and the negative sign applies for
compression in stem or legs (negative moments).
For T-shapes and double angles the nominal minor bending strength is assumed as,
M n 22 = S 22 F y .
Single Angles
The nominal strengths for Single-angles are calculated based on their principal axes
of bending. The nominal major bending strength for Single-angles for the limit
state of lateral-torsional buckling is given as follows (LRFD SAM 5.1.3):
63
M n , major =
M y , major
M n , major =
M ob
M ob
M y , major ,
M y , major
if M ob
M y , major ,
M y , major , if M ob M y , major ,
where,
M y , major =
M ob
E b2t2
,
l
Cb
EC b
I
l
2
w
( lt r
)2
where,
t
min t w , t f ,
max l 22 , l 33 ,
z( w 2
z 2 )dA
2z 0 ,
64
General Sections
For General sections the nominal major and minor direction bending strengths are
assumed as,
M n = S Fy .
M n 33 =
M p 33
if
M p 33
M r 33
r
M cr 33
, (A-F1-3)
if
if
, (A-F1-3)
, if
M p 33 ,
M n 22 =
M p 22
M p 22
M r 22
r
M cr 22
M p 22 ,
, if
if
where,
M n 33
M n 22
M p 33
M p 22
=
=
=
=
65
M r 33
M r 22
M cr 33
M cr 22
p
r
(for I sections)
Fy
,
Fy
Fr
,
Fy
Fr
Fr )S 33 ,
M r 33
(Fy
M r 22
F y S 22 ,
M cr 33
kc
kc
2
M cr 22
S 22 ,
kc
2
66
(LRFD A-F1)
Fr
Boxes
bf
3 tw
tf
bf
2 tw
tf
,
(LRFD B5.1, Table A-F1.1)
,
Fy
Fy
M r 33
(Fy
Fr )S eff , 33 ,
M r 22
(Fy
Fr )S eff , 22 ,
M cr 33
F y S eff , 33 S eff , 33 S 33 ,
M cr 22
F y S eff , 22 ,
Fr
(LRFD A-F1)
67
Fy S c ,
b
t
if
M n= F y S c
, if
Fy
b
t
Fy
Fy
Fy
Fy S c ,
b
t
if
Fy
where,
S c = section modulus for compression at the tip of one leg,
t = thickness of the leg under consideration,
b = length of the leg under consideration, and
Q = strength reduction factor due to local buckling.
In calculating the bending strengths for Single-angles for the limit state of flange local buckling, the capacities are calculated for both the principal axes considering
the fact that either of the two tips can be under compression. The minimum capacities are considered.
Pipe Sections
t
p
,
Fy
Fy
M r 33 = M r 22 =
M cr 33 = M cr 22 =
68
+ Fy S ,
S,
M n 33 =
M p 33
if
M p 33 M r 33
r
S 33 R PG R e Fcr ,
, if
,(A-F1,A-G1)
if
where,
M n 33
M p 33
M r 33
p
r
R PG
Re
Fcr
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
The web slenderness parameters are computed as follows, where the value of Pu is
taken as positive for compression and zero for tension:
hc
,
tw
Calculation of Nominal Strengths
69
1Fy
p
Pu
P
b y
Fy
Pu
P
b y
253
Pu
P
b y
Fy
Pu
.
P
b y
1Fy
The parameters R PG , R e , and Fcr for slender web sections are calculated in
SAP2000 as follows:
ar
R PG
ar
ar
Re
Re
hc
tw
m m3
ar
(LRFD A-G2)
ar
(LRFD A-G2-3)
Fcr
Fy
min( Fcr , F y )
, taken as 1.0.
(LRFD A-G2)
(LRFD A-G2)
70
if
C b Fy 1
Fcr =
C PG
2
1
2
p
r
F y , if
if
(LRFD A-G2-4, 5, 6)
(LRFD A-G2-7)
,
(LRFD A-G2-8)
(LRFD A-G2-9)
Fy
Fy
C b , and
C PG
(LRFD A-G2-10)
(LRFD A-G2-11)
,
(LRFD A-G2-13)
k c , and
(LRFD A-G2-14)
Fy kc
C PG
Cb
(LRFD A-G2-12)
Fy
1.
(LRFD A-G2-15)
71
Shear Capacities
The nominal shear strengths are calculated for shears along the geometric axes for
all sections. For I, Box, Channel, T, Double angle, Pipe, Circular and Rectangular
sections, the principal axes coincide with their geometric axes. For Single-angle
sections, principal axes do not coincide with their geometric axes.
Major Axis of Bending
The nominal shear strength, V n 2 , for major direction shears in I-shapes, boxes and
channels is evaluated as follows:
For
h
tw
,
Fy
F y Aw ,
V n2 =
for
<
Fy
72
h
tw
(LRFD F2-1)
,
Fy
for
F y Aw
<
Fy
V n2 =
h
, and
tw
Fy
h
tw
(LRFD F2-2)
,
Aw
h tw
The nominal shear strength for all other sections is taken as:
V n2 =
F y Av 2 .
F y Av 3
73
For
Pu
8
+
9
Pn
Pu
<
Pn
For
Pu
+
2 Pn
M u 22
.
M n 22
b
M u 22
.
M n 22
b
For circular sections an SRSS (Square Root of Sum of Squares) combination is first
made of the two bending components before adding the axial load component instead of the simple algebraic addition implied by the above formulas.
For Single-angle sections, the combined stress ratio is calculated based on the properties about the principal axis (LRFD SAM 5.3, 6). For I, Box, Channel, T, Double
angle, Pipe, Circular and Rectangular sections, the principal axes coincide with
their geometric axes. For Single-angle sections, principal axes are determined in
SAP2000. For general sections it is assumed that the section properties are given in
terms of the principal directions.
Shear Stresses
Similarly to the normal stresses, from the factored shear force values and the nominal shear strength values at each station for each of the load combinations, shear capacity ratios for major and minor directions are calculated as follows:
V u2
, and
vV n 2
V u3
,
vV n 3
where
For Single-angle sections, the shear stress ratio is calculated for directions along the
geometric axis. For all other sections the shear stress is calculated along the principle axes which coincide with the geometric axes.
74