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Single phase induction motor is an AC motor where electrical energy is converted to mechanical energy
to perform some physical task. The single-phase induction machine is the most frequently used motor for
refrigerators, washing machines, clocks, drills, compressors, pumps, and so forth. They are commonly used in
low power applications, in domestic and industrial use. The capacity of this motor varies from fractional horse
power (HP) to 2 HP. In addition to this, single phase motors are reliable, cheap in cost, simple in construction
and easy to repair.
Single phase induction motor:
Like three phase motor, a single phase motor also consists of
i)
A stator which carries single phase winging and
ii)
A squirrel cage type rotor
However there is one main difference between two Induction Motors: 3-phase Induction Motors are selfstarting but single phase Induction Motor is not self-starting.
This is due to the fact that the stator winding of the 3 phase IM produces rotating flux, the single phase
motor winding produces alternating (pulsating) flux. An alternating flux acting on a stationary squirrel cage
rotor cannot produce rotation.
There are many methods to make a single phase Induction Motors self-starting. The single phase IM are
classified as
1. Split phase Induction Motor: These motors are started by two phase motor action with the help of an
additional winding known as starting winding.
2. Capacitor motor: These are also started by the 2 phase motor action by using a capacitor.
3. Shaded pole motors: These are started by using shaded pole principle.
Construction:
The stationary part in single phase IM is called stator and the rotating part is called rotor.
Stator:
It is the stationary part of the machine and is buildup of sheet steel laminations to minimize the eddy current
losses. The laminated construction keeps iron losses to minimum. The stampings are made up of material like
silicon steel which minimizes the hysteresis loss. They are provided with slots on its inner periphery. Stator has
two windings which are placed at 90 electrical degree. One winding is called starting winding, it has highly
resistive and low inductance property. Other winding is called running winding, it has highly inductive and low
resistance property.
Rotor:
The construction of the rotor of the single phase induction motor is similar to the squirrel cage three phase
induction motor.
This type of rotor consist of a cylindrical laminated core, having parallel slots on it. Rotor consists of uninsulated
copper
or
aluminium bars, placed in
the slots. The bars are
permanently shorted at both
the ends with the help of
conducting rings called end
rings. The entire structure
looks like cage hence called
squirrel cage rotor.
The construction and symbol is shown in the Fig.1
As the bars are permanently shorted to each other, the resistance of the entire rotor is very very small. The
air gap between stator and rotor is kept uniform and as small as possible. The main feature of this rotor is that it
automatically adjusts itself for same number of poles as that of the stator winding. The absence of slip ring and
brushes make the construction of single phase induction motor very simple and robust
NOTE: We know that for the working of any electrical motor whether its ac or dc motor, we require two
fluxes as, the interaction of these two fluxes produced the required torque, which is desired parameter
for any motor to rotate.
Working of Split phase Induction Motor
The stator of a Split
with