DefinitionofTransformer

Electricalpowertransformerisastaticdevicewhichtransforms
electricalenergyfromonecircuittoanotherwithoutanydirect
electricalconnectionandwiththehelpofm
utualinductionbetween
twowindings.Ittransformspowerfromonecircuittoanother
withoutchangingitsfrequencybutmaybeindifferentvoltagelevel.
Thisisaveryshortandsimpled
efinitiono
ft ransformer,aswe
willgot hroughthisportionoftutorialrelatedtoelectricalpower
transformer,wewillunderstandmoreclearlyanddeeply"w
hatis
transformer?
" a
ndbasict heoryo
ft ransformer.

WorkingPrincipleofTransformer

Thew
orkingp
rincipleo
ft ransformerisverysimple.Itdepends
uponF
araday'slawofelectromagneticinduction.Actually,mutual
inductionbetweentwoormorewindingisresponsiblefor
transformationactioninanelectricaltransformer.
Faraday'sLawso
fE
lectromagnetic
Induction

AccordingtotheseFaraday'slaws,
"Rateofchangeoffluxlinkagewithrespecttotimeisdirectly
proportionaltotheinducedEMFinaconductororcoil".

BasicT
heoryo
fT
ransformer

Sayyouhaveonewindingwhichissuppliedbyanalternating
electricalsource.Thealternatingc
urrentthroughthewinding
producesacontinuallychangingfluxoralternatingfluxthat
surroundsthewinding.Ifanyotherwindingisbroughtnearertothe
previousone,obviouslysomeportionofthisfluxwilllinkwiththe

second.Asthisfluxiscontinuallychanginginitsamplitudeand
direction,theremustbeachangeinfluxlinkageinthesecond
windingorcoil.AccordingtoFaraday'slawofelectromagnetic
induction,theremustbeanEMFinducedinthesecond.Ifthecircuit
ofthelaterwindingisclosed,theremustbeancurrentflowing
throughit.Thisisthesimplestformofelectricalpowertransformer
andthisisthemostbasicofw
orkingp
rincipleo
ft ransformer.
Forbetterunderstanding,wearetryingtorepeattheabove
explanationinamorebriefwayhere.Wheneverweapply
alternatingcurrenttoanelectriccoil,therewillbeanalternating
fluxsurroundingthatcoil.Nowifwebringanothercoilnearthefirst
one,therewillbeanalternatingfluxlinkagewiththatsecondcoil.
Asthefluxisalternating,therewillbeobviouslyarateofchangein
fluxlinkagewithrespecttotimeinthesecondcoil.Naturallyemf
willbeinducedinitasperFaraday'slawofelectromagnetic
induction.Thisisthemostbasicconceptofthet heoryo
f
transformer.

Thewindingwhichtakese
lectricalpowerfromthesource,is
generallyknownasprimarywindingoftransformer.Hereinour
aboveexampleitisfirstwinding.


Thewindingwhichgivesthedesiredoutputvoltageduet omutual
inductioninthetransformer,iscommonlyknownassecondary
windingoftransformer.Hereinourexampleitissecondwinding.

Theabovementionedformoftransformeristheoreticallypossible

butnotpractically,becauseinopenairverytinyportionoftheflux
ofthefirstwindingwilllinkwithsecondsothecurrentthatflows
throughtheclosedcircuitoflater,willbesosmallinamountthatit
willbedifficulttomeasure.
Therateofchangeoffluxlinkagedependsupontheamountof
linkedfluxwiththesecondwinding.So,itisdesiredtobelinkedto
almostallfluxofprimarywindingtothesecondarywinding.Thisis
effectivelyandefficientlydonebyplacingonelowreluctancepath
commontobothofthewinding.Thislowreluctancepathisc
oreof
transformer,throughwhichmaximumnumberoffluxproducedby
theprimaryispassedthroughandlinkedwiththesecondary
winding.Thisisthemostbasict heoryo
ft ransformer.

EmfEquationofTransformer
EMFE
quationo
ft ransformercanbeestablishedinaveryeasy
way.Actuallyine
lectricalpowertransformer,onealternating
electricalsourceisappliedtotheprimarywindingandduetothis,
magnetizingc
urrentflowingthroughtheprimarywindingwhich
producesalternatingfluxinthec
oreoft ransformer.Thisfluxlinks
withbothprimaryandsecondarywindings.Asthisfluxisalternating
innature,theremustbearateofchangeofflux.Accordingto
Faraday'slawofelectromagneticinductionifanycoilorconductor
linkswithanyc
hangingflux,theremustbeaninducedemfinit.
Asthecurrentsourcetoprimaryissinusoidal,thefluxinducedbyit
willbealsosinusoidal.Hence,thefunctionoffluxmaybe
consideredasasinefunction.Mathematically,derivativeofthat
functionwillgiveafunctionforrateofchangeoffluxlinkagewith
respecttotime.Thislaterfunctionwillbeacosinefunctionsince
d(sin)/dt=cos.So,ifwederivetheexpressionforr msvalueof
thiscosinewaveandmultiplyitwithnumberofturnsofthe
winding,wewilleasilygettheexpressionforrmsvalueofinduced
emfofthatwinding.Inthisway,wecaneasilyderivethee
mf
equationo
ft ransformer.


Let'ssay,Tisn
umberofturnsinawinding,
misthemaximumfluxinthecoreinWb.
AsperFaraday'slawofelectromagneticinduction,

Whereistheinstantaneousalternatingfluxandrepresentedas,

Asthemaximumvalueofcos2ftis1,themaximumvalueof
inducedemfeis,

Toobtainthermsvalueofinducedcounteremf,dividethis
maximumvalueofeby2.


ThisisEMFequationoftransformer.
IfE
1
&E2
areprimaryandsecondaryemfsandT1
&T2
areprimary
andsecondaryturnsthen,voltager atioo
rt urnsr atioo
f
transformeris,

TransformationRatioofTransformer

Thisconstantiscalledt ransformationr atioo

ft ransformer,if
T2>T1,K>1,thenthetransformerisstepuptransformer.IfT2
<
T1,K<1,thenthetransformerisstepdowntransformer.

VoltageR
atioo
fT
ransformer

Thisabovestatedratioisalsoknownasv
oltager atioo
f
transformerifitisexpressedasratiooftheprimaryand
secondaryvoltagesoftransformer.

TurnsR
atioo
fT
ransformer

Asthevoltageinprimaryandsecondaryoftransformerisdirectly
proportionaltothenumberofturnsintherespectivewinding,the

transformationratiooftransformerissometimeexpressedinratio
ofturnsandreferredast urnsr atioo
ft ransformer.