Ebook Esp 11 Conference

Keping Yan
Electrostatic Precipitation
11th International Conference on Electrostatic
Precipitation, Hangzhou, 2008
Keping Yan
Electrostatic Precipitation
11th International Conference on Electrostatic
Precipitation, Hangzhou, 2008
With 910 figures
EDITORS:
Prof. Dr. Keping Yan
Dept. of Environmental Science
Zhejiang University
Hangzhou, 310028
China
E-mail: kyan@zju.edu.cn
___________________________________________________________________
ISBN 978-7-308-06291-6 Zhejiang University Press, Hangzhou
ISBN 978-3-540-89250-2 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
e-ISBN 978-3-540-89251-9 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York
___________________________________________________________________
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The 11th International Conference on Electrostatic Precipitation was organized by

The International Society for Electrostatic Precipitation (ISESP) and Local Chinese
Organizing Committee
ISESP Board Members (http://www.isesp.org/)

Robert Crynack - President, USA
Tetsuji Oda - Vice-president, Japan
Wallis Harrison - Secretary, USA
Mark Berry - Treasurer, USA
Ralph Altman - USA
Veronique Arrondale - France
Istvan Berta - Hungary
Hidekatsu Fujishima - Japan
Michael J. Frank - Germany
P. Gurnani - India
Carsten Lund - Denmark
Jae-Duk Moon - Korea
Kjell Porle - Sweden
Gernot Mayer-Schwinning - Germany
Liqian Wang - China
Keping Yan - China
Conference Chairman:
Conference Vice-Chairmen:
Conference Secretary:
Jiming Hao
Robert Crynack
Youwen Lin
Liqian Wang
Keping Yan
Weiping Liu
Keping Yan
Preface
We are pleased to welcome you to Hangzhou for ICESP XI. The concept of providing a forum for
the exchange of information on research and application of electrostatic precipitation originated with
Dr. Harry J. White. Then, the first conference was held in Monterey, California, USA, in October
1981. And the succeeding meetings were held in Kyoto, Abano Terme, Beijing, Washington DC,
Budapest, Kyongju, Birmingham, South Africa, and Australia.
The focus of this meeting is on fundamental and applied electrostatic precipitation, bag filter,
FGD, SCR and non-thermal plasmas for multi-pollutants emission control, such as PM2.5, SOx, NOx,
Hg, VOC, and HC.
We dedicate the open session to Prof. Hongdi Zhang for his outstanding contributions to the
organization of Chinese Society of Electrostatic Precipitation, the development of ESP and nonthermal plasma techniques. He was the first Secretary of Chinese Society of Electrostatic Precipitation,
and one of the advisory committee members of ICESP XI. Prof. Zhang was born in Jan 1933 in
Liaoning, and received his B.S. degree from Northeastern University, China in 1956. Then, he joined
the Beijing Municipal Institute of Labour Protection to work on environmental protection. He is one of
Chinese pioneers to dedicate their life to ESP, even during the period of the so-called Chinese Cultural
Revolution. Back to the early of 1970s, Prof. Zhang established an ESP lab with the institute to study
ESP for dust, aerosol, and gas cleaning. Around 1988, together with Prof. Ruinian Li, he promoted the
first non-thermal plasma project in China to study DeNOx and DeSO2. For over his 50 years
professional life, he contributed himself not only to ESP industries but also to education and students.
Unfortunately, Prof. Zhang passed away in July 2008, leaving many unfinished works. We would like
to thank his family, his students, friends and Chinese ESP committee for encouraging us to dedicate
the open session in memory of Prof. Hongdi Zhang.
We would also like to acknowledge financial supports from local Chinese industries, National
Natural Science Foundation. All students in my laboratory provided invaluable assistance in preparing
this conference. They are W. Chen, Y. Huang, X. Li, X. Tang, X. Zhang, Z. Zhang, J. Zhu, and H. Yan.
We also like to thank Mr. Sun Hairong from the press company for his help to revise this proceeding.
We thank all the authors for their high quality contributions, session chairs, ISESP board, local
organizing and advisory committee members for their comments and assistances.
Prof. Dr. Keping Yan

2008-10-08
CONTENTS
CONTENTS
World-Wide Review
Development of Chinese Electrostatic Precipitator Technology
Y. Lin, W. Liu 3
Multi-pollutants Simultaneous Removals from Flue Gas
X. Gao, Z. Wu, X. Shen, Z. Luo, M. Ni, K. Cen 12
Some Technical Idea Evolutions Concerned with Electrostatic Precipitators in China
L. Wang, B. Fu 19
Enhancement of Collection Efficiencies of Electrostatic Precipitators: Indian Experiments
Avinash Chandra 27
Fundamentals and Mechanical Design

Modeling Mercury Capture within ESPs: Continuing Development and Validation
Herek L. Clack 37
Reduction of Rapping Losses to Improve ESP Performance
Stephen L. Francis, Andreas Bck, Per Johansson
Advanced Risk Analysis for the Application of ESP-s to Clean Flammable Gas-pollutant Mixtures
Istvn Kiss, Tams Ivncsy, Blint Nmeth, Istvn Berta
ESP for Small Scale Wood Combustion
A. Laitinen, K. Karjalainen, A. Virtanen, J. Keskinen, M. Aho, J. Maunuksela, I. Talka
Dust flow Separator Type Electrostatic Precipitator for a Particulate Matter Emission Control from Natural Gas Combustion
L. Guan, G. Harvel, S. Park, J.S. Chang
Electrostatic Precipitator: The Next Generation
Roger Anthony Gale
Current Density and Efficiency of a Novel lab ESP for Fine Particles Collection
J. Zhu, Y. Shi, X. Zhang, H. Yan, K. Yan
Five Stages Electrostatic Precipitator Principles and Application
G. Xu, L. Xu
Application of STAAD in ESP structure design
H. Xie, R. Peng, X. Gao
Electric Resistance of Boiler Flue Gases and Collection Efficiency of ESP
X. Zhao
Non-static Collection Process of the Electrostatic Precipitator
W. Hao, H. Xiong
Study of Using Mixed Discharge Electrodes and Mixed Spacing of Pole to Pole for Electrostatic Precipitator
Q. Fang, B. Zhang
Experimental Investigation on the Collection of Fine Dust with High Resistivity by a Bipolar Discharging ESP
X. Xiang, Y. Wang, W. Chen
Designing ESP Systemically to Reduce Dust Emission
X. Lu, P. Ming, T. Wang, X. Gao, Z. Li
Research on Vibration Period Optimization of Electrostatic Precipitator
M. Hu, Y. Liu, Q. Yin, Z. Liu, X. Gao
Study on the Dust Removal Efficiency Formula of EP with Efficiency Enhancing and Energy-saving
Q. Fu, Z. Lu, M. Hu, X. Gao, Y. Liu
Research and Application of the Extensive Resistivity and Efficient Electrostatic Precipitator
S. Huang, W. Liu, H. Tao
45
50
54
57
62
65
70
73
75
79
84
87
91
94
98
102
11th International Conference on Electrostatic Precipitation
Application and Research on Technology of Longking Brand BEL Model ESP

Z. Liao
106
Niels Finderup Nielsen, Christian Andersson
111
Electrode Shape and collector plate Spacing Effects on ESP Performance

Resistance and Airflow Distribution of Rotary Plate
G. Xu, S. Yuan
119
Onset Voltage of Corona in Electrostatic Filters as Influenced by Gas Flow

M. Abdel-Salam, A. Hashem
121
L. Jin
125
An Initial Exploration for Coulomb ESP
Aerodynamic Effects and ESP Models

Effect of the EHD Flow on Particle Surface Charging and the Collection Efficiency of Submicron and Ultrafine dust Particles in
Wire-plate Type Electrostatic Precipitators
D. Brocilo, A. Berezin, J.S. Chang 129
Electrohydrodynamic Turbulent Flow in a wide wIre-plate Electrostatic Precipitator Measured by 3D PIV Method
J. Podlinski, A. Niewulis, J. Mizeraczyk 134
Applying Numerical Simulation on Air Pollution Control Equipment
Kasper Gadegaard Skriver, Niels Finderup Nielsen 140
CFD Simulation of Electrostatic Precipitators and Fabric Filters State of the Art and Applications
M. Feldkamp, M. Dickamp, C. Moser 141
Numerical Modeling of the Electro-hydrodynamics in a Hybrid Particulate Collector
Z. Long, Q. Yao, Q. Song, S. Li 151
CFD Numerical Simulation of ESP Airflow Distribution and Application of Flue Gas Distribution
B. Xie 157
Study and Application of Numerical Calculation Method for Gas Flow Distribution of Large Scale Electrostatic Precipitator
X. Dang, H. Hu, G. Ma, D. Yan 164
Experimental Study on Optimization of Electric Field Performance for Electrostatic Precipitator by Using Finite Element Method
X. Dang, D. Li, G. Ma, Y. Ren, Y. Shi 169
Analytical study on ZT Collecting Electrode
Y. Dai, K. Huang 175
Model EE I Technology in 1#125 MW Unit of Electrostatic Precipitator Application for GUODIAN Kaili Power Plant
B. Xie 179
Model EE II Technology in 2#600 MW Unit of Electrostatic Precipitator Application for GUODIAN Kaili Power Plant
B. Xie 183
Numerical Simulation of Influence of Baffler in Electric Field Entrance to Form Skewed Gas Flow
M. Hu, X. Sun, C. Ma, Y. Liu, L. Wang 187
A numerical Simulation for Predicting Influence of Flow Pattern in Electrostatic Precipitator on Exit Re-entrainment Loss
Z. Du, Q. Xie 194
Fine-Particles and Their Agglomeration

Research Progress of the Control Technology of the PM10 from Combustion Sources
Q. Yao, S. Li, Q. Song, B. Huang, H. Xu, G. Liu
Enhanced Fine Particle and Mercury Emission Control Using the Indigo Agglomerator
Rodney Truce, Luke Wilkinson
Emission Reductions at a Chinese Power Station
John Wilkins, Luke Wilkinson, D. Li
On-line Measurement of Hazardous Fine Particles for the Future APC Technology
Christer Lofstrom, Karsten Poulsen
A Novel Method for Particle Sampling and Size-classified Electrical Charge Measurement at Power Plant Environment
Ville Niemel, Erkki Lamminen, Ari Laitinen
Agglomeration Modelling of Sub-micron Particle During Coal Combustion Based on the Flocculation Theory
K. Zhang, J. Zhang, H. Li, Y. Zhao, L. Zhang, C. Zheng
Integrated Control of Submicron Particles and Toxic Trace Elements by ESPs Combined with Chemical Agglomeration
H. Li, J. Zhang, Y. Zhao, L. Zhang, C. Zheng
201
206
215
223
228
234
238
CONTENTS
Electrostatic Capture of PM2.5 Emitted from Coal-fired Power Plant by Pulsed Corona Discharge Combined with DC Agglomeration
F. Xu, Z. Luo, B. Wei, L. Wang, X. Gao, M. Fang, K. Cen 242
An Approximate Expression for the Coagulation coeFficient of Bipolar-charged Particles in an Alternating Electric field
B. Tan, L. Wang, Z. Wu 247
Improving Nano-particle Collection Efficiency and Suppressing Particle re-entrainment in an AC Electrostatic Precipitator with
Hole-punched Electrode
Koji Yasumoto, Akinori Zukeran, Yasuhiro Takagi, Yoshiyasu Ehara, Toshiaki Yamamoto 251
Electrical Operation and Power Sources

Precipitator Performance Improvements and Energy Savings Based on IGBT Inverter Technology
Norbert Grass, Andreas Zintl 259
Performance Enhancements Achieved with High Frequency Switch Mode Power Supplies
H. Herder 264
High Frequency Power Supply Operation on Hot-Side ESP
M. Brandon Looney, Mark Berry, H. Herder, R. Guenther, R. W. Smith, R. Altman 270
Industrial Applications of Three-phase T/R for Upgrading ESP Performance
B. Zhang, R. Wang, K. Yan 276
Industrial Applications of a New AVC for Upgrading ESP to Save Energy and Improve Efficiency
J. Ma, Y. Yang, R. Wang, K. Yan 281
Highly efficient switch-mode 100 KV, 100 KW power supply for ESP applications
Alex Pokryvailo, Costel Carp, Cliff Scapellati 284
The Crystal Ball Gazing with Electrostatic Precipitators: V-I Curves Analysis.
V. Arrondel, G. Bacchiega, N. Gautier, M. Hamlil, A. Renard 289
New Automatic Voltage Control Designs for Enhanced ESP Systems Integration, Improved Reliability, Safety and
Troubleshooting Capabilities
John Comer, Royce Warnick, Mike Volker, Jason Horn 298
Another Concept of Three Phase High Frequency High Voltage Supply
Caryl Thom, Denis Dupas 304
Development and Application Features of High Power High Frequency Power Supply for ESP
Y. Chen, G. Lu, J. Guo 305
The Application Strategy of Three-phase HV Power Supply for Special Working Condition
Y. Xie 310
Applying the Technology of Compounded Type Power Control Rapping to Reduce the Outlet Emission Concentration
D. Lin, G. Zheng, J. Qiu, J. Guo 314
Study on Efficiency Enhancing and Energy Saving of High Voltage Power Supply of EP
Y. Lei, M. Hu, Y. Liu, X. Gao, L. Wang 319
Serial/Parallel Resonant Converter (SPRC) in ESP Power
G. Zhang 323
The Development And Application of an Energy Saving System Based on the Optimal Control and Multi-parameter Feedback
G. Zheng, X. Xie, J. Guo, J. Li, J. Lian 328
Query on the Sustainable Development of Traditional Dust Precipitation Using Optimal Electric Spark Rate
F. Zhao, W. Yu, Z. Li, Y. Lu, J. Bian, S. Zhao, X. Zhang, Y. Dong 332
Comparative Study of Distribution of Collecting Plate Current Density on Electrostatic Precipitations with High Direct Current
and Pulse Power Supply
J. Li, W. Cai 337
Development of Energy Saving and Efficiency Enhancing Electrostatic Precipitator Power Supply Control Equipment
Z. Lu, Q. Fu, Y. Li, J. Gao 341
Research on High Frequency Switched HV Power Supplies for ESP
R. Wang, Y. Wei 345
Design of Switch Mode Power Supply for ESP
A. Wang 348
Research and Application of Automatic Control Technology of Back Corona
J. Qiu, J. Guo, X Xie 350
The Research on Three-phase Medium-frequency DC High-voltage Power
Y. Jiang, Z. Zhang 354
Investigation of Current Density Distribution Model for Barb-plate ESP

Y. Guo, X. Xiang, B. Chen
359
Y. Ge
363
X. Zhou, F. Tang, J. Du
366
SLC500 Programmerable Logic Controller Hot Standby Two-node Cluster

Evaluation of HV Power Source for ESP
V-I characteristic Principle of Electrostatic Precipitator
J. He, G. Xu, G. Yu 370
Enhanced Fine Particle Collection by the Application of SMPS Energization
Kenneth Parker, Arne Thomas Haaland, Frode Vik 374
Two ESP Power Supply Patent Technologies
W. Wang 381
Flue Gas Conditioning and Back Corona

Particulate and Mercury Emissions Control by Non-traditional Conditioners
Rabi K. Sinha 387
Flue Gas Conditioning
S. N. Trivedi, R. C. Phadke
389
Modeling of Back Corona in Pulse Energized Multizone Precipitators

Tams Ivncsy, Jen Suda, Istvn Kiss, Istvn Berta 395
Some Investigations on Fly Ash Resistivity Generated in Indian Power Plants
Avinash Chandra 399
Enhancing ESP Efficiency for High Resistive Fly Ash by Reducing Flue Gas Temperature
Andreas Bck 406
The Technical and Economical Analysis on the Application of FGC in Large Scale Coal-fired Units
Q. Liu, X. Chen, W. Chen 412
Upgrading of Existing Electrostatic Precipitator

Advanced Methods of Upgrading Electrostatic Precipitators
Tuomas Timonen, Alain Bill, Tarun Kr Ray, Minna Pelkonen, Hans-Eric Christiansson 419
Challenges for Reduction in Emission in Old Electrostatic Precipitators at Lower Cost
Debasish Chakrabarti, Robert Pritchard, Martin Kirsten, Christer Mauritzson 425
Least Cost to Maximise Dust Collection in Electrostatic Precipitators
Martin Kirsten, Anders Karlsson, Christer Mauritzson, Lena Lillieblad 429
ESP Renovation in Da Wukou Power Plant, Ningxia
P. Zhang 437
Hybrid ESP & FF Precipitation

Cost Effectively increasing the Filtration Area in Fabric Filters for Large Power Plants
Peter Wieslander, Stephen L. Francis
Long-term COHPAC Baghouse Performance at Alabama Power CompanyS E. C. Gaston Units 2&3
Kenneth M. Cushing, W. Theron Grubb, Byron V. Corina, Ramsay L. Chang
Study of the Use of Bag Filters in Hot Gas Filtration Applications: Pilot Plant Experiences
B. Alonso-Farias, M. Lupin, B. Navarrete, V. J. Corts
The R&D and Application of Electrostatic-fabric Organic Integrated Precipitator in China
W. Huang, H. Lin, K. Zheng
Research on Performance of Electrostatic-bag Precipitator with Comparative Industrial Tests
X. Dang, Y. Shi, G. Ma, D. Li
A Discussion on the ESP-FF Hybrid Precipitator
X. Zhao, S. Luo
Collection of High Concentration of Desulfurized Dust with ESP & FF
J. Ge, Y. Zhang, G. He, P. Zhang, D. Zhou
Application of ESP and Fabric Filter in Power Plants in China
X. Zhao, Y. Yao, Y. Du
Application of Electrostatic Fabric Hybrid Particulate Collector
Y. Yao, X. Zhao
443
449
459
464
468
472
474
478
482
CONTENTS
Application of ControlLogix in Remote Monitoring System of ESP-FF Hybrid Precipitator

Y. Ge, T. Yu, L. Zhao
485
Numerical simUlation on a Hybrid Electrostatic-bag Precipitator

J. Chen, X. Han 489
Wet Electrostatic Precipitation

Evaluation of Corrosion-Resistant Alloys for Wet Electrostatic Precipitator
Keigo Orita, Nobuhiko Shiromaru
495
Michael R. Beltran
499
Wet ESP for the Collection of Sub-micron Particles, Mists, and Air Toxics
Industrial Applications for Coal-fired Boilers

A Discussion about Strategy of Flue Gas Dust Removal for Indian Coal Fired Boiler
G. Lin 509
Assessment of Hot ESPs as Particulate Collector for Oxy-coal Combustion and CO2 Capture
Porle Kjell, Bck Andreas, Francis Steve, Rydberg Stina 513
Recent Application and Running Cost of Moving Electrode Type Electrostatic Precipitator
Toshiaki Misaka, Yoshihiko Mochizuki 518
Retrofit of Capacity Expansion for ESPs of Boiler 2# of Aiyis power Plant in Jiaozuo
L. Yang, K. Bao, J. Li, R. Ma, X. Cheng 523
Study on Improving the Performance of Electrostatic Precipitator in the Large-scale Semi-dry Flue Gas Desulfurization System
F. Yu, X. Han, X. Li, H. Jiang, R. Du, Z. Li 527
Analysis and Countermeasures for Fly-ash Feature from Zhungeer Coal with Electrostatic Precipitation
X. Ke, K. Liang, X. Cheng, H. Hu 531
High Dust Concentration ESP for Coal-fired Boiler of 300 MW Generator
H. Xie, P. Ming, H. Ding 534
ESP Application on Combustion of High-sulfur Heavy Crude Oil
J. Ge, Y. Zhang, X. Xu, Z. Shen, P. Zhang 537
Regarding the Selection, Operation and Maintenance of Booster Fan
X. Wang. J. Ge, F. Tang, F. Yang, B. Li, G. Feng, L. Fei 540
The Application Practices of the Double-zone ESP in Coal-fired power Plant
H. Zhang, L. Meng, R. Zhang, J. Guo 543
Industrial Applications for Steel Industries

Successful Application of Longking Bf-ESP Technology in Brazil GA Steel Plant
Z. Zhong, H. Song, J. Zheng 549
Characteristics and Technical Improvement Investigation of Electrostatic Precipitator before Sintering Machine
J. Kang, J. Wang, R. Guo, K. Wang 553
Testing and Analysis of Coal Gas Dehydration Equipment in Combined Cycle Power Plant
L. Xiao, Z. Ding 557
FGD and SCR for Coal-fired Power Plants

Development of New Gas Cleaning System with Salt Solution Spray
Morio Kagami, Toshihide Noguchi
563
X. Cheng, B. Jin
Research on Complex Multi-pollutants Control Technology in a Large-scale Coal-fired Power Plant
X. Han, X. Li, M. Liu, H. Jiang, Y. Han
New Concept of CFB Boiler with FGD
X. Pan
Dry FGD Technology Research and Application in Steel Sintering
J. Zheng
Design and Application of Inlet nozzle of Dry Desulphurization ESP
Q. Zhan
567
Numerical Investigation of the Entire Boiler System with SCR De-NOx Reactor
572
576
578
581
The Proposal Comparison of Absorbent Preparation System of Wet Limestone-gypsum Flue Gas Desulphurization Process
D. Yan
Economic Analysis of Wet Flue Gas Desulphurization Project Operation
Y. Dai, Y. Shu
Discussion on the Mechanism of Semi-dry Desulphurization
J. Ge, Y. Dai
Analysis on Chimney Inner Wall Anti-corrosion in GGH Eliminated Wet Desulfurization System
P. Zhao, K. Wang
Simultaneous Removal of SO2 and NO2 by Wet Scrubbing Using Limestone Slurry
R. Guo, X. Gao, Z. Wu, Z. Luo, M. Ni, K. Cen
Study on Mid-temperature SCR DeNOx Catalyst under High SO2 and CaO
Y. Dai, Y. Cui
Research and Application of Numerical Calculation Methods in SCR DeNOx Reactor & Duct Design
H. Chen
Retrofit project of 2100 MW Units in Yushe Power Plant, Shanxi Province Using Tow Boilers-one CFB FGD
F. Lin, E. Lian
Design and Application of the Dry-FGD Process in Sanming Steel No.2 Sintering Plant
Z. Yu, Q, Li, H. Xu, C. Lin
The Fouling Characteristics and Comparative Analysis of Cleaning Technology of SCR
Y. Gu, B. Jin, G. Xiao
585
589
593
597
602
606
611
616
620
624
Non-Thermal Plasmas
AC/DC Power Modulation for Corona Plasma Generation
A.J.M. Pemen, T.H.P. Ariaans, Z. Liu, E.J.M. van Heesch, G.J.J. Winands, Keping Yan
Development of the PPCP Technology in IEPE
J. Zhao, X. Ren, B. Wang, Y. Wu, R. Yang, G. Tu, Y. Zhang
Non-thermal Plasma Processing for Dilute VOCs Decomposition Combined with the Catalyst
Tetsuji Oda, Hikaru Kuramochi, Ryo Ono
Performance Characteristics of Pilot-scale NOx Removal from Boiler Emission Using Plasma-chemical Process
Hidekatsu Fujishima, Tomoyuki Kuroki, Atsuyoshi Tatsumi, Masaaki Okubo,
Keiichi Otsuka, Toshiaki Yamamoto, Keiichiro Yoshida
Experimental Investigation on Styrene Emission with a 1000m3/h Plasma System
X. Zhang, J. Zhu, Y. Huang, K. Yan
Streamer Corona Plasmas and NO Removal
X. Hu, X. Jiang, K. Yan , R. Li
Influence of Ratio of NO/NO2 on NOx Removal Using DBD with Urea Solution
Yusuke Kudo, Hiroshi Taguchi, Sumio Kogoshi
Catalysis-assisted Decomposition of Aqueous 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene by Pulsed High Voltage Discharge Process
H. Chen, Y. Shi, L. Lei, Y. Zhang, H. Chu, R. Yang, Y. Zhang
Plasma-catalytic Removal of Formaldehyde in Atmospheric Pressure Gas Streams
H. Ding, Z. Zhang
Relationship between Discharge Electrode Geometry and Ozone Concentration in Electrostatic Precipitator
Yoshiyasu Ehara, Daiki Yagishita, Toshiaki Yamamoto, Akinori Zukeran, Koji Yasumoto
Study of Carbon Monoxide Oxidation by Discharge
Nobumitsu Matsui, Yoshiyasu Ehara, Toshiaki Yamamoto, Akinori Zukeran, Koji Yasumoto
Application of a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor for Diesel PM Removal
Shuiliang Yao, Satoshi Kodama, Shin Yamamoto, Chieko Mine, Yuichi Fujioka, Chihiro Fushimi
Catalyst Size Impact on Non-thermal Plasma Catalyst Assisted DeNOx Reactors
M. Chen, Adrian Mihalcioiu, Kazumori Takashima, Akira Mizuno
The Study on Series of Copper Catalyst in the Reactor of Dielectric Barrier Discharge to Remove NOx
M. Chen, L. Yan, X. Wang, T. Takashima, A. Mizuno
VOC Removal Using Adsorption and Surface Discharge
Yujiro Oishi, Yoshiyasu Ehara, Toshiaki Yamamoto
A Novel Concept of Remediation of Polluted Streams Using High Energy Density glow Discharge (HEDGe)
Alex Pokryvailo
629
633
638
644
649
653
657
661
665
670
674
677
681
685
690
694
CONTENTS
Gaseous Elemental Mercury Oxidation by Non-thermal Plasma

H. Li, T. Zhu, P. Tang, X. Xing 699
A Multiple-switch Technology for High-power Pulse Discharging
Z. Liu, A. J. M. Pemen, E. J. M. Van Heesch, Keping Yan, G. J. J. Winands, D. B. Pawlok
Humidity and Oxygen Effects on Dimethyl Sulfide Decomposition by a Plasma Corona Reactor
J. Chen, Y. Shi, H. Pan, Q. Su
The Mechanism of Naphthalene Decomposition in Corona Radical Shower System by DC Discharge
X. Gao, X. Shen, Z. Wu, Z. Luo, M. Ni, K. Cen
Surface Modification of Polestar Fabrics by Non- thermal Plasma for Improving Hydrophilic Properties
S. Inbakumar, A. Anukaliani
Predictive Model of Nonequiliburium Plasma Decontamination Efficiency for Gaseous Pollutant
Z. Li, Z. Hu, X. Yan
704
709
713
718
723
Applied Electrostatics
Application Study of Electrostatic Precipitation with Earthed Atomizing Discharges
J. Mi, D. Xu, C. Hao
729
Integrated Clarification Technology for De-dusting, Desulfurization and Odor Elimination

Q. Huang 733
Introduction of High Precision Charging Technique Applied in Pulsed Magnetron Modulator for Industrial Computerized
Tomography System
Y. Zhang, X. Ren, G. Tu, X. Li 737
Discrepant ESD-CDM Test System and Failure Yield Prediction between ESD Association and JEDEC Standards
Yuparwadee Satirakul, Tanawat Butgnam, Pavittra Jittsuntisuk, Surapol Phunyapinuant 740
World-Wide Review

LIN Youwen, LIU Weiping
(Committee for Electrostatic Precipitator, Wuhan, PR China)
Abstract: In this paper we review the development of Chinese Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) in the passed 20 years, introduce
the recent situation of our countrys ESP technology and forecast the development prospect of ESP in China.
Keywords: Electrostatic Precipitator, ESP technology, technology development, technology progress
1 INTRODUCTION
In the second international conference of electrostatic
precipitator held in November 1984 in Japan, the author wrote
the paper named Development of Electrostatic Precipitator in
China and made a presentation on the conference at the
invitation from Mr. S. Masuda.
In the early 1980s, the ESP technology in China is in the
primary stage, when the worlds ESP technology had become
mature commodity. Only more than 20 factories make body
of ESP and power source. The ESP value output of 1982 was
less than two hundred million. The biggest sectional area of
ESP set in 1983 was 220 m2. Most of the sectional areas were
less than 100 m2 in 1983, and ESP were mainly applied in
industrial sectors such as steel industry, cement industry,
chemical industry and papermaking industry.
Two and a half decades passed. Technology and industry
of ESP in China have made a great progress. There are more
than 200 organizations, which are engaged in ESP and its
relevant industries. These organizations have formed an
industry with considerable scale. Research, design,
manufacture, installation and debugging are all involved in
the field of ESP. And the industry covers colleges and
universities, research and design institute and enterprises.
Now there are there ESP body corporations whose annual
processing capacity can be more than 100 thousand tons,
more than 10 corporations whose annual processing capacity
can be in the range of 30 thousand and 100 thousand tons.
There are 3 power source corporations which can make 1000
power sources per year, more than 10 corporations which can
make 300 to 1000 power sources per year.
By 2007, the whole contract value of the 21 ESP body
corporations has reached 148765211 thousand Yuan, sales
value has reached 8852699.8 thousand Yuan and export value
has reached 919486 thousand Yuan. As the marketing
requirement becomes larger and larger, in 21 century, output
value of ESP in China increases dramatically.
Production and management situations in recent years of
13 key enterprises, whose sales incomes are most, are showed
in Table 1.
Table 1 Production and management situations of 13 key

enterprises in recent years
Industrial
Sales
Export
Increase
Output
Income
Value
Year
Amplitude
(10000
(10000
(10000
(%)
yuan)
yuan)
yuan)
2000
182086
139215
5652
2001
213017
175165
4686
25.82
2002
287098
214693
7745
22.57
2003
335288
283102
7825
22.54
2004
428246
392698
11310
27.88
2005
638600
502166
15710.2
27.22
2006
764290.4
574358
60661
14.38
2007
1214291.9
730137
83720
27.12
In a conclusion, ESP in our country has a late beginning
but rapid development.
National economy has developed rapidly since the
reform and open-door policy being carried out, which
provides broad market for the application of ESP. By the end
of the last century, our country has become a great ESP power
in the world. China has a large ESP production and using
amount. ESP made in China not only meets the domestic
requirement, but also be exported to decades of countries.
Now the ESP industry has become one of competitive
industries in Chinese environmental protection industry.
ESP applied in power plant is the most important part.
Only several power plants used ESP before 1980. Quantity of
ESP applied in power plant increased constantly from mid
1980s. Electric power industry became the biggest user of
ESP after 1990. ESP quantity applied in power plant makes
up 75% of total ESP quantity in China. From 1990 to 2000,
dust emitted from power plant was kept below 4000000 ton
while total thermal power units increased from 76011 MW to
220000 MW. ESP toke an important role in power plant dust
treatment.
ESP applied in power plant in our country has a late
beginning. The first ESP matching 300000 WK unit was set in
Jiangsu Jianbi power plant in 1983; the first ESP matching 600000
WK unit was set in Anhui Pingyu power plant in 1989; the first
ESP matching 900000 WK unit was set in Shanghai Waigaoqiao
power plant in 2001; the first ESP matching 1000000 WK
unit was set in Zhejiang Yuhuan power plant in 2006.

According to this, the application of Chinese ESP is later
than developed countries by 15 to 20 years. As the
requirement of the market, especially the requirement of
electric power industry, ESP technology in China has become
the biggest ESP power in a short time.
So far, there are 10 enterprises which can produce ESP
for 600 MW units in China, including Zhejiang Feida, Fujian
LongKing, Lanzhou Electric Power Equipment Manufacturer,
Tianjie Group, Shanghai Metallurgical & Mining Machine
Manufactory, Zhejiang Sunyard, Shanxi Electric Power,
Anhui EE, and Zhejiang Luzhou Environmental Protection.
Enterprises which can produce ESP for 1000 MW units are
Zhejiang Feida, Fujian Longking, Lanzhou Electric Power
and Tianjie Group.
According to our statistics until Apr 2008, 17 ESPs for
above 600 MW units were put into use before 2000, and the
number increased several times after 2000. 220 ESPs for 600
MW units have been equipped, 102 are being manufactured
and 108 are being designed. There are 2 ESPs for 900 MW
units. And 10 ESPs for 1000 MW units have been equipped, 9
are being manufactured and 29 are being designed. There are
much more ESPs for 20 MW30 MW units. All these data
indicates the fast development of ESPs in China.
2 DEVELOPMENT
China initiated ESP technology study in 1965. 3 m260
2
m two-field nine-series ESP designed in 1973 was
centralized reflection of Chinese research results. It should be
noted that, in late 1970s, Yuanbaoshan power plant
introduced 173 m2 ESP form Ruthmuhle of German, and
Wuhan Steel Fireproof Factory introduced 81.9 m2 ESP form
Elex of Swiss. Those successful applications attracted great
attention in China.
In Seventh Five-year Plan Period, our country listed
study of high efficiency ESP technology into the National
Key Project, greatly improved Chinese ESP technology and
shortened the difference of foreign advanced level.
The most widely used horizontal ESPs and single-phase
power sources in China are called conventional ESPs and
conventional power sources.
After operation of more than 20 years, many enterprises
of sales beyond a hundred million yuan sprung up in Chinese
ESP industry. ESPs of Zhejiang Feida and Fujian Longking
obtained the title of China Top Brand.
The development of technology and challenge of new
emission standards encourage us to take seriously. Electrostatic
Precipitation Committee paid great attention to technology
development and innovation. From the foundation in 1985, ESP
Committee hosted 12 nationwide academic conferences and 10
power source symposiums, and had more than 1000 papers.
Colleges, universities and scientific institutes are the
main force of innovation in China, and the strong support of
ESP development. The mechanism of ESP also develops,
such as: data processing for flue gas characteristic and fly ash
size, collection mechanism, bipolar charged collection for
high resistivity fine particles, high concentration dust forced

collection, agglomeration, magnetic enhanced atomization
corona discharge for flue gas clean, airflow distribution in
ESP and numerical computation, airflow distribution in wet
ESP and simulation of skewed gas flow technology, effect of
trough plate to the airflow distribution, suitable rapping and
sound wave dust cleaning, flue gas conditioning, development
of design software, simulation of ESP optimal control, ESP
help system software, computer data collection of ESP, etc.
These technical innovations, will further improve the
understanding of ESP theory, exploit the potential of ESP, and
maximize the advantages of ESP. On the basis of independent
research and overseas successful experiences, Chinese ESP
technology is developed in the practical applications, as
indicated below:
2.1 ESP
2.1.1 Lentoid ESP
Lentoid ESP was developed by Wuhan Science &
Technology University and Wuhan University. This ESP has
good hydrodynamic and electric performance with positive,
negative corona electrode and lentoid electrode. The special
of this ESP is the electric wind pass through the lentoid
electrode, which can decrease the reentrainment and increase
the migration velocity of particles. The results of ESP in the
concrete plant shows that this ESP can save rolled steel
(above 1/3).
Fig. 1 Structure of Lentoid ESP

1. corona electrode 2. collection plate 3. lentoid electrode
4. collecting chamber
2.1.2 Tubular ESP
The tubular ESP was developed by Xian heavy Machinery
institute and Yuqing science & technology co. Ltd. The positive
and negative electrode are used bar tubular and the barbed
electrode respectively. In addition, this ESP also has tubular
auxiliary electrode. The raping system is a floating structure. The
characteristics of this ESP are as follows: (1) higher migration
velocity of the parcitle; (2) colleting positive particles; (3) the
resistivity of the collection particles follow the the range of
103 cm51011 cm; (4) has wider operation conditions;
(5) larger specific collection area and high efficiency.
Application: The emission concentration of particles in
the glass boiler and sintered ESP are 5 mg/m and 30 mg/m
respectively.
Fig. 2 Schematic Diagram of Tubular ESP

2.1.3 Cylinder ESP
Cylinder ESP was developed by Xian heavy Machinery
institute, Xian Xikuang environmental protection Company
and Xuanhua metallurgic environmental protection Company.
This ESP is a critic apparatus in the convertor flue gas
purification. The main component of the convertor flue gas is
coal gas which has the risk of explosion. In order to prevent
the coal gas and the atmosphere mixing in the ESP chamber,
it is the best way to pass through the ESP as laminar flow
without circumfluence. Consequently, the ESP was designed
to cylinder.
The structure of the cylinder ESP is the same as the
horizontal ESP, the inlet and outlet of are taper shape. The
pressure impulsion of the ESP chamber 0.3 MP, and the
emission concentration is 0.2 mg/Nm3 greatly less than 10
mg/Nm3.
environmental protection institute are as follows: build on

the roof of the workshop, no need of the land area; operate
stably; high efficiency with the wet rapping low energy
consume (flue gas float through the electric field itself by the
flotage); low maintenance costs low invest costs.
Fig. 4 Schematic Diagram of Roof ESP

1. fan for the insulator 2. high voltage power 3. water supply
device 4. insulate box 5. water nozzle 6. collection plate 7.
discharge electrode 8. water collect flume
Fig. 3 Schematic Diagram of Cylinder ESP

1. horn shape inlet 2. explosion safe valve 3. electrode
4. ESP shield 5. tach 6. heat preservation box 7. dust scratch
8. dust transport engine
2.1.4 Roof ESP
The roof ESP is a light type build on the roof of the
workshop, and mainly used in stove second flue gas
purification. The second flue gas has characteristics of large
volume of gas, small particle mean diameter, stochastic
diffusion, fluctuation of concentration and temperature.
The characteristics of roof ESP developed by Beijing
metallurgy construction institute and Wuhan security
2.1.5 Five-fields ESP

The five-fields ESP is developed by the Xi`an Yuqing
Science & Technology Company. The schematic diagram of
this ESP was shown in Fig. 5 and the characteristics as
follows: (1) gas distribution and particle collection are
ongoing at the same time in the pre-charge area; (2) collect
the positive and negative particle; (3) charge repeating
(especially in the high concentration particles area); (4)
increase the collection efficiency of fine and light particles; (5)
decreasing the reentrainment of light and fine particle; (6) the
five fields can be combined flexible; (7) especially suitable
for the old ESP. The results of the rebuilt project of sintered
two-field ESP show that the emission concentration is less
than 40 mg/m.
2.1.6 High concentration dust removal with ESP

The inlet concentration is 700 g/Nm31200 g/Nm3 and
the working pressure is 800 Pa1500 Pa of the ESP with
DFGD in the cement production process.
The problems of treating high concentration dust
removal are as following such as fixing equipment of pre-dust
removal, air distribution and guide device reasonable,
matching electrical apparatus parameters for electric field and
the corona blocking, the development of new de-dust, the
structure strength and the air leakage.
Fig. 5 Schematic Diagram of Five-field ESP
1. positive electrode 2. auxiliary electrode 3. gas distribution
and collection electrode 4. charge repeating 5. rotate
collection electrode
Fig. 6 Schematic of ration dust removal with ESP

2.1.7 Application of ESP in machines and electricity with
multimode and double-zone
The charge area and the Dedust area are independent in
the ESP of machines and electricity with multimode and
double-zone exploited by FUjian Longking Environment
Corporation
The de-dust efficiency of BES102-4 in 2130 T/n was up
to 99.93% and the exit concentration was 27.4 mg/Nm3.
Fig. 8 Electromagnetism ESP
Fig. 7 ESP with Multimode and Double-zone
2.1.8 Electromagnetism ESP

The trajectory of charged particle was changed in
magnetic field and the charged particle turned to collect plate
and separated from flue in Electromagnetism ESP.
The Electromagnetism ESP developed by Qinghua tong
fang Environment Company has high efficiency and lower
consumption.
The inlet concentration is 39 g/m3 and the outlet
concentration was 48 mg/m3 in CK-45 with 40 T/n
Electromagnetism ESP.
2.1.9 Steel brush ESP

It is difficult to removal the glutinous, small bulk density
dust, the steel brush was moved to clean the ash in the plate
and wires.
There were several tens steel brush ESP developed by
Angang design institute, and their drive speed can up to 50%100%.
Fig. 10 ESP-FF hybrid precipitator
1 anode plate, 2 cathode wires,3 cathode rapping deceleration

motor, 4 anode rapping deceleration motor, 5 brush bracket
hoister, 6 controller, 7 wire rope, 8 trail rope, 9 brush bracket,
10 anode steel brush, 11 cathode steel brush, 12 dust hopper,
13 ESP shell
Fig. 9 Schematic of Steel Brush ESP
2.1.10 P-FF hybrid precipitator
Although the ESP and FF precipitator also have mature
technique, they also have the disadvantages. The ESP has the
characters such as lower resistance and maintenance; treating
high temperature flue and firm structure, but it was difficult in
high resistance. The efficiency of FF precipitator can be up to
99% used the appropriate filter material, while the
disadvantages are the high resistance; high power
consumption and high maintenance. The ESP-FF precipitator
has the both advantages and no disadvantage of ESP and FF
precipitator.
The ESP is the first precipitator; it can collect the 80%
dust then decrease the de-dust pressure of FF precipitator and
the abrasion of filter material. The charge effect of the former
electric filed can enhance the characters of breathable and ash
removal, it decreased the resistance and filter areas, it also
increased the lifetime of filer bag and pulse valve then
decrease the cost of maintenance.
The ESP-FF precipitator had the noticeable de-dust
effect in the transformation program since the first one
operated in Fujian Longjing. The ESP-FF precipitator is the
best choice in the condition of high resistance.
The wet-ESP had also been developed expect above ten
ESP technology as well as flue adjustment. The move plate
ESP and INDIGO coagulation developed with foreign country
also got success, plenty of develop working had done in the
matching of plate and wire such as the corona wire used to
decrease electric blind area, the fishbone needle and field
specific resistance tester.
2.2 Power Source Technology

Dedust process in ESP is based on the principle of
electrical physics. ESP has developed for more than 100 years
with few technical breakthrough. But the state of art of power
source technology may bring an important renovation to ESP.
ESP power source has developed for several generation.
The performance of domestic conventional power source is
similar to products from oversea.
To realize the goal of energy saving and emission
reduction, Chinese researchers made an effort to do lot of
friable work. Pulse power source and wised dynamic
optimized control system have been developed according to
the regulation between dust collection and electrical
parameters. Based on this, emission can be reduced by more
than 30% and energy can be saved by more than 70%.
These years, conventional power sources have been
improved in China. Meanwhile, research and development of
new kind power source are ongoing.
2.2.1 High Frequency High Voltage Rectifier
Up to now, Longking Environmental Protection Corp.,
Wuhan Guoce high tech Corp., Zhejiang Jiahuan Corp.,
Longyan Longmen Corp., have developed high frequency
high voltage rectifier respectively.
Take Longking Environmental Protection Corp. as an
example, its SIR power source adopts AC-DC-AC technology.
Soft switch technology is used for protecting the inverse
switch. Different resonance matching parameters are used for
different sepecification of power source.
Longking has also developed a high power convertor,
which give priority to full-bridge resonance part parallel
resonance. The mixed topological structure can satisfy the
requirements of continuable spark discharge and impact, and
large scale load variety.
The problems of high power convertor and high
frequency high voltage have been solved by nano-crystalline
high-frequency high voltage transformer and self-developed
large current high frequency high voltage silicon rectifier
stack. The developed high frequency high voltage rectifier has
passed the tests of bad environment and complex operating
condition.
There are two kinds of power supply for control system,
one is DC supply, the other is intermittent supply. And the
control system has good control and protection functions:
integration of high voltage and low voltage, rapping control
program, power off rapping and back-corona auto-detecting
and control, remoting control function.
DC Power
Power factor regulator
Rectifier
Contactor
Circuit breaker
Charging
setup
circuit
Full-bridge
serialconnecting
resonant circuit
Part parallelconnecting
resonant circuit
Pulse driver
protection
circuit
DC high voltage
High
frequency
transformer
High
frequency
rectifier
Output
Feedback
sampling circuit
CSM
controller
Several assistant circuit;

Temperature detection
containing control circuit;
Rapping control circuit;
Cooling fan auto-control
i i
Communication
distributing
board
Upper
computer
Terminal
operation
display board
Fig. 11 Schematic of high frequency power source

2.2.2 Three phases silicon-rectification power source
Xiamen Lvyang Corp. and Jinhua Zhonghe Corp. have
developed three phases silicon rectification power source,
which using full wave rectification. Electricity, from electric
grid Y308V/50HZ enter the rectification, then stepped up by
three phases transformer. After second rectification, the three
phases high voltage will be added together on the discharging
electrode of ESP.
The three phases silicon-rectification power source is
good as single phase power source at the aspects of control
and management function, spark control, and network
monitoring. The two are compatible with each other.
Compared with the latter, three phases silicon-rectification
power source has other characteristics as follows:
(1) High conversion efficiency. The power factor is
larger than 95, results in the small electric grid loss.
(2) High voltage output. Secondary voltage from three
phases silicon-rectification power source is high. So the
charge ability of dust and collection efficiency can be
improved.
(3) Prominent energy saving if super high power setup is
used. Primary current output of Single phase power source
2.0/72 kV is 541 A, but 230 A for three phases power source.
After using three phases power source in a aluminum
production factory, its dust emission concentration is
decreased from 600 mg/Nm3 to 57 mg/Nm3 and 37 mg/Nm3.
In the electric reconstruction of 60 kW unit in a power
station. Three phases power source was used on the first field,
and intermittent power supply for others. The emission
concentration was decreased from 130 mg/Nm3 to 50 mg/Nm3.
Energy was saved by 60%.
Double
CPU
computer controller
Fig. 12 Schematic of three-phases high voltage control

2.2.3 Three phases intermediate frequency DC high voltage
power source
Intermediate frequency power source has the
characteristics of both SCR power source and high frequency
power source: low switch wastage, high power, small volume,
good performance and technical environment. Large quantity

of this kind of power source can be produced with low cost in
a short time and replace the SCR power source. Zhejiang
Jiahuan Corp. and Wuhan University hve developed a kind of
intermdiate frequency power source jointly:
(1) Operated under AC-DC-AC-DC, three phases high
frequency adverse transform, intermediate 400Hz rectification.
The work efficiency is improved obviously. Volume and
weight of the power source is decreased, and output wave is
more flat.
(2) Using IGBT module as switch, and double CPU as
the core of control system,(TMS320F2812 from TI Corp. is
used in operating control system, and ARM controller is used
for monitoring). Several power sources constitute a control
network and communicate with CAN or RS485.
(3) 0.21 mm0.27 mm silicon steel is used as the core of
transformer. Normal electrical wire and silicon stack are used
as string wire and rectifying bridge. /Y three phases
winding and three phases rectfication. The volume and weight
are much smaller than SCR power sources.
(4) Illegible PI (proportion integration) control method is
used in stable voltage and current control system, and realize
astatic control of voltage/current. SVPWM adverse transform
technology is used for current transformation control, and
realize three phases symmetry intermediate frequency AM
and FM. In that way, switch wastage is small and DC current
utilization can be improved. The output can be Stable DC
wave and intermittent wave.
(5) Excellent protection function makes power source
reliable.
(6) Control cabinet and transformer can either be
separated or integrated.
The primary tests showing high dust removal efficiency
and energy saving of power source. The practicality needs
further verifying.
Fig. 13 Mechanism of Three Phase Medium Frequency

Power Source
2.2.4 LC HVDC current power source
Shanghai Power Equipment for Laser Co., Ltd develops
a HVDC Current Power Source. The mechanism of power
source is rectifying line frequency of single phase output with
L-C control cabinet and then converting to high voltage to
load through transformer.
As indicated in Fig. 13. The condition of constant
voltage, constant current and optimal discharge sparkle ratio
is control by L-C circuit. Voltage is a random parameter.
Current is set according to requirement and unaffected with

electric field.
Thus, automatic tracking of high voltage can be realized.
The above characteristics are benefit to obtain high operation
voltage, enhance corona power and apply in complicated
working condition.
8
80
8
2
,
,0
,
L
Fig. 14 Mechanism of HVDC Current Power Source

2.2.5 Development of plasma source
Plasma dedust and DeNOx/SOx is a promising
technology which needs high frequency , sharp rising, and
narrow pulsed high voltage supply. However, the previous
pulsed power source can not meet the demand of dedust and
DeNOx/SOx industry application.
AC/DC power source is an innovation streamer corona
generator which is developed with several years of
exploration and experience accumulation. This newly
technique is realized by modulating a high voltage DC on
high frequency AC and turning the glow corona to high
efficient streamer corona.
The AC/DC system is consisted of high voltage DC,
high voltage AC and AC/DC coupling circuit. AC and DC are
all worked with resonant means through three-step process. In
the first step, line frequency input is rectified with three-phase
full-bridge controllable circuit. During the second step, the
output from first step is filtered with a LC circuit. Then the
filtered current is inverted into high frequency AC with a
single-phase full-bridge inverter circuit which is composed of
IPM and converted into high voltage with a transformer. The
DC output is connected with a full-bridge rectifier.
The largest industrial application of AC/DC streamer
discharge system for abating NOx/SOx (50 WM unit) is
developed by Guangdong jiete Technology Co., Ltd and
Guangdong Jiade Environmental Protection Co., Ltd.
10

requirement of domestic market, such as highest mean
voltage control, optimal discharge sparkle ratio control,
critical sparkle tracking and low voltage control of PLC and
DCS et al.. The collected datum transportation are also
developed as field bus, ethernet network and OPC ports et al.
Fig. 15 Schematic of AC/DC Power Source

2.2.6 High frequency inverse DC (rectangle characteristic)
power supply
Shijiazhuang Tuowei technology Co., Ltd develops a
high frequency inverse DC power supply. Its rectangle VA
characteristic can meet the following demands of high voltage
ESP:
(1) Unaffected by long term short circuit and open circuit
operation.
(2) The dust concentration can be automatically tracked
when operation point is on vertical line of rectangle.
(3) Saving energy.
The rectangle VA characteristic is produced by doubleclosed-loop error. By regulating Ui value, the horizontal line
of rectangle can be changed, thus setting safety operation
voltage Uom. By regulating Ui Ii, the vertical line of
rectangle can be changed, thus tracking operation point.
Almost a hundred dedust projects indicating the F type
power source has stable running, high reliance and excellent
energy saving properties. According to running datum of
Shougang group and Shuangliang group, F type power source
can save about 90% and 40% of energy and steel respectively
compared with traditional optimal discharge sparkle ratio
dedust system.
2.3 Associated Equipment and Technology

Excellent ESP equipment, not only needs a good body
and superior electricity-supply technology, but also needs fine
accessories. With the development of ESP technology, the
accessories are also making progress.
There are more than 30 corporations in China to make
accessories related to ESP industry, including electrode plate,
electrode wire, insulation, sound wave dust-removal, level
indicator, isolation switch, speed reducer gear, cinder valve,
bearing ect. The following part will highlight two accessories,
insulator Longtai 95 ceramics, and SQ series sound wave
dust-removal.
2.3.1 Tailong 95 ceramics
Tailong 95 ceramics are produced by the Nanjing
Tailong Special Ceramics Company. Al2O3 (purity of
95%) is formed by uniform static pressure technique and then
calcinated under 1600 -1700 . The products have strong
mechanistic strength and resistance against high temperature
and drastic vibration, 4-6 times higher than the normal
electric ceramics. Their volume have been greatly reduced
under the same condition. The main specialty of the product
is of high resistance at high temperature, 109 cm under 400
, but for normal electric ceramics, its volume resistivity
will drastically reduce to 108 cm under 150200 .
Tailong
95
ceramics
excellent
electromechanical
performance under high temperature can maintain insulation
requirement of all kinds of ESP. Their performance index has
achieved or exceeded that of foreign products, but 1/2-2/3
lower price. So far they have been widely used in many
domestic ESP equipments, some have been exported to
Australia, America, Korea.
2.3.2 SQ series sound wave dust removal
The products are manufactured by Liaoning Zhongxin
Co., Ltd. Their sound wave is produced by vibration
filmstrips and the drive force is compressed air. The working
pressure has a wide span and sound wave level index is also
very high.
Table 2 SQ main technical parameters and a
compare with other products
Type
Fig. 16 Mechanism of High frequency inverse DC power

source
Besides above mentioned, pulsed power supply has also
been developed. Almost no breakthrough progress was made
in last 30 years for single phase power source. However,
various power supply modes have been innovated to meet the
Frequency Hz
Sound pressure db
Sound resource
MPa
Air consumption
m3/min
Zhongxin Co.,
Ltd.
75-280
145
Foreign
product
220
143-145
Domestic
product
30-70
135-145
0.3-0.7
0.4-0.55
0.3-0.6
1.5-2.95
12-2.4
1.5

The products have been widely used in the steel industry,
electricity industry and many other fields. They have many
advantages, wide working space, good dedust efficiency, easy
fixture, and low price. After application of the sound wave
dust-cleaner, the dust emission concentration has been greatly
reduced, from 247 mg/Nm3 and 235 mg/Nm3 to 58 mg/Nm3
and 46 mg/Nm3, respectively.
3 OUTLOOKS
Along with the acceleration of the process of
urbanization and industrialization, energy industry and
material industry need faster development. According to the
11th Five-year Plan, 165 million kilowatts are arranged during
this period. Total electrical install capacity will achieve 650
million kilowatts till 2010, and coal-fire power will be 87
million kilowatts. During 11th Five-year Plan, cerement will
increase 400 million ton. So the environmental protecting
11
industry has a wide developing space. Serious air pollution

control should be emphasized. On one hand, coal takes more
than 70% in our energy structure, in the other hand, our
extensive development mode needs a higher energy
consumption. Coal-smoke air control provides a good chance
to ESP to be widely used.
In order to improve equipment and energy utilization
ratio, power plant and unit capacity is developing to 600000
kW and 1 million kW super-critical units. Cerement industry
is also developing to 5000 ton/day, 10000 ton/day, and 12000
ton/day. All other industry equipments are also becoming
macro-scale. Undoubtedly, ESP equipments are the main
dedust apparatus for the macro-scale devices.
As the emission standard is improving, original ESP
equipments need to be rebuilt. Of course, this is a heavy duty
and there is much work for us to do in the field of ESP.
12

GAO Xiang1, WU Zuliang1,2, SHEN Xu1, LUO Zhongyang1, NI Mingjiang1, CEN Kefa1
(1 State Key Laboratory of Clean Energy Utilization of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, PR China
E-mail: xgao@zju.edu.cn; 86-571-87951335
2 College of Environmental Science and Engineering of Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, PR China
E-mail: wuzuliang@zju.edu.cn; 86-571-87951434-8415)
Abstract: With the stricter emission standards, more pollutants in the air need to be controlled. If the traditional mean of using a
technology to treat a pollutant is adopted, there are high investment running cost and complex operation system. So the multipollutants simultaneous removal technology from flue gas is paid more and more attention in the recent ten years. The plasma
technology and semi-dry flue gas cleaning technology are two very promising multi-pollutants simultaneous removal technologies.
In our researches, a plasma technology of corona radical shower and a semi-dry flue gas cleaning technology using circulating
suspension and multistage humidification were selected. A series of fundament and industry application works were done. In the
paper, some current results are opened out to provide some reference.
Keywords: Multi-pollutants, simultaneous removal, plasma, semi-dry
1 INTRODUCTION
China is the largest exploiter and consumer of coal in the
world. Since the 1980s, coal consumption has continuously
grown by 4%-9% every year, which produced various
atmosphere pollutants including dust, SO2, NOx, heavy metal,
etc. The annual economic loss only caused by acid rain
exceeds 100 billion RMB. Coal is mainly used for power
plant boilers, industrial boilers and industrial furnaces in
China. So these boilers and furnaces become the emphases
treatment objects. According to the statistic, 25.49 million
tons of SO2 was emitted in 2005. Whats more serious, the
emission of SO2 reached 25.888 million tons in 2006. NOx
emission is increasing year by year. The total amount of NOx
emission has been more than 18 million tons currently. If
some effective measures dont taken, NOx emission will reach
30 million tons after ten years. Some reports show that the
average NO3- concentration of the precipitation in the 1990s is
2.1 mg/L. However, it is 2.8 mg/L from 2000 to 2003.
Equivalent concentration ratio of NO3- and SO42- of the
precipitation also presented an upward trend since 1999. It is
0.17 in 2003, the highest value in the last 14 years [1,2].
To prevent air pollution from becoming worse, many law,
statute, policy and standard have been established. The
Outline of the Eleventh Five-year Plan for National Economic
& Social Development of the PR China (hereinafter referred
to as the outline) claims that energy consumption per-unit
GDP must descend 20% and major pollutants descend 10%
during the 11th Five-Year Plan in Mar, 2006. To achieve the
SO2 control target, the work of energy saving and emission
reduction has been emphasized strongly since 2006. In Jun.,
2007, a special work group leaded by the Premier, Wen
Jiabao, was come into existence to respond to climate change,
energy saving and emission reduction. From these actions, it
can be appeared that pollutant emission reduction has
obtained unprecedented attention in China. The future energy

structure of China will be no significant change. Coal is still
the main energy source. China certainly faces the terrible flue
gas multi-pollutants control problem.
Through the long-term investigation and engineering
practice, the developed countries have basically solved dust,
SO2 and NOx emission problem under the existing emission
standards. The corresponding control equipment has been
widely used. In China, dust collector and DeSO2 from flue gas
have already had a good application. The research and
industrial application of flue gas DeNOx have been underway
on the support of overseas technology. However, for multipollutants reductions from flue gas, the commonly adopted
pathway is that these pollutants are treated respectively using
different processes, e.g., SO2 reduction by wet flue gas DeSO2
(WFGD) and NOx reduction by selective catalytic reduction
(SCR) or selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR).
Subsequently, high investment cost, large installation space
and complex system will appear. This is a headachy problem
for some developing like China. Fig. 1 shows the traditional
pollution control combination system from flue gas.
Fig. 1 The traditional combination techniques for flue gas

multi-pollutants control
To overcome the shortcomings of the existing flue gas
pollution control technology, simultaneously controlling two
or more pollutants has become a research hotspot at home and

abroad. Some developed countries such as USA, Germany
and Japan have carried out very active investigation on the
simultaneous removals for multi-pollutants in the recent ten
years. Through the long-term effort, some technologies have
already been in the early commercialization stage. Currently,
the simultaneous removal technologies focus SO2 and NOx
mainly. The concrete technologies are as follows: active
carbon [3], SNOx [4], SNRB [5], NOxSOx [6], electron beam
(EB) [7]. But most technologies are in the demonstration
stage due to unripe craft. For example, the EB devices
installed in the Chengdu Thermoelectric Plant and Hangzhou
Xielian Thermoelectric Plant have been stopped operating
because of serious erosion, high energy consumption,
ammonia pollution and low running reliability.
In a word, developing a high-efficiency, stable operation
and inexpensive multi-pollutants simultaneous control
technology is very pressing and necessary. The fundamental
theory research needs to be strengthened. We always go on
the research on the flue gas multi-pollutants simultaneous
removal technology using plasma and semi-dry flue gas
cleaning methods since 1998. In the paper, some researching
results will be provided to discuss.
2 PLASMA MULTI-POLLUTANTS FLUE GAS CLEANING TECHNOLOGY
Plasma has an important role in treating the complex and
toxic pollution gases. It expresses a special ability of nonselectivity for multi-pollutants, high reduction efficiencies and
rapid chemical reaction, so using plasma to treat various
gaseous pollutants at one time is being paid more and more
attention recently.
2.1 Plasma Devices
The core of plasma pollution control technology is how
to generate high-activity plasma. Many plasma generation
methods have been developed. Some schematics of plasma
devices commonly used in a flue gas cleaning system are
shown in Fig. 2. The details of principle and nature of each
device can be found in many recent reviews [8-12]. From Fig. 2,
the plasma can be generated through the following methods:
(1) EB; (2) dielectric barrier discharge; (3) corona radical
shower; (4) pulsed corona; (5) arc discharge; (6) RF discharge;
(7) microwave discharge.
EB and pulse corona are two non-thermal plasma
technologies that are earlier and more broadly used for flue
gas treatment. However, overmuch energy consumption is
always a puzzled problem that restricts their large-scale
industry applications. High-energetic electrons from EB or
pulse corona are directly injected into the reactor and collided
with the main components of flue gas (N2 and CO2), which
will lead to much energy waste [13].
In order to improve energy efficiency of plasma
technology, Chang et al [14-17] brought forward a corona
radical shower (CRS) system. A nozzle electrode was used as
a discharge electrode instead of corona wire. Under strong
electric field, the stable and intensive corona can be formed
13
near the nozzle. Whats better, the high-energetic electrons

mainly collided with additional gas from nozzle, which makes
the energy loss obviously decrease. So the CRS technology
was chose for flue gas multi-pollutants simultaneous removal
in our research.
Fig. 2 Some plasma devices [12]

2.2 The cRS Multi-pollutants Simultaneous Removal
In the CRS technology, a pipe electrode with nozzles
was used as a discharge electrode. Positive DC high voltage
was applied to the nozzle electrode where active radicals were
produced. Additional gases (O2, H2O, NH3, etc.) were
introduced into the pipe and injected into the reactor through
the nozzle. Because of intensive electric field at the tip of
nozzle, the additional gases from nozzles were dissociated
into various active species (such as OH*, O*, O3, etc.).
Therefore, more electrons were collided with the additional
gas molecules but not N2 and CO2 in the flue gas. As a result,
the energy waste will decrease much.
In our research, the simultaneous removals of SO2 and
NOx using CRS system can be achieved through two
processes according to the different additional gases.
(1) NH3 as the additional gas. In this process, SO2
removal mainly depends on the thermal chemical reactions
between SO2 and NH3 [18]. But NOx removal depends on the
radical reactions during corona discharge SO2 removal
mechanism isnt given unnecessary details. NOx may be
removed through the following approaches:
(a) The direct reduction processes with NH and NH2
produced by NH3 dissociation could take place when NH3 was
injected from nozzle electrode. The corresponding reactions
are as follows [19]. Comparing with NO, no significant NO2
direct reduction reactions take place with the addition of NH3
[20].
NO+NH=N2+OH
(1)
(2)
NO+NH2=N2+H2O
(b) Since air is used as the balance gas of NH3 in the
additional gas, N2 and O2 will be dissociated or ionized to
assist direct reduction and oxidation under strong streamer
corona. The possible reactions are as follows [19]:
NO+O+M=NO2+M
(3)
NO+O3=NO2+O2
(4)
14
(5)
NO+N=N2+O
NO2+N=N2+O2
(6)
(c) Because there is little H2O, the following reaction
could be generated [19]:
NO+OH+M=HNO2+M
(7)
NO2+OH+M=HNO3+M
(8)
NO+HO2+M=HNO3+M
(9)
NH3+HNO2=NH4NO2
(10)
NH3+HNO3=NH4NO3
(11)
(d) In addition, (NH4)2SO3 and NH4HSO3 generated by
the thermal chemical reactions of SO2 and NH3 can also
reduce NO2 into N2.
4(NH4)2SO3+2NO2=4(NH4)2SO4+N2
(12)
4NH4HSO3+2NO2=4NH4HSO4+N2
(13)
In the CRS system of NH3 as the additional gas, the final
byproducts are dry (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3, which can be
collected through a ESP or FF. The applicative schematic
diagram is shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 4 The applicative schematic diagram using the CRS

system of oxygen as additional gas
2.3 The CRS System of Ammonia as the Additional Gas
Some experimental results were given about the
simultaneous removals of SO2 and NOx. SO2 and NO initial
concentrations are 205 ppm and 160 ppm respectively.
[NH3]/[NO]+[SO2] MR value was 0.5, 0.76, 1 and 1.2
respectively. Fig. 5 shows SO2 removal rate under different
MR. It is clear that SO2 removal rate improves obviously
without corona discharge with the increasing MR. Under 0.76
MR, SO2 removal rate reaches 76% without corona discharge.
After discharge, SO2 removal rate can improve 20%.
120
SO2 removal rate (%)
100
80
60
40
MR=0.5
MR=0.76
MR=1
20
0
Fig. 3 The applicative schematic diagram using the CRS

system of ammonia as additional gas
corona power (W)
Fig. 5 SO2 removal using a CRS of ammonia

In addition, NO and NOx removal rates under different
MR are also analyzed in Figs. 6 and 7 respectively. With the
increasing MR, NO removal rate has not obvious change. For
NOx removal, when the MR increases from 0.5 to 0.76, the
NOx removal rate increases quicker. With the further
increasing MR, the increasing rate becomes slow. The NOx
removal rate is 27.5%, 31%, 31% and 31.5% respectively
under 3 W power. From the two figures, NO and NOx
removal rates depend on the input power. With the increasing
power, NO and NOx removal rates improve obviously.
MR=0.5
70
NO removal rate (%)
(2) O2 as additional gas. In this process, NO is oxidized

into NO2 firstly in the CRS system. And then NO2 can be
absorbed by Ca(OH)2 or NaOH. The NO oxidization process
can be express as follows [19]:
NO+O+M=NO2+M
(14)
NO+O3=NO2+O2
(15)
NO+OH+M=HNO2+M
(16)
(17)
NO2+OH+M=HNO3+M
NO+HO2+M=HNO3+M
(18)
However, SO2 is oxidized very little in the CRS system
of O2 as additional gas [21]. How to absorb SO2 and these NO
oxidized byproducts becomes a hot potato. In fact, many
WFGD systems have been operated in China. Considering
that NO2 can be absorbed well by alkali solution, if the CRS
system of O2 as additional gas is set up before the former
WFGD, SO2 and NOx can be removed simultaneously.
Furthermore, the whole system can be applied in the
reconstruction of the former WFGD, which will decrease
investment cost greatly. For developing countries like of
China, it is a certainly good idea. The applicative schematic
diagram is shown in Fig. 4.
MR=0.76
60
MR=1
50
MR=1.2
40
30
20
10
0
0
corona power (W)
Fig. 6 NO removal using a CRS of ammonia
NOx removal rate (%)
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Due to being absorbed by the NaOH solution, the NOx

decreases to some extent. The overall NOx reduction rate is
calculated and shown in Fig. 10. Apparently, the overall NOx
reduction rate increases as the discharge power increases. With
a corona power of 11W, 81.7% of the NOx is reduced
corresponding to a relative humidity of 42%. Only 8W is
needed to reduce the same NOx corresponding to a RH of 68%.
MR=0.5
MR=0.76
MR=1
MR=1.2
0
2
3
corona power (W)
15
Fig. 7 NOx removal using a CRS of ammonia

In a word, the increasing MR can promote the SO2
removal but have not big effect on NO and NOx removal. The
corona discharge has some promotion for SO2 removal but
NOx removal is dependent on the corona power.
2.4 The CRS System of Oxygen as Additional Gas
In the experiment, the flue gas coming from the reactor is
conducted to the NaOH solution (26%), where the NO, NO2
and HNOx contained in the flue gas are absorbed. The gaseous
HNOx cannot be measured due to the unavailability of a
measuring instrument. Only the NOx in the flue gas needs to
be measured on the assumption that gaseous HNOx can be
completely absorbed by the NaOH solution.
Figs. 8 and 9 show the change of the NOx concentration
after the reactor and the absorption bottle (the curve signed
with AB-NOx) with the discharge voltage. The NOx
concentration drops after the flue gas passes through the
absorption bottle because NO and NO2 are absorbed by the
NaOH solution. The transition curve of NOx concentration is
analogous with that of NO concentration, this proves that the
NaOH solution absorbs NO2 completely and dissolves NO in
small quantities.
Fig. 10 DeNOx efficiency under different power

3
SEMI-DRY MULTI-POLLUTANTS FLUE GAS
CLEANING TECHNOLOGY
In semi-dry flue gas cleaning technology for multipollutants simultaneous removal, acidity substances such as
SO2, HCl, HF are removed by Ca(OH)2-based absorbent from
flue-gas and conversed into saline material. Due to the active
surface of the absorbent in absorber, NOx, heavy metal and
other pollutants are absorbed through physic and chemical
reactions.
Composite additives with multi-components and high
activity in absorbent can oxidize NO to NO2, and prolong the
time of liquid phase ionic reaction. At the meantime, due to
the developed stoma configuration and huge inner surface
area of absorbent and assistant active carbon, heavy metal and
organic compounds are absorbed and removed. Eventually,
most pollutants deposite in outcome ash collected by dust
precipitator. Fig. 11 is the process schematics of semi-dry flue
gas cleaning technology for multi-pollutants simultaneous
removals.
Fig. 8 NOx reduction in the CSR combined NaOH absorption

under 42% RH
Fig. 11 Process schematic diagram of semi-dry flue gas

cleaning technology
Fig. 9 NOx reduction in the CSR combined NaOH absorption

under 68% RH
3.1 Multi-stage Humidifier

Chemical reactions in absorber can be divided into two
stages: constant and deceleration reactions. In constant
reaction stage, absorption rate of SO2 is high and fall slowly
16
with time. Therefore, when other parameters (inlet temperature,

inlet SO2 concentration, Ca/S and circulation rate) are the
same, multi-stages humidifier (see in Fig. 12) are used to
distribute water reasonably to avoid over-humid absorbent
locally and prolong constant reaction stage and promote
DeSO2 performance.
increase with the increasing additive. The microcosmic

characteristic of improving absorbent is good for its capability
of purification.
(a) The Effect of Hygroscopic Additive on Specific Surface

Area of Absorbent
Fig. 12 Schematics of multistage humidifier
The effect of humidifier stages on DeSO2 performance is
shown in Fig. 13. The results indicated that adding humidifier
stages can improve DeSO2 efficiency. Considering the factors
of drop collision and system complexity, two or three-stages
humidifier is recommended in engineering (see Fig. 14).
(b) The Effect of Oxidative Additive on Specific Surface
Area of Absorbent
Fig. 15 The nature of additive effect on specific surface area
Fig. 13 Stages of humidifier effect on DeSO2
3.3 Simultaneous Removal Using Semi-dry Flue Gas

Cleaning Technology
Composite absorbent with multi-component and high
activity combined with multi-stage humidifier were used in
semi-dry flue gas cleaning technology to control multipollutants simultaneously.
The main ionic reactions of SO2 in absorber are listed
below:
H 2 O H + + OH -
SO 2 (aq) + H 2 O H + + HSO3-
HSO3- H + + SO32-
Ca(OH) 2 (s) CaOH + + OH Multi-stage Humidifier
Single-stage Humidifier
Fig. 14 Status inside the absorber
3.2 Additive with Multi-components and High Activity
The microcosmic characteristics and absorptive
capability of absorbent can be promoted by increasing its
specific surface area and porosity through hygroscopic and
oxidative additive. Hygroscopic additive prolongs the time of
liquid drop evaporation and accelerates pollutants absorption.
In addition, oxidative additive oxidizes NO to NO2 that can be
neutralized by alkali matter. The modified absorbent can
improve removal efficiency of mercury effectively.
Fig. 15 shows that specific surface area and porosity of
absorbent increases from 22 m2/g to 29 m2/g and 53 to 63
respectively while hygroscopic additive ratio is 1%. They also
CaOH + Ca 2+ + OH -
Ca 2+ + SO32- + 1/ 2H 2 O CaSO3 1/ 2H 2O(s)
CaSO3 + 1/ 2O 2 + 3/ 2H 2 O CaSO 4 2H 2O(s)
There are some deceleration reactions happened near the
outlet of the top of absorber.
Ca(OH) 2 (s) + SO 2 CaSO3 + H 2O
CaSO3 +1/2O 2 CaSO 4

Results in Figs. 16 and 17 imply that operating condition
affects the purification efficiency and utilization ratio of semidry flue gas cleaning technology for multi-pollutants
simultaneous removal a lot. The results indicate the lower
adiabatic saturation temperature (T) the higher DeSO2
efficiency. DeSO2 efficiency was above 96% in experiment
while 95.7% in practice project.
17
Earlier researches indicate that HCl is a key material

effecting the transformation of mercury. There are also other
influencing factors, such as O2, NOx and SO2. Main reactions
of mercury after combustion are as follow:
2Hg 0 (g) + 4HCl(g) + O 2 (g) 2HgCl 2 (g,s) + 2H 2O(g)
Hg 0 (g) + HCl(g) HgCl(g) + H
Hg(g) +1/2O 2 (g) HgO(s, g)
2SO 2 (g) + 2HgO(s, g) + O 2 (g) 2HgSO 4 (s, g)
Fig. 17 DeSO2 efficiency in practice project.

In absorber, NO are oxidized to NO2 through the
adsorption and catalysis of composite additives with high
activity, and then absorbed by ash, additives and calciumbased absorbent. Key NOx removal reactions are listed
hereinafter.
Oxidized Calcium-based Absorbent
NO
NO 2
3NO 2 + H 2O 2HNO3 + NO
Ca(OH) 2 + 2HNO3 Ca(NO3 ) 2 + 2H 2 O
23
24
2NO 2 + SO + H 2 O 2NO + SO + 2H
Hg(g) + NO 2 (g) HgO(s, g) + NO(g)
There are none ways suitable for the removal of all three
phases of mercury. In semi-dry flue gas cleaning technology
for multi-pollutants simultaneous removal, calcium-based
absorbent was sprayed into absorber to control mercury
phases. Adsorption efficiency of zero-valence mercury in
gaseous phase increases by multi-stage humidifier. Divalent
mercury is absorbed into liquid drops. Both gaseous phases of
mercury are converted into particles, which is beneficial to
three phases of mercury removal simultaneously.
Fig. 20 shows mercury reduction varying with time in
the different temperature. As shown in Fig. 21, the removal
efficiency of divalent mercury efficiency has been to 89.11%,
the removal efficiency of total mercury efficiency has reached
to 73.1%.
PHUFXU\ UHGXFW
WLRQVRUEHQWTXDQOLW\QJJ
Flu-gas Volume 1156 Nm3/h, Inlet Temperature 160, Inlet

SO2 Concentration 2288 mg/Nm3, Ca/S=1.5
Fig. 16 The effect of adiabatic saturation temperature (T)
on DeSO2 efficiency
40
30
20
10

20
40
60
80
100
120
140
WLPHV
Fig. 18 shows the effect of oxidizing additive on DeNOx.

In a certain range, the DeNOx efficiency increases with the
high oxidizing additive ratio. Fig. 19 shows that the DeNOx
efficiency of practice project has reached 41.11%.
Fig. 20 Mercury reduction varying with time in the different

temperature
60
denitration rate/%
50
40
30
Additive C
20
10
0
0
2
3
additive ratio/%
(a) Removal efficiency of divalent mercury
Fig. 18 The effect of oxidized additive on DeNOx
Fig. 19 DeNOx efficiency in practice project
(b) Removal efficiency of total mercury

Fig. 21 Removal efficiency of mercury in practice project
18
4 CONCLUSIONS
The flue gas multi-pollutants simultaneous removal is an
inevitable trend in the field of flue gas purification. The CRS
plasma technology and multi-stage humidifier semi-dry
technology appears a good foreground for flue gas multipollutants simultaneous removal according to our previous
research. The CRS of ammonia as additional gas can obtain
high DeSO2 removal efficiency and medium DeNOx removal
efficiency. Additionally, the CRS of oxygen as additional gas
combining alkali solution can achieve high DeSO2 and
DeNOx removal efficiencies. Furthermore, it is very fit of the
reconstruction of primary WFGD. The semi-dry flue gas
cleaning technology using circulating suspension and
multistage humidification has realized large-scale industry
application. It can achieve high multi-pollutants removal
efficiency through multistage humidification and improving
additive.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The work is supported by 973 Program of China
(2006CB200303), 863 Project of china (2007AA061804),
NSF of Zhejiang (Y507079), EOP of Zhejiang (Y200702725)
and PSF of China (20080431325).
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3. Peng H.H., Hu H.Y., Zhao G.C., et al. The review of SO2
and NOx control technology from flue gas. Guang Xi
electric power2003, 26(4): 64-68.
4. DOE/FE. ABB environmental systems SNOXTM-flue gas
cleaning demonstration project, DOE/FE-0395. Knoxville:
ABB Environmental System, 1999.
5. DOE/NETL. SOx-NOx-ROx-BOxTM flue gas cleanup
demonstration, DOE/NETL-2001/1135. Pittsburgh: National
Energy Technology Laboratory, 2000.
6. Zhong Q. Desulfurization and denitrification technology
and engineering instance from coal-fired flue gas. Beijing:
Chemical Industry Press, 2002.
7. Radoiu M T, Calinescu D I M I. Emission control of SO2
and NOx by irradiation mehods. Journal of Hazardous
Materials, 2003, 97(1-3): 145-158.
8. Doi Y, Nakanishi I, Konno Y. Operational experience of a
commercial scale plant of electron beam purification of
flue gas. Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 2000(57): 495499.
9. Ogata A, Ito D, Mizuno K. Removal of dilute benzene

using a zeolite-hybrid plasma reactor. IEEE Trans. Ind.
Appl., 2001, 37(4): 959-964.
10. Li D, Yakushiji, et. al. Decomposition of toluene by
streamer corona discharge with catalyst. J. Electrostatics,
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11. Oda T. Non-thermal plasma processing for environmental
protection: decomposition of dilute VOCs in air. J.
Electrostatics, 2003, 57: 293-311.
12. Chang J S. Recent development of plasma pollution
control technology: a critical review. Science and
Technology of Advanced materials, 2001, 2: 571-576;
13. Hadidi, K., et al., 1996. Commercial possibilities for the
tunable electron beam plasma reactor for volatile organic
compound treatment. Proceedings of the International
Workshop on Plasma Technologies for Pollution Control
and Waste Treatment. Beijing, China, 106-170.
14. Ohkubo, T., Kanazawa, S., Nomoto, Y., Chang, J.S.,
Adachi, T., 1994. NOx removal by a pipe with nozzleplate electrode corona discharge system. IEEE Trans. on
Indus. Appli. 30, 856-861.
15. Ohkubo, T., Kanazawa, S., Nomoto, Y., Chang, J.S.,
Adachi, T., 1996. Time dependence of NOx removal rate
by a corona radical shower system. IEEE Trans. on Indus.
Appli. 32: 1058-1062.
16. Kanazawa, S., Chang, J.S., Round, G.F., Sheng, G.,
Ohkubo, T., 1997. Removal of NOx from flue gas by
corona discharge activated methane radical shower.
Journal of Electrostatics 40&41: 651-656.
17. Urashima, K., Chang, J.S., Park, J.Y., Lee, D.C.,
Chakrabarti, A., Ito, T., 1998. Reduction of NOx from
natural gas combustion flue gas by corona discharge
radical injection techniques. IEEE Trans. on Indus. Appli.
34: 934-939.
18. Hsunling B, Biswas P and Kenner T C. SO2 removal by
NH3 gas injection: effects of temperature and moisture
content [J]. Indus. & Engi. Chem. Research, 1994, 33(3):
1231-1236.
19. Dors M, Mizeraczyk J. NOx removal from a flue gas in a
corona discharge-catalyst hybrid system. Catalysis Today,
2004, 89: 127-133.
20. Bhasavanich D, et al. Flue gas irradiation using pulsed
corona and pulsed electron beam technology. J. of
Electrostatics, 1999, 44:441-444.
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of sulphur and nitrogen in pulsed operation of electrostatic
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661-671.
Some Technical Idea Evolutions Concerned with Electrostatic Precipitators in China
19
Some Technical Idea Evolutions Concerned with

Electrostatic Precipitators in China
WANG Liqian1,
FU Bohe2
(1 The Chinese Society of Electrostatic Precipitation Chindias Enviro & Energy Technologies, Ltd., Nanjing 210018, PR China
E-mail: Wanglq4602@163.com
2 Shandong Shengjie Energy Environment Engineering Co., Ltd., Jinan 250014, PR China
E-mial: bohefu66@163.com)
Abstract: Electrostatic precipitator (ESP) was applied in China more than fifty years. There are many technical idea changes
along with time or idea corrections from misunderstandings in this long run. A historical review of them will not only be
interesting but also can draw some inspirations from them.
It is not possible to look back all the technical events. Only those have discussed thoroughly among Chinese ESP workers,
such as: gas velocity in ESP, height of collecting electrodes, dust cleaning methods, selection of T/R and control modes, etc. are
briefly described in this paper.
Two special topics, ESP for circulating fluid bed boiler and Orimulsion combustion are also referred with. They are
different kind of problems, but have drawn divergences between Chinese engineers. So, as an assortment, described here.
Keywords: ESP, gas velocity, field hight, rapping, energization control, T/R, CFB boiler, Orimulsion
GAS VELOCITY IN ESP, V

There have two ESP design golden rules in 1950s. The
one is the gas velocity in electric fields should not exceed
1m/sec. The other is the height of colleting electrode should
not higher than 4.5 m.
The young ESP designers in China carefully obeyed
these rules. But in viewing of the high cost of ESP, especially
for a poor country like young new China, we always want to
break the forbidden area after we have accumulated some
experiences. Hence a lot of small and pilot ESP was tested in
which V lied in the range of 1.5 m/sec2.0 m/sec. In1957 one
small pilot ESP [1] for collecting pyrite iron ore, velocity of 2
m/sec was selected, gave a collection efficiency of 98% or
slight more which was satisfying at that time. In spite of this
was the merely example, our mind was opened to accept V
more than 1 m/sec.
But in industry scale, we never harvested successes
above 1.5 m/sec. In a long run of about twenty years, 1.01.2
were mostly selected for industrial ESP.
Entered into 1980s, China imported many fly ashes
ESPs from western countries. Again, 98% to 99% efficiencies
were designed which corresponding to about 200 mg/Nm3
400 mg/Nm3 emissions. V of 1.2 m/sec to 1.4 m/sec was
selected by the western ESP companies. We rejoiced that we
have foreseen the tendency of increasing velocity of ESP.
But, soon afterwards we found, no matter what
companies the ESP was imported from, high velocity was
very often the main factor conducting failure in accordance
with the emission the supplier guaranteed. Especially some
top rapping ESPs, of which the design velocity was 1.4 m/sec.
Their actual outlet dust concentration greatly went beyond of
guaranteed values.
When China adopted the emission standard of 50

mg/Nm3 since 2004 (It comes later than developed countries
several decades) and the power units became 300MW, 600
MW and 1000 MW, Chinese engineering became prudent to
using velocity faster than 1 m/sec. They again fund V is the
detrimental parameter in high performance ESP.
So, after almost of fifty years, thing go back to the
original point. One meter per second again becomes a limit
value. Of course, velocity is not the only factor dominating
the ESP efficiency, and we can get the same efficiency by
using different velocities, yet its importance no one can deny.
We are conscious of not that the velocity itself, but that
more in essence, Reynolds number, is playing role. So, fast
velocity / small ESP and low velocity/ big ESP, or in other
words, a certain degree of turbulence is dominating for some
efficiency. The multiple of velocity and hydraulic diameter of
the ESP cross sectional area will be a critical parameter.
We remember that the so called FPA, the Fine
Particulates Absorber, of which the idea was proposed by
Feldman et al [2]. Its basic principle is to develop a laminar
flow ESP. Since it is not possible to reduce gas velocity by a
big margin, another way is reducing the gas channel width,
which in FPA is only about 5 centimeter. So, low Reynolds
number of less than 10000 was achieved. FPA can be
designed to reach, as it principally said, any high efficiency
except 100%, by pure hydraulic calculation because for
laminar flow the efficiency can be mathematically predicated.
Regret is that FPA is too expensive and pure laminar flow
perhaps can never be gotten in big industrial equipments.
Once, about in the beginning of 1980s, Professor Senich
Masuda was taking lecture in Wuhan. Introducing about his
Boxing Pre-charger, professor said field strength of 10 kV/cm
in it was not difficult. There were not less than six to seven

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ISESP Board Members (http://www.isesp.org/)

Prof. Dr. Keping Yan

Fundamentals and Mechanical Design

11th International Conference on Electrostatic Precipitation

Application and Research on Technology of Longking Brand BEL Model ESP

Niels Finderup Nielsen, Christian Andersson

Electrode Shape and collector plate Spacing Effects on ESP Performance

Onset Voltage of Corona in Electrostatic Filters as Influenced by Gas Flow

An Initial Exploration for Coulomb ESP

Aerodynamic Effects and ESP Models

Fine-Particles and Their Agglomeration

Electrical Operation and Power Sources

11th International Conference on Electrostatic Precipitation

Investigation of Current Density Distribution Model for Barb-plate ESP

SLC500 Programmerable Logic Controller Hot Standby Two-node Cluster

Flue Gas Conditioning and Back Corona

Modeling of Back Corona in Pulse Energized Multizone Precipitators

Upgrading of Existing Electrostatic Precipitator

Hybrid ESP & FF Precipitation

Application of ControlLogix in Remote Monitoring System of ESP-FF Hybrid Precipitator

Numerical simUlation on a Hybrid Electrostatic-bag Precipitator

Wet Electrostatic Precipitation

Industrial Applications for Coal-fired Boilers

Industrial Applications for Steel Industries

FGD and SCR for Coal-fired Power Plants

11th International Conference on Electrostatic Precipitation

Gaseous Elemental Mercury Oxidation by Non-thermal Plasma

Integrated Clarification Technology for De-dusting, Desulfurization and Odor Elimination

Development of Chinese Electrostatic Precipitator Technology

Development of Chinese Electrostatic Precipitator Technology

Table 1 Production and management situations of 13 key

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unit was set in Zhejiang Yuhuan power plant in 2006.

high resistivity fine particles, high concentration dust forced

Fig. 1 Structure of Lentoid ESP

Development of Chinese Electrostatic Precipitator Technology

Fig. 2 Schematic Diagram of Tubular ESP

environmental protection institute are as follows: build on

Fig. 4 Schematic Diagram of Roof ESP

Fig. 3 Schematic Diagram of Cylinder ESP

2.1.5 Five-fields ESP

11th International Conference on Electrostatic Precipitation

2.1.6 High concentration dust removal with ESP

Fig. 6 Schematic of ration dust removal with ESP

Fig. 8 Electromagnetism ESP

Fig. 7 ESP with Multimode and Double-zone

2.1.8 Electromagnetism ESP

Development of Chinese Electrostatic Precipitator Technology

2.1.9 Steel brush ESP

Fig. 10 ESP-FF hybrid precipitator

1 anode plate, 2 cathode wires,3 cathode rapping deceleration

2.2 Power Source Technology

Power factor regulator

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Several assistant circuit;

Fig. 11 Schematic of high frequency power source

Fig. 12 Schematic of three-phases high voltage control

Development of Chinese Electrostatic Precipitator Technology

Fig. 13 Mechanism of Three Phase Medium Frequency

Current is set according to requirement and unaffected with