Công Nghệ Gia Công Trên Máy CNC - Châu Mạnh Lực, 136 Trang

LI NOI U
Vi s phat trin khng ngng cua cac thanh tu Khoa hoc - Cng
ngh, c bit la lnh vc iu khin s va tin hoc a cho phep cac nha Ch
tao may ng dung vao may ct kim loai cac h thng iu khin ngay cang tin
cy hn vi tc x ly nhanh hn va gia thanh ha hn. Vn tai chnh
khng con la vn ang quan tm cua cac nha doanh nghip khi mua sm
may cng cu iu khin theo chng trnh s, ngay ca cac doang nghip loai
va va nho cung u co th t trang b c.
co th giup cho sinh vin nganh ch tao may co th nm bt c
cng ngh mi nay, chung ti xin gii thiu tp tai liu CNG NGH GIA
CNG TRN MAY CNC tt ca cac ban oc tham khao va ng dung.
Vi muc ch cn at c la sinh vin t mnh co th thc hin c
cac cng vic t vic lp chng trnh cho n thc hin vic gia cng thc
t trn cac may CNC. Do vy ma ni dung bao quat cua tp tai liu nay la
trnh bay mt cach co h thng cac vn c ban nht mang tnh ng dung
v cng ngh gia cng trn may iu khin theo chng trnh s trn c s
cua nhiu tai liu tham khao trong va ngoai nc cung vi nhng kinh
nghim tch luy c qua qua trnh thc t gia cng trn cac may CNC tai
phong th nghim San xut t ng cua khoa C kh.
Tp tai liu nay c chia lam 7 chng, trong o cac chng 2 va 3
trnh bay tng quat cac vn v may CNC lin quan vi qua trnh gia cng.
Chng 4 gii thiu cac hnh thc lp trnh va ngn ng lp trnh. co th
khai thac tt va hiu qua cac may CNC hin co, iu trc tin sinh vin cn
phai co nhng khai nim c ban nht v lp trnh gia cng bng ngn ng
may nn chu yu trong phn nay gii thiu va giai thch y ngha cua cac chc
nng G code, M code va mt s a ch c dung khi lp trnh. Chng 5
trnh bay mt s chu trnh gia cng trn hai h iu khin FANUC va FAGOR.
ban oc co th ng dung c ngay vao trong thc t, trong phn nay
trnh bay thm mt s v du a c thc hin gia cng trn may. Chng 6
la mt chng rt quan trong v no va mang tnh c ban v mt ly thuyt v
ban cht cua qua trnh tao hnh khi gia cng trn may CNC lai va mang tnh
ng dung rt cu th. Chng 7 la chng nng cao danh cho sinh vin tham
khao sau nay khi cng tac tai cac doanh nghip co cac may CNC.
Tai liu nay c s dung tham khao cho cac can b giang day,
sinh vin ai hoc, cac hoc vin cao hoc va nhng ky s C kh ang lam vic
tai cac doanh nghip co s dung may CNC gia cng va ch tao cac san
phm c kh. No la mt tai liu khng th thiu c i vi cac sinh vin
nganh Ch tao may trong khi hoc cac mn San xut t ng va Cng ngh
CAD/CAM v cng ngh nay ch co y ngha thc s khi thc hin vic gia
cng trn may CNC.
y la ln u tin bin soan mt tp tai liu kha mi me va lin quan
n rt nhiu lnh vc trong khi kha nng con han ch nn chc chn khng
th tranh khoi nhng sai sot, chung ti xin mong nhn c nhng y kin gop
y va ph bnh cua cac oc gia.
Cui cung xin chn thanh cam n tt ca cac thy c trong b mn Ch
tao may a cung cng tac va giup ti hoan thanh tp tai liu nay.
a nng thang 11-2001
CHU MANH LC
CHNG I
KHAI QUAT V IU KHIN S

VA LCH S PHAT TRIN CUA MAY CNC
iu khin s (Numerical Control) ra i vi muc ch iu khin cac qua

trnh cng ngh gia cng ct got trn cac may cng cu. V thc cht, y la mt qua
trnh t ng iu khin cac hoat ng cua may (nh cac may ct kim loai, robot,
bng tai vn chuyn phi liu hoc chi tit gia cng, cac kho quan ly phi va san
phm...) trn c s cac d liu c cung cp la dang ma s nh nguyn bao gm
cac ch s, s thp phn, cac ch cai va mt s ky t c bit tao nn mt chng
trnh lam vic cua thit b hay h thng.
Trc y, cung a co cac qua trnh gia cng ct got c iu khin theo
chng trnh bng cac ky thut chep hnh theo mu, chep hnh bng h thng thuy
lc, cam hoc iu khin bng mach logic... Ngay nay, vi vic ng dung cac thanh
qua tin b cua Khoa hoc - Cng ngh, nht la trong lnh vc iu khin s va tin
hoc a cho phep cac nha Ch tao may nghin cu a vao may cng cu cac h
thng iu khin cho phep thc hin cac qua trnh gia cng mt cach linh hoat hn,
thch ng vi nn san xut hin ai va mang lai hiu qua kinh t cao hn.
V mt khoa hoc: Trong nhng iu kin hin nay, nh nhng tin b ky
thut a cho phep chung ta giai quyt cac bai toan phc tap hn vi chnh xac
cao hn ma trc y hoc cha u iu kin hoc qua phc tap khin ta phai bo
qua mt s yu t va dn n mt kt qua gn ung. Chnh v vy a cho phep cac
nha Ch tao may thit k va ch tao cac may vi cac c cu co hiu sut cao,
chnh xac truyn ng cao cung nh nhng kha nng chuyn ng tao hnh phc tap
va chnh xac hn.
Lch s phat trin cua NC bt ngun t cac muc ch v qun s va hang
khng vu tru khi ma yu cu cac ch tiu v cht lng cua cac may bay, tn la, xe
tng...la cao nht (co chnh xac va tin cy cao nht, co bn va tnh hiu qua
khi s dung cao...). Ngay nay, lch s phat trin NC a trai qua cac qua trnh phat
trin khng ngng cung vi s phat trin trong lnh vc vi x ly t 4 bit, 8bit... cho
n nay a at n 32 bit va cho phep th h sau cao hn th h trc va manh hn
v kha nng lu tr va x ly.
T cac may CNC ring le (CNC Machines - Tools) cho n s phat trin cao
hn la cac trung tm gia cngCNC (CNC Engineering - Centre) co cac cha dao
ln ti hang trm va co th thc hin nhiu nguyn cng ng thi hoc tun t trn
3
cung mt v tr ga t. Cung vi s phat trin cua cng ngh truyn s liu, cac
mang cuc b va lin thng phat trin rt nhanh a tao iu kin cho cac nha cng
nghip ng dung kt ni s hoat ng cua nhiu may CNC di s quan ly cua
mt may tnh trung tm DNC (Directe Numerical Control) vi muc ch khai thac
mt cach co hiu qua nht nh b tr va sp xp cac cng vic trn tng may, t
chc san xut va quan ly cht lng san phm...
MAY TNH
TRUNG TM
CNC
CNC
CNC
CNC
May CNC 2
May CNC ...
May CNC n
Hnh 1-1: M hnh iu khin DNC

Hin nay, lnh vc san xut t ng trong ch tao c kh a phat trin va at
n trnh rt cao nh cac phn xng t ng san xut linh hoat va t hp CIM
(Computer Integrated Manufacturing) vi vic trang b thm cac robot cp phi liu
va vn chuyn, cac h thng o lng va quan ly cht lng tin tin, cac kiu nha
kho hin ai c a vao ap dung a mang lai hiu qua kinh t rt ang k.
1 May tin CNC

2. May phay CNC
3. Robot va ranh trt.
4. Nha kho phi liu.
5. Tu iu khin.
6. H thng o lng
7. Phm day hoc robot.
8. May tnh chu
Hnh 1-2: M hnh iu khin san xut t hp CIM

4
CHNG II
PHN LOAI CAC H THNG IU KHIN
V thc cht th cac may iu khin theo chng trnh s co nguyn ly

chuyn ng tao hnh v c ban khng khac g vi may cng cu truyn thng, co
ngha la v mt thut ng no cung mang tn cua cac may cng cu nh may tin, may
phay ng, may phay nm ngang, may mai... nhng a c s hoa va tin hoc hoa
co th iu khin cac chuyn ng cng tac cua may bng cac lnh c a vao
h thng CNC. Tuy theo yu cu cua tng loai may va tng loai c cu iu khin,
h iu khin ma co th phn thanh 3 loai c ban: iu khin im - im, iu
khin oan thng va iu khin ng (tuyn tnh hoc phi tuyn). Tt nhin cac
may iu khin ng u co th s dung iu khin im - im va oan thng.
2.1. iu khin im - im
Vi cac loai may nay, trong qua
trnh gia cng, ngi ta cho nh v nhanh
dung cu n toa yu cu va trong qua
trnh dch chuyn nhanh dung cu, may
khng thc hin vic ct got. Ch n khi
at c toa theo yu cu no mi thc
hin cac chuyn ng ct got, v du nh
khoan l, khoet, doa hoc co th lam
nhng cng vic khac v du nh trn cac
may han im th no thc hin qua trnh
han va trn cac may t, dp th no thc
hin vic t, dp l...
y
A
yB
450
yA
yA
A
xA
xB x
Hnh 2.1: iu khin im
V du:
Khi gia cng 2 l A va B co toa xA,yA va xB, yB trong h toa xoy.
Chung ta co th iu khin theo cac cach sau y:
Trc ht, iu khin dung cu dch chuyn nhanh n im A (xA, yA). Sau
o thc hin vic gia cng l A. Tip theo, sau khi a dch chuyn dung cu thoat
khoi l a ga cng (am bao rng vic dch chuyn dung cu thc hin c an toan)
se tip tuc dch chuyn nhanh dung cu n im B (xB, yB) gia cng l B. Qua
trnh dch chuyn dung cu n v tr B co th thc hin bng 2 cach c biu din
nh trn hnh ve 2-1:
Quy ao dch chuyn theo AACB song song vi cac truc toa ox va oy.
Quy ao dch chuyn theo ng thng ti u: ACB
2.2. iu khin oan thng

Ngoai chc nng dch y
chuyn nhanh theo cac truc toa
nh iu khin im, con co th
A
B
thc hin vic gia cng trong qua
yA
trnh dch chuyn theo cac truc nay.
iu o co ngha la dung cu se thc
G01
G00
hin cac chuyn ng ct got trong
qua trnh dch chuyn song song
0
xA
xB
x
theo cac truc toa . V du khi phay
Hnh 2-2: iu khin oan thng
cac b mt song song vi cac truc
toa hoc khi tin cac chi tit ma
dung cu ct thc hin cac chuyn ng ct got theo phng truc Z va truc X.
2.3. iu khin ng ( tuyn tnh va phi tuyn)

Ngoai cac chc nng nh iu khin im va iu khin oan thng, ngi ta
con co th iu khin c dung cu chuyn ng theo cac ng bt ky trong mt
phng hoc trong khng gian co thc hin gia cng ct got. Tuy thuc vao ng
c iu khin la phng hay khng
Y
gian ma ngi ta co th b tr s truc
c iu khin ng thi la khac
nhau. T o cung xut hin thut ng
may 2 truc, may 3, 4, 5 truc ( tc co s
truc c iu khin ng thi theo
quan h rang buc).
G02
chun hoa vic s dung

thut ng, ngi ta thng s dung
1
2
thut ng may iu khin 2D, 2D ,

3D, 4D va 5D (Dimension).
Hnh 2-3 : iu khin 2D trn may phay
2.3.1 iu khin 2D
Cho phep dch chuyn dung cu trong mt mt phng nht nh nao o. Th
du nh trn may tin, dung cu se dch chuyn trong mt phng xoz tao nn ng
sinh khi tin cac b mt, trn cac may phay 2D, dung cu se thc hin cac chuyn
ng trong mt phng xoy tao nn cac ng ranh hay cac mt bc co bin dang
bt ky.
2.3.2. iu khin 3D
Cho phep dch chuyn
dung cu trong 3 mt phng ng
thi tao nn mt ng cong
hay mt mt cong khng gian bt
ky. iu nay cung tng ng vi
qua trnh iu khin ng thi ca
3 truc cua may theo mt quan h
rang buc nao o tai tng thi
im tao nn vt quy ao cua
dung cu theo yu cu.
2.3.3. iu khin 2D
y
x
Hnh 2-4: Phay tui trn may 3D
1
2
Cho phep dch chuyn dung cu theo

2 truc ng thi tao nn mt ng cong
phng, con truc th 3 c iu khin
chuyn ng c lp. iu khac bit cua
phng phap iu khin nay so vi iu
khin 2D la ch 2 truc c iu khin
ng thi co th c i v tr cho nhau:
Co ngha la hoc trong mt phng xoy hoc
xoz hoc yoz.
Hnh 2-5: iu khin 2D
1
2
2.3.4. iu khin 4D, 5D

Trn c s cua iu khin 3D, ngi ta con b tr cho dung cu hoc chi tit
co thm 1 chuyn ng quay (hoc 2 chuyn ng quay) xung quanh 1 truc nao o
theo mt quan h rang buc vi cac chuyn ng trn cac truc khac cua may 3D.
Vi kha nng nh vy, cac b mt phc tap hay cac b mt co truc quay co th c
thc hin d dang hn so vi khi gia cng trn may 3D.
Mt khac, v ly do cng ngh nn co nhng b mt khng th thc hin c
vic gia cng bng 3D v co th tc ct se khac nhau hoc se co nhng im co
tc ct bng khng (nh tai nh cua dao phay u cu) hay li ct cua dung cu
khng th thc hin vic gia cng theo mong mun (v du nh goc ct khng thun
li hay co th b vng thn dao vao cac phn khac cua chi tit...).
Tom lai, tuy thuc vao yu
cu b mt gia cng cu th ma co
th la chon may thch hp v may
B mt
cang phc tap th gia thanh may
gia
cang cao va cn phai b sung thm
cng
nhiu cng cu khac nh cac phn
mm CAD/CAM h tr lp trnh...
Hn th na, may cang phc tap
Dung cu
(cang nhiu truc iu khin) th tnh
an toan trong qua trnh vn hanh va
Hnh 2-6 : iu khin 4D va 5D
s dung may cang thp (d b va
cham dao vao phi va may). V th
s dung c cac may nay, ngi iu khin trc ht a s dung rt thanh thao
cac may iu khin theo chng trnh s 2D va 3D.
Cung d thy la may phc tap hn co th hoan toan am nhim c vai tro
1
2
cua may n gian hn, v du nh may 3D co th am nhim cho may 2D va 2D .
CHNG III
H THNG TOA VA CAC IM GC, IM CHUN

3.1 H thng toa trn may CNC
Y+
co th tnh
Z+
toan quy ao chuyn
ng cua dung cu, cn
thit phai gn vao chi tit
Y+
mt h truc toa . Z+
X+
X+
Thng thng trn cac
may iu khin theo
chng trnh s, ngi ta
Hnh 3-1: H thng toa trn may CNC
thng s dung h toa
Decard OXYZ theo quy tc ban tay phai (h toa thun) va no c gn vao chi
tit gia cng. Gc cua h truc toa co th t tai bt ky mt im nao o trn chi
tit (v mt nguyn tc) nhng thng thng ngi ta se chon tai nhng im thun
li cho vic lp trnh, ng thi d dang kim tra kch thc theo ban ve cua chi tit
gia cng ma khng phai thc hin nhiu bc tnh toan b sung.
Mt c im mang tnh quy c la trn cac may iu khin theo chng
trnh s, chi tit gia cng c xem la lun lun la c nh va lun gn vi h
thng toa c nh noi trn, con moi chuyn ng tao hnh va ct got u do
dung cu thc hin. Trong thc t, iu nay i khi la ngc lai, v du nh trn may
phay th chnh ban may mang phi thc hin chuyn ng tao hnh, con dung cu ch
thc hin chuyn ng ct got. V vy khi s dung may iu khin theo chng
trnh s cn phai lun lun tao nn mt thoi quen tranh nhng nhm ln ang
tic co th gy ra nguy him cho may, dung cu va con ngi.
Z
Y
V
V
O
U
X
Y
X
U
O
Hnh 3-2: H toa trn may CNC va chuyn ng cua cac truc
9
Theo quy c chung, phng cua truc chnh cua may la phng cua truc OZ,
con chiu dng cua no c quy c khi dao tin ra xa chi tit. V du, vi may tin
2D thng thng th truc chnh cua no nm ngang va trung vi phng OZ cua h
toa , chiu dng cua no hng ra khoi u truc chnh (hng v pha ban dao).
Phng chuyn ng cua ban xe dao theo hng knh la phng OX va chiu
dng cua no la hng ra xa b mt chi tit gia cng. i vi may phay thng ng,
truc Z hng theo phng thng ng ln trn, con truc X va truc Y c xac nh
theo quy tc ban tay phai, tuy nhin trong thc t cac nha ch tao may lai thng u
tin chon truc X la truc ma co chuyn ng ban may dai hn... i vi cac chuyn
ng quay xung quanh cac truc tng ng X, Y, Z c xac nh bng cac a ch A,
B, C se c xac nh la dng khi chiu quay o co hng thun chiu kim ng
h khi nhn theo chiu dng cua cac truc tng ng (khi nhn vao gc cua h truc
toa t pha cac truc th chiu quay cua chung la ngc chiu kim ng h). Ngoai
ra, con mt s chuyn ng phu song song vi cac truc tng ng vi cac truc X, Y,
Z la cac a ch U, V, W va hng cua chung c biu din nh trn hnh 3-2.
3.2 H toa i vi mt s may

3.2.1. May tin
May tin thng co loai 2D va 3D, trong o loai 2D la ph bin hn ca v no
co th gia cng c tt ca cac b mt tru ngoai hoc tru trong co ng sinh bt ky.
Cac may tin 3D ngoai cac chc nng nh may 2D, ngi ta con b tr thm mt
truc quay th 3 la cua truc chnh (ngi ta goi la truc C - quay xung quanh truc OZ )
va trn u dao Rvonve con co mt chuyn ng quay cua dung cu tao nn vn tc
ct thc hin cac cng vic nh khoan, khoet, doa cac l ng tm hay lch tm
vi tm chi tit hoc phay cac ranh then, ranh cam thung trn chi tit gia cng.
Chiu dng cua truc C c biu din theo hng mui tn nh hnh ve.
X
C Z
va co b tr truc C (3D)
Hnh 3-3: H toa trn may tin vi ban dao pha sau
va co b tr truc C (3D)
10
3.2.2 May khoan, may phay ng

Vi cac loai may nay,
truc chnh hng theo phng
thng ng va trung vi
phng cua truc OZ trong h
toa Decard, chiu dng
cua truc nay co chiu hng
ln pha trn. Truc OX va truc
OY la 2 truc nm trn ban may
ma trong o ngi ta quy c
chon truc OX la truc cua ban
may co chiu dai dich chuyn
ln hn. Chiu dng cua truc
OX co chiu hng sang bn
phai khi nhn t truc chnh
xung chi tit gia cng ( nhn
nguc chiu vi chiu dng
cua truc OZ).
Hnh 3-4: H thng truc toa trn may

phay ng 6 truc
3.2.3 May phay nm ngang

Truc chnh cua may phay la nm ngang theo phng cua truc OZ, chiu
dng cua no hng vao may, truc OX nm trn mt phng nh v cua chi tit
(hoc song song vi mt phng nh v) va chiu dng cua no hng v pha trai
nu nhn theo hng dng cua truc chnh.
Hnh 3-5: H toa trn may phay ngang

11
3.3 Cac im gc, im chun

3.3.1 im gc cua may M
Qua trnh gia cng trn may iu khin theo chng trnh s c thit lp
bng mt chng trnh m ta quy ao chuyn ng tng i gia li ct cua dung
cu va phi. V th, am bao vic gia cng at c chnh xac th cac dch
chuyn cua dung cu phai c so sanh vi im 0(zero) cua h thng o lng va
ngi ta goi la im gc cua h toa cua may hay gc o lng M (ky hiu
Machine reference zero ). Cac im M c cac nha ch tao may quy nh trc.
3.3.2 im chun cua may R

giam sat va iu chnh kp thi quy ao chuyn ng cua dung cu, cn
thit phai b tr mt h thng o lng xac nh quang ng thc t (toa
thc) so vi toa lp trnh. Trn cac may CNC ngi ta t cac mc theo gioi
cac toa thc cua dung cu trong qua trnh dch chuyn, v tr cua dung cu lun
lun c so sanh vi gc o lng cua may M. Khi bt u ong mach iu khin
cua may th tt ca cac truc phai c chay v mt im chun ma gia tr toa cua
no so vi im gc M phai lun lun khng i va do cac nha ch tao may quy
nh. im o goi la im chun cua may R (ky hiu Machine reference point ).
V tr cua im chun nay c tnh toan chnh xac t trc bi 1 ca (c chn) lp
trn ban trt va cac cng tc gii han hanh trnh. Do chnh xac v tr cua cua cac
may CNC la rt cao (thng vi h thng o la h Metre th gia tr cua no la
0,001mm va h
Inch la 0,0001
inch) nn khi
dch chuyn tr
v im chun
cua cac truc th
ban u no chay
nhanh cho n
khi gn n v tr
th chuyn sang
ch chay
chm nh v
mt cach chnh
xac.
Hnh 3-6: Cac im gc va im chun trn may phay thng ng
12
Hnh 3-7: Cac im gc va im chun trn may tin
3.3.3 im zero cua phi W va im gc chng trnh P.
a. im gc cua phi W
Khi bt u gia cng, cn phai tin hanh xac nh toa cua im zero cua
chi tit hay gc chng trnh so vi im M xac nh va hiu chnh h thng o
ng dch chuyn.
im zero (0) cua phi W (ky hiu Workpiece zero point ) xac nh h toa
cua phi trong quan h vi im zero cua may (M). im W cua phi c chon
bi ngi lp trnh va c a vao h thng CNC khi t s liu may trc khi gia
cng.
X
M
Hnh 3-8: V du v cac im zero cua phi W,

cua chng trnh P va cua may M
im W cua phi co th c chon tuy y bi ngi lp trnh trong pham vi
khng gian lam vic cua may va cua chi tit. Tuy vy, nn chon im nao trn
13
phi cho thun tin khi xac nh cac thng s gia no vi M. Gia s vi chi tit tin,
ngi ta chon im W t doc theo truc quay (tm truc chnh may tin) va co th
chon u mut trai hay u mut phai cua phi. i vi chi tit phay, nn ly 1 im
nm goc lam im W cua phi - goc o (thng dung) co th la bn trai, pha
trn va pha ngoai.
b. im gc cua chng trnh P

Tuy thuc vao ban ve chi tit gia cng ma ngi ta se co mt hay mt s
im chun xac nh toa cua cac b mt khac. Trong trng hp o, im nay
goi la im gc chng trnh P (Programmed ). Thc t trong qua trnh gia cng,
nu chon im gc W cua phi trung vi im gc P cua chng trnh th se cang
thun li cho qua trnh lp trnh v khng phai thc hin nhiu phep tnh toan b
sung.
Hnh 3-9: V du chon im gc cua chi tit va im gc chng trnh

khi khoan cac l phn b trn ng tron (1,2...)
c. im ga t C
La im tip xuc gia phi va ga trn may, no co th trung vi im gc
cua phi W trn may tin. Thng thng khi gia cng ngi ta phai tnh n lng
d va do vy im ga t C chnh la b mt chun xac nh kch thc cua phi.
3.3.4 im gc cua dung cu

am bao qua trnh gia cng chi tit vi vic s dung nhiu dao va mi dao
co hnh dang va kch thc khac nhau c chnh xac, cn phai co cac im gc cua
14
dung cu. im gc cua dung cu la nhng im c nh va no c xac nh toa

chnh xac so vi cac im M va R.
a. im chun cua dao p

im chun cua dao la im ma t o chung ta lp chng trnh chuyn ng
trong qua trnh gia cng. i vi dao tin, ngi ta chon im nhon cua mui dao va
i vi dao phay ngon, dao khoan th ngi ta chon im p tm trn nh dao, con
vi dao phay u cu, ngi ta chon im p la tm mt cu.
p
p
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 3-10: Cac im chun p cua dao

Dao tin (a), dao phay ngon (b) va dao phay u cu (c)
b. Cac im gc cua dao (im ga t dao)

Thng thng ngi ta s dung 2 loai can dao (Tool holder), mt loai chui
tru va mt loai chui cn theo tiu chun.
i vi chui dao th ngi
ta ly im t dung cu E ( ).
Khi chui dao lp vao l

ga dao th im N va E trung
nhau.
Trn c s cua im chun
nay, ngi ta co th xac nh cac
kch thc a vao b nh
lng bu dao. Cac kch thc nay
co th bao gm chiu dai cua dao
tin theo phng x va z (im mui
Lx
i vi l ga dao th ngi
ta ly im ga dung cu N ( ).
Lz
Lz
Hnh 3-11: Cac im gc cua dung
15
dao) hay chiu dai cua dao phay va ban knh cua no. Cac kch thc nay co th c
xac nh t trc bng cach o trn cac thit b o chuyn dung hay xac nh ngay
trn may ri a vao h iu khin CNC thc hin vic bu dao.
c. im thay dao
Trong qua trnh gia cng, co th ta phai dung n mt s dao va s lng dao
la tuy thuc vao yu cu cua b mt gia cng, v th ta phai thc hin vic thay dao.
Trn cac may co c cu thay dao t ng th yu cu khi thay dao phai khng c
dao cham vao phi hoc may, v th cn phai co im thay dao. i vi may
phay hoc cac trung tm gia cng th thng thng ban may phai chay v im
chun, con vi may tin, thng cac dao nm trn u Rvonve nn khng cn thit
phai chay n im chun mi thc hin thay dao ma co th n mt v tr nao o
am bao an toan cho qua trnh quay u Rvonve la co th c nhm muc ch
giam thi gian phu.
Co th noi rng cac im chun R, im zero M cua may, cua chi tit W va N
cua dao la rt quan trong v no lin quan n qua trnh gia cng cua mt chi tit thc
ma trong khi thit lp chng trnh gia cng ngi ta a tam bo qua cac gia tr o
cho qua trnh lp trnh c thc hin n gian hn (o la lp trnh theo quy ao cua
ng vin cua chi tit gia cng). Vn bo qua nay se c a vao 1 lng iu
chnh trong khi tin hanh gia cng goi la dch im chun hoc goi la zero offset
va a thm vao lng bu dao goi la (Tool calibration). Khi o v tr cua li ct
cua dao se c ng nht vi cac toa c lp trnh ma chung ta a tin hanh
khi lp chng trnh gia cng.
16
CHNG IV
NGN NG VA HNH THC T CHC LP TRNH

Trn cac may CNC, vic iu khin s chuyn ng cua dung cu c thc
hin bng cac lnh a c ma hoa theo mt ngn ng ma cum CNC co th oc va
hiu c. Cac chuyn ng cua dung cu theo cac truc co th la c lp hoc phu
thuc theo mt quan h rang buc vao nhau theo 2, 3, 4 hay 5 truc tao nn cac
quy ao theo mong mun. Vn c ban y la chung loai cac chi tit rt phong
phu nh rt a dang v hnh dang; Khun kh va kch thc chi tit phn tan rt
rng; chnh xac v kch thc, v v tr tng quan va nham b mt cung rt
khac nhau; Cac loai vt liu c ch tao cung rt khac nhau; Tnh cht lam vic
cua cac chi tit lin quan n chui kch thc cung rt khac nhau. Chnh t iu o
ma cach ghi kch thc trn ban ve ch tao cua chi tit cung anh hng rt ang k
n kha nng at chnh xac khi gia cng chi tit. Tuy theo cach ghi kch thc
trn ban ve ch tao ma ngi ta co th la chon cac im gc chng trnh va la
chon h toa khi lp trnh gia cng la khac nhau. Hin nay thng ngi ta s
dung cac h toa lp trnh gia cng sau y: Lp trnh trong h toa tuyt i,
tng i, hn hp va toa cc.
4.1. Chng trnh gia cng lp trong h toa tuyt i.(Absolute)

Lp chng trnh gia cng trong h toa tuyt i la tham chiu toa cua
tt ca cac im nm trn bin dang chi tit n gc toa c nh - Trong trng
hp nay, im gc h toa chnh la im gc chng trnh P. Trong chng trnh
gia cng trn may CNC, no c xac nh bng lnh a ch G90.
x
G90
G90
G90
5
z
(P) 0
Hnh 4-1: H toa tuyt i

17
4.2. Chng trnh trong h toa tng i.(Incremental)

Vi kiu lp trnh nay, toa cua cac im lp trnh tip theo se c xac
nh bng cach ly gc
toa ngay im sat
x
x
x
x
trc, iu nay co ngha
G91 G91
la ta phai dch chuyn
G91
G90
G91
im gc P cua h toa
sau mi mt ln xac
nh toa cua im lp
R5
R4
R3 M2
R1
trnh tip theo. Trong
chng trnh gia cng o7
o6 o5
o4
o3
o2
o1
z
trn may CNC, no c
xac nh bng lnh a
Hnh 4-2: H toa tng i
ch G91.
4.3 Chng trnh vi vic lp trnh hn hp

Trong mt s trng hp, tuy theo c im cu th cua ban ve chi tit ch tao
ma vic lp trnh co th phai c tin hanh theo kiu hn hp gia chng trnh gia
cng trong h toa tuyt i va chng trnh gia cng trong h toa tng i.
Vi phng phap nay no cho phep chung ta mt mt co th s dung c toan b
min dung sai ma nha thit k a tnh toan v khng tin hanh giai lai chui kch
thc, mt khac se tranh c sai sot khng ang co trong qua trnh tnh toan va do
o co th at c chnh xac cao nht. Tuy vy trong qua trnh lp trnh gia cng
cn phai chu y va cn thn hn v d b nhm ln v gia tr toa (c bit vi
trng hp khi tin se ly theo toa cua ng knh hoc ban knh).
x
G90
G90
G91
G91
G90
G90
3
o7
o6 o5 o4
2 R2
R3
o3
o2
M2
o1
Hnh 4-3: H toa hn hp

18
4.4 Lp trnh vi vic chon trc gc cc (Polar origin preset G93)

Co mt s chi tit ma iu kin lp trnh c tr thanh n gian nu ta s
dung h toa co gc cc c chon trc, trong iu kin nay h iu khin CNC
cho phep chung ta tin hanh vic gia cng vi vic lp trnh thun li hn.
Trong h toa tuyt i
G90 X0 Y0 [ im P0]
G01 R100 Q0 [im P1]
G03
Q30 [im P2]
G01 R50 Q30 [im P3]
G03
Q60 [im P4]
G01 R100 Q60 [im P5]
G03
Q90 [im P6]
G01 R0 Q90[ im P0]
Trong h toa tng i

G90 X0 Y0
[iem P0]
G91 G01 R100 Q0 [im P1]
G03
Q30 [ im P2]
G01 R-50 Q0 [im P3]
G03
Q30 [im P4]
G01 R50 Q0 [im P5]
G03
Q30 [im P6]
G01 R-100 Q0 [im P0]
Y
P6
P5
600
P2
P4
P3
R50
R100
P0
300
P1
Hnh 4-4: Lp trnh vi vic chon trc gc cc (Fagor)
4.5 Cac hnh thc t chc lp trnh gia cng CNC

lp c mt chng trnh gia cng cn phai da trn cac c s sau :
Ban ve chi tit gia cng : Th hin c hnh dang cac b mt cn gia cng
(nh cac mt phng, mt tru, mt ranh then, mt nh hnh...) va kch thc cua cac
b mt o. Tt ca cac yu t trn y ngi ta goi la yu t hnh hoc va khi lp trnh
chuyn no thanh cac thng tin hnh hoc.
Yu cu ky thut cua b mt gia cng bao gm chnh xac kch thc
c c trng bng dung sai; Chiu cao nhp nh t vi Rz va sai lch chiu cao
nhp nh trung bnh Ra ( nham b mt); chnh xac v v tr tng quan nh
khng ng tm, khng vung goc... Cac yu t nay ngi ta goi la yu t cng
ngh va khi lp trnh th ngi ta chuyn no thanh cac thng tin cng ngh.
Nh vy co th tom tt s lp trnh gia cng NC nh sau :
- Cac thng tin hnh hoc - Se giup chung ta xy dng 1 chng trnh dch
chuyn li ct dung cu trong h toa c chon.
- Cac thng tin cng ngh - Se giup chung ta xac nh cac thng s v cng
ngh nh: Loai dung cu ct c chon va cac thng s v hnh hoc cua no nh goc
trc, goc sau, ban knh li ct... ; Cac thng s ch ct nh v, s, t va cac iu
kin khac nh bi trn, lam mat, be phoi ...; Cac bin phap cng ngh c la
chon nh dng co thi gian lam bong b mt, khoan theo kiu zichzc i vi
cac l su ly phoi ra, bu dao do s mai mon trong qua trnh gia cng...
19
Trn c s o, ngay nay co rt nhiu hnh thc lp trnh CNC khac nhau, tuy
theo c tnh cu th cua cac loai may CNC c trang b cung nh h iu khin va
muc ch s dung ma co th la chon cac phng phap mt cach thch hp.
4-5-1 Lp trnh bng tay trc tip trn may CNC

Vi cac may co cum iu khin s CNC c trang b cac ban phm chc
nng va man hnh hoa cho phep nhp trc tip cac cu lnh vao cum CNC.
giam thi gian chi ph cho vic tnh toan cac im trung gian, cac chiu day lat ct
va thi gian dng cn thit tai mi thi im cua mui khoan... thng th ngi ta b
tr vao cum CNC cac chng trnh con, cac s liu v toa cac im cn thit
ngi lp trnh co th ly chung ra bt ky luc nao cn thit.
lp trnh trc tip trn may CNC, ngi lp trnh phai bit s dung cac ky
thut menu va cac Soft - key trn cum iu khin CNC.
Sau khi a lp xong chng trnh, mun kim tra liu chng trnh c lp
co ung hay khng, co nguy c mt an toan hay gy ra va cham vi may, ga hay
khng ...Ngi ta se chay chng trnh m phong quy ao chuyn ng ct cua
dung cu trn man hnh theo chng trnh a c thit lp. Nu con co sai sot nao
th co th sa cha lai va kim tra cho n luc chn chn la ung th mi tin hanh
gia cng.
i vi ngi bt u hoc lp trnh gia cng cn thit phai theo phng phap
nay va phai at n mt trnh thanh thao trong x ly, thao tac va sa cha cac li
gp phai mi co th chuyn sang cac phng phap lp trnh khac.
4-5-2 Lp trnh bng tay trn cum CNC khac

Trong khi may CNC ang hoat ng, ngi ta co th chun b cho chung mt
chng trnh gia cng tip theo bng cach dung cac bang lp trnh CNC khac hay
cac may tnh trong h thng DNC. iu nay c bit rt thun li cho trong qua
trnh giang day, ao tao va thc hanh cung nh gia cng cac chi tit n gian
trong dang san xut n chic hay loat nho.
Vi phng phap nay, ta co th b tr cac cum lp trnh hay cac may tnh
ngay trong phn xng san xut thun li cho qua trnh day va thc hanh.
4-5-3 Lp trnh bng tay tai phn xng chun b chng trnh
Kiu lp trnh nay thch hp vi cac c s san xut cua cac nha may co nng
lc san xut ln hay thc hin mt hp ng bao gm nhiu chi tit lp ghep ma cn
20
phai thc hin trn nhiu may CNC. Khi o yu cu phai co phong lp trnh va co
cac ky s lp trnh u trnh v chuyn mn va kinh nghim v ngh nghip, c
bit la vi cac may 3D, 4D va 5D. Cac ky s lp trnh nay trc ht phai c trai
qua qua trnh lp trnh trc tip trong phn xng va phai at n trnh thanh
thao va co kinh nghim mi co th am nhim c cng vic.
Thng thng vic lp trnh c thc hin trn cac may tnh. V th nn ch
co nhng can b co u trnh kin thc va kinh nghim mi co th thc hin c
cng vic nay.
4-5-4 Lp trnh vi s h tr cua may tnh

Tng t nh lp trnh bng tay, nhng cac tnh toan trong qua trnh lp trnh
c giam xung mt cach ang k va thc hin nhanh hn nh trong cac may tnh
a c trang b cac b x ly, b ni suy va cha cac d liu cn thit ma ngi ta
co th s dung bt ky khi nao mun.
4-5-5 Lp trnh bng may

T c s CAD: Ve va thit k trn may tnh, ngi ta a a vao mt h
thng bin dch tr giup cho qua trnh lp trnh, sau khi a thit k xong chi tit,
ngi ta co th la chon quy trnh cng ngh gia cng va cach thc gia cng (Nh
ct th, ct ban tinh hay ct tinh va rt tinh, cac kiu tin hanh n dao...) va t kiu
c la chon o may tnh se thng qua b vi x ly (Processor) se xac nh mt
chng trnh gia cng thch hp di dang m ta cac qua trnh dch chuyn dung cu
va cac ch cng ngh tng ng. Cng vic tip theo la ma hoa chng trnh gia
cng trn do b hu x ly (Postprocessor) theo code cua h thng iu khin s
tng thch c lp trn may cho ra chng trnh gia cng thch hp vi ngn
ng may. Ky thut o goi la CAM. Hin nay, cac phn mm CAD/CAM cang ngay
cang manh hn va co nhiu chc nng hn cung nh gia thanh ngay cang re hn va
a cho phep ngi s dung rt thun li trong qua trnh lp chng trnh gia cng.
c bit la vi cac may 3D, 4D, 5D.
4-6 Ngn ng lp trnh

V ngn ng lp trnh cho cac may NC, ngi ta phn chia thanh 2 loai: ngn
ng lp trnh bng tay va ngn ng lp trnh t ng.
i vi ngn ng lp trnh bng tay, v c ban th hin nay a c tiu
chun hoa bi ISO. Tuy nhin cung con mt s quc gia, mt s hang ch tao may
21
vn co mt s ma code ring khac vi tiu chun ma no ch co th dung thch hp

trn cac thit b o. y cung la mt trong nhng vn gy kho khn va tr ngai
cho cac can b lp trnh v thoi quen khi s dung ngn ng a co trc o, c bit
la khi ma nha may hoc x nghip cua ho co rt nhiu loai may c san xut t
nhiu hang khac nhau (co th t nhiu ngun cung cp va tai tr...) V th, y cung
la vn ma cac nha u t cn phai tnh n khi mua sm may CNC (!).
4-6-1 Ngn ng lp trnh t ng

Vi ngn ng lp trnh bng may tnh hay con goi la lp trnh t ng , th v
c ban u da theo tiu chun thng nht - o goi la ngn ng lp trnh t ng
APT (Automatically Programmed Tools : cng cu lp trnh t ng). Ngn ng nay
c phat trin t Vin nghin cu cng ngh Illinoi cua My (Illinois Institute of
Technology Research Institution -IITRI). Hin nay no c s dung va ph bin
nht. Vi APT, cho phep lp chng trnh vi cac may 5D vi gm trn 3.000 t.
APT bao gm cac nhom c ban sau:
-
M ta kch thc va hnh dang hnh hoc cua chi tit gia cng.
M ta trnh t va quy ao chuyn ng cua dung cu ct.
iu khin cac c cu cua may cung nh thay i cac thng s ct got.
B sung cac chc nng chuyn dung nh chu trnh n dao, bu dao va cac
chc nng chuyn tip khac.
V thc cht, ngn ng APT la biu din mt chng trnh gia cng bng
cach m ta cac hoat ng cua dao cung vi cac chc nng ct got cua no bng cac
cu lnh trn c s vit tt cua cac t trong ting Anh.
V du:
Kch thc va hnh dang hnh hoc:
im
P = POINT. ( P1/20.0, 10.0, 0.0; P2/15.23, 20.5, 2.7)
ng thng
L = LINE.( L1/P1,P2; L2/P1, ATANG26).
ng tron
C = CTRCLE/X,Y,R = CIRCLE/CENTER,P1, RADIUS,R.
im c bit
P = POINT/INTOF, L1, L2(im ct nhau cua 2 ng L1,L2).
ng c bit
L = LINE/P2, PARLEL, L3( ng qua P2 va song song L3).
Mt phng
PL=PLANE.(PL1/P!, P2, P3: mt phng qua 3 im P1,P2,P3).

(PL2/P4, PARLEL,PL1: mt phng qua P4 va song song PL1).
22
V du:
L1 = LINE / 10,15,0,25,40,0 [nh ngha ng thng L1 i qua 2 im co
toa tng ng X,Y,Z la 10,15,0 va 25,40,0].
D5 = LINE / P1, PARLEL, D1 [ nh ngha ng thng D5 i qua im P1
va song song vi ng thng D1].
D10 = LINE / RIGHT. TANTO, C1. LEFT, TANTO, C2 [ nh ngha
ng thng D10 tip tuyn vi vong tron C1 pha bn phai va tip tuyn vi vong
tron C2 pha bn trai]
Y
D5
P1
D1
D10
40
C1
L1
C2
15
X
10
40
Hnh 4-5: V du v ngn ng APT

Quy ao chuyn ng:
MOTION COMMAND/DESCRIPTIVE DATA:
Lnh dch chuyn: GOTO. ( GOTO/P1dch chuyn n im P1).
(FROM/TARG t im xut phat).
(GODLTA tng tc dch chuyn dung cu).
Lnh bu dao:
TLLFT (Dao ct pha trai
chi tit).
TLLFT
TLON
TLRGT
PS
PS
PS
TLON (Khng bu dao,

tm dao c lp trnh).
TLRGH (Dao ct pha phai
chi tit).
Hnh 4-6: Bu dung cu
23
Cac mt phng chun:DS ( Drive surface: Mt nh hng dao ct).

PS (Part surface: Mt ay cua dao ct).
CS (Check surface: Mt chun ngng dch chuyn ct got).
Dung cu ct
Mt chun dng
ct got CS
Mt chun nh
hng dao DS
B mt gia cng
PS
Chi tit
Hnh 4-7: Cac b mt chun khac trn chi tit
nh v chnh xac dung cu: TO (Dung cu tip xuc vi pha trn mt phng CS)
ON (Dung cu nm gia mt phng CS ).
PAST( Dung cu tip xuc vi pha di mt phng CS).
TANTO (Dung cu tip xuc vi mt phng PS).
TO
ON
CS
PAST
Hnh 4-8: V tr dung cu so vi b

mt kt thuc gia cng
Hng chuyn ng: GOLFT (Dch chuyn dung cu sang phai).

GORGT (Dch chuyn dung cu sang trai).
GOFWP (Dch chun dung cu v pha trc).
GOBACK (Lui dung cu v phia sau).
GOUP ( Dch chuyn dung cu ln).
GODOWN (Dch chuyn dung cu v pha di).
24
GOUP
GLFT
GOBACK
GORGT
GODOWN
Hnh 4-9: Cac hng chuyn ng cua dung cu
Hng quay hoc ni suy: CW (clockwise - Theo chiu kim ng h).

CCW (Counter-clockwise - ngc chiu kim ng h).
Cac lnh iu khin may va cac lnh b sung:
Dung dch trn ngui:
COOLNT (coolant).
Ct:
CUTTER (cutter)
Dch chuyn:
MOVE (move).
Chay nhanh:
RAPID (rapid).
Dung cu:
TOOL (tool).
Tc ct:
FEDRAT (feedrat).
Giam tc tai nhng ni chuyn tip tranh ct lem:

Kt thuc:
MCHTOL
END hoc FINI....
Trn c s cua APT, a co nhiu ngn ng khac ra i va v c ban no la

mt tp ring cua APT. V du :
EXAPT (Extended Subset of APT : Tp m rng cua APT) Ngoai vic m ta
d liu hnh hoc, EXAPT con cho phep m ta ca cng ngh cua chi tit gia cng
(c).
TELEPART : Do IBM phat trin va co kha nng truyn qua mang telephone
chuyn vao cac may tnh s dung...
V du dch chuyn t im n im:
ORG 1 = POINT / 0, 0, 0 [ im gc]
FROM / ORG 1 [D/c t im gc]
GOTO / 1, 1.5, 0 [Toa im n]
25
GOTO / 2, 2, 0 [Toa im n]
GOTO /2, 0.5,0 [Toa im n]
Y
2.0
1.5
0.5
X
1
Hnh 4-10: iu khin im

V du 2: Dch chuyn theo bin dang (contour)
TLLFT, GOFWD / D1
GORGT / D1, PAST, C1
GORGT / C1, TO, D2
GOF WD / D2, PAST, D3
GORGT / D3, ON, D1
Y
C1
D1
D2
D3
X
Hnh 4-11: iu khin theo bin dang
4-6-2 Ngn ng lp trnh bng tay

Trong phn nay, ch chu yu gii thiu ngn ng lp trnh bng tay hay con
goi la ngn ng may ma mi ky t cua no c xac nh theo ma nh phn 8 bt theo
ASCII (Americal Standare Code for Information Interchange). V c ban ma nay
cung ging nh tiu chun ISO va DIN 66024.
26
Bang ma code ISO va EIA
ISO
Cac ng thng tin
EIA
8 7 6 5 4
c tnh
K hiu
Bt u chng trnh
Du +
Du -
3 2 1
Tp hp cac l
3 2 1
K hiu
Tp hp cac l
EOR
8 7 6 5 4
Cac ch s
Toa , goc quay
Toa , goc quay
N0 Hiu chnh dung cu
Tham s m rng
Tc tin dao
Chc nng chun b
N0 cua chng trnh con
a ch ni suy
a ch ni suy
a ch ni suy
N0 cua tham s lp trnh
Chc nng phu
S Block
Toa , goc quay
27
P
Cac tham s khac
Chuyn ng th 2 song
song vi truc Y
Chuyn ng th 2 song
song vi truc Z
Toa theo truc X
Toa theo truc Y
Toa theo truc Z
Phn chia chng trnh

con
Nhay vao Block c chon
Lui ban dao
CR
Kt thuc 1 Block
LF
Bt u li giai thch
Kt thuc li giai thch
Khoang cach
SP
Kt thuc chng trnh
XOFF
Nhay ln u
HT
Thoat
DEL
Rng
NUL
EOB
SP
Chuyn ng th 2 song
song vi truc X
S dung cu
Tc quay truc chnh
BS
TAB
DEL
NUL
Bit th 8 la bit kim tra , Vi ma ISO tt ca cac hang phai co bit 1 la chn.
Bit th 7 co cac bit 1 la dung cho cac ch cai.
Bit th 5 va 6 dung cho cac ky t s thp phn.
Bit 1, 2, 3, 4 dung cho cac gia tr s trong h nh phn.
V du : G = 01000111
X = 11011000
M = 01001101
...
28
Trn c s cua cac ky t, chng trnh c hnh thanh t cac block va mi

block gm cac t chng trnh hay goi la t lnh va mi t lnh c hnh thanh t
cac ky t va cac con s ng sau no.
V du : N15 G01 X40 Y50 Z75 F30 S1200
la 1 block
Trong o : N15 : S cu lnh theo th t cua chng trnh

G01 : T lnh iu khin s dch chuyn thng cua dung cu co ct got (linear
Interpolation).
X40 ; Y50 ; Z75 : Toa cac im n (trong h toa X, Y, Z)
F30 : F lng chay dao : (Feedrate ) 30mm/ph hoc inch/ph.
S1200 : S vong quay truc chnh (Speed) 1200 v/ph hoc tc ct m/ph,
(inch)/ph.
a. S th t cu lnh : (Block number - N .....)

S th t nay dung kim tra chng trnh - May khng oc, nhng no co
tac dung khi nhay vao cac chng trnh con -. No co th anh s t ng khi lp
trnh. Cng sai cua no co th la 1 hay 2 ; 5 ; 10 ... tuy y).Thng thng khi lp trnh
trc tip ta co th t s block u tin va s cua block tip theo va may co th hoan
toan t ng anh s cac block tip sau theo cng sai a chon.
b. Chc nng chun b G (Geometric Function - G code)

Chc nng G thng thng c ghep thm sau 2 ch s t G00 n G99
dung iu khin s dch chuyn cua dung cu (chc nng dch chuyn). Trong
mt s h iu khin co th co n 3 ch s va ch s th 3 c quy nh ring
theo ma code cua hang ch tao may o. Sau y gii thiu cac chc nng G code
thng dung c quy nh theo ISO va c dung hu ht cho cac h iu khin s
hin nay.
G : Chay dao nhanh ( Positioning Rapid): Modal
Trong qua trnh dch chuyn, dung cu khng thc hin vic ct got, lng
chay dao khi dch chuyn la ln nht (gia tr nay tuy theo tng loai may va tng nha
san xut quy nh va a c mc nh trong may). Thng thng chc nng nay
tng ng vi khi nh v nhanh dung cu nhm giam ang k thi gian phu.
Dang cu lnh: N _ G00 X_ Y_ Z_
29
Trong o, toa X, Y, Z la toa cua im n ( End point). Trong qua

trnh dch chuyn, quy ao chuyn ng cua dung cu co th c thc hin theo
kiu ti u hay theo tng truc ring re nh a noi phn trc. Chc nng nay
(modal) chi phi cho tt ca cac cu lnh tip sau nu nh cha co mt chc nng
G01, G02, G03 huy bo no.
G01: Ni suy tuyn tnh (Linear Interpolation):Modal
Trong qua trnh dch chuyn, dung cu ct se thc hin qua trnh ct got.
Lng chay dao va tc ct co th c chon hoc tnh toan tuy theo yu cu cua
qua trnh gia cng la th hoc tinh va phai c goi vao trong cu lnh.
Dang cu lnh: N_ G01 X_ Y_ Z_ F_ S_
Trong o: X, Y, Z la toa cua im n, F la lng chay dao (Feedrate) va
S la tc ct m/ph (hoc co th la tc quay cua truc chnh v/ph) (Speed).Cung
nh trn, chc nng nay se chi phi cho tt ca cac cu lnh tip sau nu nh cha
co mt chc nng G00, G02, G03 huy bo no.
G02: Ni suy vong tron theo chiu kim ng h (Circular Interpolation
Clockwise CW): Modal
Trong qua trnh dung cu dch chuyn theo vong tron thun chiu kim ng
h, dung cu se thc hin qua trnh ct got. Lng chay dao va tc ct khi gia
cng c chon tuy thuc vao vt liu ch tao dao, vt liu gia cng va yu cu v
cht lng cua qua trnh gia cng va phai c a vao cu lnh. Cung nh trn,
chc nng nay la modal.
V du:
...
50
I 5.0
N15G02 X40 Y10 I5 J-20 F15 S800 (B)

N20 G01 Y0 F20 S100
A (Startpoint)
30
J-20
N10 G01 X30 Y50 F20 S1000 (im A)
Oi Center
...
10
Trong o: X30, Y50 la toa cua im

B Endpoint
u(A) va X40, Y10 la toa cua im cui
0
B. I la toa cua tm Oi so vi toa cua
X
30 35 40
im u tnh theo phng X co tnh n du
(I = 5.0); J la toa cua tm Oi so vi toa
Hnh 4-12: Ni suy ng tron theo
cua im u tnh theo phng Y co tnh n
chiu kim ng h
du (J= - 20).
30
Dang cu lnh: N_ G02 X_ Y_ Z_ I_ J_ K_ F_ S_

Hoc :
N_ G02 X_ Y_ Z_ R _ F_ S_
Trong o: X, Y, Z la toa cua im n (Endpoint); I, J, K la toa cua tm

vong tron ni suy so vi toa cua im u (im bt u thc hin ni suy vong
tron) tng ng vi cac truc X, Y, Z co tnh n du (Startpoint); R la ban knh
vong tron ni suy, cn chu y rng khi s dung tham s nay ch cho phep gii han
trong mt cung chuyn ng ni suy ln nht la 90O ( vi tham s nay th ch co trn
mt s cum CNC c ma hoa); F va S nh a c gii thiu trn. Chu y la khi
xac nh toa I, J, K, ta phai tnh toan no trong h toa tng i vi gc toa
la im bt u ni suy vong tron.
G03: Ni suy vong tron ngc chiu kim ng h (Circular Interpolation
Counter):Modal
Dang cu lnh: N_ G03 X_ Y_ Z_ I_ J_ K_ F_ S_
Hoc : N_ G03 X_ Y_ Z_ R_ F_ S_
Y ngha cua cac ch cai trong cu lnh cung nh trng hp trn. Ch khac
G03 la thc hin vic ni suy ngc chiu kim ng h. Chc nng G03 cung la
modal.
V du:
...
N100 G00 X95 Y20 ( n im A)
N105 G01 X120 Y60 F20 S1000 (B)

N110 G03 X50 Y150 I-40 J40 F15 (C)
C (Endpoint)
Toa cua tm ng tron ni

suy Oi so vi toa cua im u B
theo truc X la I = -40 (nho hn so vi
toa cua XB) va theo truc Y la J =
40 (ln hn so vi toa cua YB).
Trong trng hp tin chi tit
trn may tin, h thng toa cua may
thng c s dung la XOZ va khi
lp chng trnh gia cng th ngi ta
co th thit lp chng trnh theo toa
cua X la ban knh hay ng knh
150
Oi (Centre)
100
60
J40
...
B
(Startpoint)
20
20
I-40
50
OHnh
80
95
120
4-1350: Ni suy
g tron ng
80
100 n120
X c
chiu kim ng h
31
tuy thuc vc chon h thng toa la tng i hay tuyt i. Tuy nhin khi tnh
toa I va K cua tm vong tron th lun lun ngi ta phai tnh trong h toa
tng i ma gc toa cua no chnh la im bt u vong tron ni suy. Cung
tng t nh chc nng G02, ngi ta co th lp chng trnh theo toa tm hoc
la theo tham s ban knh nu cung tron ni suy nho hn 900. Chc nng nay cung la
modal.
Dang cu lnh:
N_ G03 X_ Z_ I_ K_ F_ S_
Hoc : N_ G03 X_ Z_ R_ F_ S_
V du:
N35 G00 X0 Z0
N40 G03 X45 Z-15 I0 K-25 F20 S1000
N45 G01 X_ Z_ F25 S1200
.N40 G03 X45 Z-15 R25 F20 S1000

N45 G01 X_ Z_ F25 S1200
..
Hoc (hnh b):
N35 X0 Z150
N40 G03 X45 Z135 I0 K-25 F20 S1000
N45 G01 X_ Z_ F25 S1200
...
...
Hoc:
N35 G00 X0 Z0
X
45
45
R25
R25
Center
Center
-15
125
-25
135
a)
b)
150
Hnh 4-14: Ni suy ng tron theo gc toa trn may tin

G04: Dng co thi gian ( Dwell/ interruption of block preparation).
Khi gia cng, ngi ta dng chuyn ng n dao trong mt khoang thi gian
theo yu cu nhm muc ch nng cao bong va chnh xac, th du khi khoan
hoc khoet vi khoang dch chuyn dung cu a u chiu su, ngi ta dng chuyn
32
ng n dao trong khoang thi gian K giy (K sec) tng ng vi lng tin dao F =
0 trong khoang thi gian la K sec.
V du:
N20 G01 Z57.5 F12 S1000
N25 G04 X3 [Thi gian duy tr tai v tri cui cung la 3s vi F = 0]
Tuy theo cac h iu khin s khac nhau ma co tham s c goi la khac
nhau, co th la X, K, P...
Chc nng nay ch co chi phi trong cu lnh khi co G04, sau cu lnh nay
no khng con tac dung.
G16 La chon mt phng chnh ni suy (Selection of main plane in two
directions): Modal
Chc nng nay c t phn u cua cac chc nng G17, G18, G19 i
1
2
vi cac may 2D , 3D, 4D, 5D bao hiu cho h iu khin CNC bit mt phng
nao trong h thng toa X, Y, Z se c la chon gia cng. Chc nng nay la
modal va se b huy bo bi mt trong cac chc nng G17 hoc G18 hoc G19 i kem
ngay sau no.
G17; G18; G19 Cac mt phng ni suy chnh XOY; XOZ; YOZ: Modal
V du :
Z
G17
G02
G03
G02
G02
G18
G03
G19
G03
O
Hnh 4-15: Cac mt phng ni suy
Cac chc nng nay se chi phi cho tt ca cac cu lnh tip theo cho n
chng nao co cac chc nng cung ho la mt trong chc nng trn huy bo no va thit
lp mt phng gia cng mi.
33
G20/G70: n v o lng c s dung la inch (Inch units ). Modal

Thng thng chc nng nay c b tr phn u cua chng trnh
khng nh h thng o lng nao c s dung trong chng trnh gia cng, no chi
phi khng ch gia tr toa cua cac im lp trnh ma con chi phi ca lng chay
dao va tc ct tnh theo h thng n v nao. Tuy nhin co mt s h iu khin,
cac nha ch tao may CNC a cai t sn chng trnh mc nh h thng o lng
la inch hoc milimet, trong trng hp o, ta ch goi chc nng nay vao trong
chng trnh ch khi nao h thng o lng o khac vi h thng o lng mc
nh. Chc nng nay la modal
G21/G71: n v o lng c s dung la milimetre ( Metric units). Modal
Cung tng t nh trn, khi goi chc nng nay vao trong chng trnh, tt ca
moi toa dch chuyn cua dung cu u c xac nh theo h o lng
milimet. Chc nng nay la modal.
G28 : T ng tr v im chun (Automatic return to reference point):
Khi t chc nng nay vao u hoc cui chng trnh, may se t g tr v
im chun luc bt u gia cng va khi kt thuc vic gia cng. Cng vic nay co
mt y ngha quan trong i vi cac may phay v hu ht cac may nay u thay dao
t ng va khi thay dao th may phai tr v im chun tranh s va cham co th
xy ra.
G29 : T ng tr v t im chun (Automatic return from reference point):
Chc nng nay se goi dung cu ang im chun sau khi thay dao tr v b
mt ang gia cng.
G40 : Huy bo s bu ban knh dao (Cancelling tool radius compensation) .
Modal.
Tuy thuc vao may tin hoc phay ma vic huy bo lng bu ban knh dao la
theo ban knh mui dao hoc 1/2 ng knh dao phay ngon.
Trong thc t cua qua trnh gia cng, dao se b mai mon dn va se lam cho
kch thc cua dao thay i va kt qua se lam giam chnh xac gia cng. Mt
khac, mui ct cua dao tin khng phai la nhon nh ta quan nim ma no co mt ban
knh r ma chnh no se gy ra sai s khi gia cng. V vy cn thit phai co lng bu
ban knh dao am bao chnh xac gia cng theo yu cu. Khi ta phay cac ranh
bng dao phay ngon hoc khi ta s dung phng phap lp chng trnh theo quy ao
khoang cach tng ng th khi o co th ta khng s dung chng trnh bu ban
knh v khi o chnh quy ao chuyn ng cua li ct chnh la bin dang b mt gia
cng. Chc nng nay la modal.
34
G41: Bu ban knh khi li ct nm pha bn trai b mt gia cng ( Left- hand
tool radius compensation ). Modal
Khi goi n chc nng nay, h thng iu khin s se thc hin vic bu ban
knh dao khi dao ct pha trai cua b mt gia cng. Khi o ngi lp chng trnh
ch lp theo kch thc thc trn ban ve, con quy ao chuyn ng thc cua tm dao
c h thng CNC tnh toan va iu khin qua trnh dch chuyn cua dung cu. c
bit la tai cac im ct nhau hoc tip xuc vi nhau gia cac ng thng vi ng
thng, ng thng vi ng cong va gia cac ng cong vi nhau th h thng
iu khin s se t tnh toan xac nh quy ao dch chuyn cua no mt cach ti u.
Chc nng nay se co tac dung cho cac cu lnh tip sau nu nh cha co mt chc
nng G40 hoc G42 huy bo no.
Chu y la trc khi goi chc nng nay, cn phai goi chc nng G40 huy bo
cac chc nng khac ma co th ang tip tuc tac dung nhm tranh cac sai sot ang
tic co th xy ra. Chc nng nay cung vi chc nng G42 thng ch goi n khi
thc hin qua trnh gia cng, con khi nh v nhanh dung cu hoc khi dao lui khoi b
mt gia cng th thng phai s dung chc nng G40.
G42 : Bu ban knh khi li ct nm pha bn phai b mt gia cng (Right-hand
tool radius compensation) . Modal
Chc nng nay se thng bao cho h iu khin s xac nh quy ao dch
chuyn cua tm dao khi dao ct pha bn phai cua chi tit. Cac tnh cht cung tng
t nh chc nng G41. V du:
G41
Dao
Quy ao khoang
cach tng ng
G40
Quy ao
tm dao
khi bu dao
G41
a)
b)
Hnh 4-16: Quy ao cua tm dao khi bu dao (b) va khng bu dao (a)
35
G53 Lp chng trnh t gc toa cua may M ( Programming with respect to

machine zero).
Y
V du: Khi lp trnh vi

G53( Fagor)
70
20
G90 G01 X30 Y20

G90 G53 G01 X100 Y70
60
10
M: Machine Reference
Hnh 4-17: Lp trnh vi G53
10
30
W: Part Zero
100
G54 - G57: Dch chuyn im Zero ( Absolute zero offset1,2,3,4). Modal

Vi chc nng G54, G55, G56, G57 se c lp trnh gia cng khi cho im
chun cua may M trung vi im chun cua chng trnh P hoc W. Khi s dung
chc nng nay cn phai thc hin vic lam dch chuyn im chun (thng goi la
zero offset) ng nht im gc chng trnh vi im gc o lng cua may.
Chc nng nay ch b huy bo cho n khi co cac chc nng G53 va cac chc nng
G58, G59 xut hin.
G58- G59 : Dch chuyn b sung im zero ( Additive zero offset 1 and 2).
Modal
X
G90
G54 - G57
M
P1
G90
G90
Z
G58
G90
G91
P2
Hnh 4-18: V du v chc nng dch chuyn b sung G58, G59
Chc nng G58 va G59 v c ban cung tng t nh chc nng G54 - G57co
ngha la khi goi n chc nng nay th im chun cua may M trung vi toa cua
im ma tai o co G57 va G58 c goi. Chc nng nay bao gi cung phai nm sau
chc nng G54 - G57 v no se thc hin mt phep di gc toa cua im P. Chc
nng nay la modal.
36
G90 : Lp trnh trong h toa tuyt i ( Absolute programming) . Modal

Chc nng nay se t cho h iu khin thc hin cac phep tnh toan thng
nht cac toa dch chuyn cua dung cu n mt im gc P c nh. Khi s dung
chc nng nay trn cac may tin th ngi ta quy nh toa cua no c xac nh
theo ng knh. Chc nng nay ch b huy bo cho n khi nao co chc nng G91
xut hin.
G 91: Lp trnh trong h toa tng i (Incremental programming). Modal
Chc nng nay se thng bao cho h iu khin bit khi tnh toan toa dch
chuyn cua dung cu tai mi im n se c tnh toan so vi toa cua im n
ngay trc o. Khi lp chng trnh vi chc nng nay trn may tin th toa cua
ban knh chi tit se c thit lp. Chc nng nay la modal.
G92 : Chon trc gc chng trnh ( Coordinate preset) .
Vi chc nng nay ngi ta co th lp chng trnh theo h toa c chon
trc bt ky tai im nao trong khng gian hoat ng cua may.
V du
G90 X50 Y150 ; in P0
G91 X30 Z-30 ; im P2

Z-30 ; im P3
X10
; im P1
; im P4
30 40 60 75
G92 X0 Z0
P7
P6
P5
P4
P3
P2
P0
X20 Z-30 ; im P5
P1
Z-35 ; im P6
25
60
90
120
150
Hnh 4-19: Chng trnh vi h toa dung chc nng G92

G93: Chon gc toa cc ( Polar origin preset).
Vic t gc toa cc co th c la chon bt ky im nao trong khng
gian lam vic cua may sao cho qua trnh lp chng trnh gia cng c n gian
hn.
V du:
G90
X0 Y0 : im P0
37
G93
I35 J30; Chon im P3

lam gc toa cc
Y
P2
G90 G01 R25 Q0; Ni suy ng

thng t P0 n P1.
25
G03
Q90; Ni suy vong
tron ngc chiu kim ng
h n im P2
30
G01 X0 Y0 ; Ni suy ng
thng n im P0
P0
P3
35
P1
Hnh 4-20: Chng trnh trong toa cc
G94 : Tc tin dao tnh bng (inch hoc mm) / phut (Feedrate in millimeters
( inches ) per min)(Sph). Modal
Chc nng nay thng c t u chng trnh quy nh lng tin
dao F la lng tin dao phut. Kt hp vi cac chc nng G20/ G70 hoc G21/G71
ma lng tin dao c tnh bng inch/ph hoc milimet/ph. Chc nng nay ch c
huy bo cho n khi nao chc nng G95 xut hin.
G95 : Tc tin dao tnh bng (inch hoc mm) / vong (Feedrate in millimeters
(inches) per rev) - Sv). Modal
Cung tng t nh chc nng G94, chc nng nay quy nh lng tin dao F
trong chng trnh la lng tin dao vong, no co th la inch/vg hoc mm/vg la tuy
thuc vao chc nng G20/G70 hoc G21/G71 c goi trc o. Chc nng nay la
modal.
G96: Tc ct b mt bng hng s (Constant surface speed - V = m/ph).
Modal
Chc nng nay thng t phn u chng trnh nhm quy nh tc ct
khi gia cng c tnh la tc dai. Kt hp vi G20/G70 hoc G21/G71 ma co
n v tnh la inch/ph hoc met/ph. Trong trng hp tin cac chi tit co kch thc
ng knh khac nhau hoc cac b mt cn, b mt nh hnh th am bao tc
ct la hng s do vy ma tc quay truc chnh thay i t ng lin tuc. Cung thy
rng khi yu cu nham b mt chi tit la kht khe hoc khi gia cng tinh, ln cui
ngi ta mi s dung chc nng nay. Chc nng nay chi phi toan b cac thng s
tc ct S trong chng trnh la tc dai va no ch b huy bo cho n khi nao
co chc nng G97 xut hin.
38
G97 : Tc quay cua truc chnh ( chi tit hoc dao) bng hng s ( Constant
tool center speed - n = vg/ph) Modal
Cung tng t nh chc nng G96, chc nng nay quy nh tc ct S
trong chng trnh la tc quay vg/ph, no co th la tc cua chi tit khi tin hay
cua dao phay khi phay. Chc nng nay la modal.
Ngoai ra con mt s chc nng chun b khac ma tuy theo mi h thng CNC
cua cac nha ch tao quy nh thm i vi tng loai may cu th nhm muc ch
thun tin hn cho qua trnh vn hanh va s dung. Th du cac chng trnh con, cac
chu trnh gia cng th hoc tinh, cac chu trnh ct ren co bc u hoc thay i,
cac chu trnh khoan hoc cac chu trnh gia cng tui (hoc hc) ...Cac chc nng nay
se c s dung i vi mi loai may thch hp, v vy iu quan trong nht cua can
b lp chng trnh la phai nm bt mt cach tng quat nht cac ni dung c ban
cua cac chc nng trong khi vn hanh co th tranh nhng nhm ln ang tic co
th xy ra.
c. Chc nng phu (Miscellaneous Function - M code)

Chc nng phu M dung kim tra va iu khin cac chc nng hoat ng
cua may nh cho truc chnh quay thun, nghch; dng truc chnh; ti dung dch
trn ngui ch phun sng hoc phun tia; tt dung dch trn ngui; dng co
iu kin va khng iu kin chng trnh; kep va thao chi tit...
M00: Dng chng trnh (Program stop):
May se ngng ngay sau khi thc hin xong cac cu lnh M00. Mun hoat
ng tr lai cn phai n nut khi ng. Khi thc hin xong cu lnh M00 th ca cac
chc nng dng truc chnh M05 va tt dung dch trn ngui M09 cung hoat ng.
M01: Dng chng trnh co la chon ( Optional program stop) :
Cung tng t nh M00 nhng lnh nay ch co hiu lc khi nut ngng la
chon a c n (Optional stop)
M02 : Kt thuc chng trnh ( Program end) :
May dng ngay sau khi thc hin xong cu lnh co chc nng M02 va kt
thuc mt chng trnh gia cng. Mun gia cng tip tuc cn phai thao tac lai nh t
ban u.
39
M03: Truc chnh quay thun chiu kim ng h ( Spindle on clockwise):

Vi chc nng nay may se thc hin chuyn ng quay theo chiu kim ng
h nu nhn vao truc chnh. Khi o, cac dung cu ct cn phai c lp t ung
tranh tnh trang gay v dao.
M04: Truc chnh quay ngc chiu kim ng h (Spindle on counterclockwise):
Chc nng nay tng t nh chc nng M03 nhng quy nh chiu quay cua
truc chnh la ngc chiu kim ng h khi nhn vao pha u truc chnh. Chc nng
nay thng c s dung trn may phay vi cac dao phay va khoan trai.
M05: Dng truc chnh (Spindle stop):
Khi khng thc hin ct got nh thay dao bng tay hoc cn dng may
quan sat hay o kim, ta s dung chc nng nay dng truc chnh nhm thc hin
cac thao tac cn thit. Khi goi n chc nng nay, tt ca cac chc nng khac nh
ti dung dch trn ngui, chuyn ng ni suy n dao F va cac chuyn ng chay
dao nhanh... u dng theo.
M06 : Thay dung cu t ng( Tool change):
Chc nng nay c t vao trong chng trnh trn cac may co b phn
thay dao t ng nh u R von ve cua may tin, trn cac may phay co cha dao
hoc trn cac trung tm gia cng. Khi chc nng nay c goi, may se t ng lui
tr v im chun hoc mt v tr nao o ma co th am bao an toan cho qua trnh
thay dao khng b va cham vao phi hay vao may, ng thi tt ca cac chuyn ng
cua truc chnh va chuyn ng chay dao, cac chc nng bi trn dung dch trn
ngui u dng khi may thc hin vic thay dao.
M07, M08: M dung dch bi trn lam ngui ch phun sng hoc phun tia
( Coolant on):
Khi goi n chc nng nay, ng c bm dung dch trn ngui se hoat ng
ti dung dch vao vung gia cng. Tuy theo chc nng M08 hay M07 c goi
trong chng trnh ma bm dung dch trn ngui se hoat ng ch ti cuc b
di dang phun tia vao vung gia cng nh khi khoan, khoet, doa hoc tin hay dang
phun trong din rng nh khi phay.
M09: Tt dung dch bi trn ( Coolant off):
Chc nng nay khi c goi se tt ng c bm dung dch lam ngui. Trong
trng hp chc nng M05 c goi th chnh chc nng nay cung hoat ng tc la
tt ng c bm.
M10 : Kep phi ( Clamps on):
40
M11 : Thao chi tit ( Clamps off):

Chc nng M10 va M11 thng thng c b tr cac trung tm gia cng
hoc cac may cng nghip hin ai vi kch thc chi tit gia cng ln hoc trn cac
dy chuyn cng ngh co s dung robot cp phi va thao chi tit t ng.
M30: Kt thuc chng trnh va quay tr lai t u ( Program end, reset to start):
Chc nng nay v c ban nh chc nng M02, tuy nhin iu khac bit y
la chc nng nay khi c goi se thc hin vic lp lai s hoat ng cua chng
trnh gia cng chi tit va mi kt thuc ngay trc o ma khng cn co s can thip
cua con ngi.
Cung tng t nh chc nng chun b G code, chc nng M code cung tuy
thuc vao cac nha san xut may CNC quy nh nhm muc ch m rng thm kha
nng s dung va vn hanh may. V vy theo tng loai may va tng h iu khin ma
co thm cac chc nng M code khac nhau. Thng thng chc ng G code va M
code co gia tr t G00- G99 va M00- M99.
d. Mt s ky hiu khac
Ngoai cac chc nng G va M nh a trnh bay trn, trong cac h thng may
iu khin theo chng trnh s con s dung mt s ky t khac ma oi hoi cac nha
lp trnh cn phai lam quen:
A,B,C : Cac chuyn ng quay xung quanh cac truc OX, OY, OZ.
D ,E: Chuyn ng quay th hai hoc th 3 xung quanh mt truc khac.
F : Lng chay dao (Feedrat) .
I,J,K : Thng s toa tm vong tron ni suy (hoc bc ren) song song vi
cac truc X,Y,Z.
P,Q,R: Chuyn ng tnh tin th 3 song song vi truc X,Y,Z hoc cac thng
s hiu chnh dao).
S: Tc ct (Speed).
T: S hiu dao (Tool).
U,V,W: Chuyn ng tnh tin th hai sng song vi truc X,Y,Z.
X,Y,Z : Chuyn ng theo cac truc toa .
41
CHNG V
LP CHNG TRNH GIA CNG TRN MAY

Trc khi lp chng trnh gia cng chi tit, ngi lp trnh cn phai co y
u cac tai liu cn thit cung nh cn phai nm vng cac ky thut lp trnh.
Cac tai liu bao gm:
- Ban ve chi tit va cac yu cu ky thut kem theo nh nham b mt,
chnh xac kch thc (th hin bng dung sai), chnh xac v v tr tng quan, vt
liu chi tit gia cng va cac yu cu v gia cng nhit.
- Quy trnh cng ngh va trnh t cac nguyn cng hay bc cng ngh trn
c s phn tch cac chuyn ng co th thc hin c trn mi mt may NC va cac
kha nng at chnh xac va cac yu cu ky thut khac.
- Cac thng s cua may NC: Nh cng sut co th ln nht cua truc chnh,
cua ban chay phi hay dao, cac thng s va khoang tc ct hay tc dch
chuyn co th cua may.
1
2
- Nm vng h iu khin cua may la 2D, 3D, 2D , 4D hoc 5D va kha

nng x ly vi chnh xac cho phep.
- Nm vng cac loai dung cu, ma hoa cac s hiu dao, thng s ct got (v, s,
t) va tui bn cua dao.
- Bit cach s dung cac loai dung cu o o kim chi tit va dung cu ct
theo cach o trc tip trn dung cu hay o ngay trn may.
- Thng thao vi cac bang ma G code va M code.
- Bit xac nh quy ao dch chuyn cua li ct dung cu, xac nh cac thng
s ct got tai tng oan theo yu cu cua vt liu chi tit gia cng va ch gia
cng.
- Thng thao cac phep tnh toan lng giac.
lp chng trnh gia cng chi tit hoc soan thao mt chng trnh m
phong, ngi ta phai t no vao trong mt h toa c nh gn vi chi tit. Vic
t gc toa u la tuy thuc vao iu kin sao cho n gian nht trong qua
trnh lp trnh ( giam c khi lng tnh toan).
Qua trnh lp chng trnh gia cng chi tit co th s dung h toa tuyt i
va tng i hoc phi hp gia h toa tuyt i va h toa tng i.
42
5.1 phng phap chung khi lp chng trnh gia cng

Theo nguyn tc chung khi lp chng trnh gia cng th thng thng ngi ta
quan tm n cac yu t hnh hoc ma theo o cac lnh iu khin cac chc nng
dch chuyn dung cu theo mt quy ao a c thit lp trn ban ve. Vn chiu
day lp ct ti u hoc cach thc tin hanh n dao nh th nao thng thng a co
cac chc nng h tr nm trong cac chng trnh con hay cac chu trnh gia cng th,
ban tinh hoc tinh. Cac chu trnh nay c quy nh theo tng loai h thng iu
khin do nha ch tao cung cp va ngi can b lp trnh cn phai thng thao s
dung khi cn.
T ban ve ch tao chi tit va ban ve s nguyn cng, ta chia contua
(ng bin hay bin dang) thanh cac oan thng, cac ng cong, tnh toan toa
cua cac im ct nhau gia 2 oan thng, ng cong va oan thng hoc 2 cung
cong; tnh toan cac im tip xuc gia ng thng va ng cong hoc gia 2
ng cong da trn c s cua h toa Decard nh a noi trc y.
Chon hanh trnh ct va vit cac lnh dch chuyn li ct cua dung cu theo
cac im trn contua theo trnh t t toa cua im bt u n toa cua im
n cho n v tr cui cung cua bin dang.
La chon dao ct cho trn mi oan gia cng mt cach thch hp vi qua
trnh gia cng th hay tinh va tranh tnh trang xy ra s tip xuc hay va cham gia
mt sau dao va chi tit gia cng, gia may va ga... , b sung vao cac iu kin
khac nh dng may co thi gian, tam dng quan sat hay kim tra, ti hoc tt
dung dch trn ngui, thay dao...
B sung thm cac lnh v cng ngh lin quan n ch gia cng nh gia
cng th, tinh..., cac lnh bu dao, lnh s dung h thng toa , n v o...
Sau khi a soan thao xong chng trnh, cn phai a no vao h thng iu
khin s cua may thc hin vic gia cng. Ngi lp trnh phai bit s dung cac
chc nng va cac thao tac cn thit nh dch chuyn im gc, bu dao... trn cac
cum CNC.
Sau khi a chuyn chng trnh gia cng vao trong may, cn phai thc hin
chay th bng ky thut m phong kim tra lai ln cui va sa cha chng trnh
nu co sai sot. Ch khi nao am bao chc chn rng khng con li th mi co th
thc hin vic gia cng thc.
V du 1:
Gia cng cac l trn chi tit theo cac toa sau:
43
Ngi ta tin hanh thit lp toa cua cac im trong h toa tuyt i hay
tng i nh sau:
Y
G91
Y
im
40
40
40
40
15
55
-25
15
15
15
-40
105
15
90
75
40
-30
25
105
55
30
15
30
70
im
15
G90
40
35
15
15
X
15
120
Hnh 5-1: Ban ve ch tao chi tit
a. Lp chng trnh gia cng trong h toa tuyt i
%
N5 G90 G21G40 G97 G94
(H toa tuyt i; n v o mm; Huy
bo bu dao; Quy nh v tc ct la vg/ph, lng tin dao mm/ph)
N10 M06 T01
N15 G00 X0 Y0 Z5
N20 M03 S1000
N25 X40 Y40
(Thay dao t ng , s hiu dao T01 la mui khoan)

(Chay dao nhanh n toa X0, Y0 va Z5)
(Truc chnh quay theo chiu thun kim ng h,
tc quay 1000vg/ph)
(Chay dao nhanh n im P1)
N30 G01 Z-15 F100 M08 (Gia cng l 1 vi chiu su l gia cng la 15 mm,
lng tin dao 100mm/ph, ti dung dch bng phun tia)
N35 G00 X15 Y55 Z5
N40 G01 Z-15
N45 G00 X15 Y15 Z5
N50 G01 Z-15
N55 G00 X105 Y15 Z5
(Rut dao nhanh ln khoi l va

chay dao nhanh n im P2)
(Gia cng l 2 vi chiu su 15mm, cac thng s
ct got nh khi gia cng l 1)
(Gia cng l 3 vi chiu su 15mm)
44
N60 G01 Z-15

N65 G00 X75 Y40 Z5
N70 G01 Z-15
N75 G00 X105 Y55 Z5
N80 G01 Z-15
N85 G00 X0 Y-50 Z100
N90 M05 M28
N95 M02
(Gia cng l 4 vi chiu su 15 mm)

(Chay dao nhanh v im P5)
(Chay dao nhanh v im co toa X0,
Y-50 va Z100)
(Dng truc chnh va t ng tr v im chun)
( Kt thuc chng trnh)
b. Lp chng trnh gia cng trong h toa tng i

%
N5 G91 G21 G40 G97 G94
(H toa tuyt i; n v o mm; Huy
bo bu dao; Quy nh v tc ct la vg/ph, lng tin dao mm/ph)
N10 M06 T01
(Thay dao t ng , s hiu dao T01 la mui khoan)
N15 G00 X0 Y0 Z5
(Chay dao nhanh n toa X0, Y0 va Z5)
N20 M03 S1000
(Truc chnh quay theo chiu thun kim ng h,
tc quay 1000vg/ph)
N25 X40 Y40
N30 G01 Z-15 F100 M08 (Gia cng l 1 vi chiu su l gia cng la 15 mm,
lng tin dao 100mm/ph, ti dung dch bng phun tia)
N35 G00 X-25 Y15 Z5
(Rut dao nhanh ln khoi l va
chay dao nhanh n im P2)
N40 G01 Z-15
(Gia cng l 2 vi chiu su 15mm, cac thng s
ct got nh khi gia cng l 1)
N45 G00 X0 Y-40 Z5
N50 G01 Z-15
N55 G00 X90 Y0 Z5
N60 G01 Z-15
(Gia cng l 4 vi chiu su 15 mm)
N65 G00 X-30 Y25 Z5
(Chay dao nhanh v im P5)
N70 G01 Z-15
N75 G00 X30 Y15 Z5
N80 G01 Z-15
N85 G00 X-105 Y-105 Z100
(Chay dao nhanh v im co toa
X-105, Y-105 va Z100)
N90 M05 M28
(Dng truc chnh va t ng tr v im chun)
N95 M02
( Kt thuc chng trnh)
45
V du 2:
Co chi tit nh hnh ve, vit chng trnh gia cng trong h FANUC.
im
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
11
12
13
14
15
16
X
0
0.6
1
1
1.6
1.8
2
2
2.2
3
3
3.4
3.5
3.5
4
Z
0
0
-0.2
-0.7
-1
-1.8
-1.1
-1.9
-2
-2.6
-3
-3
-3.05
-4
-4
R0.05
R0.1
16
15 14 13
12
11
9
0.1x45o
10
8
R0.3
7 6
5
3 2
Z
1
0.6 1 2 2.6 3 3.5 4
1.0
0.6
0.2
2.0
3.0
4.0
Chng trnh gia cng:

Kch thc phi: ng
knh 4; Chiu dai 5.
Hnh 5-2: Ban ve chi tit gia cng
Dung cu: Dao tin phai ct th #1; Dao tin phai ct tinh #2.
%
N5 G90 G20 G40
N10 T0101
[ H toa tuyt i; n v o inch;

huy bo bu ban knh dao]
[Thay i dung cu]
N15 M03
[ Truc chnh quay theo chiu kim

ng h]
N20 G00 Z0.1 M07
[Dch chuyn nhanh n toa

Z0.1; M dung dch bi trn]
N25 G71 P30 Q105 U0.05 W0.05 D625 F0.012

[Goi chu trnh gia cng th
n dao doc, Block bt u N30, Block kt thuc N105,
46
lng d con cha lai cho gia cng tinh theo ban knh
0.05 va doc truc 0.05, chiu su lp ct 0.0625, lng
chay dao 0.012inch/vg]
N30 G01 X0 Z0
[ Ni suy ng thng n #1]
N35 X0.6
[Ni suy ng thng n #2]
N40 X1 Z-0.2
N45 Z-0.7
N50 G0.2 X1.6 Z-1.0 I0.3 K0
[Ni suy vong tron theo chiu kim

ng h n #5]
N55 G01 X1.8
N60 X2.0 Z-1.1
N65 Z-1.9
N70 G02 X2.2 Z-2.0 I0.1 K0
[Ni suy vong tron theo chiu kim

ng h n #9]
N75 G01 X2.6
N80 X3.0 Z-2.6
N85 Z-3.0
N90 X3.4
N95 G03 X3.5 Z-3.05 I0 K-0.05
[Ni suy vong tron ngc chiu kim

ng h n #14]
N100 G01 Z-4.0
N105 X4.0
N110 G00 Z3.0 T0100
[Dch chuyn nhanh n Z3.0]
N115 T0202
[ Thay dao #2 -T0202]
N120 G00 Z0.1
[ Chay dao nhanh n Z0.1]
N125 G70 P30 Q105 F0.006
[Goi chu trnh gia cng tinh vi

lng chay dao F=0.006 inch/vg]
N130 G00 Z3.0 M09
[ Chay dao nhanh v Z3.0 va tt

dung dch trn ngui]
N135 T0200 M05
[Huy bo bu ban knh dao #2 va

dng truc chnh]
N140 M02
[ Kt thuc chng trnh]
47
48
5-2 Mt s chu trnh gia cng trong h iu khin FANUC

5-2-1 Chu trnh tin mt cn
Chu trnh nay c dung khi gia cng cac b mt cn co chiu dai b mt gia
cng khng ln t cac phi liu la thep thanh hnh tru .
Dang cu lnh:
N__ G99 G90 X__ Z__ R__ F__
Trong o, R la gia tr tham s c xac nh theo cng thc sau:

R= (Z + Z0) x tg vi la na goc cn.
Z la chiu dai cua phn cn cn gia cng.
Z0 la khoang an toan cua dao khi bt u chay theo chu trnh (khoang
cach t im bt u n b mt cua chi tit).
V du:
N10 G90 G20 G40
N20 G97 S1000 M03
N30 T0202 M06
im
bt u
N40 G00 X2.0 Z5.0
N50 G42 X1.76 Z.1 F200
N60 G99 G90 X1.6608 Z-1
P
R-.2947 F.004
N70 X1.5358
Hnh 5-3: Chu trnh gia cng mt cn
N80 X1.41088
N90 X1.2858
N100 X1.16088
N110X1.0671
N120 X1.0358
N130 G01
N140 G00 X2.0 Z5.0
N150 ...
...
Chu y: Gia tr Cua R c xac nh theo cng thc sau:
R = (Z + 0.1)x tg (-150) = 1.1 x - 0.26795 = - 0.2947
5.2.2 Chu trnh tin th va tinh n dao doc G71, G70
Chu trnh nay c s dung khi gia cng cac chi tit t phi liu dang thanh
(phi can). No thng c s dung khi gia cng cac chi tit co lng d theo
hng knh (X) kha nho so vi chiu dai cua b mt gia cng (Z).
48
Khi gia cng th:

Dang cu lnh:
N_ G71 U_ R_
N_ G71 P_ Q_ U_ W_
Trong o: G71: Goi chu trnh tin th n dao doc

U ( cua cu lnh trc) la chiu su lp ct cua mi bc
R (cua cu lnh trc) la khoang lui dao sau mi ln ct.
P la s block bt u cua chu trnh.
Q la s block cui cung cua chu trnh.
U (cua cu lnh sau) la lng d lai theo phng X cho gia cng tinh.
W (cua cu lnh sau) la lng d lai theo phng Z cho gia cng tinh.
Khi gia cng tinh:

Dang cu lnh:
N_ G70 P_ Q_
Y ngha cua cac a ch nh giai thch chu trnh gia cng th, nhng trong
trng hp nay khng co cac tham s U va W.
V du:
N10 G90 G20 G40
N20 G97 S1000 M03
N30 T0101 M06
N40 G00 X1.5 Z.5
N50 G42 X1.3 Z.1 F200
N60 G01F.01
N70 G71 U.1 R.1
N80 G71 P100 Q190 U.03 W.03
N90 G01 F.002
N100 G01X.25
N110 Z-.15
N120 U-.1 W-.1 I.1
N130 X.55
N140 X.8 Z-.4665
N150 Z-.75
N160 .94
N170 X1.1 Z-.83
N180 Z-1
N190 X1.3
N200 G70 P90 Q 190
N210 G00 X1.5 Z5
...
Hnh 5-4: Chu trnh gia cng th va tinh n dao doc
49
5.2.3 Chu trnh gia cng th va tinh n dao ngang G72, G70
Chu trnh nay c s dung khi gia cng cac chi tit t phi thanh. No
thng c s dung vi trng hp phi co kch thc ng knh ln va kch
thc phn gia cng theo truc Z nho hn lng d gia cng theo truc X nhm muc
ch tng nng sut gia cng.
Khi gia cng th:

Dang cu lnh:
N_ G72 W_ R_
N_ G72 P_ Q_ U_ W_
Trong o:
W (cu lnh trc) la chiu day ct cua mi mt lp
R (cu lnh trc) la khoang lui dao an toan sau mi lp ct
G72: Goi chu trnh gia cng th n dao ngang
P la s block bt u cua chu trinh
Q la s block cui cung cua chu trnh
U la lng d theo phng X lai cho gia cng tinh.
W la lng d theo phng Z lai cho gia cng tinh.
Khi gia cng tinh:

Dang cu lnh: N_ G70 P_ Q_
Cac a ch nh a giai thch trn, trong trng hp nay khng co a ch U va W.
V du:
N10 G90 G40 G20
N20 G97 S100 M03
N30 T0202 M06
N40 G00 X4.5 Z1
N50 G41 X4.1 Z.1 F200
N60 G01 F.01
N70 G72 W.1 R.1
N80 G72 P100 Q150 U.03
W.03
N90 G01 S1200 F.004
N100 G01 Z-1.25
N110 X3.0
N120 Z-.9523
N130 X1.0 Z-3.75
N140 X.75
N150 Z.1
Hnh 5-5: Chu trnh gia cng n dao ngang

N160 G70 P90 Q150
N170 X4.5 Z 1
N180...
50
5.2.4 Chu trnh gia cng th va tinh n dao theo bin dang G73, G70
Chu trnh nay thng c s dung khi gia cng cac chi tit t phi uc hoc
dp co hnh dang gn ging vi chi tit.
Khi gia cng th:

Dang cu lnh:
N__ G73 U__ W__ R__

N__ G73 P_ Q__ U__ W__ F__
Trong o: U, W (cu lnh trc) la chiu su lp ct th tnh theo phng X

va Z (trong hnh ve la U1 va W1)
U, W (cu lnh sau) la
lng d theo phng X va Z
lai cho gia cng tinh. Trong hnh
ve la U2 va W2.
R la s bc ct th
P, Q la s block u tin va
cui cung cua chu trnh gia cng.
F la lng chay dao khi gia
cng th.
Khi gia cng tinh:

Dang cu lnh : G70 P__ Q__
Y ngha cua cac a ch
nay nh giai thch trn, trong cu
lnh khng cha U va W.
V du:
N10 G90 G20 G40
N20 G97 S1000 M03
N30 T0606 M06
N40 G00 X2.051 Z.2
N50 G42 X2.05 Z.1 F200
N60 G73 U.20 W.20 R3
N70 G73 P90 Q160 U .03 W.03 F.01
N80 G01 F.002
N90 X.5
N100 Z-.25
N110 X.75
N120 X1.0 Z-.4665
P
Hnh 5-6: Chu trnh gia cng theo bin
51
N130 Z-72
N140 X1.5 Z-.97
N150 Z-1.25
N160 X2.05
N170 G70 P80 Q160
N180 G00 X2.05 Z2
N190 M05
...
5.2.5 Chu trnh khoan vi chiu su tin dao theo gia s khng i
Dang cu lnh:
Lp trnh trong h INCH:

G74 R(e)
G74 Z(W) 2.4 Q2.5 F3.3 (Inch/ph) hoc F1.5 (inch/ v)
Lp trnh trong h METR:

G74 R(e)
G74 Z(W) 2.5 Q3.4 F4.2 (mm/ph) hoc F3.3(mm/v)
V tr bt u
P
+Z
Hnh 5-7: Chu trnh khoan t ng

5.2.6 Chu trnh khoan vi chiu su tin dao thay i theo s gia
Dang cu lnh:
Trong h INCH: G65 P9135 J 2.4 K 2.4 B2.4 F1.4 H1.4 C2.4 A5.1
Trong h METR : G65 P9135 J 3.3 K 3.3 B3.3 F2.3 H3.3 C3.3 A5.1
Trong o: G65 la chu trnh khoan
52
P9135: Chng trnh Macro 9135 (chu trnh khoan su)

J la toa cua im bt u theo truc Z
K la toa cua im kt thuc theo truc Z
B la khoang cach t v tr lat ct trc o n v tr kt thuc chay nhanh cua
dao bc k tip tnh theo gia tr gia tng.
F la lng chay dao khi khoan tnh bng inch/vg hoc mm/vg.
H la ng knh mui khoan.
C la chiu su khoan nho nht theo gia tr gia tng sau mt s bc chiu su
thay i.
A la thi gian tam dng tin dao trc khi lui dao v (s) .
V du:
N150 G97 S1000
N160 M98 P2
N170 M01
N180 M98 P1
N190 G97 S1000 M03
N200 G04 T0202
N210 X0 Z0.1 S1400
N220 G65 P9135 J0.1 K-1.5 B0.05 F0.008 H0.25 C0.0625 A0.5
N230 M98 P2
N240 M01
...
Z v tr
bt u
B
Ln tin dao u tin
Z v tr cui cung
Chay dao nhanh

Gia cng
Hnh 5-8: Chu trnh khoan l su
53
5.3 Chu trnh tin trong h iu khin FAGOR

5.3.1 Chu trnh t ng lam cung tron G36
4
2
3
G02
X20 Z60 : Toa im 1 (Do G90

nn X tnh theo ng knh).
G01 G36 R10 X80: Dung cu se
dch chuyn thng n im 2.
G02 X60 Z10 I20 K-30 la ni suy
vong tron theo chiu kim ng h
t im bt u 2 va kt thuc tai
im 3 co toa tm la im 4.
G36 cu lnh s 2 la t ng lam
cung tron chuyn tip gia ng
thng va cung tron.
Hnh 5-9: Chu trnh t ng lam cung tron G36
Ni tip gia 2 cung tron co ban knh R28. Cung tron th nht xut
phat t im 1 co toa X60 Z90 n im 2 va cung tron th 2 t X60
Z50 n im 3 co X60 Z10
54
5.3.2 Lp trnh trong h toa cc

Ban knh: R
Goc quay: Q ( Q>0 khi quay ngc chiu kim ng h)
a. Lp trnh trong h toa tuyt i

R430 Q0 ; im P0
G03 Q33.7 ;im P1 (theo cung G03)
G01 R340 Q45 ; im P2 (theo ng
thng G01).
G01 R290 Q33.7 ; im P3 (theo ng
thng G01).
G01 R230 Q45; im P4(theo ng
thng G01).
G01 R360 Q63.4; im P5(theo ng
thng G01).
G03
Q90; im P6(theo cung
G03)
G90
Hnh 5-10: Lp trnh trong

h toa cc
b. Lp trnh trong h toa tng i

G90
R430
G91 G03
G01 R-90
G01 R-50
G01 R-60
G01 R130
G03
Q0 ;im P0
Q33.7 ;im P1
Q11.3 ;im P2
Q-11.3; im P3
Q11.3; im P4
Q18.4; im P5
Q26.6; im P6
5.3.3 Chu trnh gia cng theo bin dang chi tit G66
Chu trnh nay c s dung khi gia cng cac chi tit ma phi liu c ch
tao theo phng phap ren, dp hoc uc co bin dang gn ging vi bin dang chi
tit.
Dang cu lnh: G66 X_ Z_ I_ C_ A_ L_ M_ H_ S_ E_ Q_
X: Toa cua im u
Z: Toa cua im u
55
I: La lng d gia cng bao gm ca gia cng th va tinh. No co th tnh theo

phng X hay Z tuy theo A0 hoc A1. Nu H 0 va I< L hoc M th ch co gia cng
tinh.
C: La chiu su ct tng bc. No co th tnh theo phng X hay Z tuy thuc
vaoA0 hoc A1.
A:Khi A0 th I va C tnh theo phng X va A1 th tnh theo phng Z. Nu A
khng c lp trnh th gia tr C phu thuc vao dao: Khi kch thc dao theo
phng X ln hn phng Z th C tnh theo phng X va ngc lai; Con I c tnh
theo phng X.
L: Lng d lai cho gia cng tinh theo phng X. Nu L khng c lp
trnh th lng d cha lai cho gia cng tinh bng 0 (khng gia cng tinh).
Hnh 5-11: Chu trnh gia cng theo bin dang chi tit
M: Lng d con lai cho gia cng tinh theo phng Z. Nu M khng c
lp trnh th lng d nay c ly bng L (lng d theo phng X va Z bng
nhau) va C co gia tr khng i.Nu L va M<0 th no thc hin v tron goc, nu >0
th theo bin dang lp trnh.
H: Lng chay dao khi gia cng tinh. Khi khng co gia cng tinh th H=0
hoc H khng c lp trnh.
S: S cua Block u tin cua chu trnh.
E: S Block cui cung cua chu trnh.
56
Q: Ch s cua chu trnh. Nu Q khng c lp trnh th ch co mt chu trnh

thc hin trn bin dang chi tit.
5.3.4 Chu trnh gia cng vi lng n dao doc G68

Chu trnh nay c s dung trong trng hp khi gia cng cac chi tit c
tao phi bng phng phap can (dang phi thanh) vi lng n dao doc (theo
phng Z).
Dang cu lnh: G68 X_ Z_ C_ D_ L_ M_ F_ H_ S_ E_ Q_

X: Toa cua im u
Z: Toa cua im u
C: Chiu su ct
D: Gia tr lui dao sau mi ln chay dao. Khi gia tr nay khac 0 no lui dao
theo goc 45o. Khi D=0 th dao lui ra trung vi hng dao n vao (Khi gia cng
cac ranh hay hc lom).Khi D khng lp trnh, vic lui dao thc hin theo bin
dang (hnh di).
Hnh 5-12: Chu trnh gia cng n dao doc G68

57
L: Lng d lai cho gia cng tinh theo phng X. Nu khng lp trnh cho
L th lng d nay bng khng va khng co gia cng tinh.
M: Lng d con lai cho gia cng tinh theo phng Z. Nu M khng
c lp trnh th lng d nay c ly bng L (lng d theo phng X va Z
bng nhau) va C co gia tr khng i.Nu L va M<0 th no thc hin v tron
goc, nu >0 th theo bin dang lp trnh.
F: Lng chay dao cui cung cho lp ct th, nu khng c lp trnh
hoc F=0 th khng co lp ct nay.
H: Lng chay dao khi gia cng tinh. Khi khng co gia cng tinh th
H=0 hoc H khng c lp trnh.
S: S cua Block u tin cua chu trnh.
E: S Block cui cung cua chu trnh.
Q: Ch s cua chu trnh. Nu Q khng c lp trnh th ch co mt chu
trnh thc hin trn bin dang chi tit.
Hnh 5-13 : Chu trnh gia cng G68 theo cac tham s lp trnh
58
5.3.5 Chu trnh gia cng vi lng n dao ngang G69
Chu trnh nay c dung trong trng hp gia cng cac chi tit t phi
liu c ch tao bng can (phi thanh) vi lng n dao ngang (theo phng
truc X).
Dang cu lnh: G69 X_ Z_ C_ D_ L_ M_ F_ H_ S_ E_ Q_

X: Toa cua im u
Z: Toa cua im u
C: Chiu su ct
D: Gia tr lui dao sau mi ln chay dao. Khi gia tr nay khac 0 no lui dao theo
o
goc 45 . Khi D=0 dao lui ra trung vi hng dao n vao (Khi gia cng cac ranh hay
hc lom). Khi D khng lp trnh, vic lui dao thc hin theo bin dang (hnh di).
Hnh 5-14: Chu trnh gia cng vi lng tin dao ngang G69
59
M: Lng d con lai cho gia cng tinh theo phng Z. Nu M khng c
lp trnh th lng d nay c ly bng L (lng d theo phng X va Z bng
nhau) va C co gia tr khng i. Nu L va M<0 th no thc hin v tron goc, nu >0
th theo bin dang lp trnh.
F: Lng chay dao cui cung cho lp ct th, nu khng c lp trnh hoc
F=0 th khng co lp ct nay (lp ct ht cac rng ca).
S; E; Q Nh giai thch chu trnh G68.
5.3.6 Chu trnh khoan co be phoi hoc ta r ren G83

Chu trnh nay c s dung khi khoan cac l co be phoi hoc ta r ren trn
cac may tin.
Dang cu lnh: Khi khoan
G83 X_ Z_ I_ B_ D_ K_ H_ C_
Khi ta r ren G83 X_ Z_ I_ B0 D_ K_
Hnh 5-15: Chu trnh gia cng khi khoan l va tar ren
B>0 Chu trnh khoan l; B= 0 Chu trnh tar ren
X,Z : Toa theo phng X va Z cua v tr mui khoan.

I: Chiu su toan b cua l gia cng theo phng Z.
B: Xac nh chc nng cua cng vic: Nu B=0 th cum CNC se thc hin
vic tar ren. Khi B>0 th thc hin cng vic khoan l, gia tr cua B la chiu su
mi ln tin dao.
60
D: Xac nh khoang cach an toan cua mui dao trc khi thc hin chay dao
gia cng. Nu D khng c lp trnh th c xac nhn la co gia tr 0.
K: Xac nh thi gian dng co thi han K giy. Nu no khng c lp trnh
th c xac nhn la co gia tr 0.
H: Xac nh khoang lui dao sau mi mt ln tin dao gia cng (chc nng
nay c thc hin vi G00). Nu no khng c lp trnh hoc c lp trnh vi
gia tr 0 th co th lui n im ban u trc khi gia cng ct ( im co gia tr D).
C: Xac nh khoang cach theo truc Z t v tr bc sat trc n v tr ma t
o bt u bc gia cng tip theo (vi G01).
a. Giai thch s gia cng khi khoan (B>0)

Dch chuyn nhanh mui khoan (G00) n v tr bt u vao chu trnh gia
cng cach b mt gia cng mt khoang an toan D.
Bc gia cng u tin: Dch chuyn mui khoan theo phng Z n su
c lp trnh theo gia tr gia tng D+B vi lng tin dao c lp trnh F theo
chc nng G01.
Lui dao nhanh theo truc Z vi khoang cach H c lp trnh. Nu H = 0
hoc khng c lp trnh th mui khoan c lui v v tr ban u (cach b mt u
cua phi mt khoang bng D).
Tip theo, chay dao nhanh (G00) theo phng Z n cach v tr a gia cng
sat trc mt khoang C va bt u thc hin bc gia cng tip theo (G01) n v
tr co gia tr toa gia tng B.
Tip tuc thc hin cac bc nh trn cho n khi at gia tr toa I th dng
mui khoan trong khoang K giy c lp trnh, sau o lui nhanh v v tr bt
u.Nu K khng co mt trong chng trnh gia cng th khi at n toa I th
mui khoan c lui nhanh v v tr ban u.
b. Giai thch s gia cng khi ta r ren(B=0)

Dch chuyn nhanh ta r(G00) n v tr bt u vao chu trnh gia cng cach
b mt gia cng mt khoang an toan D.
Bc gia cng u tin: Dch chuyn ta r theo phng Z n toa c
lp trnh theo gia tr gia tng D+B theo lng tin dao c lp trnh F (mm/vg).
ao chiu quay truc chnh va lui ta r (G01) n v tr ban u.
Tip tuc thc hin cac bc nh trn cho n khi at c chiu su l ren
theo toa c lp trnh. Sau o, truc chnh ao chiu va ta r lui v v tr ban
u theo chc nng (G01).
61
5.3.7 Chu trnh gia cng mt cn n dao doc G81

Chu trnh nay c s dung khi gia cng theo tng oan vi lng n dao
doc t cac phi thanh.
Dang cu lnh: G81 X_ Z_ Q_ R_ C_ D_ L_ M_ F_ H_
X: Toa theo phng X cua im bt u cua bin dang.

Z: Toa theo phng Z cua im bt u cua bin dang.
Q: Xac nh toa theo phng X tai im cui cung cua bin dang
R: Xac nh toa theo phng Z tai im cui cung cua bin dang.
C: Chiu su ct .
D: khoang lui dao sau mi bc. Khi gia tr nay khac 0 no lui dao theo goc
o
45 . Khi D=0 th dao lui ra trung vi hng dao n vao (Khi gia cng cac ranh hay
hc lom).Khi D khng lp trnh, vic lui dao thc hin theo bin dang (hnh di).
M: Lng d con lai cho gia cng tinh theo phng Z. Nu M khng c lp
trnh th lng d nay c ly bng 0
F=0 th khng co lp ct nay.
Hnh 5-16: Chu trnh gia cng vi G81

62
5.3.8 Chu trnh gia cng n dao ngang theo tng phn G82
Chu trnh nay c s dung khi gia cng theo phng phap tin dao ngang
theo tng phn.
Dang cu lnh: G82 X_ Z_ Q_ R_ C_ D_ L_ M_ F_ H_
Hnh 7-9: Chu trnh gia cng vi lng n dao ngang G82
Hnh : Chu trnh khoan va ta r ren

C: Chiu su ct .
o
45 . Khi D=0 th dao lui ra trung vi hng dao n vao (Khi gia cng cac ranh hay
L(M): Lng d lai cho gia cng tinh theo phng X (Z). Nu khng lp
trnh cho L (M) th lng d nay bng khng va khng co gia cng tinh.
F=0 th khng co lp ct nay.
hoc H khng c lp trnh
Hnh 5-17: Chu trnh gia cng theo G82
63
5.3.9 Chu trnh gia cng cung tron vi lng n dao doc G84
Chu trnh nay c s dung khi gia cng cac cung tron t cac phi thanh vi
lng n dao doc theo tng phn.
Dang cu lnh: G84 X_ Z_ Q_ R_ C_ D_ L_ M_ F_ H_ I_ K_

C: Chiu su ct .
o
45 . Khi D=0 th dao lui ra trung vi hng dao n vao (khi gia cng cac ranh hay
L(M): Lng d lai cho gia cng tinh theo phng X(Z). Nu khng lp
trnh cho L(M) th lng d nay bng khng va khng co gia cng tinh.
F,H: Tng t nh chu trnh G81.
I (K): Toa tng i cua tm vong tron ni suy so vi toa cua im u
theo phng X (Z). (Tng t nh khi ni suy vong tron G02 va G03).
Hnh 5-18: Chu trnh gia cng cung tron G84

64
5.3.10 Chu trnh gia cng ren cn G86

Chu trnh nay c dung khi cat ren ngoai hoc trong vi bc bng hng s.
Dang cu ln: G86 X_ Z_ Q_ R_ I_ B_ D_ L_ C_ J_ A_

I: Xac nh chiu su ren, gia tr dng i vi ren ngoai va m ren trong.
B: Xac nh chiu su cua tng lp ct theo ban knh. Nu lp trnh vi ga
tr dng th chiu su tng bc c ly gia tr tng ng theo truc X la:B,
B 2 , B 3 , B 4 ... Nu c lp trnh vi gia tr m th chiu su tng lp ct bng
nhau la B, 2B, 3B, 4B.... Nu gia tr nay bng 0 se co thng bao li.
Hnh 5-19: S ct ren cn G86

D: Khoang lui dao theo phng X va no c lp trnh theo ban knh. Nu
c lp trnh vi gia tr dng th no se v tron (G05) va nu m th no lam vung
goc (G07). Nu khng c lp trnh th no ly gia tr bng 0.
L: Xac nh lng gia cng tinh va no c lp trnh theo ban knh. Nu no
khng c lp trnh th gia tr cua no bng 0 va se lam lai bc trc o. Nu lp
trnh vi gia tr dng (L>0) th bc cui cung tin vao theo hng goc A. Nu m
(L<0) th bc cui cung tin theo phng phap tuyn (hnh di).
65
Hnh 5-20: S hng tin dao khi ct tinh ren
C: Bc ren gia cng. Tuy theo ren trai hay ren phai ma lp trnh vi
chiu quay truc chnh la khac nhau: M03 hoc M04.
J: Khoang thoat dao. No c xac nh bng khoang cach t im cui cung
(R,Q) n im bt u thoat dao va xac nh theo phng Z. Nu no khng c
lp trnh th gia tr nay bng 0.
A. Xac nh hng n vao cua dung cu theo goc A. Nu no khng c lp
trnh th th hng tin dao ly 30o. Nu A=0 c lp trnh th hng n dao phap
tuyn vi b mt gia cng. Nu A co gia tr bng mt na cua goc dao th hng
tin dao theo mt nghing cua ren. Nu A <0 th hng tin cua dao la xen ke theo 2
b mt cua ren.
Hnh 5-21: S hng tin dao khi gia cng ren
5.3.11 Chu trnh gia cng ranh hoc hc G88

Chu trnh nay c ap dung khi gia cng cac ranh, hc lom hoc ct t
chi tit .
Dang cu lnh:
G88 X_ Z_ Q_ R_ C_ D_ K_
X: Toa cua im bt u theo phng X cua ranh.

Z: Toa cua im bt u theo phng Z cua ranh.
Q: Toa cua im kt thuc cua ranh theo phng X.
66
R: Toa cua im kt thuc cua ranh theo phng Z.

C: Xac nh khoang cach tng bc ct ranh theo phng Z. Nu C khng
c lp trnh th c xem s bc bng 1 va chiu rng ranh bng chiu rng cua
li ct. Nu lp trnh bng 0 th CNC se bao li.
D: Xac nh khoang thoat dao an toan khi lui dao tnh theo gia tr ban knh.
Nu D khng c lp trnh th c coi la gia tr nay bng 0.
K: Xac nh thi gian dng tai v tr cui cung cua mi ln chay dao vi thi
gian tnh bng giy. Nu K khng c lp trnh th c xem la bng 0.
Hnh 5-22: Chu ky gia cng hc lom G88
Tuy theo chiu rng ranh cn gia cng va chiu rng cua li ct xac
nh khoang cach tng bc ct hp ly sao cho tng cua chung ung bng cac
toa im u va cui theo phng Z (Z va R).
Chay dao nhanh dung cu (G00) sao cho li ct bn trai n toa X
va cach b mt gia cng (toa Z) bng D tnh theo ban knh.
Tin dao theo phng hng knh (phng truc X) theo chc nng G01
c lp trnh vi lng chay dao F cho n khi at n toa Q (theo
phng X). Dng tin dao trong khoang K giy theo gia tr lp trnh trc khi
lui dao nhanh ra. Nu K khng c lp trnh th c xem nh thi gian
ngng tin dao F bng 0 hoc la khng co.
Lui dao nhanh (G00) n v tr ban u theo phng X.
Dch chuyn nhanh dao theo phng Z sang phai mt khoang bng C
theo gia tr gia tng.
Tip tuc thc hin theo cac bc trn cho n khi at n toa c
lp trnh Q, R. Sau o thc hin lui dao nhanh (G00) v v tr ban u.
67
68
5- 4 Mt s chu trnh phay trong h iu khin FAGOR

5.4.1 Chu trnh khoan l su G69
Chu trnh nay thc hin cac bc khoan lin tip cho n khi at c toa
a lp trnh. Lui dao vi mt khoang c nh sau mi bc khoan hoc thc hin lui
dao n mt phng tham chiu cho moi bc khoan J. Co th lp trnh thi gian
dng cho mi bc khoan.
Khi lam vic trong h toa cac, cu truc c ban cua block nh sau:
Dang cu lnh:
G69 G98/G99 X _Y_Z_B_C_D_H_J_K_L_R_
Hnh 5-23: Chu trinh gia cng khoan l su trn may phay
G98: Lui dao v mt phng ban u (initial plane) sau khi l a c khoan
xong.
G99: Lui dao v mt phng tham chiu (reference plane) sau khi l a c
khoan xong.
X, Y: Toa im gia cng. Cac gia tr nay tuy chon. im nay co th lp
trnh trong h toa cac hoc h toa cc va cac toa nay la tuyt i hay
tng i tuy thuc vao may ang lam vic G90 hoc G91.
Z: nh ngha toa mt phng tham chiu. No co th lp trnh trong h toa
tuyt i hoc tng i. Trong trng hp Z khng c lp trnh, CNC se ly
v tr cua dao trc khi goi chu trnh xem nh toa mt phng tham chiu.
I: nh ngha chiu su khoan toan b cua l. No co th c lp trnh trong
h toa tuyt i hoc tng i va trong trng hp nay no se da vao mt phng
tham chiu.
B: nh ngha chiu su bc khoan theo hng truc chnh.
68
C: nh ngha khoang cach t v tr a khoan sat trc ti v tr ma dao se

chay dao nhanh n gia cng cho bc tip theo. Nu C khng c lp trnh th
coi nh C co gia tr bng 1mm
(0.04 inch). Nu C c lp
trnh vi gia tr bng 0 th CNC
se hin th thng bao li.
D: nh ngha khoang
cach an toan gia mt phng
tham chiu va b mt cua chi
tit. Nu no khng c lp
trnh th D co gia tr bng 0.
H: nh ngha khoang
cach lui dao nhanh sau mi bc
khoan. Nu H khng c lp
trnh th se lui dao doc theo truc
chnh n mt phng tham chiu
sau mi bc khoan. Nu lp
trnh vi H co gia tr bng 0 th
CNC se hin th thng bao li.
J: Ch nh sau bao nhiu
bc khoan th dao lui dao
nhanh n mt phng tham
chiu (G00). Nu J khng c
lp trnh hoc lp trnh vi gia
tr bng 0 th J se nhn gia tr
bng 1 va dao se lui v mt
phng tham chiu sau mi mt
bc khoan.
K : Xac nh thi gian
dng sau mi bc khoan trc
khi thc hin lui dao, K c
tnh bng phn trm cua giy.
Nu khng c lp trnh, th K
se co gia tr bng 0.
Hnh 5-24: S khoan l su
L: nh ngha ga tr nho nht ma mi bc khoan co th thc hin ct got

c. Tham s nay c s dung vi gia tr R khac 1. Nu khng c lp trnh
hoc lp trnh vi gia tr bng 0 th no se nhn gia tr bng 1.
69
R: H s lam giam bc khoan B. Nu R khng c lp trnh hoc lp

trnh co gia tr bng 0 th R se nhn gia tr bng 1.
-
Nu R bng 1, th toan b cac bc khoan se bng gia tr B a lp trnh.
.Nu R nho hn 1, bc khoan u tin se la B, bc th hai la RxB,

bc th ba la RxRxB va tip tuc nh th, sau bc khoan th hai, bc
khoan k tip se la tch cua R va bc khoan trc no. Trong trng hp
nay, CNC khng cho phep cac bc khoan nho hn gia tr L a lp trnh.
V du:
T1 D1
M06
G00 G90 X0 Y0 Z0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .; im bt u
G69 G98 G91 X100 Y25 Z-98 I-52 B12 C2 D2 H5 J2 K150 L3 R0.8 F100
; nh ngha chu trnh
S500 M08. . .
G80 . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .; Huy bo chu trnh
G90 X0 Y0. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . ; Dch chuyn nhanh v v tr ban u
M30 . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . .; Kt thuc chng trnh
5.4.2 Chu trnh khoan G81

Chu trnh nay khoan tai im c ch nh cho n khi at c toa a
c lp trnh. Co th lp trnh dng chay dao co thi han (co mt khoang thi gian
dng) ay cua l khoan lam bong l.
Khi lam vic h toa cac, cu truc c ban cua block nh sau:
Dang cu lnh:
G81 G98/G99 X_ Y_ Z_ I_ K_
G98: Dao lui v mt phng ban u (initial plane) sau khi l c khoan
xong.
G99: Dao lui v mt phng tham chiu (reference plane) sau khi l c
khoan xong.
X,Y: Toa im gia cng. Cac gia tr nay tuy chon. im nay co th lp
Z: nh ngha toa mt phng tham chiu (Reference plane). No co th lp
trnh h toa tuyt i hoc tng i. Trong trng hp Z khng c lp trnh,
CNC se ly v tr cua dao trc khi goi chu trnh xem nh toa mt phng tham
chiu.
70
I: nh ngha
chiu su khoan. No co
th lp trnh trong h toa
tuyt i hoc tng
i va trong trng hp
nay no se da vao mt
phng tham chiu.
K:
nh ngha
thi gian dng sau mi
bc khoan trc khi thc
Hnh 5-25: Chu trinh gia cng khoan trn may phay
hin lui dao, K c tnh
bng phn trm cua giy.
Nu khng c lp trnh, th K se co gia tr bng 0.
V du:
T01
M06
G00 G90 X0 Y0 Z0 . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . ; im bt u
G81 G98 G00 G91 X250 Y350 Z-98 I-22 F100 S500 . .; Chu trnh khoan
Hnh 5.26: Chu trinh gia cng khoan trn may phay
71
G93 I250 J250 . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . ..; Thit lp gc toa cc

Q-45 N3 . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . .; Quay mt goc 450 va lp lai chu trnh 3 ln
G80............................
; Huy bo chu trnh
G90 X0 Y0 . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. ; Dch chuyn nhanh v v tr ban u
M30 . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . .. .; Kt thuc chng trnh
5.4.3 Chu trnh khoan G82
Chu trnh nay khoan tai im ch nh cho n khi at c toa cui cung
c lp trnh. Sau o no thc hin dng chay dao co thi han ay cua l khoan.
Dang cu lnh:
G82 G98/G99 X_ Y_ Z_ I_ K_
G98: Dao lui v mt phng ban u (initial plane) sau khi l khoan xong.
G99 Dao lui v mt phng tham chiu (reference plane) sau khi l c
khoan xong.
X,Y: Toa im gia cng. Cac gia tr nay tuy chon. im nay co th lp
Z: nh ngha toa mt phng tham chiu (Reference plane). No co th lp
trnh h toa tuyt i hoc tng i. Trng hp Z khng c lp trnh, CNC
se ly v tr cua dao trc khi goi chu trnh xem nh toa mt phng tham chiu.
I: nh ngha chiu su khoan. No co th lp trnh trong h toa tuyt i
hoc tng i va trong trng hp nay no se da vao mt phng tham chiu.
K: nh ngha thi gian dng sau mi bc khoan trc khi thc hin lui
dao, K c tnh bng phn trm cua giy. Nu khng c lp trnh th K se co gia
tr bng 0.
72
V du:
T01
M06
G00 G90 X0 Y0 Z0 . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. .. . .. . .. . . .. . . .. . . ; im bt u
G82 G99 G00 G91 X50 Y50 Z-98 I-22 K150 F100 S500 N3.; 3 v tr gia
cng
G98 G90 G00 X500 Y500 . . .. .. . . .. . .; nh v nhanh va chu trnh gia cng
G80 . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . .. .. . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . ; Huy bo chu trnh
G90 X0 Y0 . . .. . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .; Dch chuyn nhanh v v tr ban u
M30 . . . . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; Kt thuc chng trnh
Hnh 5-28: Chu trinh gia cng l trn may phay
5.4.4 Chu trnh khoan l su G83

Chu trnh nay thc hin cac bc khoan lin tip cho n khi at c toa
cui cung a c lp trnh. Dao lui v mt phng tham chiu sau mi bc khoan.
Dang cu lnh:
G83 G98/ G99 X_ Y_ Z_ I_ J_
73
G98: Dao lui v mt
phng ban u (initial plane)
sau khi l c khoan xong.
G99: Dao lui v mt
phng tham chiu (reference
plane) sau khi l c khoan
xong.
X,Y: Toa im gia
cng. Cac gia tr nay tuy
chon. im nay co th lp
trnh trong h toa cac
hoc h toa cc va cac toa
nay la tuyt i hay tng
i tuy thuc vao may ang
lam vic G90 hoc G91.
Z: nh ngha toa
mt phng tham chiu
(Reference plane). No co th
c lp trnh h toa
tuyt i hoc tng i.
Trong trng hp Z khng
c lp trnh, CNC se ly v
tr cua dao trc khi goi chu
trnh xem nh toa mt
phng tham chiu.
Hnh 5-30: Chu trnh khoan l su
74
I: nh ngha gia tr cua mi bc khoan theo phng truc chnh.

J: nh ngha s bc khoan ma chng trnh thc hin gia cng.
V du:
T01
M06
G00 X0 Y0 Z0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; im bt u
G83 G99 G90 G00 X50 Y50 Z-98 I-22 J3 F100 S500 M04 ; Goi chu trnh
G98 G00 G91 X500 Y500 . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ; nh v va chu trnh
G80 . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . .; Huy bo chu trnh
G90 X0 Y0. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . ; Dch chuyn nhanh v v tr ban u
M30. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .; Kt thuc chng trnh
5.4.5 Chng trnh gia cng tui hnh ch nht G87 (RECTANGULAR POCKET)
Chu trnh nay thc hin gia cng mt tui (hc) hnh ch nht tai im ch
nh cho n khi at c toa cui cung vi chiu su ct va tc chay dao a
c lp trnh. Bc gia cng tinh cui cung co tc chay dao thch ng vi no.
at c b mt gia cng tinh cua cac thanh tui tt, CNC cho n dao vao
va chay dao ra theo hng tip tuyn i vi bc phay sau cung trong khi gia cng
mi lp ct.
Dang cu lnh:
G87 G98/G99 X_ Y_ Z_ I_ J_ K_ B_ C_ D_ H_ L_
Hnh 5-31: Chu trinh gia cng tui, hc trn may
75
G98: Lui dao v mt phng ban u mi khi tui c gia cng xong.
G99: Lui dao v mt phng tham chiu mi khi tui c gia cng xong.
X,Y: V tr cua im gia cng, cac gia tr nay la tuy chon. im nay co th
c lp trnh trong h toa Cac hoc h toa cc va cac toa nay la tuyt
i hoc tng i tuy thuc vao may ang lam vic G90 hay G91.
Z: nh ngha toa mt phng tham chiu.
Khi lp trnh h toa tuyt i, no se da vao im 0 cua chi tit (Part
Zero) va khi lp trnh h toa tng i, no se da vao mt phng ban u (P.P)
Nu Z khng c lp trnh, th CNC se ly v tr cua dao trc khi goi chu
trnh coi nh mt phng tham chiu. Do o mt ban u (P.P) va mt phng tham
chiu (P.R) trung nhau.
I: nh ngha chiu su gia cng.
Khi lp trnh trong h toa tuyt i no se da vao im 0 cua chi tit (Part
Zero) va khi lp trnh trong h toa tng i, no se da vao mt phng ban u
(P.P).
J: nh ngha khoang cach t tm n canh cua tui theo truc hoanh (truc X).
Du cua no ch th hng gia cng ( Cung chiu kim ng h hoc ngc chiu kim
ng h).
J co du +
J co du -
Hnh 5-32: S n dao gia cng tui
76
K: nh ngha khoang cach t

tm n canh cua tui theo truc tung
(truc Y).
B: nh ngha chiu su ct.
Nu B c lp trnh co du
dng (+) th toan b chu trnh se c
gia cng cung chiu su ct co gia tr
bng hoc nho hn gia tr B a lp
trnh.
Nu B c lp trnh co du m
th toan b tui se c thc hin vi
chiu su ct a cho ngoai tr lp ct
sau cung.
C: nh ngha lng chay dao
theo mt phng chnh.
Nu C co gia tr dng th toan
b chu trnh c thc hin cung lng chay dao co ga tr bng hoc nho hn gia tr
C a lp trnh.
Nu C co gia tr m, th toan b tui c gia cng cung lng chay dao C a
cho ngoai tr bc phay cui cung.
Nu C khng c lp trnh,
th CNC coi nh C co gia tr bng
3/4 ng knh cua dao a chon.
Nu C c lp trnh co gia
tr ln hn ng knh cua dao a
chon hoc co gia tr bng 0, th
CNC se hin th li.
Hnh 5-33: S phu thuc vao cac

tham s khi gia cng
5.4.6 Chu trnh gia cng tui hnh tru G88 (CIRCULAR POCKET)
Chu trnh nay thc hin gia cng tui hnh tron tai mt im ch nh cho n
khi at c toa cui cung vi chiu su ct, tc chay dao a lp trnh. Bc
gia cng tinh co tc chay dao thch ng.
77
Dang cu lnh:
G88 G98/G99 X Y Z I J B C D H L
G98: Lui dao v mt phng ban u mi khi tui c gia cng xong.
G99: Lui dao v mt phng tham chiu mi khi tui c gia cng xong.
X, Y: Toa cua im gia cng va cac gia tr nay la tuy chon. im nay co
th lp trnh trong h toa cac hoc h toa cc va cac toa nay la tuyt i
hoc tng i tuy thuc vao may ang lam vic G90 hay G91.
Z: nh ngha toa mt phng tham chiu. No co th lp trnh trong h toa
tuyt i hoc tng i va trong trng hp nay no se da vao mt phng ban
u. Nu khng c lp trnh, CNC se ly v tr cua dao trc khi goi chu trnh lam
mt phng tham chiu.
Hnh 5-34: Chu trnh gia cng cac tui hnh tru
78
I: nh ngha chiu su gia cng. No co th lp trnh trong h toa tuyt

i hoc tng i va trong trng hp nay no da vao mt phng tham chiu.
J: nh ngha ban knh cua tui. Du cua J ch nh hng gia cng.
B: nh ngha chiu su ct.
Nu B c lp trnh co du ( + ) th toan b tui se c gia cng cung chiu
su ct co gia tr bng hoc nho hn gia tr B a lp trnh.
Nu B c lp trnh co du ( - ) th toan b tui se c gia cng vi gia tr
chiu su ct bng gia tr B a lp trnh tr lp ct cui cung.
C: nh ngha lng chay dao theo mt phng chnh.
Nu C c lp trnh vi gia tr dng th toan b tui se c gia cng cung
bc phay co gia tr bng hoc nho hn gia tr C a lp trnh.
Nu C co gia tr m th toan b tui se c gia cng cung lng chay dao
bng gia tr C a lp trnh tr bc ct cui cung.
Nu C khng c lp trnh th CNC coi nh C co gia tr bng 3/4 gia tr ban
knh dao a chon.
Nu C c lp trnh co gia tr ln hn ng knh dao a chon hoc bng 0
th CNC hin th li.
D: nh ngha kch thc gia mt phng chun va mt phng ma tui bt u
c gia cng .
5.4.7 Chu trnh gia cng tui co ao G66

Chu trnh nay thc hin gia cng t toa u tin n toa cui cung vi
chiu su ct va tc chay dao a c lp trnh, bc gia cng tinh cui cung co
tc chay dao tng ng.
Dang cu lnh: G66 R_ C_ F_ S_ E_
R: La s block cua bc gia cng th cua chng trnh gia cng.
C: La s block cua bc gia cng ban tinh cua chng trnh gia cng.
F: La s block cua bc gia cng tinh cua chng trnh gia cng.
S: La s block u tin ni bt u gia cng bin dang theo chu trnh .
E: La s block cui cung ni kt thuc gia cng bin dang theo chu trnh.
79
Hnh 5-35: Chu trnh gia cng tui co ao
5.5 Mt s chng trnh gia cng trong h thng iu khin FAGOR

5.5.1 Gia cng chi tit trn may tin MAGNUM
80
V du 1: Cho chi tit nh hnh ve, phi uc bng vt liu hp kim nhm, kch
thc phi 40 x 120mm
R3
phi
R4
x+
10
14
12
R3
M14
34
40
z+
0 P
10
5
5
20
50
70

Thit lp toa cac im:
im
X()
-Z
0
0
0
1
12
0
2
14
2
3
14
20
4
10
25
5
10
35
6
14
40
7
20
43
8
28
47
9
34
50
10
40
70
Trn c s cac gia tr a co bang toa , ta ga phi ln mm cp, thao tac

ly gia tr cac thng s cn thit. S "zero offset" nhp vao G54, "tool offset" cua
dao tin trai (T3) nhp vao D3, cua dao tin ren (T6) nhp vao D6. Chng trnh gia
cng c vit nh sau:
N01 G74
{T ng tr v v tr chun}
N02 G54
{Goi s zero offset}
N03 G90 G94
{Lp trnh theo HT tuyt i, h n v tc tin dao

F mm/phut}
N04 D3T3
{goi dao tin trai T03, s hiu hiu chnh D03}
N05 F40 S500
{Lng tin dao mm/phut,tc truc chnh 500 (v/p)}
N06 G00 X40.5 Z0 {Chay dao nhanh n X_ Z_ }

N07 G68 X12 X0 C0.3 D0.5 L0.1 M0.1 F50 H30 S08 E13 { Goi chu trnh
G68 gia cng n dao doc}
N08 G01 X14 Z-2 {Ni suy ng thng }
81
N09 Z-40
N01 G02 X20 Z-43 R3
{Ni suy cung tron theo chiu kim ng h }
N11 G03 X28 Z-47 R4
{Ni suy cung tron ngc chiu kim ng h }
N12 G02 X34 Z-50 R3

N13 G01 X40 Z-70
N14 G74
N15 T6 D6
{Goi dao tin ren T06 gia cng ranh cn,

tranh s va cham cua T, s hiu chnh dao D03}
N16 G00 X14.5 Z-20

N17 G68 X14.5 Z-20 C0.3 D0.5 L0.1 M0.1 F50 H30 S18 E21
N18 G01 X14 Z-20
N19
X10 Z-25
N02
Z-35
N21
X14 Z-40
N22 G74
{Tr v im chun}
N23 G95
{Tc tin dao mm/vong}
N24 F2 S200
N25 G00 X14 Z0.5
N26 G86 X14 Z0 Q14 R-25 I0.86 B-0.05 D0.3 C2 A-20
gia cng ren}
N27 G74
{Goi chu trnh
{Kt qua sau chu trnh nay la ren1 u mi bc

bng 2mm}
N28 G00 X14 Z1.5

N28 G86 X14 Z1 Q14 R-25 I0.86 B-0,05 D0.3 C2 A-20
N29 G74
{Sau chu trnh nay oan ren tr thanh ren 2 u

mi bc bng 1mm}
N40 G30
{Kt thuc chng trnh, tr v u chng trnh}
n y ta a lp trnh xong, tin hanh m phong kim tra va sau o i

vao gia cng va at c chi tit yu cu.
82
V du 2:
Co chi tit gia cng nh hnh ve.
X
Phi
Z
P
Hnh 5-37: Hnh dang chi tiet gia cng

Chng trnh gia cng:
G54
G94 G97 G90
T06 D06
F40 S500 M03
G00 X39 Z0
G68 X29 Z0 C0.3 D0.2 F30 S2 E24
N2 G03 X39 Z-5 R5
N3
X29 Z-10 R5
N4
X25 Z-14 R2
N5 G02 Z-19 R2.5

N6 G03 X33 Z-21 R2
N7 G01 Z-36
N8 G03 X31 Z-37 R1
N9 G02 Z-39 R1
N10 G03 Z-41 R1
N11 G02 Z-43 R1
N12 G03 X33 Z-44 R1
N13
X18 Z-51.5 R7.5
83
N14 G01 X10 Z-55.5

N15
X8 Z-65.5
N16 G02 X10 R1

N17 G03 Z-72.5 R3
N18
Z-76.5 R2
N19 G02 X18 Z-77.5 R1

N20 G01 X12 Z-82.5
N21 G02 X20 Z-86.5 R4
N22 G01 X24 Z-88.5
N23 G03 X32 Z-92.5 R4
N24 G01 Z-95
N25 G00 X45 Z50
N26 G30
5.5.2 Gia cng chi tit trn may phay SUPERNOVA

V du 1: Cho chi tit gia cng
nh hnh ve:
80
N1 G74
77
77
Chng trnh gia cng.
N2 G54
N3 T01 D1 M06
3
N4 S500 M03
N5 G00 X0 Y0 Z2
N9
N10
N7 G42 X3 Y3
15
X57
57
60
N6 G90 G01 Z-5 F60
N8
Y77
X3
Hnh 5-38: Ban ve chi tit
84
N11
Y3
N12 G40 G00 Z2

N13 T07
N14 M06
N15 M30
V du 2: Gia cng l
Cho chi tit gia cng nh hnh ve:
Chng trnh gia cng
Y
N1 G74
N2 G54
N5 G00 G90 X0Y0 Z2

N6 G88 G98 G00 G90
J
40
N4 S500 M03
80
N3 T01 D1 M06
X
W
30
X30 Y40 Z-2 I-6 J20 B4

Z
C4 D2 H1 L1 F50 T01 D01

M03
N7 G80
2 10
60
N8 G90 X0 Y0 Z2
N9 G30
V du 3: Gia cng 3D.

Chng trnh gia cng:
N1 G74
N2 G55
N3 M06
N4 T06 D06
85
N5 G17 G00 G43
G90 Z20 S400

M04
50
75
N6 G05
30
N7 G66 R9 C10
F11 S12 E31
M30
X
5
30
35
N9 G67 A45 B2 C4 I-10
60
R5 F60 T06 D06

Z
10
15
T66 D06
N10 G67 A45 B1 I-10 R5 F70
N11 G68 B05 L0.75 Q0 I-10

R3 F50 T06 D06
N12 G17 XY
N13 G00 G90 X5 Y40 Z4

N14 G01 Y75
N15
X55
N16
Y5
N17
X5
N18 X40
N19 G17 XY
N20 G00 G90 X30 Z30
N21 G01 X25
N22
X50
N23
X35
N24
X40
N25
X30
N26 G18 X2
G00 G90 X5 Z0
86
N27 G01 X8 Z-10

N28 G19 YZ
N29 G00 G90 Y30 Z-10
N30 G01 Y40 Z-4
N31 G00 X0 Y0 Z20
N32 T07
N33 M06
N34 M02
V du 4: Gia cng 3D thay dao t ng.

Cho chi tit nh hnh ve:
Chng trnh gia cng:
N1 G74
N2 G55
N3 T06 D06
N4 M06
N5 S500 M03
N6 G00 X0 Y0 Z2
N7 G90 G01 F50
N8 G42 X6 Y6 Z-2
N9
X54
N10
X74
N11
X6
N12
Y6
N13 G40 G00 Z10

N14 M05
N15 M06
N16 T01 D01
N17 G92 G44 Z.5
87
12
20
40
60
68
74
X
W 6
12
20
30
40
48
54
15
10
N18 G83 G99 G00 G90 X12 Y12 Z-2 Y-10

N19 G98 G00 G90 X48 Y10
X48 Y68
X12 Y68
X12 Y12
N20 G80
N21 G90 X0 Y0 Z2
N22
M05
N23
M06
88
N24
T03 D03
N25 G92 G44 Z2

N26 G17 G00 G44 G90 S500 G04
N27 G05
N28 G66 R28 C29 F80
N29 M30
N30 G67 B5 C4 I-6 R3 F80 T03 D03
N31 G67 B2 Y-6 R3 F80 T03 D03
N32 G68 B15 L0.5 Q0 I-6 R3 F80 T06 D06
N33 G17 XY
N34 G90 G00 X20 Y20 Z2
N35 G01
X40
Y60
X20
Y20
N36 G188 XZ
N37 G00 X20 Z0
N38 G03 X20 Z-6 I6 K0
N39 G0 X0 Y0 Z20
N40 T07
N41 M06
N42 M30
N43 M02
V du 5: Chu trnh gia cng tui co ao.

Chng trnh gia cng:
N1 G74
N2 G54
89
N3 T01 D01
N4 S500 M3
N5 G0 X0Y0 Z10
N6 G66 R10 C15 F20 S25 E30
Y
M30
N10 G67 B3 C4 I-10 R4 F70 T1
M6
80
75
70
N15 G67 B2 I-8 R4 F70 T1 D1

M6
40
R16
N20 G68 B1.5 L0.5 Q0 I-10 RA

F70 T1 D1 M6
N25 G17
G90 G0 X5 Y40 Z2
G01
R8
Y75
X55
X5
0 5 10 14 22 30
W
60
Z
-10
Y0
G18 XZ
G0 X5 Z0
G01 X10 Z-1
G17
G90 G00 X22 Y40
G02 X22 Y40 I8 J0
G18 XZ
G90 G01 X22 Z-10
N30 G00 X27 Z0
T07
M06
M30
90
91
CHNG VI
IU CHNH MAY GIA CNG

6.1 Dch chuyn im gc (zero offset)
6.1.1 t vn
Trong qua trnh lp chng trnh gia cng chi tit, ngi ta thng ch quan
tm n cac yu t hnh hoc (bin dang cua chi tit gia cng) va cac thng s cng
ngh nh: Gia cng th, ban tinh hoc tinh; tnh cht vt liu cua chi tit gia cng;
ch ti dung dch bi trn, lam mat... va chung c th hin qua cac day lnh
trong chng trnh vi cac chc nng G code va M code ma cha quan tm n v
tr cua im gc chng trnh so vi v tr cua im gc cua may cung nh v tr cua
li ct, c bit la khi co nhiu dao khac nhau c s dung gia cng cung mt
b mt hoc cac b mt khac nhau trn cung mt chi tit (khi gia cng trn cac trung
tm vi chng trnh gia cng s dung nhiu dao). co th chuyn chng trnh
gia cng c thit lp thanh qua trnh gia cng thc t trn may th iu cn thit
phai thc hin la t chng trnh gia cng cung vi chi tit va dung cu ct vao
trong khng gian thc cua may xac nh v tr cua gc toa c nh trn chi tit
so vi gc toa cua may va a gia tr nay vao trong h thng o lng cua may.
Vic lam nay c goi la dch chuyn im gc hay con goi la zero offset.
Vy vic dch chuyn im gc c xem la vic lam ng nht v tr gc toa
cua may vi gc toa cua chng trnh gia cng h thng o lng cua may
giam sat s hoat ng va iu khin chnh xac, kp thi cac c cu dn ng trong
qua trnh dung cu dch chuyn theo cac toa a c lp trnh.
V du
ZP
YP
ZM
YM
Dch chuyn
im gc
P
XP
ZMP
YMP
XMP
M
XM
Hnh 6-1: V du v dch chuyn im gc trn may phay

91
V du:
XM
M
XP
ZM
ZMP
Dch chuyn
im gc
XMP
ZP
Hnh 6-2: Dch chuyn im gc trn may tin
6.1.2 Tnh toan dch chuyn im gc

Z MR
E N
Z MRO
X
XPE
R
ZPE
E N
XMR
XMRO
XRE
ZRE
Z
P
Hnh 6-3: S tnh toan cac gia tr dch chuyn im gc
92
co th tnh toan xac nh cac gia tr x dch im gc, trc ht cn phai

xac nh c cac v tr im gc cua may M, im chun R, im gc chng trnh
P, gc chi tit W va cac im chun ga dt dao E va mui dao p. i vi mi may
khac nhau, nha ch tao se co nhng quy nh khac nhau va khi tin hanh tnh toan
xac nh no cn thit phai cn c vao may cu th.
T hnh ve biu din s dch chuyn im chun trn hnh 6-3, ta co:
Cac gia tr XMR; ZMR la cac gia tr dch chuyn gii han cua ban may, cac gia
tr nay c cac nha ch tao may quy nh va hu nh khng thay i trong qua
trnh s dung. Thng thng khi bt u cho may hoat ng hoc sau khi kt thuc
qua trnh gia cng mt chi tit th cn thit phai a may tr v trang thai nay va v
tr cua no trn man hnh se c hin th bng gia tr kch thc tuyt i. Cac gia
tr XRE va ZRE la cac kch thc iu chnh xac nh gia tr t im chun R n
im gc E(N) cua dung cu va chung co gia tr khng thay i. Gia tr cua kch
thc chiu dai dao theo phng X va Z la XPE va ZPE co c trong khi tin hanh
cac cng vic dch chuyn im gc trc tip ngay trn may hoc bng cach o nh
cac dung cu trc tip t bn ngoai se c lu gi trong b nh cua h thng iu
khin CNC va no co tac dung xac nh gia tr hiu chnh chiu dai dung cu.
Trong thc t, tuy theo cach lp chng trnh ma co th ngi ta khng s
dung chc nng dch chuyn im gc, v du nh lp trnh vi chc nng G53 (hoc
i vi mt s h iu khin khac la chc nng G52) theo h toa cua may M.
Nhng trong thc t, vic la chon kiu lp trnh nay rt t c s dung v yu cu
phai thc hin chuyn i tt ca cac toa cua kch thc trn ban ve chi tit i
vi gc o lng cua may M va chnh iu nay rt d gy ra sai sot do nhm ln
cung nh at c chnh xac khng cao. V vy , co th trc tip s dung tt
ca cac kch thc trn ban ve vi toan b trng dung sai cho phep mt cach y u
trong qua trnh gia cng, ngi ta thng s dung phng phap lp trnh vi chc
nng dch chuyn im gc (zero offset).
6.1.3 Cac bc tin hanh
a. Cac phng phap thc hin dch chuyn im gc

Chc nng dch chyn im gc khi gia cng la mt trong nhng cng vic
cn tin hanh trc khi thc hin vic gia cng trn may. Nh a noi, muc ch cua
vic dch chuyn im gc la lam ng nht h toa khi lp chng trnh vi gc
o lng cua may. i vi may tin, thng thng ngi ta co th thc hin cng
vic nay theo 2 phng phap: Cach th nht, ngi ta co th o trc tip gia tr cua
kch thc chiu dai dao theo phng X, phng Z va kch thc chiu dai cua phi
93
ri thc hin vic tnh toan va nhp gia tr nay vao trong h thng CNC thng qua
ban phm. Cach th 2 la s dung chc nng dch chuyn dao bng tay cho dao
tip xuc vi mt u va ng knh cua phi va nhp gia tr chin th trn man
hnh trc tip vao may v thng thng khi lp chng trnh gia cng, ngi ta
thng chon gc cua h thng toa nm trn truc cua chi tit gia cng. Con trn
may phay, ngi ta thng s dung chc nng dch chuyn dao bng tay li ct
cua dung cu tip xuc vi phi tai v tr c chon lam gc chi tit W.
V du v cac bc tin hanh dch chuyn im gc trn may tin:
R
E
p
X
Theo phng X
E
Theo phng Z
Hnh 6-4 : Phng phap dch chuyn im gc trn may tin

V du v cac bc tin hanh dch chuyn im gc trn may phay:
Theo phng
Z
Z
Theo phng
X
Theo phng W
Y
Hnh 6-5: Phng phap dch chuyn im gc trn may phay

94
b. Cac bc tin hanh

Khi lp trnh, ta a chon c gc chng trnh (P) va tuy theo kch thc
c ghi trn ban ve ma vic chon im P co th trung hay khng trung vi im
gc cua chi tit (W ). co th a gia tr toa cua im gc chng trnh vao h
thng o lng cua may, ngi ta cn phai tin hanh cac thao tac dch chuyn im
gc ma trong cac h thng iu khin s CNC th no thng c s dung vi cac
chc nng G54, G55, G56, G57, G58 va G59. Trong o chc nng G58 va G59 la
cac chc nng dch chuyn im gc b sung. Khi cn huy bo chc nng nay
thit lp chng trnh theo gc toa cua may th ngi ta s dung chc nng G53.
Trc khi m may, chung ta cn a dung cu tr v im chun t gia tr
cua im chun vao h thng o lng cua may, gc o lng chnh la im gc
cua may M. Gia tr toa cua im chun nay c t trc do nha ch tao may
quyt nh va no khng c thay i trong sut qua trnh s dung. Nu toa cua
im chun nay khng ung vi gia tr a c xac nh trc cua hang th h thng
khng th hoat ng c.
Sau y la v du v qua trnh thc hin dch chuyn im gc trn may tin
MAGNUM va may phay SUPERNOVA vi h iu khin FAGOR.
a h thng tr v v tr chun
Khi dch chuyn ban may tr v im chun, ta s dung cac phm chc nng
va theo trnh t nh sau:
ong in ap vao may va h iu khin.
a h thng kh nen vao hoat ng.
M menu chnh: Main Menu
Chuyn qua ch thao tac bng tay: JOG
Tr v im chun: Reference Search
Chon tt ca cac truc: X, Y, Z hoc All Axis
Thc hin: I
May t ng dch chuyn tr v im chun:
Chu y:
Khi h thng iu khin hoat ng a ban may tr v v tr im chun, h
thng o lng se hoat ng va lun hin th gia tr thc t tai mi thi im va khi
kt thuc qua trnh dch chuyn th no se hin th gia tr toa im chun.
95
Trn may phay th gia tr nay la:

X = 0000.000 ; Y = 0000.000; Z = 0000.000.
Trn may tin th gia tr nay la:
X = 143.300 mm va Z = 237.000 mm
Ch n khi cac gia tr nay c nim yt trn man hnh th mi co th
chuyn sang cac ch lam vic tip theo.
Dch chuyn im gc (zero offset)
i vi may tin MAGNUM
M ca may tin, chon dao cn gia cng (theo s hc dao c anh s trn
u rvonve) xac nh im p cua dao. Do c im cua may tin MAGNUM la
co im gc cua may la M nm trn truc chnh cua may tin nn ta ch tin hanh
dch chuyn im gc theo phng Z, con phng X th ly bng 0.
Thu tuc thc hin dch chuyn im gc (Zero Offset)
Z MR
R
XRE
X
Z MRO
E N
XMR
XPE
R
ZPE
M
ZRE
Z
P
Z
Hnh 6-6: Dch chuyn im gc trn may tin MAGNUM

khi co tin khoa mt uvi lng d Z
96
Dch chuyn dao bng tay theo phng X, Z thng qua cac chc nng chay
bng tay theo chc nng JOG theo cac ky hiu (+) hay (-) trn cum CNC cho
mui dao p tip xuc vi phi trn mt u (du + la dao ri xa chi tit, du - la dao
tin vao gn phi). Khi dao tin vao gn phi, ta giam gia tr tin dao bng num
quay trn cum CNC co lng tin trn mi xung la u nho nhm am bao an
toan cho dao va xac nh chnh xac v tr cua im P. Trn man hnh se hin th
gia tr toa theo phng X va Z, ta se ghi gia tr cua Z vao bang Zero offset trong
cum CNC bng cac phm va tng ng vi cac chc nng t G54 G57 tuy chon.
Nu chi tit co gia cng mt u v du nh khoa mt th cn cha lai mt lp lng
d Z bng cach tr i lng d nay ri nhp gia tr o vao bang Zero offset. Luc
nay im gc chng trnh P se nm pha trong cua phi va cach mt u phi
mt lng bng Z . Chu y la khi thao tac ta cn num xoay v v tr JOG tc la
dch chuyn gian oan tng xung tranh va cham dao vao phi.
Thu tuc nhp gia tr Zero Offset vao h thng iu khin CNC tun theo
trnh t nh sau:
Main menu/ Tables/ Zero offset/ (chon mt chc nng t G54 n G57)/
Modify/ (nhp gia tr tnh toan trn vao truc Z va nhp gia tr 0 (zero) vao truc X t
ban phm trn cum CNC)/ Enter.
Chu y: Trong h thng iu khin FAGOR th mc nh gia tr Offset theo
phng X = 0. Khi lam thu tuc nay, ng thi ta a thc hin vic hiu chnh chiu
dai dao theo phng Z. Qua trnh dch chuyn im gc n y a hoan thanh.
Thu tuc hiu chnh chiu dai dao Tool Offset
am bao xac nh ung v tr cua mui dao p i vi gc P cua h toa ,
cn thit phai tnh toan gia tr dch chuyn cua im chun theo phng X va
phng Z hay noi cach khac la xac nh khoang cach cua mui dao p khi u dao tai
im chun R cach truc X va truc Z cua h truc toa c nh la bao nhiu, ngi
ta cn phai tin hanh thu tuc hiu chnh chiu dai dung cu ma ngi ta goi o la thu
tuc Tool Offset. Thc t trong qua trnh gia cng mt b mt, ngi ta khng ch s
dung mt dao ma co th nhiu dao vi cac kch thc cua dao la khac nhau v chiu
dai ZPF va XPF, do vy cn co s dch chuyn v tr cua dung cu khi s dung cac
dao khac nhau th u am bao rng cac mui dao p la co chnh xac so vi im
gc cua h truc toa P. Vic tin hanh xac nh gia tr nay theo phng Z ta a
thc hin trong khi lam thu tuc dch chuyn im gc i vi dao u tin, do vy
vi dao nay ta ch con thc hin theo phng X na la u. tin hanh thu tuc nay
ta lam nh sau:
97
Main menu/ Jog/ MDI/ D,T,S,F/ D* (nhp s D* cn hiu chnh lp trnh

trong qua trnh gia cng tng ng t ban phm cua cum CNC)/ Cycle Start/ I (thc
hin).
Main menu/ Jog. May ang trang thai m ca, ta s dung ch dch
chuyn dao bng tay a dao cn hiu chnh chiu dai dao Tool Offset n tip
xuc vi mt ngoai (theo ng knh) cua chi tit bng cac phm n X, Z (+) va (-)
(du + la dao tin ra xa phi va du - la dao tin vao phi). Chu y la khi dao tin vao
gn n b mt phi, ta quay num iu chnh v pha JOG va chon gia tr co lng
dch chuyn theo tng xung la nho nht am bao an toan cho dao, may va am
bao chnh xac khi hiu chnh.
Khi cho mui dao tip xuc vi phi, ta cn phai am bao c iu kin la b
mt phi tai o co tm trung vi tm quay cua may va kch thc cua b mt tru o
ta a xac nh chnh xac bng cach o trc o hoc trc tip trn may. am bao
chnh xac khi thc hin, thng ngi ta ga phi ln may va cho ct mt lp mong
trn mt oan ngn am bao c ng tm cua b mt iu chnh dao vi
tm quay cua may.
Khi a thc hin cho dao tip xuc vi phi, ta gi nguyn trang thai o cung
vi cac gia tr c hin th trn man hnh va nhp gia tr hiu chnh bng cac thu
tuc sau:
Z MR
R
XRE
R
X
XPE
E N
XMR
X
X MRO
ZPE
ZRE
p
P
Hnh 6-7: Hiu chnh chiu dai dao trn may tin MAGNUM
98
Tool Calibration/ Load X/ X (nhp gia tr kch thc ng knh phi tai v
tr mui dao tip xuc la ...thng qua ban phm)/ Enter/ Load X.
Luc nay may se t ng tnh toan s hiu chnh va ghi vao s D* ma ta a
chon trc y. Nu trn man hnh CNC co xut hin cu thoai Tool Offset a c
cp nht The tool offset updated th qua trnh thc hin a thanh cng.
Chu y: Trc khi la chon chc nng dch chuyn im gc G54 - G57, cn
phai huy bo gia tr a c Offset trc o con lu gi trong b nh cua cum CNC
tranh b li bng cach chon chc nng G53.
Trong trng hp gia cng bng nhiu dao, ta chon ly mt dao u tin
ly Zero Offset theo phng Z va Tool Offset theo phng X. Cac dao con lai ta ch
tin hanh ly Tool Offset theo phng X nh cach lam trn va nhp gia tr vao
cac s ghi s hiu chnh D tng ng. Thng thng ngi ta hay ly s ghi D trung
vi s hiu cua dao T tranh nhm ln (v du khi iu chnh dao s 6 tc T06 th
cac gia tr Tool Offset c ghi vao s ghi D06). i vi phng Z, ta gn s ghi s
hiu chnh D cua dao cn hiu chnh vao chng trnh a co s Zero Offset cua dao
a ly trc o ly Zero Offset cho ca nhom, dch chuyn mui dao p n im
gc P cua chi tit va ghi lai gia tr thc t hin th trn man hnh vao s ghi D tng
ng cua tng dao k ca du. Khi gia cng, trong chng trnh ta phai goi chnh xac
ng thi ca s dao T va s hiu chnh dao D (T...D...) th luc o mi co th gia
cng at c bin dang va chnh xac theo yu cu, v du T2 D2.
co th tin hanh iu chnh c chnh xac, ta co th s dung mt ming
giy mong va dai t gia mui dao va phi va khi dch chuyn dung cu, ming giy
c kep cht ma khng b rach hoch thung th at yu cu.
i vi may phay SUPERNOVA
M ca may phay lp phi va dao cn gia cng, chu y khi t dao vao
cha dao cn phai chu y s cua hc dao hay v tr dao ung vi s dao cn goi. Chon
dao cn gia cng (theo s hc c anh s trn cha dao) xac nh im p cua
dao so vi gc toa cua may M. Do c im cua may phay SUPERNOVA co
im gc cua may M khng nm trn truc chnh cua may nn ta phai thc hin dch
chuyn im gc theo tt ca cac phng X, Y, Z.
Thu tuc tin hanh dch chuyn im gc (Zero offset)
Lp dao cn offset vao truc chnh.
Chon im gc chng trnh P va h toa trn chi tit (co th trung hoc
khng trung vi im gc chi tit W).
99
Dch chuyn dao bng tay theo chc nng JOG theo phng Z am bao tip
xuc gia mt u cua dao vi mt phng trn cua phi gia cng. Trn man hnh se
hin th gia tr toa cua X,Y, Z, Ta se ghi gia tr cua Z vao bang Zero Offset vi
chc nng t G54 - G57 tuy chon.
Lam tng t nh th khi cho tip xuc gia li ct cua dao va chi tit theo
phng X va Y ri ghi gia tr toa cua X va Y c hin th trn ma hnh tng
ng vao chc nng G54 - G57 a c chon trn. Chu y rng y mi la toa
cua tm dao nn ta cn phai b sung thm vi kch thc ban knh dao vao gia tr
cua X va Y trn co cac gia tr offset tng ng cua no.
Nhp gia tr 0ffset vao s ghi D tng ng nh sau:
Main Menu / Table / G54 / Modfy
Nhp gia tr toa cua X, Y, Z a offset trn (sau khi a cng ban knh vao
gia tr toa X va Y qua ban phm).
Nhp cac gia tr vao cum CNC: Enter
Chu y: Trc khi la chon chc nng dch chuyn im gc G54 - G57, cn
phai huy bo gia tr a c Offset trc o con lu gi trong b nh cua cum CNC
tranh b li bng cach chon chc nng G53.
i vi may phay, thng thng khi thay dao t ng vi chc nng c
goi la M06 th truc chnh mang dao phai dch chuyn v im chun cac cha
dao (hoc ngn hang dao - magazin ) dch chuyn n toa cn thit thay dao.
Con vi may tin th thng thng u dao dch chuyn n mt im nao o u
khoang cach an toan thay dao ma khng nht thit phai tr v im chun.
Thu tuc hiu chnh dung cu Tool Offset
Cac bc tin hanh tng t nh vi trng hp hiu chnh dung cu trn may
tin, chon s hiu hiu chnh dao D: Di ( i la s s ghi gia tr hiu chnh dao nn
thng chon theo s hiu cua dao tranh nhm ln v sau khi phai thao tac vi
nhiu dao: V du s dao la T03 ta nn chon i=3 la D03).
Nhp cac gia tr chiu dai dao va ban knh dao vao s hiu chnh dao D tng
ng vi tng dao c hiu chnh s dung trong chng trnh gia cng. Cac
thng s nay c ghi vao h thng CNC theo trnh t sau:
Main menu/ Tables/ Tool Offset (chon s hiu hiu chnh D bng thu tuc
dch chuyn con tro)/ Edit (nhp cac gia tr tng ng v chiu dai dao theo truc Z
va ban knh dao, mon..)/ Enter.
100
c. Gii thiu man hnh va chc nng cua cum CNC

Gii thiu chc nng cac phm:
Hnh 6- 8: Man hnh h thng iu khin CNC FAGOR 8050 T,M

1. Nhom cac phm ky t va ch s
2. Nhom cac phm iu khin
3. Nhom cac phm c ban
4. Cac nhom phm ng F
Hnh 6-8: H thng iu khin CNC FAGOR 8050T, M

1. Nhom cac phm ky t va ch s
2. Cac phm iu khin
3. Nhom cac phm chc nng.
4. Nhom cac phm ng F
Nhom cac phm ky t va ch s: ngi iu khin nhp cac d liu vao b

nh cua may, la chon cac truc toa , nhp gia tr cua Tool offset...thng qua cac
phm nay. Ngoai ra con cac phm SHIFT, CAPS (Capslok), SP (Space bar) co chc
nng nh ban phm may vi tnh.
Nhom cac phm iu khin: Gm cac phm cho phep ngi iu khin thao
tac xem cac thng tin hin th trn man hnh. Nu mun xem tng trang th n
cac phm Pagedown, Pageup. Khi cn di chuyn con tro trn man hnh xem tng
dong th n cac phm co mui tn , , , . Khi cn xoa cac ky t tai v tr
101
con tro, ta dung phm CL (Clear), khi cn xoa ca dong va khi cac dong ta phai
nhum mau chung. Phm INS cho phep ta chuyn i chc nng gia Insert vi
Replace (chen hoc thay th mt ky t tai v tr con tro).
Man hnh: y la man hnh chnh, moi s giao tip gia ngi iu khin vi
may u thng qua man hnh nay. Co nhiu thng tin c hin th trong o: Tn
cua mode iu khin ta ang thao tac, tn cua chng trnh ang thao tac, s cua cu
lnh ang thc hin, cac thng s cng ngh chnh (S, F, T, D, G...), thi gian thc
hin, h toa , h n v ang s dung (mm, inch) v.v.... Pha di cung la cac
menu c c la chon.
Nhom cac phm F: Trn bang iu khin co cac phm t F1 n F7 dung
chon cac menu, cac phm nay co chc nng ng, ngha la chc nng cua chung
lun thay i theo mode iu khin khi ta la chon.
Nhom cac phm quan trong:
ENTER: Dung nhp va a vao b nh cua h iu khin CNC cac thng
tin ang soan thao trn ca s man hnh.
HELP: Chc nng tr giup theo tng mode iu khin. V du khi ang
mode EDIT, nu n phm HELP th man hnh se hin th cac thng tin tr giup ta
thao tac trong mode nay, mun thoat khoi HELP, ta n tr lai nut nay.
RESET: Khi n phm nay, may se tr lai trang thai ban u c cai t
trong b nh. Mi ln m may cn phai n phm nay a may v trang thai ban
u vn co cua no.
ESC: Cho phep ta huy bo moi s la chon ang thc hin tr v mode
thc hin ngay sat trc. Cac s liu sau ln n ENTER ngay sat trc o se b huy
bo.
MAIN MENU: n phm nay h thng CNC se tr v menu chnh cho du
ang bt ky menu nao.
Nhom cac phm kt hp:
SHIFT -RESET: n ng thi 2 phm nay, CNC se khi ng lai t u.
SHIFT -CL: n ng thi 2 phm nay, cac thng tin ang hin hanh trn man
hnh se b xoa hoan toan, khi phuc lai, ch cn n mt phm bt ky. Trng hp
man hnh b tt hay bao li, ta s dung 2 phm nay khi phuc lai trang thai ban
u.
102
SHIFT-Pageup: Khi n lin tip 2 phm nay, pha bn phai cua man hnh hin
th toa cua ban dao hin tai, chc nng nay co th dung cho moi mode iu
khin. thoat trang thai o, n lai 2 phm nay.
Gii thiu pa nen iu khin va cac thao tac c ban:
Panen iu khin cua FAGOR 8050 T va M co th c chia ra nh sau:
Hnh 6-9: Panen iu khin cua h iu khin CNC FAGOR 8050T

1.Num dng khn cp khi co s c
2. Phm dch chuyn bng tay theo cac truc
3. Num quay la chon ga tr tc dch chuyn theo cac truc
4. Phm la chon hng quay va tc quay truc chnh
5. Phm khi ng va dng thc hin chu trinh
Hnh 6-10: Panen iu khin cua h iu khin CNC FAGOR 8050M

1.Num dng khn cp khi co s c
2. Phm dch chuyn bng tay theo cac truc
3. Num quay la chon ga tr tc dch chuyn theo cac truc
4. Phm la chon hng quay va tc quay truc chnh
5. Phm khi ng va dng thc hin chu trinh
103
Cac phm vn hanh ban may: X+, X -, Y+, Y-, Z+, Z- dch chuyn ban dao
theo cac phng bng tay. Tc dch chuyn ban dao phu thuc vao v tr cua nut
chon ty l trn pa nen. Khi vn hanh bng tay, ta quay num xoay v v tr JOG va
iu chnh lng dch chuyn cua ban dao trn mi xung tac ng. Khi t num
xoay v tr Electric, ta co th cho ban dao tin lin tuc theo thi gian n nut X hoc
Z.. v tr nay con quy nh tc tin dao trong qua trnh gia cng, v du khi lp
trnh vi tc tin dao F=50m/ph, nu num xoay t tai v tr tng ng la 80 th
co ngha lng tin dao khi gia cng la 80% x 50 =40m/ph.
Num iu khin truc chnh: Theo biu tng trn panen iu khin ta co th
i chiu quay cua truc chnh va thay i tc quay cua no theo mong mun.
Phm CYCLESTART va CYCLESTOP: phm bt u hoc kt thuc thc
hin tng dong lnh, mt khi dong lnh, mt oan chng trnh hoc ca chng
trnh c la chon.
Nut dng khn cp: EMEGENCY s dung dng khn cp khi co s c.
Th muc cua JOG:
Menu nay cho phep thao tac bng tay dch chuyn ban dao khi ly Zero
Offset va Tool Offset. No c b tr nh sau:
MAIN MENU - JOG
- REFERENCE SEARCH : (X; Z; All)
- PRESET: (X;Z)
-
TOOLCALIBRATION: (X; Z; Load X; Load Z)
MDI: (Condition Block; Label; G group...)
DISPLAY SELECTION: (Actual; Folowing error...)
y la cy th muc cua JOG. Mun thao tac a may tr v im chun ta se

thc hin nh sau:
Main menu/ Jog/ Reference search/ All axes/ Cycle start
Th muc cua TABLES:
Mode nay bao gm mt s bang gia tr cac tham s cn xac nh trong qua
trnh gia cng, no c b tr nh sau:
MAIN - TABLES
- ZERO OFFSET: (Edit; Mody; Find; Delete; Load...)
- TOOL OFFSET: (Edit; Mody; Find; Delete; Load...)
104
- TOOL: (Edit; Mody; Find; Delete; Load; Save; Geometry)

- PARAMETER : (Global; Local; Parameter)
y la cy th muc cua Tables. V du cn nhp gia tr cua Tool Offset vao
bang, ta tin hanh nh sau:
Main menu/ Tables/ Tool Offset ( chon s ghi D cn hiu chnh)/ Modify/
Enter.
Th muc EDIT:
Mode nay c dung khi soan thao chng trnh, no c b tr nh sau:
MAIN -EDIT
-
EDIT: (CNC language; Teach in; Interative; Profile...)
MODIFY: (Condition Blok; Label; G group...)
FIND:(Begining; End; Text; Line number...)
REPLACE: (Replace; Delete; Move; Copy Block...)
Trong mode soan thao nay, ta co th soan thao, hiu chnh, thay i, kim
tra...cac chng trnh gia cng. Khi s dung mode nay, CNC yu cu ngi thao tac
ch ra chng trnh cn thc hin. ch no, ta s dung con tro di chuyn, cac phm
chen hoc thay th...Sau khi a xac nh chng trnh cn thc hin, ta cn phai
n ENTER. Trong trng hp cn soan thao mt chng trnh mi, ngi lp
chng trnh cn phai t tn cho chng trnh, chon ngn ng (thng la s dung
ngn ng CNC language) va sau mi block cn phai n ENTER.
Th muc SIMULATE
Sau khi soan thao xong chng trnh, ngi lp trnh cn kim tra liu
chng trnh soan thao va ghi co ung khng th cn phai chay th mode
SIMULATE trc khi a chng trnh chay gia cng tht. No c b tr nh sau:
MAIN - SIMULATE (Chon chng trnh cn m phong)
- THEORTICAL PATH: (Block selection; Graphic...)
- G Function: (Stop Condition; Display Selection...)
- G,M,S,T Function: (Block Selection; Single Block...)
- RAPID: (Block Selection; Graphic; Single Block...)
Tuy theo cach la chon phng thc m phong, ngi ta co th cho thc hin
nhanh i vi cac chng trnh dai va i vi nhng ngi vn hanh thng thao v
105
ho ch cn qua trnh m phong khng b truc trc va vi kinh nghim ban thn th co
th khng nh c la chng trnh c soan thao co ung hay khng (khi chon
chc nng G ). i vi nhng ngi mi lam quen vi may CNC th cn phai la
chon mode m phong kiu hoa bng s cac ng ct cua dao kim tra
xem cac ng tin dao co ung vi y cua ngi soan thao hay khng, hn th
na ta co th xac nh chiu day tng lp ct, lng cha lai gia cng tinh va
cui cung la kim tra kch thc cua chi tit sau khi gia cng ngay trn man hnh
co am bao chnh xac hay khng ( khi chon chc nng Theoretical Graphic).
Chu y la sau khi a la chon hnh thc m phong cn n nut Cycle Start xac
nh.
V du m phong chng trnh s P1235 theo chc nng Theoretical
Graphic, ta tin hanh nh sau:
Main/ Simulate (Chon P1235)/Enter/ Theoretical path/ Grapic/ Cycle Start.
Khi la chon chc nng nay, ta co th s dung cac chc nng phong to va thu
nho (ZOOM) va chc nng o kim (MESUERE).
i vi may phay, ta co th thc hin theo tun t sau:
Main menu/ Simulate (chon chng trnh gia cng bng con tro)/Enter/
Graphics/ Cycle Start I.
co th quan sat dang 3 hnh chiu va hnh khi,:
Main menu/ Simulate (chon chng trnh gia cng bng con tro)/Enter/
Combined View/ Cycle Start I
Th muc EXECUTE:
Sau khi a kim tra toan b cac thao tac cn thit va chc chn rng khng
th co nhm ln, ta co th tin hanh gia cng. Qua trnh thc hin vic gia cng
cung gn ging vi qua trnh thc hin m phong, co ngha la ta cung co th thc
hin tng cu lnh, mt phn chng trnh hoc toan b chng trnh. Khi gia cng,
cac thng s v cng ngh va gia tr toa dung cu lun xut hin trn man hnh
tr giup ngi iu khin bit c tnh trang hoat ng cua may.
V du, chay mt chng trinhg s P1350, ta tin hanh nh sau:
MAIN/ EXECUTE (Chon chng trnh P1350) ENTER/ CYCLE START
Trong qua trnh may ang vn hanh, ta co th soan thao chng trnh mi
bnh thng ma khng anh hng g n s hoat ng cua may. Chnh iu nay cho
phep tng thm kha nng hoat ng cua may nh giam thi gian cht.
106
6.2 Chng trnh gia cng vi chc nng bu dao

6.2.1 t vn
Trong qua trnh gia cng th im c chon lp chng trnh chnh la mui
dao tin p (i vi dao tin ) va tm mt phng ct got cua dao phay ngon, mui
khoan hoc tm b mt cu vi dao phay u cu (i vi may phay ng). Tuy
nhin trong a s trng hp gia cng th b mt c lp trnh lai chnh la im
tip xuc gia dung cu va phi, v du nh lp trnh gia cng bin dang. Nh vy cn
phai tnh n sai lch gia im c chon lp trnh va v tr cua li ct co
th iu chnh trong qua trnh gia cng nhm am bao chnh xac.
i vi qua trnh tin: Khi lp chng trnh gia cng ngi ta thng chon
im goc nhon p (la nh dao v mt ly thuyt) lam im tip xuc gia dao va
phi, tuy nhin trong thc t th mui dao lun lun tn tai ban knh r va gia tr r nay
co th ln hay nho la tuy thuc vao vic s dung a mai khi mai dung cu va phng
phap mai. Trong thc t th trn cac may CNC ngi ta thng s dung chu yu la
cac loai dao tiu chun, o la cac manh dao hp kim cng c kep cht vao thn
dao bng cac vt kep trc tip hoc gian tip qua cac ming kep dao. Chnh gia tr
ban knh mui dao r nay la mt yu t gy sai s gia cng ang k va v th nn cn
phai a vao mt lng bu dao bng cach tnh toan quy ao dch chuyn tng
ng cua mui dao mt cach phu hp. Vic tnh toan nay phai cn c vao tng
trng hp cu th nh bin dang cn gia cng, dao ang ct pha nao cua chi tit
so vi hng dch chuyn cua chung khi ct got.
V du v cach xac nh v tr cua dao va sai s gia cng do ban knh cua mui
dao gy ra.
im tip xuc cua li ct
B mt sau khi
gia cng
r
Quy ao lp trnh
im p
(a)
(b)
Sai s gia cng
(c)
Hnh 6-11: V du v sai s gia cng do ban knh mui dao gy ra khi tin
a. Mui dao theo ly thuyt P.
b. V tr cua dao i vi b mt gia cng
c. Bin dang b mt gia cng va sai s do ban knh mui dao gy ra
107
6.2.2 Cac thng s hiu chnh dao
a. Hiu chnh ban knh dao

Nh a phn tch trn, anh hng cua ban knh dao r n sai s gia cng
ang k. V vy cn phai thit lp trong h thng CNC mt b thng s hiu chnh
ban knh dao.
Dao
p
sai lch gia bin
dang gia cng va lp
Bin dang thc sau khigia cng

im lp trnh
im ct got thc t
Bin dang lp trnh
Hnh 6-12: V du v sai lch do ban knh mui dao khi tin
V du xac nh lng bu ban knh dao khi tin:
X
G42
P
P
Z
G41
G40
Bin dang chi

tit gia cng
Quy ao khoang
cach tng ng
G40
G42
Hnh 6-13: Lp trnh vi chc nng bu dao khi tin

i vi dao phay ngon, khi lp chng trnh gia cng cac bin dang hay cac
ranh ngi ta co th chon dung cu co ng knh ung bng chiu rng ranh gia
cng nh khi gia cng cac ranh then bng, khc ch... Trong trng hp nay ngi
108
ta se tin hanh lp chng trnh gia cng theo toa cua cac im nm gia ranh
cua ng cong cn gia cng hoc cach bin dang cn gia cng mt khoang bng
ban knh cua dao phay. Trong trng hp o, ngi ta khng s dung chc nng bu
dao va lp trnh vi G40 (huy bo s bu dao).
Z
G40
W
Hnh 6-14 : Chng trnh gia cng vi chc nng G40
u im cua phng phap nay la n gian v khng cn phai y n hng

tin cua dao trong qua trnh gia cng. Nhng chung co nhc im la phai tnh toan
quy ao cua ng lp trnh tc la tnh quy ao dch chuyn cua tm dao. Nh vy
cac kch thc gia cng trn ban ve nhiu khi khng c s dung trc tip ma phai
tnh toan lai va khi thay th bng mt dao khac co ban knh mui dao r hoc ng
knh dao thay i gia cng cung mt chi tit o th phai tnh toan lai quy ao dch
chuyn tm dao va phai lp lai chng trnh gia cng.
Dao bn trai mt gia cng G41
(a)
Dao bn phai mt gia cng G42
Bin dang lp trnh

khi bu dao
(b)
Quy ao lp trnh
khng bu dao G40
B mt gia cng
Hnh 6-15: Quy ao c lp trnh trong trng hp co

bu ban knh dao (a) va khng bu dao (b)
i vi trng hp phay cac b mt contour (ng vin) th yu cu trong

qua trnh gia cng, quy ao dch chuyn cua tm dao phay phai cach u ng vin
109
mt khoang ung bng ban knh dao phay ma ngi ta thng goi la quy ao
khoang cach tng ng. Chung ta cn phai tnh toan cn thn quy ao dch
chuyn nay va c bit la tai cac im ct nhau, tai cac goc hay tai cac tip tuyn
vi ng cong ma ngi ta goi la cac im phu tr nhiu luc se rt phc tap va
co th dn n chnh xac thp do phai tnh gn ung. Khi ta thay i ng knh
dao phay th toa cua ng tm dao va cac im c bit nay cung phai tnh toan
lai v quy ao khoang cach tng ng se thay i.
V du: Chng trnh gia cng vi trng hp lp trnh khng co bu dao G40:
-Chon dao phay ngon 10.
-Dch chuyn nhanh n toa X-7 Y25 Z-10 (Toa cua im P).
-Gia cng:
+ Chay dao theo hng X n toa X45.
+Chay dao theo hng Y n toa Y35.
+Chay dao theo hng X n toa X-7.
-Chay dao nhanh v v tr ban u.
S m ta trn co th c biu din bng chng trnh sau:
N25 G90 G17 G21 G40
N30 G54.
10
10
N35 G00 X-7 Y25 Z-10

N40 G01 X45 F100.
S500 M03.
N45 G01 Y35.
Quy ao c lp trnh
N50 G01 X-7.

R5
co th tnh toan
quy ao nay mt cach t
ng, trn cac may CNC
ngi ta b tr mt chc
nng bu ban knh dao theo
hng dch chuyn khi ct
20
...
40
60
N55 G00 X-20 Y100

Z100.
X
50
80
Hnh 6-16:Lp trnh dch chuyn tm dao khi

gia cng ranh khng dung bu dao.
110
got, khi chc nng nay c goi n, h thng CNC se xac nh c ngay gia tr
toa cn thit cua quy ao tm dao. Nh vy trong qua trnh lp chng trnh gia
cng, chung ta ch quan tm n cac kch thc trn ban ve, con quy ao khoang
cach tng ng la hoan toan do may am nhim. Chnh nh iu nay ma khi ta
thay i ban knh dao r va kch thc ng knh dao phay th chng trnh gia
cng vn khng thay i. Tt nhin trong trng hp nay ngi ta cn phai thng
bao cho h thng iu khin CNC bit la hng dch chuyn cua dao la nm bn trai
hay bn phai cua ng vin cn gia cng va gia tr ban knh dao phay. Chc nng
nay c biu din bng cac a ch G41, G42 va trn mt s cum iu khin s con
co ca a ch G43 va G44.
V du trng hp co tnh n lng bu dao:
- Cho dao phay ngon co ng knh 10.
- Chay dao nhanh n toa X-7 Y25 Z-10.
- Gia cng:
+ Chay dao theo X

n X50.
10
+ Lnh bu ban
knh dao G41.
10
X-7 Y25 Z-10

Y
+ Chay dao theo Y

n Y40.
Quy ao
tm dao
Bin dang lp trnh
N60
+ Chay dao theo X

n X-7
N55
40
N50
X50
20
- Chay v v tr
ban u
R5
X-7
60
+ Huy bo lnh bu
dao G40.
Y40
N45
50
G00 X-7 Y25 Z-10

80
Chng trnh gia

cng co th c thit lp
nh sau:
G40 G00
Hnh 6-17: Lp chng trnh gia cng co s

dung chc nng bu dao.
...
N20 G17 G90 G21.
N25 T01 D01 M06
N30 G54.
111
N35 G00 X-7 Y25 Z-10

N40 G01 F100 S500 M03.
N45 G41 X0
N50 X50
N55 Y40.
N60 X-7.
N65 G40
N70 G00 X-20 Y-50 Z100
...
Chu y: T01 D01 tng ng vi dao s 1 co s ghi lng bu ban knh la R5 va
chiu dai dao la Lz = 89.
Khi co chng trnh bu dao th may se t ng tnh toan kch thc cua ban
knh dao thit lp quy ao khoang cach tng ng.
V du khi gia cng chi tit nh hnh ve bng cac dao phay ngon co ng
knh khac nhau, ta co th ch xy dng 1 chng trnh gia cng vi cac kch thc
cua ban ve.
Vi dao s 1 , Ta co
T01 L90 R5.
Chng
trnh
Vi dao s 2, ta co
T02 L110 R8
T1
T2
gia
cng:
...
N80
N85
N35 T01 D01

N40 G00 X-7Y-5Z-6.
N40 G00
N45 G01 F50 S600
N50 G41
N55 X5
M03
N50 G41
N55 X5
35
Z
G41
X
N30 G54
40
N25 G17 G90 G21.
5
55
60
Hnh 6-18 : Chng trnh gia cng ng vin co

s dung chc nng bu dao
112
N60 Y35.
N65 X55.
N70 Y5
N75 X-2
N80 G40
N85 G00 X-20 Y100 Z100
...
Chu y rng khi khng cn thc hin lnh bu dao th ngi ta phai dung a
ch G40 huy bo no.
Cung vi ly do nh vy, trong qua trnh gia cng khng phai luc nao cung
ch mt ln ct got la at c kch thc hay chnh xac va bong b mt theo
yu cu ma phai trai qua mt s lp ct va co th bng mt s dao khac nhau. Khi
o cac dao c goi ra gia cng co th se khac nhau khng ch v ng knh ma
ca chiu dai, trong trng hp nay ngi ta se a vao b nh cua h thng CNC
mt chc nng bu dao ca v ban knh va chiu dai dao cum CNC se tnh toan va
xac nh quy ao dch chuyn.
G40
G41
G42
G44
G43
Hnh 6-19: Cac chc nng bu ban knh dao c s dung khi phay
b. Hiu chnh chiu dai dao

T nhng khai nim trn, ta co th thy la vic hiu chnh dao trong qua
trnh gia cng la mt vn thng xuyn c tin hanh va cn phai c c bit
quan tm v t khi ch s dung mt dao gia cng hoan thin mt chi tit trong khi
kch thc chiu dai va ban knh cua cac dao khac nhau. Hn na, trong qua trnh
gia cng, dao se b mai mon va se lam thay i kch thc chi tit gia cng va gy
nn sai s. am bao chnh xac trong sut ca qua trnh gia cng, cn thit phai
co cac chng trnh hiu chnh dao.
Muc ch cua hiu chnh dao la lam ng nht cac im c chon lp trnh
cua mui dao cua tt ca cac dao tham gia vao trong chng trnh gia cng so vi gc
113
toa lp trnh tai moi thi im dao c s dung gia cng, co ngha la khi
ngi ta goi bt ky mt dung cu nao dch chuyn n im gc chng trnh (X0,
Y0, Z0) th tt ca cac dao u dch chuyn n gc toa P vi im c chon lp
trnh p co toa X0, Y0, Z0.
R
Quy ao chuyn
ng cua dao T02
E
Quy ao chuyn
ng cua dao T01
X
E
T01
T02
Hnh 6-20: Quy ao dch chuyn ban dao khi gia cng
bng 2 dao trn may tin
Do cac dao c b tr trn cac ban dao khac nhau va hng tin dao khi gia
cng cung rt khac nhau, v du nh khi tin, ngi ta co th gia cng mt tru trong
hoc ngoai vi dao nm v tr pha trc hoc sau. Khi thc hin gia cng, ngi
ta co th gia cng bng vic n dao theo pha t phai sang trai hoc ngc lai. Do
vy ma cn phai co y u mt b thng s hiu chnh dao am bao khi gia cng
am bao chnh xac yu cu.
Hiu chnh chiu dai dao la ngi ta a cac thng s hiu chnh cua dao vao
h thng iu khin CNC theo cac s hiu hiu chnh tng ng cua tng dao trc
khi gia cng. Tuy theo tng h thng iu khin s ma ngi ta ky hiu s hiu
chnh la D (nh h iu khin FAGOR) hoc bng cac ch s nh h iu khin
FANUC hoc L h iu khin MAHO....
Trong cac may CNC hin nay thng thng co 4 b thng s hiu chnh dao
bao gm hiu chnh chiu dai dao L, hiu chnh ban knh dao r, hiu chnh mon
dao w va hiu chnh theo hng cua dao.
114
Hiu chnh chiu dai dao tin:

Hiu chnh chiu dai dao tuy thuc theo tng loai dao, v du nh dao phay
ngon hoc mui khoan th thng ngi ta ch hiu chnh theo chiu dai LZ, con vi
dao tin th ngi ta phai hiu chnh theo ca chiu dai LX va LZ.
LX1
T01
LX1 = 95
LZ1 = 35
LZ1
LX2
T02
LX2 =120
LZ2 = 45
LX3
T03
LX3 =140
LZ3 = 25
LZ2
LZ3
Hnh 6- 21 : Hiu chnh chiu dai dao tin
Hiu chnh chiu dai daophay:

T01
LZ1 = 105
1 = 18
T02
LZ2 = 125
2 = 25
T03
LZ3 = 155
3 = 16
LZ1
LZ2
1
LZ3
Hnh 6-22 : Hiu chnh chiu dai dao trn may phay
115
c. Hiu chnh theo hng tin cua dao

Thng thng khi gia cng trn cac may CNC, c bit la trn may tin th
hng tin cua dao khi thc hin cac chuyn ng ct got va tao hnh cung nh v tr
cua cac dao c b tr trn cac ban dao co anh hng ang k n cac thng s
c lp trong chng trnh. Do vy cn thit phai a thng s nay vao gia tr hiu
chnh am bao chnh xac trong qua trnh gia cng.
X
r
r
p
r
X
r
p
X p
p
Z
Hnh 6-23 : Phn b v tr va hng cua mui dao

X
Khi lp chng trnh gia

cng trn cac h thng iu khin
CNC vi cac chu trnh gia cng th
hoc tinh c goi, cn phai chu y
n hng tin va v tr cua dao
la chon du cac tham s c lp
trong chng trnh mt cach phu
hp va chnh xac.
U+; W+
U+; W-
Z
P
U-; W+
U-; W-
Hnh 6-24: Anh hng cua hng tin dao
116
d. Hiu chnh mon dao w

mon dao (Wear): Sau mt thi gian lam vic, dao se b mai mon va lam
thay i v tr cua im tip xuc cua li ct vi b mt gia cng va gy ra sai s.
Gia tr mon nay nu xac nh c bng cac phng phap nh o kim trc tip
hoc bng cach tnh toan theo quy lut cua phng trnh ng cong mai mon va
thi gian gia cng thc t se c cng vao gia tr hiu chnh chiu dai dao. Trong
trng hp nay, gia tr hiu chnh chiu dai dao se c cum iu khin s xac nh
nh sau:
Hiu chnh chiu dai dao theo phng X: LX + I
Hiu chnh chiu dai dao theo phng Z: LZ + K
Trong o, I va K la ga tr mon thc t cua mt sau dao tng ng tnh
theo phng cua truc X va Z theo gia tr gia tng.
Thng thng mi dao co 6 thng s hiu chnh, no c c trng bng cac
s hiu theo quy nh cho tng loai h iu khin, nhng thng thng khi s dung
nn chon s hiu hiu chnh trung vi s hiu cua dao tranh nhm ln. Tuy thuc
vao tng h thng iu khin khac nhau ma co s lng cac s hiu hiu chnh n
32, 64 hoc 100 (nh h thng iu khin FAGOR).
Bang cac b thng s hiu chnh dao trn may tin trong h iu khin
FAGOR.
Bang 6-1
Bang hiu chnh dao (Tool offset table)
s hiu
chnh
Chiu dai
dao LX
Chiu dai
dao LZ
Ban knh
mui dao r
Kiu
Hiu chnh
mon dao
theo I
D001
X 0.0000
Z 0.0000
R 0.0000
F00
0.0000 K
0.0000
D0 02
X 0.0000
Z 0.0000
R 0.0000
F00
0.0000 K
0.0000
D003
X 0.0000
Z 0.0000
R 0.0000
F00
0.0000 K
0.0000
D004
X 0.0000
Z 0.0000
R 0.0000
F00
0.0000 K
0.0000
D0...
X 0.0000
Z 0.0000
R 0.0000
F00
0.0000 K
0.0000
D0100
X 0.0000
Z 0.0000
R 0.0000
F00
0.0000 K
0.0000
Hiu chnh
mon dao
theo K
117
F la kiu dung cu c ma hoa theo v tr cua dao va hng dao.

Nh vy co th thy cac gia tr hiu chnh dao se c lu gi trong b nh
cua h thng iu khin CNC va khi s dung, ta phai goi n s hiu chnh tng
ng vi s hiu dao c goi gia cng, sau khi thay dao khac gia cng th ta goi
lnh thay dao M06 va kem theo la s hiu dao c goi va s hiu hiu chnh dao
th cac gia tr mi cua s hiu hiu chnh dao se c thay th.
Bang cac b thng s hiu chnh dao trn may phay trong h iu khin
FAGOR.
Bang 6-2
Bang hiu chnh dao (Tool offset table)

s hiu chnh
Ban knh dao

R
Chiu dai dao
Mon dao theo

ban knh I
Mon dao theo

chiu dai K
D001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
D002
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
D003
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
D004
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
D0...
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
D0100
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
LZ
Gia tr mon dao w c xac nh theo mon ban knh dao I va mon
theo chiu dai K cua dao LZ tnh theo gia tr gia tng. Cung tng t nh trn may
tin, gia tr hiu chnh chiu dai va ban knh dao cung c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Hiu chnh ban knh dao R:
R+I
Hiu chnh chiu dai dao theo phng Z: LZ + K

i vi may phay, thng thng khng co thng s hiu chnh hng dao.
Co th thy la cac thng s hiu chnh dao con tuy thuc vao cu truc va
chc nng cua tng h thng iu khin va tuy thuc vao tng loai may. Nhng
thng thng trn cac may hin nay, i vi chng trnh gia cng trn may tin th
no bao gm 6 b thng s (xem bang 6-1) va trn may phay co 4 b thng s. (xem
bang 6-2).
Vi vic hiu chnh ban knh dao tng ng vi cac gia tr ban knh mui dao
tin r va ban knh dao phay ngon R th chc nng nay c goi n khi s dung G41
118
va G42 va huy bo s hiu chnh khi goi chc nng G40. Khi o h thng iu khin
t ng tnh toan ng quy ao dch chuyn cua tm dao (quy ao khoang cach
tng ng) khi goi chc nng bu dao nh cac gia tr ban knh mui dao r va ban
knh dao phay ngon R a co trong s ghi s hiu chnh D tng ng c goi.
Khi hiu chnh v tr dao th cac thng s chiu dai dao LX , LZ , gia tr
mon dao I va K va hng tin dao c ma hoa trong so ghi s hiu hiu chnh se
c h thng iu khin t ng tnh toan xac nh chnh xac v tr cua mui dao.
V du khi hiu chnh dao trn may tin va may phay trong h iu khin
FAGOR.
T2
Lz2
Lx1
Lz1
Lz1
Lx2
T1
2
1
Lz1
Lz2
T2
T1
Hnh 6-25: Hiu chnh dao tin va phay trong h iu

khin FAGOR
V du:
Vi dao tin s 1 la T01, ta chon s ghi s hiu hiu chnh la D01 c xac
nh bng cac thng s: r1, Lx1, Lz1, I1, K1, F1.
Vi dao tin s 2 la T02, s hiu hiu chnh D02 c xac nh bng cac
thng s sau: r2, Lx2, Lz2, I2, K2, F1.
i vi dao phay ngon s 1 la T01, s hiu hiu chnh dao D01 c xac
nh bng cac thng s sau: R1, Lz1, I1, K1.
i vi dao phay ngon s 2 la T02, s hiu hiu chnh dao D02 c xac
nh bng cac thng s sau: R2, Lz2, I2, K2.
Khi goi vao trong chng trnh gia cng, ta phai goi ca s hiu dao va s
hiu chnh cua dao tng ng: T02 D02.
119
120
CHNG VII
CHNG TRNH THAM S
7.1 t vn
Mt c im rt quan trong trong khi gia cng trn cac may iu khin theo
chng trnh s CNC la at c hiu qua kinh t cao ngay ca trong iu kin san
xut hang loat va va nho. Chnh nh c tnh linh hoat cao cua no ma khi chuyn
t vic gia cng kiu chi tit nay sang gia cng kiu chi tit khac ngi ta ch vic
thay i chng trnh. iu o lai cang phu hp hn trong thi ai san xut cng
nghip hin ai ma yu cu v hnh thc va mu ma khng ngng thay i nhm
tng cng sc canh tranh va thoa man th hiu cua ngi tiu dung. Tuy nhin cung
cn phai thy rng cac chi tit gia cng c kh rt phong phu va a dang v hnh
dang, kch thc cung nh c im v cng ngh... Chnh v th ma cn phai co
mt s nghin cu v vic phn loai cac chi tit gia cng c kh thanh mt s loai,
kiu hoc nhom chi tit trn c s co chung mt s kiu chu trnh gia cng trn may
CNC nhm muc ch t chc qua trnh gia cng sao cho co hiu qua nht. Xut phat
t y tng trn, cac nha ch tao may CNC a a vao trong h thng iu khin s
cua may CNC mt kiu lp chng trnh mi c goi la chng trnh tham s. Vi
chng trnh tham s, ngi ta se lp mt chng trnh gia cng trn c s cac kiu
hoc nhom chi tit ai din bng vic a vao trong o cac tham s hnh thc ma co
th gan cac gia tr thc cua no theo tng chi tit gia cng cu th. Cac tham s nay co
th la cac gia tr v toa va cac thng s v cng ngh nh gia tr tc ct, lng
tin dao, chiu su gia cng; cac thng s hnh hoc cua dao nh ban knh va chiu
dai dao...
V du:
(a)
( b)
(c)
Hnh 7-1: Mt s kiu chi tit trong lp trnh tham s

trn may phay CNC
120
Ngay nay, ngi ta thng lp chng trnh tham s cho cac chi tit co c
im gn ging nhau v hnh dang hnh hoc va phng phap gia cng. Cac chi tit
nay phai ging nhau c ban v chu ky gia cng, v du nh khi gia cng cac l c
phn b trn vong tron vi cac goc phn b khac nhau hoc la s l khac nhau trn
cac toa khac nhau hay khi gia cng cac ranh c phn b theo chiu dai truc
nh cac loai truc can...
Hnh 7-2: Kiu chi tit gia cng c lp trnh trn may tin
theo chng trnh tham s
V du nh trong cac chu trnh gia cng trn may phay va may tin c trnh
bay trong chng V, ngi ta a vao cac tham s hnh thc nh S, E la s block
u tin va cui cung c thc hin trong chng trnh chnh i vi h iu khin
FAGOR hoc P, Q i vi h iu khin FANUC; Cac tham s L, M la gia tr lng
d lai cho gia cng tinh theo phng X va Z i vi h iu khin FAGOR hoc
U, W i vi h iu khin FANUC; Cac tham s C la chiu su ct mi ln chay
dao i vi h iu khin FAGOR hoc U i vi h iu khin FANUC...
Lp trnh tham s cho phep s dung cac bin trong mt chng trnh chnh
hay mt chng trnh con. Luc mi khi thao ra kiu lp trnh nay ngi ta ch quan
nim la lp vi mt s chu trnh cng gia cng mt s b mt c trng cua chi
tit nh khoan cac l su co be phoi vi lng tin dao khng i hoc thay i, chu
trnh gia cng n dao theo bin dang chi tit...va sau nay c m rng hn cho cac
nha ch tao may iu khin theo chng trnh s nh s tch hp t nhiu cu truc
khac nhau t chc vao trong h thng iu khin s cua may CNC.
Chng trnh tham s hin nay cung c s dung mt cach rng rai hn va
thch hp hn trong cac chng trnh vi cac phep tnh toan v lng giac, cac phep
toan v s hoc va logic.
Hin nay phn ln cac h iu khin CNC cho kha nng xy dng cac chu
trnh c trng cha cac chng trnh con tham s. Kiu lp trnh tham s co th
121
c xy dng theo nhiu cach khac nhau va co th bao gm nhiu t a ch c

s dung khac nhau. Cac h iu khin s cua chu u thng s dung cac bin tham
s la a ch E (MAHO), L (NUM), R (SINUMERIC)... va i sau no la mt s ch
s xac nh cac bin. Con vi h iu khin cua cac nc nh My, Nht ban
thng s dung cac bin ma trong o bao gm cac a ch a c m rng t A
n Z.
Mt chng trnh macro c coi la mt chng trnh nho co tnh cht hoan
chnh ma khi c goi ra th no c a vao chay trong chng trnh chnh. V th
vi cac chng trnh macro th thng c thc hin vi cac lnh a c tiu
chun hoa.
Hin nay, mi h iu khin co chc nng lp trnh tham s la khac nhau va
cac nc cung nh cac hang san xut cung co nhng tiu chun khac nhau. Chnh
iu nay se gy tr ngai cho vic nghin cu va s dung chung. Mt s h iu
khin NUM 750T va 760T cua Cng hoa Phap thng phn chng trnh tham s ra
lam 2 loai chnh vi kiu bin lp trnh la L va kiu E. Con vi h iu khin
FANUC th ngi ta s dung cac ky hiu # lam cac tham s hnh thc; Vi h
iu khin FAGOR th ngi ta s dung tham s P...
7.2 T chc lp trnh

Chng trnh tham s khng nhng ch c ap dung vi chng trnh con
ma ngay ca vi chng trnh chnh.
V du vi h iu khin NUM 750T-R va 760 T-TR-R cua Phap th ngi ta
s dung cac bin chng trnh la L. No c s dung vi 2 kiu bin L la:
- L0 n L19.
- L100 n L199 va L900 n 939.
V pham vi s dung va mc khai thac cua hai loai bin nay la ging ht
nhau, tuy nhin vic soan thao vi cac bin nay trong chng trnh se dn n vic
thc hin chung se khac nhau.
* Bin L0 n L19 thng c t vao u chng trnh trong khi ma chung
ta t thit b di in ap va cung c kt thuc vi chc nng M02. Cac bin nay
co th c gan la cac gia tr c nh nh toa , tc ct...hoc cung co th la kt
; sin; cosin; tg;
qua cua cac phep tnh s hoc hoc lng giac sau: +; -; *; /;
artg... cung nh cac phep tnh logic, v du nh AND, OR...
122
Vic s dung no vao trong chng trnh khng lam anh hng n cac chc
nng khac trong khi soan thao chng trnh chnh va no co th c lp trnh vi 8
ch s.
* i vi bin L0 dn L99.
V du:
L8 =18
XL8 ( gia tr toa X ly gia tr L8 tc la co toa 18mm hoc la X18).
FL8 (gia tr lng chay dao Fm ly gia tr 18 mm/ph tc la F18).
Cac bin cua chng trnh co th c thit lp cho tt ca moi a ch va vi
moi chc nng. Vi chc nng G79 no con cho phep thc hin cac phep nhay
chng trnh co iu kin.
V du:
L2=5
L1 =L2+ 5.3*3*S30 (L1=5+5,3*3*sin30o) = 15,45 tc L1= 15.45).
XL1 Z30 ( gia tr L1 c a vao toa X: tc la X15.45 Z30).
* Bin L100 n L199 va L900 n L939.
Dang va pham vi s dung loai bin nay cung ging nh vi bin L0 n L19.
Tuy nhin vic soan thao chng trnh vi cac bin nay se dn n vic thc hin
khac nhau i vi chng trnh gia cng. V du vic a vao cac bin t L0 n L19
th s hoat ng cua chng trnh khng anh hng g trong khi vi cac bin L100
n L199 se nh ch chc nng chun b cua block co cha cac bin o cho n khi
kt thuc vic thc hin block sat trc. Mt block c soan thao vi bin L100 n
L199 khng th nm trc mt block buc phai thc hin a c bit hay cua cac
block tip sau v cac chng trnh bin dang trn 2 hay 3 block hoc chng trnh
hiu chnh ban knh dao.
Cac bin L100 n L199 co th c lp trnh nh bin L0 n L19 bi cac
chng trnh cua chc nng M99 va khng c dung cac thao tac hay tac ng t
ng vao cac chu trnh tip theo sau cac block.
Vic vit cac bin nay hoc truyn cac bin thng thng trong chng trnh
gia cng khng c thc hin khi lp trnh thng thng cho n khi kt thuc thc
hin cac block trc o. Chc nng M98 va M99 cho phep thc hin trc cac thao
tac nay:
V du:
123
%1
%2
....
....
....
....
....
....
N90 X_ Z_
N80 M99
N100 L110 =1+L110
N90 X_ Z_
N110 XL110...
N100 L110=1+L110
N120 XL120=L110+L10.
N110 XL110
N130 ZL120
N120 L120 = L110 +L10
....
N130 ZL120
...
N140 M98
....
....
Trong chng trnh %1, N100 ch c chun b va thc hin trong khi N90
a kt thuc. Con vi chng trnh %2 se c chun b thc hin trc khi thc
hin N80 va no se khng dng chng trnh khi kt thuc block N90.
Ky thut lp trnh vi chng trnh tham s co th c thc hin vi cac
chng trnh con hoc chng trnh chnh va chung co th c b tr vi nhiu
mc khac nhau ma khi c goi n thc hin th no se c oc va thc hin t
mc cao nht tr v mc thp nht cua chng trnh con hoc tr v chng trnh
chnh. V du:
Mc 1
Mc 2
Chng trnh chnh
Chng trnh con
Chng trnh con
O 0001
...
N10 M98 P1001
N11...
...
M30
O 1001
...
N10 M98 P1002
N11...
...
M99
O 1002
...
N10 M98 P1003
N11...
...
M99
Hnh 7-3: V du v cac chng trnh chnh va cac mc chng trnh con
124
Ngi ta phn bit thanh 3 kiu bin khac nhau la bin a phng, bin toan
cuc va bin h thng.
Cac bin a phng (Local) ch s dung cho chng trnh con ma khng
dung c trong chng trnh chnh.
Bin toan cuc (Global) la cac bin co th c s dung trong ca trong chng
trnh con hoc ca trong chng trnh chnh. Cac bin nay co th c gan bng cac
gia tr cu th nh la toa , tc ct, lng tin dao...hoc co th la kt qua cua
mt phep tnh s hoc, lng giac hoc logic. S lng bin cua no co th t (100
bin) hoc nhiu (600 bin) [2] la tuy thuc vao chc nng cua cum iu khin
CNC ma ngi t hang yu cu.
Bin h thng (System) chnh la cac s ghi danh cho cac nh dang cua
may hoc cua b ghi ma cha cac thng tin v gia tr xac nh toa v tr cac im
gc, im chun trong khi chng trnh hoat ng. No phu thuc vao nha ch tao
may quy nh va khi co s c hoc tht cn thit th phai kim tra ngay t cac
chng trnh ngun cua no.
Gia tr cac bin a phng c truyn vao trong chng trnh con vi muc
ch thc hin cac phep tnh toan s hoc, lng giac va cac phep tnh logic.
Bang 7-1: Gia tr cac bin a phng va cac Argument tng ng theo cac
dang I va II.
Kiu I
A
#1
B
#2
C
#3
D
#7
E
#8
F
#9
H
#11
I
#4
J
#5
K
#6
M
#13
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
#17
#18
#19
#20
#21
#22
#23
#24
#25
#26
Kiu II:
A
#1
B
#2
C
#3
I1
#4
J1
#5
K1
#6
I2
#7
J2
#8
K2
#9
I3
#10
J3
#11
K3
I4
J4
K4
I5
J5
K5
I6
J6
K6
I7
#12
#13
#14
#15
#16
#17
#18
#19
#20
#21
#22
J7
K7
...
#23
#24
Cac phep tnh toan trn c s cac bin toan cuc c thc hin ngay trong
cac block cua chng trnh chnh hay cua chng trnh con. Sau y trnh bay mt
s cac phep tnh toan trong khi s dung cac chng trnh tham s.
125
Bang 7-2: Cac phep tnh toan c s dung khi soan thao trong chng trnh
tham s.
Ky hiu
Y ngha
V du
( )
Ngoc n
Cac l trn vong tron
[ ]
Thc hin tnh toan u tin
#100 = #4*2 - [#-1]
#i =#j
Gan, thay th
#100 = 1
#i =#j + #k
Cng
#100 = #4 + #3
#i = #j - #k
Tr
#100= #4 - #3
#i =#j * #k
Nhn
#100 = #4 * #3
#i = #j / #k
Chia
#100 = #4 / #3
#i = SIN [ #j ]
Sin
#100 = SIN [ #4 ]
#i = COS [ #j ]
Cosin
#100 = COS [ #4 ]
#i =TAN [#k ]
Tang
#100 = TAN [#4 ]
#i =ASIN [#j]/[#k]
Arsin
#100 =ASIN [#4]/[#3]
#i = ACOS [#j]/[#k]
Arcosin
#100 ACOS [#4]/[#3]
#i = ATAN [#j]/[#k]
Artang
#100 =ATAN [#4]/[#3]
#i = SQRT [#j]
Cn bc hai
#100 = SQRT [25]
#i = ABS [#j]
Gia tr tuyt i
#100 =ABS [#4]
#i = BCD [#j]
Biu din trong h nh phn

#100 = BIN [#4]
(Binary )
Biu din trong h nh thp
phn (Binary Codel Decimal) #4 = BCD [#100]
#i = ROUND [#j]
Lam tron s
#i = BIN [#j]
#100 = ROUND [#100]
Vi cac lnh logic va cac lnh co cu truc thc hin cac lnh tng t nh khi
lp trnh trong may tnh: Lnh nhay khng iu kin GOTO ...; cac lnh thc hin
co iu kin IF... THEN; lnh nhay co iu kin IF ... GOTO va vong lp WHILE...
DO.
126
Bang 7-3: Biu thc cac lnh iu khin logic
Biu thc
Y ngha
V du
#i EQ#k
Bng nhau (Equal)
IF[#100 EQ #4] THEN
#i NE #k
Khng bng, khac (Not Equal)
IF[#100 NE #4] THEN
#i GT #k
Ln hn (Greater Then)
IF[#100 GT #4] THEN
#i LT #k
Nho hn (Less Then)
IF[#100 LT #4] THEN
#i GE #k
Ln hn hoc bng (Greater then or Equal)
IF[#100 GE #4] THEN
#i LE #k
Nho hn hoc bng (Less then or Equal)
IF[#100 LE #4] THEN
Cac lnh logic tiu chun hoa c dung vi cac biu thc thng thng cua
b iu khin: Tng ng (EQ); khac (NE); ln hn (GT); be hn (LT) ; Ln hn
hoc bng (GE); nho hn hoc bng (LE) va ng dung vao chng trnh tham s
nh biu din bang trn.
Lnh nhay trc tip khng iu kin vao block n la GOTOn
V du:
GOTO40.
{ nhay vao block N40}
Lnh nhay co iu kin: IF... GOTO hoc lnh thc hin co iu kin: IF ...
THEN.
V du:
IF [#100 EQ 0] GOTO40. {Xac nh rng nu bin #100 = 0 th h iu
khin se nhay vao thc hin vi block N40). Nu khng th u oc se thc hin mt
cach bnh thng va vao ngay block tip theo sat ngay no bao gm t IF}.
IF [#100 GT 0] THEN [#100 = #100 -1]. { Nu bin #100 la ln hn 0 th
bin #100 c gan 1 gia tr mi bng vic giam i 1 n v #100 = #100 -1, cho
n khi gia tr cua bin #100 giam xung bng 0 th kt thuc qua trnh thc hin}.
Lnh cui cung la trnh bay mt vong lp cua block. S lp nay c thc
hin trn cac block nm gia cac biu thc WHILE va block th m.
V du:
WHILE [#100 = ATAN [#5]/[#7] ] DOm

...
ENDm
127
{Xac nh rng nu bin #100 bng artg cua bin #5 chia cho bin # 7 th no
se thc hin vong lp t block bt u co chc nng HILE n s block th m ,
y block th m la block cui cung cua oan chng trnh END}.
7.4 Mt s v du v lp trnh bng chng trnh tham s

V du 1:
Cho chi tit gia cng nh hnh ve
R50
450
450
R50
450
P
450
a)
b)
Chng trnh gia cng i vi chi tit kiu b trong h iu khin FANUC
...
...
N5 T01 M06
N6 G16 S1500 M03
{Chng trnh gia cng trong h toa cc}
N7 G90 G00 X50 Y45
{Lp trnh trong h toa tuyt i, chay dao
nhanh n l 1}
N8 G43 Z3 H01 M08
N9 G99 G81 Z-2.5 R3.0 F250
{Chu trnh khoan, chiu su cua l -2.5,
lng n dao 250mm/ph}
/ N10 M99 P002
{ Nhay vao block N12 ( P0012) gia
cng l #2}
N11 Y90
{ Khng thc hin}
N12 Y135
{ Gia cng l #2}
N13 Y180
{ Gia cng l #3}
N14 Y225
{ Gia cng l #4}
128
{Nhay vao block N17 (P0017), gia cng l

#5}
{ Khng thc hin}
{ Gia cng l #5}
{ Gia cng l #6}
/ N15 M99 P0017
N16 Y270
N17 Y315
N18 Y360
N19 G15 G80 G00
...
Khi gia cng chi tit kiu a, ch cn thay th block N10 bng cu lnh:
/ N10 M99 P0011
Va tai block N13 c vit lai:
/ N13 M99 P0015.
Luc nay block N15 la :
N15 Y225
Trong khi block N14 la: N14 Y180.v.v..
Nh vy co th thy rng vi vic lp chng trnh tham s co th thc hin
vic gia cng cac chi tit co kiu gn ging nhau ch bng vic thay i mt s cu
lnh ti thiu.
V du 2:
Cho chi tit gia cng nh hnh ve
Y
22.5
50
X #24
20.0
J #5
22.5
Y #25
12.5
X
12.5
20.0 I # 4
50

129
Chng trnh gia cng trong h iu khin FANUC:

%
O0001
N1 M98 P9998
{Bt u chng trnh}
N2 T01 M06
{ Thay dao T01}
N3 G90 G00 X12.7 Y12.7 S3000 M03
{ Chng trnh trong h toa
tuyt i; tc ct S va lng
chay dao F; Chay dao nhanh n v
tr toa X12,7 va Y12,7}
N4 G43 Z25.0 H01 M08
{ Chon mt phng tham chiu; m dung
dch trn ngui }
N5 G99 G81 Z1.5 R3.0 L0 F20.0
{ Chu trnh khoan l theo bin L0}
N6 G65 P1001 X22.5 Y22.5 I20.0 J20.0 { Goi chng trnh con P1001, Toa
tm C X22.5 Y22.5; Khoang
cach cac l I20 (theo phng X) va
J20 (theo phng Y)}
N7 M98 P9999
{Kt thuc chng trnh}
N8 M30
O1001
{ Chng trnh con 1001}
(I#4 (#4=20)
{ Khoang cach gia cac l theo phng
truc X}
(J#5 (#5=20.5)
{ Khoang cach gia cac l theo phng
truc Y}
(X#24 (#24=22.5)
(Y#25 (#25=22.5)
N1 # 101 = # 4/20 = 20/2 =10
N2 # 102 = #5/20 = 20/2 =10
N3 X[#24+#101] Y[#25+#102]
N4 X[#24-#101] Y[#25+#102]
N5 X[#24-#101] Y[#25-#102]
{ V tr cua tm C theo phng truc X}

{ V tr cua tm C theo phng truc Y}
{ Khoang cach cac l n tm C theo
phng truc X}
{ Khoang cach cac l n tm C theo
phng truc X}
{Thc hin tnh toan cac v tr tm l, Tnh
toa tm l 1 X( 22,5 +10) Y(22,5+10)}
{Tnh toa tm l 2 X( 22,5 -10)
Y(22,5+10)}
{Tnh toa tm l 3 X( 22,5 -10)
Y(22,5-10)}
130
{Tnh toa tm l 4 X( 22,5 +10)

Y(22,5-10)}
N6 X[#24+#101] Y[#25-#102]
N7 M99
%
V du 3:
Cho ban ve chi tit nh hnh ve
Y
E2
ng knh l E8
160
E6
Khoang
cach
an toan
E7
E1
E4
B mt
chi tit
E5
E9
0
0
E3
200
-20

Chng trnh tham s vit trong h iu khin MAHO
% PM
N 9011
N1 G17 S800 T1 M06
{ S chng trnh}
{ Mt phng ni suy XY; tc 800 v/p;
thay dao t ng, dao s 01 co =E8}
N2 G54
{Chon s hiu zero offset }
N3 G98 X-10 Y-10 Z-20 I220 J180 K30
{ Chu trnh gia cng}
N4 G99 X0 Y0 Z-20 I200 J160 K20
{ Chu trnh gia cng}
N5
E1 = 2
{ Gan gia tr cac bin}
E2 =15
E3 =100
131

{ Goi cac bin vao trong
chng trnh}
N7 G77 X= E3 Y = E4 Z = E5 R= E6 I= E7 J= E8 K=E9
{ Goi cac bin
vao trong chng trnh }
N8 G0 Z50
{ Chay nhanh v Z50}
N9 M30
{ Kt thuc}
E4 = 80
E5 = 0
E6 = 60
E7 = 20.5
E8 = 8
E9 = 316
E10 = 50
N6 G81 Y = E1 Z =- E2 F = E10 M03
132

Công Nghệ Gia Công Trên Máy CNC - Châu Mạnh Lực, 136 Trang

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Công Nghệ Gia Công Trên Máy CNC - Châu Mạnh Lực, 136 Trang

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LI NOI U

a nng thang 11-2001

KHAI QUAT V IU KHIN S

iu khin s (Numerical Control) ra i vi muc ch iu khin cac qua

May CNC ...

Hnh 1-1: M hnh iu khin DNC

1 May tin CNC

Hnh 1-2: M hnh iu khin san xut t hp CIM

PHN LOAI CAC H THNG IU KHIN

V thc cht th cac may iu khin theo chng trnh s co nguyn ly

Hnh 2.1: iu khin im

2.2. iu khin oan thng

2.3. iu khin ng ( tuyn tnh va phi tuyn)

chun hoa vic s dung

thut ng may iu khin 2D, 2D ,

Hnh 2-3 : iu khin 2D trn may phay

Hnh 2-4: Phay tui trn may 3D

Cho phep dch chuyn dung cu theo

Hnh 2-5: iu khin 2D

2.3.4. iu khin 4D, 5D

cua may n gian hn, v du nh may 3D co th am nhim cho may 2D va 2D .

H THNG TOA VA CAC IM GC, IM CHUN

3.2 H toa i vi mt s may

3.2.2 May khoan, may phay ng

Hnh 3-4: H thng truc toa trn may

3.2.3 May phay nm ngang

Hnh 3-5: H toa trn may phay ngang

3.3 Cac im gc, im chun

3.3.2 im chun cua may R

Hnh 3-7: Cac im gc va im chun trn may tin

3.3.3 im zero cua phi W va im gc chng trnh P.

Hnh 3-8: V du v cac im zero cua phi W,

b. im gc cua chng trnh P

Hnh 3-9: V du chon im gc cua chi tit va im gc chng trnh

3.3.4 im gc cua dung cu

dung cu. im gc cua dung cu la nhng im c nh va no c xac nh toa

a. im chun cua dao p

Hnh 3-10: Cac im chun p cua dao

b. Cac im gc cua dao (im ga t dao)

Khi chui dao lp vao l

Hnh 3-11: Cac im gc cua dung

NGN NG VA HNH THC T CHC LP TRNH

4.1. Chng trnh gia cng lp trong h toa tuyt i.(Absolute)

Hnh 4-1: H toa tuyt i

4.2. Chng trnh trong h toa tng i.(Incremental)

4.3 Chng trnh vi vic lp trnh hn hp

Hnh 4-3: H toa hn hp

4.4 Lp trnh vi vic chon trc gc cc (Polar origin preset G93)

Trong h toa tng i

Hnh 4-4: Lp trnh vi vic chon trc gc cc (Fagor)

4.5 Cac hnh thc t chc lp trnh gia cng CNC

4-5-1 Lp trnh bng tay trc tip trn may CNC

4-5-2 Lp trnh bng tay trn cum CNC khac

4-5-4 Lp trnh vi s h tr cua may tnh

4-5-5 Lp trnh bng may

4-6 Ngn ng lp trnh

vn co mt s ma code ring khac vi tiu chun ma no ch co th dung thch hp

4-6-1 Ngn ng lp trnh t ng

M ta trnh t va quy ao chuyn ng cua dung cu ct.

iu khin cac c cu cua may cung nh thay i cac thng s ct got.

P = POINT. ( P1/20.0, 10.0, 0.0; P2/15.23, 20.5, 2.7)

L = LINE.( L1/P1,P2; L2/P1, ATANG26).

C = CTRCLE/X,Y,R = CIRCLE/CENTER,P1, RADIUS,R.

P = POINT/INTOF, L1, L2(im ct nhau cua 2 ng L1,L2).