Permutations and Combinations

As most high school students correctly suspect, SAT test-makers confine themselves in a dungeonlike
environment with a few unfortunate teenage students, poking and prodding them with ideas for the
upcoming exam. In this inquisition atmosphere, the darkest region, from which fewif any
students escape, is the Permutations and Combinations Iron Maiden. It is the most gruesome,
horrific, and sadistic topic that appears on the SAT Math section. For this reason, permutations and
combination items are always considered difficult and, therefore, always appear toward the end of a
Math set.

Factorials
The factorial of a number, represented by n!, is the product of all the natural numbers up to and
including n. So if you were asked to find the factorial of 4, it would look like this:
The factorial of a number is useful because it expresses the number of ways that nelements of a
group can be ordered. So if you had four snow globes from four different cities and you wanted to
know how many different ways they could be arranged on your window sill, the answer would be 4!,
or

Permutations
Permutations also deal with the seemingly countless ways that a certain number of things can be
ordered. Lets say we have five students competing in the Olympic sport of underwater basket
weaving (this sport doesnt get much airplay). The judges feel that every competitor is a winner in his
or her own way and thus ordered five different medals for the five competitors: gold for first, silver
for second, bronze for third, iron for fourth, and copper for fifth. How many different arrangements
of medal winners could there be? This question is exactly like the snow globe question. We simply
take the factorial of 5:
So there are 120 different arrangements of placing the competitors from first to fifth place.
But lets say that the Olympic Games Committee finds out what the judges are up to and immediately
puts a stop to this unfair use of medals, quickly reinstating the standard gold, silver, and bronze
medals for the top three competitors, while the last two competitors receive nothing. How many
different arrangements of the five competitors could receive the three medals? Now we are dealing
with a permutation, which means we need to trot out the following formula:

Now, n is the total number of elements (people, snow globes, etc.) that we are dealing with, and r is
the size of the subgroup that we are fitting our total elements intoin this case, the subgroup is the
number of medals. To find the different arrangements of the five competitors receiving the three
medals, we plug 5 and 3 into the equation:

Notice that in permutations, order matters. In other words, if first and third positions changed with
each other and the rest of the order stayed the same, it would still be considered a different
arrangement. This is important in order to distinguish between permutations and combinations.

Combinations
A combination is an unordered grouping of a set. An excellent example of a combination scenario
is when you and your friends order pizza. Whether you order pepperoni, mushrooms, and onions, or

you order mushrooms, onions, and pepperoni doesnt matterits still the same pizza. The most
important thing to remember about combinations is order does not matter.
Because the order of the subgroup doesnt matter, the combination solutions will be fewer than the
permutation solutions and will be expressed by the following formula:

The variable n is the total number of elements, and r is the number placed in the subgroups. Lets
elaborate on our previous example with the Olympic basket weavers and ask how many different
combinations of gold, silver, and bronze competitors are possible. Because it no longer matters who
wins the particular medals, we will use the combination formula:

There are 10 different combinations of medal winners, or 10 different groups of 3 that would win
either gold, silver, or bronze medals, as opposed to 60 different arrangements of individual gold,
silver, and bronze winners.
Thats it for DS&P. Now that youve mastered these concepts, its time to show you the best way to
put this knowledge to use.