ay+ by + cy = r (x)

(Nonhomogeneous)

Solution of Method of Undetermined Coefficients

(a) Basic Rule
Term in r (x)
kex
Example: 2e3x
kxn (n = 0, 1,)
Example: 3x2
k cos x
k sin x
Example: 3 cos 2x
kex cos x
kex sin x
Example: 5e2xsin 3x

Choice for yp
Cex
Sol: Ce3x
K0 xn+ K1 xn-1+.+ Kn-1x + Kn
Sol: Ax2 + Bx + C
K cos x + M sin x
Sol: A cos 2x + B sin 2x
ex (K cos x + M sin x)
Sol: e2x (A cos 3x + B sin 3x)

Second Order Nonhomogeneous Equations

Solution of Undetermined Coefficients
(a) Basic Rule (continued)
Term in r (x)

Choice for yp

kxnex
(n = 0, 1,)

(K0 xn+ K1 xn-1+.+ Kn-1x + Kn) ex

Example: 4x3e2x

kxn cos x
kxn sin x

Sol: (Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx + D)e2x

(K0 xn+ K1 xn-1+.+ Kn-1x + Kn) cos x
+ (M0xn + M1 xn-1+.+ Mn-1x + Mn ) sin x

Example: 5x cos2x Sol: (Ax + B )cos 2x + (Dx + E )sin 2x

(b) Modification Rule: ay+ by + cy = r (x)

If yp is a solution of the homogenous equation (yh), multiply yp by
xk, where k is the smallest +ve integer.
If r(x) has a term
And if
that
yh= complementary function

Exa: 2ex

is not a root of characteristic

equation Exa: c1e2x+ c2e3x
is a single root of characteristic
equation Exa: c1ex+ c2e3x
is a double root of characteristic
equation (Repeated real roots)
Exa: c1ex+ c2xex

kx2
Exa: 2x2

is not a root of characteristic

equation Exa: c1e2x+ c2e3x
is a single root of characteristic
Exa: c1e2x+ c2
equation
is a double root of characteristic
equation
Exa: c1+ c2x

Then include this expression

in trial functions of yp

Ce x

Exa: Cex

x Exa: Cxex
Cxe

Cx 2ex
Ax 2 Bx C

Ax3 Bx 2 Cx

Ax 4 Bx3 Cx 2

(b) Modification Rule: y+ p (x) y + q (x) y = r (x)

If yp is a solution of the homogenous equation (yh), multiply yp by xk,
where k is the smallest +ve integer.
If r(x) has a
term that
sin kx, cos kx

Example:
4sin2x

And if
yh= complementary function
is not a root of characteristic
equation

Ex: c1ex+ c2e2x

is a single root of characteristic
equation

Exa: c1sin2x+c2cos2x
xsin kx, xcos kx

Example:
x cos2x

is not a root of characteristic

equation

Ex: c1e-x+ c2e3x

is a single root of characteristic
equation

Exa: c1sin2x+c2cos2x

Then include this expression

in trial functions of yp

A sin kx B cos kx
Exa : A sin 2 x B cos 2 x

Ax sin kx Bx cos kx
Ex : Ax sin 2x Bx cos 2x
Exa:
(Ax+B)sin2x+(Cx+D)cos2x
Ex: (Ax2+Bx)sin2x+
(Cx2+Dx)cos2x