TRNG I HC LC HNG

KHOA DC

GIO TRNH THC TP

THC VT DC
(Lu hnh ni b)

Nm 2014

NI QUY PHNG THC TP

1. Sinh vin phi thc hin y cc bi thc tp theo chng trnh ca mn hc.
Sinh vin vng 1 bui thc tp s khng c thi ht mn.
2. Sinh vin phi n phng thc tp ng gi qui nh. Trong gi thc hnh,
sinh vin mun ra ngoi phng thc tp phi xin php ging vin.
Gi thc tp:

- Sng:

7h30 - 11h15

- Chiu: 12h50 - 16h35

- Ti:

17h00 - 20h45

3. Sinh vin mun ngh thc tp th phi lm n xin php ngh v ghi r ngy i thc
tp b np cho ging vin ph trch bui thc tp. Khi i thc tp b, sinh vin
phi trnh n c ch k xc nhn cho ging vin. Thc tp b ng bi qui nh.
4. Sinh vin phi c bi thc tp trc khi n phng thc tp.
5. Trong gi thc tp, sinh vin phi i m, mc o blouse (c gi nt), eo
bng tn v tt chung in thoi. S dng knh hin vi theo ng s hng
dn ca gio vin.
6. Sau mi bui thc tp, sinh vin phi sp xp dng c ng v tr, v sinh sch s
phng thc tp. Tt tt c cc thit b in trc khi ra v.
7. Sinh vin lm h hng, b v dng c phi n trc khi mn hc kt thc
th mi c d thi ht mn.
8. Sinh vin phi thc hin ng quy nh phng chy, cha chy.

ii

MC LC
Bi 1. PHNG PHP CT, NHUM V V VI PHU THC VT - M MM, M CHE
CH V M NNG .................................................................................................................. 1
1. Phng php ct, nhum v v vi phu thc vt ....................................................................... 1
2. Thc hnh: quan st m mm, m che ch v m nng ....................................................... 4
Bi 2. M DN, M TIT ............................................................................................................... 6
1. M dn ....................................................................................................................................... 6
2. M tit ........................................................................................................................................ 7
Bi 3. R CY................................................................................................................................... 8
1. Cu to cp 1 .............................................................................................................................. 8
2. Cu to cp 2 .............................................................................................................................. 9
Bi 4. THN CY........................................................................................................................... 11
1. Cu to cp 1 ............................................................................................................................ 11
2. Cu to cp 2 ............................................................................................................................ 12
Bi 5. L CY ................................................................................................................................ 14
1. L cy lp Ngc lan ................................................................................................................. 14
2. L cy lp Hnh ....................................................................................................................... 14
Bi 6. PHNG PHP PHN TCH CY - PHN TCH HOA BP ......................................... 16
1. Phng php phn tch cy ...................................................................................................... 16
2. Vit hoa thc ............................................................................................................................ 20
3. V hoa ................................................................................................................................. 20
4. Thc hnh ................................................................................................................................ 22
Bi 7. PHNG PHP LM TIU BN THC VT KH - PHN TCH HOA IP CNG
V HOA SO A .......................................................................................................................... 23
1. Mc ch ca vic lm tiu bn thc vt kh ........................................................................... 23
2. Thu thp mu thc vt.............................................................................................................. 23
3. Thc hnh ................................................................................................................................ 25
Bi 8 v 9. PHN TCH HOA DA CN, TRANG V GLAIEUL............................................. 26

iii

Bi 1
PHNG PHP CT, NHUM V V VI PHU
THC VT - M MM, M CHE CH
M NNG
MC TIU HC TP
1. Ct v nhum c cc vi phu thc vt.
2. Hiu v p dng ng cc k hiu v cc quy c v s , v chi tit vi
phu thc vt.
3. Quan st v v ng cc loi t bo ca m mm, m che ch v m nng .
Vt liu: L Thng thin, thn hay cung l Hng chanh, l Nng, thn Yn bch,
cung l Hu phc, phin l Tr, l V sa, l inh lng, thn Bp, bt Qu.
Ha cht, dng c:
- Phm nhum kp son phn, nc ct, nc javel, acid acetic 10%, glycerin 50%.
- Dao lam, bng gn y t, bnh tia, ng nh git.
Chun b mu vt: Ct ngang v nhum kp phin l Thng thin, thn Hng
chanh, phin l Nng, thn Yn bch, cung l Hu phc, phin l Tr.
1. Phng php ct, nhum v v vi phu thc vt
1.1. Phng php ct vi phu thc vt
Mun thy cu trc ca c quan thc vt thng phi ct c quan thnh lt
mng, sau nhum v dng knh hin vi quan st. C th dng my ct
(microtome) cm tay hay my ct t ng iu chnh c d dy ca lt ct (vi
phu) ct c quan thc vt. bi thc tp ny gii thiu phng php dng dao
lam ct cc c quan thc vt.
Cm mu vt cn ct nh r, thn, l, cung l trn tay hay t trn bn, dng
dao lam ct ngang hay ct dc thnh nhng lt mng.
Ch :
- Dao lam phi mi.
- Khi ct, dao lam phi t thng gc vi mu vt cn ct.
- V tr ct thay i ty theo c quan (Hnh 1)
+ i vi thn cy: Ct phn lng, khng ct st v ngay mu.
+ i vi phin l: Ct khong 1/3 pha di nhng khng ct st y
phin. Nu phin rng qu th c th b bt phn tht l, ch cha li khong 1cm
hai bn gn gia.
- S lng vi phu phi ct cho mi c quan l 5-10 vi phu.

Hnh 1.1. V tr ct thn (A) v l (B).

1.2. Phng php nhum vi phu thc vt
p dng phng php nhum kp bng phm nhum Carmino-vert de Mirande
(thnh phn chnh l son phn v lc iod).
Trnh t nhum vi phu nh sau:
- Ngm vi phu (mu ct mng) trong nc javel n khi mu trng, nhng
ti a khng qu 30 pht. Nu sau 30 pht m vi phu khng trng th phi thay
nc javel mi v tip tc ngm n khi mu trng.
- Ra sch vi phu bng nc thng (3-4 ln).
- Ngm vi phu ra trong dung dch acid acetic 10% trong 10 pht.
- Ht b ht acid acetic.
- Ngm vi phu trong phm nhum kp 15 pht.
- Ht b phm nhum v ra sch vi phu bng nc thng.
- Ngm vi phu nhum trong nc thng hay glycerin 50%.
Sau khi nhum:
- T bo c vch cellulose (biu b, m mm, m dy v libe) c mu hng hay
hng tm.
- T bo c vch tm cht g (m cng, g) hay cht bn (bn, tng tm suberin
v tng suberoid) c mu xanh nc bin, xanh ru hay vng chanh.
Vi phu t yu cu khi:
- Vi phu khng b ct xo, khng b rch.
- Thy r hnh dng t bo, cch sp xp v bt mu ng.
1.3. Phng php v vi phu thc vt
Chn nhng vi phu t yu cu quan st v v cu to.
th hin cu to gii phu ca c quan, thng phi v s v chi tit.
1.3.1. V s
V s l dng cc k hiu v.
1.3.1.1. K hiu cc m dng v s (Hnh 2)
1.3.1.2. Chn vng v
- Nu vi phu c cu to i xng qua trc (thn v r) th c th ch v 1/2 vi phu.
2

- Nu vi phu c cu to i xng qua mt phng (phin l, cung l) th v

ton b.
Lng che ch n bo

Lng che ch a bo mt dy

Lng ht

Lng tit
Biu b
H b
L kh

Tng lng ht
Tng tm suberin

L v
Bn
Tng sinh bn
Tng suberoid
Ni b
Tr b
Ti (ng) tit
M mm giu
M mm khuyt

M mm

M cng

M dy

Tia libe
Libe 2
Tng tng
G 1

Libe 1

G 2

G 2 ng mc

Tia g

Hnh 1.2. K hiu cc m dng v s .

1.3.2. V chi tit

V chi tit l v ng hnh dng, cch sp xp ca cc t bo v t l tng i
gia cc t bo vi nhau trong mt m v gia cc m trong mt c quan.
1.3.2.1. Chn vng v
- Nu vi phu c cu to i xng qua trc (thn, r) th chn mt phn i din
cho vi phu v (Hnh 3).
- Nu vi phu c cu to i xng qua mt phng (phin l, cung l) th v mt
na (thng l na bn phi) (Hnh 3).

Hnh 1.3. Chn vng v chi tit r, thn (A) v phin l (B).
1.3.2.2. Cc quy c dng v chi tit (Hnh 4)
- Vch t bo nhum mu hng th v nt n, nhum mu xanh th v nt i
(hai nt gn hay xa nhau l ty dy ca vch t bo).
- i vi m dy: Nhng vng dy ln ca vch t bo th t en.
- i vi mch g: T en 1/4 pha trn bn tri ca nt trong.

Hnh 1.4. Quy c dng v chi tit cu to vi phu.

1. T bo vch cellulose, 2. M dy,
3 v 4. T bo vch tm cht g hay m bn, 5. Mch g v m mm g.
1.2.3. Ch thch trn hnh v
Cc hnh v chi tit phi ch thch y tn ca m hay vt th v ng ch
thch khng c giao nhau. V d: M mm o, m dy gc, tinh th calci oxalat
hnh cu gai
2. Thc hnh: quan st m mm, m che ch v m nng
2.1. M mm
Quan st m mm o, m mm c, m mm giu v m mm xp vi phu
ct ngang phin l Thng thin.
- M mm o v m mm c vng gn gia.
- M mm giu v m mm xp (m mm khuyt) vng tht l.

2.2. M che ch
2.2.1. Biu b v l kh
- Quan st t bo biu b v l kh nhn ngang vi phu l Nng ct ngang v
nhum kp.
- Quan st biu b v l kh kiu d bo nhn t trn xung l inh lng. Bc
biu b di l inh lng v quan st trong nc.
2.2.2. Lng che ch
Quan st cc loi lng che ch sau:
- Lng n bo hnh thoi l V sa: dng dao lam co mt di l V sa,
quan st trong nc.
- Lng a bo mt dy thn hoc cung l Hng chanh.
2.2.3. Bn v l v
Quan st thn Bp (gi).
2.3. M nng
2.3.1. M dy
- M dy gc (thn Hng chanh).
- M dy trn (phin l Thng thin).
- M dy phin (thn Yn bch).
2.3.2. M cng
- T bo m cng (cung l Hu phc).
- Si:
+ Dng ngang xem cung l Hu phc.
+ Dng dc xem bt Qu.
- Cng th (phin l Tr).
BO CO THC HNH
1. Hnh v cc loi m mm.
2. Hnh v biu b v l kh (nhn t trn xung v dng ct ngang), cc dng lng
che ch v bn.
3. Hnh v 3 loi m dy.
4. Hnh v t bo m cng, si, th cng.
Cc hnh v u c ch thch y .

Bi 2
M DN, M TIT
MC TIU HC TP
1. Quan st c cc loi t bo ca libe v g.
2. Quan st c cc loi t bo ca m tit.
3. V ng v ch thch y cu to ca mt b libe-g chng kp.
Vt liu: thn Mp, thn Bp, cnh (hay cung l) i, thn Lt, thn (hay cung
l) Hng chanh, thn Xng rng king, l Bi.
Ha cht, dng c:
- Phm nhum kp son phn v lc iod, nc ct, nc javel, acid acetic 10%,
glycerin 50%, dung dch iod.
- Dao lam, bng gn y t, bnh tia, ng nh git.
Chun b mu vt:
- Ct ngang v ct dc thn Mp nhum kp.
- Ct ngang thn Bp, cnh (hay cung l) i, thn Lt, thn (hay cung l)
Hng chanh v l Bi nhum kp.
1. M dn
M dn ch c thc vt c mch vi chc nng dn nha. M dn gm libe c
chc nng dn nha luyn v g c chc nng dn nha nguyn.
1.1. Thn Mp
thn Mp, libe v g xp thnh tng b ring bit. Mi b gm (t ngoi
vo trong): libe cp 1, libe cp 2, tng tng, g cp 2, g cp 1 v libe trong (kiu
b chng kp).
1.1.1. Libe
Cu to gm: mch ry (ng sng), t bo km v m mm libe.
Ta phn bit 2 loi libe:
- Libe 1: thng kh nhn dng v b libe 2 bp. Di g 1 c thm libe
trong (libe quanh ty), cu trc ging libe 1.
- Libe 2: ngay pha di libe 1.
1.1.2. G
Gm cc thnh phn dn nha v khng dn nha
- Thnh phn dn nha:
vi phu dc ta phn bit 2 loi:
+ Mch ngn: mch vng, mch xon, mch vng-xon.
+ Mch thng: mch vch, mch mng v mch im.

 vi phu ngang ta phn bit:

+ G cp 1 nm bn di g 2, xp thnh tng b, mi b gm vi mch vi
mch nh trong mch to hn ngoi (g 1 phn ha ly tm).
+ G cp 2: ng knh ca mch to hn, xp ln xn.
- Thnh phn khng dn nha: Ta phn bit 2 loi:
+ M mm g 2: l nhng t bo c vch tm cht g, xp thnh dy xuyn
tm xung quanh cc mch g 2.
+ Tia rut: 1 hoc 2 dy t bo hnh ch nht ng.
1.2. Thn Bp
Quan st libe 2 kt tng.
2. M tit
2.1. T bo tit
Quan st vi phu thn Lt ct ngang. T bo tit nm trong vng m mm v
hay ty, cha y cht tit l tinh du c mu vng.
2.2. Lng tit
Quan st vi phu thn hay l Hng chanh ct ngang. Lng tit c trn lp biu
b, c nhiu dng khc nhau.
2.3. Ti tit
Ti tit gm nhiu t bo tit to thnh khoang trng cha cht tit.
- Ti tit ly bo: Quan st vi phu cnh (hay cung l) i ct ngang.
- Ti tit tiu ly bo: Quan st phin l Bi.
- Ti tit tiu bo: Quan st thn Lt.
2.4. ng nha m tht
Quan st trn vi phu ct dc v ct ngang ca thn Xng rng king trong
dung dch iod.
BO CO THC HNH
1. Hnh v chi tit cu to mt b libe-g chng kp thn Mp.
2. Bi m t cu to mt chy libe.
3. Hnh v t bo tit, cc dng lng tit, ti tit ly bo, tiu bo v tiu ly bo.
4. Hnh v ng nha m tht ct ngang v ct dc.
Cc hnh v u c ch thch y .

Bi 3
R CY
MC TIU HC TP
1. Nhn bit v v c s v chi tit cu to cp 1 v cp 2 ca r cy lp
Ngc Lan.
2. Nhn bit v v c s v chi tit cu to r cy lp Hnh.
3. Phn bit c cu to gii phu ca r cy lp Ngc lan cp 1 vi r cy
lp Hnh.
4. M t c cu to gii phu ca r cy.
Vt liu: R Rau mung (non), r Tai tng n v r Chui.
Ha cht, dng c:
- Phm nhum kp son phn-lc iod, nc ct, nc javel, acid acetic 10%,
glycerin 50%.
- Dao lam, bng gn y t, bnh tia, ng nh git.
Chun b vt liu: Ct ngang r Rau mung (vng lng ht), r Tai tng n v r
Chui, nhum kp.
1. Cu to cp 1
1.1. R cy lp Ngc lan
Quan st r Rau mung (non).
Vi phu r cu to cp 1 gm 2 vng r rt:
- Vng v dy chim khong 2/3 bn knh vi phu, t ngoi vo trong gm cc
m: tng lng ht, tng ha bn (tng tm suberin), m mm v v ni b khung
caspary.
- Vng trung tr mng chim khong 1/3 bn knh vi phu, gm cc m: tr b,
cc b libe v b g xen k nhau (<10 b, g 1 phn ha hng tm) v m mm
ty.
1.2. R cy lp Hnh
Quan st r Chui:
Vi phu r cu to cp 1 gm 2 vng r rt:
- Vng v dy chim khong 2/3 bn knh vi phu, t ngoi vo trong gm cc
m: tng lng ht, tng ha bn (tng suberoid), m mm v v ni b khung hnh
mng nga.
- Vng trung tr mng chim khong 1/3 bn knh vi phu, gm cc m: tr b,
cc b libe v cc b g xen k nhau (>10 b) v ty (gm m mm ty v cc
mch hu mc).
8

2. Cu to cp 2
R cy lp Ngc lan gia tng ng knh nh 2 tng pht sinh th cp l:
- Tng sinh bn hot ng cho cc lp bn bn ngoi che ch v cc lp m
mm cp 2 (nhu b) bn trong.
- Tng sinh g hot ng cho libe 2 bn ngoi v g 2 bn trong.
Quan st r Tai tng n:
Vi phu r c vng v t hn vng trung tr.
- Vng v gm cc m: bn, tng pht sinh bn, nhu b, m mm v.
- Vng trung tr gm cc m: tr b, libe cp 1, libe cp 2, tng sinh g, g cp
2, g cp 1, v tia rut. G cp 2 pht trin mnh v c th chim ton b vng tm
ca r (khng c m mm ty) lc gi l g 2 chim tm (c im ny khng
c thn cy). Cc mch g cp 1 khi thng khng cn phn bit c.
BO CO THC HNH
1. Hnh v s cu to cp 1, 2 ca r lp Ngc lan v r lp Hnh.
2. Hnh v chi tit (c ch thch y ) cu to vng trung tr ca r Chui.
3. Bi m t cu to chi tit ca r Rau mung (non), r Chui. M t cc m t
ngoi vo trong, hnh dng v cch sp xp t bo ca tng m.
4. Nu nhng c im khc bit chnh gia r lp Hnh v r lp Ngc lan.

Hnh 3.1. S cu to r cy inh lng l nh

(Polyscias fruticosa (L.) Harms. Araliaceae)

Hnh 3.2. S cu to r Ring (Alpinia officinarum Hance.-Zingiberaceae)

10

Bi 4
THN CY
MC TIU HC TP
1. Nhn bit v v c s v chi tit cu to cp 1 v cp 2 ca thn cy
lp Ngc Lan.
2. Nhn bit v v c s v chi tit cu to thn cy lp Hnh.
3. Phn bit c cu to gii phu ca thn cy lp Ngc lan cp 1 vi
thn cy lp Hnh.
4. M t c cu to gii phu ca thn cy.
Vt liu: Thn Dp c (non), thn Mng ty, thn Hng cy.
Ha cht, dng c:
- Phm nhum kp son phn-lc iod, nc ct, nc javel, acid acetic 10%,
glycerin 50%.
- Dao lam, bng gn y t, bnh tia, ng nh git.
Chun b vt liu: Ct ngang thn Dp c (non), thn Mng ty v thn Hng cy,
nhum kp.
1. Cu to cp 1
1.1. Thn cy lp Ngc lan
Quan st thn Dp c (non).
Vi phu thn cu to cp 1 gm 3 vng r rt:
- Biu b.
- Vng v mng hn vng trung tr, gm h b, m mm v v ni b khung
Caspary.
- Vng trung tr dy, gm tr b, cc b libe xp chng ln cc b g (g 1
phn ha ly tm) v m mm ty.
1.2. Thn cy lp Hnh
Quan st thn Mng ty:
Vi phu thn cng c 3 vng r rt:
- Biu b
- Vng m mm v, vng ny mng hn vng trung tr.
- Vng trung tr t ai m cng tr vo trong. Nhiu b libe g ri xp khng
th t t ai m cng vo trong ty. B g dng hnh ch V kp libe gia.

11

2. Cu to cp 2
Quan st thn Hng cy.
Vi phu thn cu to cp 2 gm 3 vng:
- Biu b.
- Vng v gm m dy, m mm v ni b.
- Vng trung tr gm t tr b tr vo trong.
BO CO THC HNH
1. Hnh v s cu to cp 1, 2 ca thn lp Ngc lan v thn lp Hnh.
2. Hnh v chi tit (c ch thch y ) cu to vng trung tr ca thn Hng cy.
3. Bi m t cu to chi tit ca thn Dp c (non), thn Mng ty. M t cc m t
ngoi vo trong, hnh dng v cch sp xp t bo ca tng m.
4. Nu nhng c im khc bit chnh gia thn lp Hnh v thn lp Ngc lan.

12

Hnh 4.1. S cu to thn cy Thin mn chm

(Asparagus racemosus Willd.-Asparagaceae)

Hnh 4.2. S cu to thn Chm hi trng

(Murraya koenigii (L.) Spreng., Rutaceae)

13

Bi 5
L CY
MC TIU HC TP
1.
2.
3.
4.

Nhn bit v v c s v chi tit cu to l cy lp Ngc Lan.

Nhn bit v v c s v chi tit cu to l cy lp Hnh.
Phn bit c cu to gii phu ca l cy lp Ngc lan vi l cy lp Hnh.
M t c cu to gii phu ca l cy.

Vt liu: l c , l Tre.
Ha cht, dng c:
+ Phm nhum kp son phn-lc iod, nc ct, nc javel, acid acetic 10%,
glycerin 50%.
+ Dao lam, bng gn y t, bnh tia, ng nh git.
Chun b vt liu: Ct ngang l c v phin l Tre, nhum kp.
1. L cy lp Ngc lan
Quan st l c .
Vi phu c cu to i xng qua mt mt phng, gm hai phn:
- Gn gia: Mt di li nhiu hn so vi mt trn. H thng dn gm g trn
v libe di, xp thnh hnh cung, cu to cp 1; c th gp thm hai b libe-g
ca gn ph, hnh trn, vi g trong v libe ngoi.
- Tht l: C cu to d th khng i xng.
2. L cy lp Hnh
Quan st l Tre.
Vi phu c cu to i xng qua mt mt phng, gm hai phn:
- Gn gia: Mt di li nhiu hn so vi mt trn. H thng dn cc b libe-g
xp ri rc, khng u nhau, theo kiu b mch kn.
- Tht l: C cu to ng th. Biu b trn c thm cc t bo hnh bt. Cc b
libe-g cu to tng t cc b gn l nhng c bao bi 2 vng t bo, vng t
bo m cng v vng t bo m mm. Gia hai b libe-g l nhng t bo thong
kh; cc t bo ny c th b hy to thnh khuyt.

14

BO CO THC HNH
1. Hnh v s cu to l c v l Tre.
2. Hnh v chi tit (c ch thch y ) cu to mt phn cung libe-g gn gia
ca l c .
3. Bi m t cu to chi tit l c v l Tre. M t cc m ca vng gn gia v
phin l chnh thc, hnh dng v cch sp xp t bo ca tng m.
4. Nu nhng c im khc bit chnh gia l cy Hnh v l cy lp Ngc lan.

Hnh 5.1. S cu to l Mai d tho (Impatiens hawkeri Bull. Balsaminaceae)

Hnh 5.2. S cu to l Thanh anh

(Agapanthus africanus (L.) Hoffm.-Amaryllidaceae)
15

Bi 6
PHNG PHP PHN TCH CY
PHN TCH HOA BP
MC TIU HC TP
1. Nm vng phng php phn tch cy.
2. Phn tch v m t c c im cu to hnh thi ca cy thuc.
3. Vit ng hoa thc v v ng hoa ca hoa phn tch.
Vt liu: Cnh hoa Bp.
Dng c: Dao lam, knh lp, kim gt.
1. Phng php phn tch cy
Khi phn tch c im cu to hnh thi ca mt loi thc vt cn phi m t
cc c im sau:
1.1. Dng sng (Thn cy)
1.1.1. Loi thn
Cc dng sng ca cy c th l: Cy g to hay nh, bi, leo, c
- Cy g nh c th ng hay trn.
- Cy leo c th l cy g leo, cy c leo. Cy leo bng thn qun, bng tua
cun hay bng cc r bm. Nu leo bng tua cun th m t tua cun: phn nhnh
hay khng phn nhnh, v tr mc (nch l, ngn cnh,).
- C mt nm, 2 nm hay nhiu nm.
+ Kh sinh: Mc ng, mc b hay mc leo.
+ a sinh: Thn r, hnh hay c.
1.1.2. Tit din thn: Hnh trn, vung, a gic, tam gic,
1.1.3. Mu sc: Xanh, nu, ,
1.1.4. Cc c im khc: nh mi, lng, gai, nha m, nt sn,
Ch : Thn non v thn gi c th khc nhau (v d: Thn non c lng nhng thn
gi c nt sn).
1.2. L
1.2.1. Kiu l
- n.
- Kp: Lng chim hay chn vt? S ln kp? Chn hay l? S l cht?
1.2.2. Cch mc
- Mc cch (mc sole).
- Mc i (c hay khng c i cho ch thp).
- Mc vng (bao nhiu l?).
16

1.2.3. Phin l
- Hnh dng.
- Kch thc (o l trng thnh).
- Ba phin.
- Mu sc (thng khc nhau gia mt trn v mt di).
- H gn l: Mt gn, song song hay quy t (lng chim, chn vt, hnh lng,
hnh cung).
- Cc c im khc: Mi, lng, m, tuyn,
1.2.4. Cung l: Hnh dng, kch thc v cc c im khc.
1.2.5. B l: Hnh dng, kch thc v cc c im khc.
1.2.6. L km: Hnh dng, ri hay dnh, mu sc, tn ti hay rng sm.
Ch : Tm l km nhng l non pha ngn cnh.
1.3. Cm hoa
1.3.1. Kiu cm hoa
- Ring l.
- n: Chm, gi, ng, tn, u, xim hai ng, xim mt ng hnh inh c, xim
mt ng hnh b cp, xim co (chm).
- Kp.
- Hn hp.
1.3.2. V tr ca cm hoa: Ngn cnh, nch l hay i din vi l?
1.4. Hoa
1.4.1. Nu c tnh i cng
- Tnh i xng: Hoa u hay khng u?
- Phi tnh: Lng tnh hay n tnh?
- Kiu mu: Mu 5, 4 (lp Ngc lan), mu 3 (lp Hnh).
- Cung hoa: Hnh dng, kch thc, mu sc.
- L bc (tm nhng hoa n): Hnh dng, kch thc, mu sc, tn ti hay rng
sm trc khi hoa n?
- L bc con (tin dip): Cng tm nhng hoa n v m t cc c im tng
t nh i vi l bc.
1.4.2. Cu to hoa
Lm tun t cc bc sau y
1.4.2.1. nh hng hoa
- Tm l bc hay vt tch ca l bc.
- Quay l bc v pha ngi quan st.
- Xc nh l i gia v cnh hoa gia:
Nu hoa mu 5 th l i gia l l i pha trc hoa (pha sau), cnh hoa
gia pha l bc (pha trc).
17

Nu hoa mu 3 (lp Hnh) th l i gia l l i pha l bc (pha trc),

cnh hoa gia pha trc hoa (pha sau).
- Nu cung hoa di v b vn th phi xoay v v tr ban u trc khi nh
hng hoa.
Ch : C 2 trng hp ngoi l
- Phn h u (Faboideae) v phn h Vang (Caesalpinioideae) c hoa mu 5
nhng l i gia pha l bc (pha trc) v cnh hoa gia pha trc hoa (pha
sau).
- H Lan (Orchidaceae) c hoa mu 3 nhng l i pha trc hoa (pha sau) v
cnh hoa gia pha l bc (pha trc) v hoa b vn 180o khi n.
1.4.2.2. M t i hoa
- S lng l i.
- u hay khng u.
- Ri hay dnh.
- Hnh dng (nu l i ri th m t hnh dng ca tng l i, nu l i dnh
th m t ng i v cc phin ri pha trn).
- Mu sc: Thng thng l i c mu xanh lc, nu c mu nh cnh hoa th
gi l i dng cnh.
- Cc c im khc nh lng, gn, m, tuyn,
- Tin khai l i: Kiu xon c, van (lin mnh), lp (kt lp), ng im.
- i ph c hay khng? Nu c th m t cc c im tng t nh i chnh.
1.4.2.3. M t trng hoa
M t cc c im tng t nh ca i hoa
- S lng cnh hoa.
- u hay khng u.
- Ri hay dnh.
- Hnh dng (nu cnh hoa ri th m t hnh dng ca tng cnh hoa, nu cnh
hoa dnh th m t ng trng v cc phin ri pha trn).
- Mu sc: Cnh hoa thng c mu sc s, nu c mu xanh lc nh l i th
gi l cnh dng i.
- Cc c im khc nh lng, gn, m, tuyn,
- Tin khai cnh hoa: Kiu xon c, van (lin mnh), lp (kt lp), ng im,
c, tha.
- Trng ph c hay khng? Nu c th m t cc c im tng t nh trng
chnh.
1.4.2.4. M t b nh
- S lng.
- Kch thc: u hay khng u.
+ Nhiu nh khng u.
+ 4 nh di v 2 nh ngn: B nh 4 tri.
+ 2 nh di v 2 nh ngn: B nh 2 tri.
- V tr nh: Trn hoa, trn ng i, trn ng trng?
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- V tr nh so vi cnh hoa: Xen k hay i din?

- Cch sp xp: Xon c hay vng? Nu nh xp trn 2 vng th kiu lng nh
hay o lng nh?
- Quan h gia cc nh: Ri hay dnh. Nu cc nh dnh nhau th cho bit dnh
u?
+ Dnh hon ton.
+ Dnh bao phn.
+ Dnh ch nh thnh 1 b (b nh n th), 2 b (b nh lng th) hay
nhiu b (b nh a th).
- Quan h gia cc nh vi b phn khc: Nh c th dnh vi vi nhy to trc
nh nhy h Lan (Orchidaceae).
- M t ch nh: Hnh dng, mu sc, nhn hay c lng,
- M t bao phn:
+ Hnh dng, mu sc.
+ S .
+ Cch m (m bng ng nt dc, bng l hay bng np).
+ Hng: Xc nh bng cch xem mt bng ca bao phn quay vo pha
trong (hng trong) hay quay ra pha ngoi (hng ngoi).
+ Cch nh: Ch nh c th nh vo bao phn gc, gia hay ngn.
- M t ht phn: C nhuyn bao phn ca hoa va n trn phin knh dy, quan
st di knh hin vi bng vt knh X10 ri m t cc c im hnh dng, mu sc,
ri hay dnh,
1.4.2.5. M t b nhy
- Ct ngang v ct dc bu non xc nh: S lng l non, dnh hay ri, s
ca bu, s non trong mi , cch nh non: gc (y), nc, trung tm, trung tr,
bn (trc m), mp, vch hay gia.
Lu :
+ Nu bu nhiu th s bng s l non ca bu (trng hp c vch gi
th s gp i s l non ca bu).
+ Nu bu 1 th s l non bng s ng hn ca mp l non.
- V tr ca bu so vi cc b phn khc: Trn, di hay gia.
- Cc c im khc nh hnh dng, mu sc, c hay khng c cung nhy,
cung nh nhy.
- M t vi nhy: S lng, hnh dng, v tr nh so vi bu non, mu sc,
lng, gai,
- M t u nhy: S lng, hnh dng, mu sc.
- C a mt hay khng? V tr ca a mt thay i ty theo v tr ca bu non.
+ Bu trn th a mt bao quanh gc bu.
+ Bu di th a mt bao quanh gc vi nhy.

19

1.5. Qu
- Loi qu.
- Hnh dng.
- Kch thc.
- Mu sc v qu.
- M t cc phn ph c trn qu nh lng, gai, mc,
1.6. Ht
- Ht c ni nh, ngoi nh hay khng?
- Hnh dng, kch thc, mu sc ht.
- Hnh dng, mu sc ca phi.
- Hnh dng, v tr, s lng ca l mm.
- M t cc phn khc c trn ht nh lng, cnh, gai, mc, o ht, mng,
2. Vit hoa thc
Hoa thc l cng thc tm tt cu to ca hoa.
Cc k hiu c dng vit hoa thc:
* : hoa u
k : i ph
: hoa khng u
K : i hoa
C : trng hoa
: hoa lng tnh
P : l i v cnh hoa ging nhau
: hoa ci
A : b nh
: hoa c
G : b nhy
- Cc k hiu trn c vit trn mt hng ngang theo th t t tri sang phi
nh sau: Tnh i xng, phi tnh, i ph (nu c), i chnh, trng hoa, b nh v
b nhy.
- S lng cc b phn ca mi vng c vit sau mi ch vit tt v nu dnh
lin nhau th vit s trong du ngoc n.
- Nu bu trn th gch ngang di ch G (hay di s lng l non), bu di
th gch trn ch G, bu gia th gch ngang gia ch G.
V d: Hoa thc ca hoa Bp: * k5-9 K(5)C5 AnG(5)
Hoa thc ca hoa u:

K(5)C5 A(9)+1 G1

3. V hoa
Hoa l hnh v tm tt cu to ca hoa, trong cc b phn ca hoa c
chiu trn cng mt phng thng gc vi trc hoa.

20

Cc quy c c dng v hoa :

Bu non th v ng dng ct ngang v trnh by c cc c im: S , s

non trong , cch nh non. Vch bu v bng nt i, vch ngn gia cc v
nt n.
Mt s quy c khi v:
- Trc hoa v pha trn.
- L bc v pha di.
- Cc b phn ca hoa v gia trc hoa v l bc:
+ Nu hoa u th cc b phn ca hoa c v trn nhng ng trn ng
tm.
+ Nu hoa khng u th cc b phn ca hoa c v trn nhng ng bu
dc ng tm.
+ B phn no dnh nhau th ni li. V d:

Ch : Khng ch thch trn hoa .

V d: Hoa thc v hoa ca M tam th Paederia tomentosa L. Rubiaceae v
Hoa he Sophora japonica L. Fabaceae

21

M tam th

Hoa he

4. Thc hnh
Phn tch hoa Bp
BO CO THC HNH
1. Bi m t c im cu to hnh thi ca cy Bp.
2. Vit hoa thc v v hoa hoa Bp.

22

Bi 7
PHNG PHP LM TIU BN THC VT KH PHN TCH HOA IP CNG V HOA SO A
MC TIU HC TP
1. Lm c tiu bn thc vt kh ng chun.
2. Phn tch v m t c c im cu to hnh thi ca cy ip cng v So a.
3. Vit ng hoa thc v v ng hoa ca hoa ip cng v So a.
Vt liu: Cnh hoa ip cng, cnh hoa So a.
Dng c: Dao lam, knh lp, kim gt, ko, giy p cy, cp p.
1. Mc ch ca vic lm tiu bn thc vt kh
Tiu bn thc vt kh l nhng mu thc vt c p, lm kh v c bo
qun chng mi mt.
Thng cc mu tiu bn kh c lu gi cc bo tng thc vt kh l
nhng mu chun c nh danh tn khoa hc. pha nam c 2 phng tiu bn
thc vt l: Vin Sinh hc nhit i thnh ph H Ch Minh v Phn vin Dc liu
Thnh ph H Ch Minh.
- Xc nh tn khoa hc ca cy: Cy c thng ra hoa, kt qu theo ma v
nhiu loi ch phn b mt a phng nht nh trong mt nc hay khu vc no
trn tri t. V th trong vic iu tra, nghin cu thc vt v cy thuc, vic
xc nh tn khoa hc ca cy l mt bc quan trng v cn thit. Tiu bn thc
vt kh gip ta trong mt thi im v mt a im nht nh, c c cc mu
cy cn thit cho vic nghin cu hnh thi v gim nh tn cy.
- Qun l ngun ti nguyn thc vt ca mt a phng.
- Lu gi mu ti nguyn thc vt phc v vic so mu, trong cng tc nghin
cu thc vt v dc liu, v cc mc ch kinh t khc.
2. Thu thp mu thc vt
2.1. Dng c v nguyn liu cn thit
- Giy p cy: Dng loi giy xp, dy, d thm nc. V d: Giy thm, giy
bo kh 30x40 cm.
- Cp ng cy: 2 ba carton dy ng tm mu cy khi thu hi.
- Khung p: Bng g hay bng st c cc thanh ngang v dc, kch thc
khong 30x45 cm dng p phng mu vt trong qu trnh va p va lm kh.
Nu khng c cp p c th ng mu vt gia 2 tm ba cng v dng vt nng
ln mu p.
- Ko ct cy dng ct v ta mu cy.
- Ko ct cnh cao c cn di v c dy git ct nhng cnh cao.
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- Chai thy tinh hoc chai nha c ming rng, nt kn, ng sn cn 70o
ngm hoa, qu mng gi c hnh dng ca chng v nhng b phn cn c
nh nghin cu v cu to gii phu.
- Ti nilon hoc ti giy ng mu cy thu hi khi cn phun cn.
- Ti giy nh hay ti nilon nh ng nhng b phn ca cy d ri vi v
nhng mu vt nh nh nm, ru, a y,
- Nhn ghi tn cy c buc sn dy treo vo cy.
- S tay ghi chp v bt ch en.
- Ti liu nh tn cy (Thc vt ch v cc sch v phn loi thc vt).
- La bn v bn khu vc nghin cu.
- My nh, phim chp m bn, dng bn.
- Nhng dng c khc: Dao con, dao i rng, xng nh, ca tay nh, dy buc
c, knh lp.
Ngoi cc dng c trn cng cn c nhng trang b cn thit cho c nhn khi i thu
mu nh giy i rng, tt chng vt, chng mui, o ma, nn, bi ng ng nc
ung, ti vi ng nhng th lt vt mang theo ngi, thuc cp cu ti thiu,
lng thc, thc phm, ti ng, lu i rng,
2.2. Thu mu
gip ch cho vic nhn bit v nh tn cy, mu thu hi cn c y cc
b phn cnh, l, r, hoa, qu v ht. Tuy nhin ty theo dng sng ca cy m mu
thu c yu cu khc nhau:
- i vi ru, to th ly c nhm nh trong c c quan sinh sn.
- i vi dng x nn ly mu c thn r v c quan mang bo t.
- i vi cy g th ly cnh c l, hoa, qu, ht c trng cho cy.
- i vi cy n tnh khc gc: mu gm 2 loi l cnh mang hoa ci v cnh
mang hoa c.
- i vi cy n tnh cng gc: chn cnh mang c 2 loi hoa.
- i vi cy k sinh: Ngoi mu cy k sinh phi c thm mt phn mu cy
ch.
- i vi la t: Chn cnh mang nn ci v cnh mang nn c.
- i vi cy lm thuc th ly thm b phn dng lm thuc (V d: r, c, v
thn, v ht).
Nhng mu ly trn cng mt c th t mt m cy cng loi mc cnh nhau
th mang cng mt s hiu. Cc mu ly t nhng c th khc nhau hay t nhng
m cy khc nhau (mc d chng cng mt loi) phi mang cc s hiu khc nhau.
S lng tiu bn cho cng mt s hiu cn t 5-10 mu (v trong qu trnh p v
phi kh c th c mu b h hoc c th gi tiu bn i nh danh). Mi loi nn
ly lp li 3-4 s hiu cc c th khc nhau.
C th v mt s hnh cn thit vo s l lch mu. Ch nhng c im d
mt nh mu sc, mi v, nha m, hoc d bin dng khi cy b p kh.
24

 trnh nhm ln, sau khi ly mu cn ghi ngay mt s im cn thit nh: S

hiu mu, tn cy, ngy ly, ngi ly v ni ly. ng thi cng cn ghi y l
lch ca mu v s mu vi ni dung sau:
- S hiu mu:
- Tn khoa hc:
- H thc vt:
- Tn a phng:
- Dng cy:
- ng knh:
Chiu cao:
- L:
- Pht hoa:
- Hoa (mu sc, mi, kch thc):
- Qu:
- Ht:
- Cc c im khc:
- Cng dng:
- B phn dng:
- Ch bin:
- Ni ly mu:
3. Thc hnh
- Phn tch cy Da cn, cy Cc.
- p v lm kh 1 mu thc vt (khuyn khch SV chn cy thuc).
BO CO THC HNH
1. Bi m t c im cu to hnh thi ca cy ip cng, cy So a.
2. Vit hoa thc v v hoa hoa ip cng, hoa So a.
3. Mt tiu bn thc vt kh (np khi thi thc tp).

25

Bi 8
PHN TCH HOA DA CN, TRANG V GLAIEUL
MC TIU HC TP
1. Phn tch v m t c c im cu to hnh thi ca cy Da cn, Trang
v Glaieul.
2. Vit ng hoa thc v v ng hoa ca hoa Da cn, Trang v Glaieul.
Vt liu: Cnh hoa Da cn, Trang v Glaieul.
Dng c: Dao lam, knh lp, kim gt.
THC HNH
- Phn tch cy Da cn, Trang v Glaieul.
BO CO THC HNH
1. Bi m t c im cu to hnh thi ca cy Da cn, Trang v Glaieul.
2. Vit hoa thc v v hoa hoa Da cn, Trang v Glaieul.

26