Lauren Henderson

September 16, 2016

Mr. Stradling
Period 2.
Chapter Two Culminating Project
The culminating chapter is where we learned all about different land types in the sea. We
learned that about sonar, history of the sounds in the ocean, single-beam bathymetry,
earthquakes, plate tectonics, hot spot volcanoes, the ocean surface, submarine canyons,
continental margins, and many more . These things are important in our everyday lifestyle.
Without these things a lot of boat captains wouldnt know where to go.

Sonar is a technique that uses sound propagation to navigate, communicate with

or detect objects on or under the surface
of the water. SONAR stands for SOund
NAvigation and Ranging. (NOVA Online,
What is Sonar Used For) NOAA uses
sonar to update all the old maps.
(https://youtu.be/-fAAxEIFeLU) Sonar helps people move all around the ocean. It
helps us explore the bottom of the ocean and see thing that cant be seen from just
above the ocean.

The sounds of the ocean go back a very long time. No the ocean doesnt make
sounds. The sounds you hear are vibrations that are caused by a source. The
sounds can sound like a beating drum, or any one of our sources - air guns,

transducers, listed in the table of

contents to the right. (USGS and
Marine Geology Project Page) The
sounds of the ocean help boaters move
when there is something wrong or an
animal in the way.
Single-beam bathymetry systems are
generally configured with a transceiver
(transducer/receiver) mounted to the hull, or
side mount, to the ship. (Single Beam
Bathymetry Systems) Single-Beam
Systems measure the depth of the water
directly beneath the research vessel. SingleBeam Bathymetry measures straight down
from the boat all the way down thru the sand and the rocks. How they do it is
echosounder on a side mount that swings from a stowed placement alongside the
inside ship's rail to a vertical position amidships directly over the rail. It doesnt
take that long for them to get the measurements. They can get 1,500 meters per
second.

Earthquakes are very common all over the place. If you have never felt an
earthquake before you probably were in motion. When youre in motion you cant
really feel whats happening. Every once in awhile you will hear about earthquakes
on the news. They have charts to tell you how bad earthquakes are. The scale is

from 1-10. Yes there has been earthquakes larger than tens and those ones are
very dangerous. Places that get very bad
earthquakes are Italy and China. Earthquakes are
the tectonic plates are moving. You need
earthquakes to be safe. A bad earthquake was
we had here in California was the Northridge
earthquake in January of 1994. The earthquake
was so bad people felt it forty five minutes
away from the actual location.

Plate tectonics move because of the intense

heat in the
Earths core that causes molten rock in the mantle
layer to move. (Plate Tectonics: How Do Plates
Move?) When plates move they form earthquakes.
They move because of the pattern formed where
warm materials rise cool and then sink down. The
new plates that form are because they are so thin and warm. The old parts sink down
because they're so cool.

A hot spot volcano is an area in the mantle from which heat rises as a
thermal plume from deep in the earth. (Dictionary) The Volcano is at the
bottom of the ocean. This volcano is yes under water, this is how we get islands.
When these erupt it builds rock after the lava cools and forms islands. Near hawaii

there is a hot spot volcano going off.

These go off for years before it can form
any land.

The oceans surface takes up

ninety five
percent of the surface. The ocean goes for miles. Dive

down 650 feet (one monument or 200 meters), and you notice
that light starts fading rapidly. (The Deep Sea) The farther
you go the colder it will get, the pressure will rise, and you will
see new creatures. You will eventually reach a certain point
(13,000 feet) the temperature will drop so far that it is just
right above freezing. The reason why the water start to get so cold is because the
sunlight cant reach all the way down there. The sun beams can only reach to a certain
point.

A submarine canyon is a steep-sided valley cut into the seabed of the continental
slope. Submarine canyons originated because they
were in continental slopes. They got there name
because they look like canyons under water.
Submarine canyons are not deep seas trenches.
People occasionally think a deep sea trench is the
same thing. They are found on continental regions. They also occur on the Hawaiian
slopes.(Submarine Canyons)

The continental margins is the zone of

the ocean floor that separates the thin oceanic
crust from thick continental crust. Continental
margins are divided into two sections. The two
sections are the continental shelf and the
continental slope. The continental shelf is
where it drops off it usually goes for 40 miles for the width. The continental shelves are
usually rounded.

In conclusion, all these topics (earthquakes, continental margins, submarine

canyons, ocean surface, hot spot volcano, plate tectonics, single-beam bathymetry,
the sound history in the ocean, and sonar) have to do with the Earths core.The
Earth would not be what it is without each of them. These topics play a significant
part of how Earth functions.

Website Title: USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program

9 Article Title: USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program (CMGP)
9 Date Accessed: September 20, 2016
9 Author: USGS Coastal and Marine Geology Program
9
9 Website Title: Single Beam Bathymetry systems
9 Article Title: Single Beam Bathymetry systems
9 Date Accessed: September 20, 2016
9 Author: created by Jenna C. Hill (jhill@usgs.gov), David S.
Foster(dfoster@usgs.gov); revised by A. McKinney
9
9 Website Title: Fox News
9 Article Title: Deep Sea Volcano Hot Spot For Mysterious Ocean Life
9 Publisher: FOX News Network
9 Electronically Published: September 16, 2016
9 Date Accessed: September 21, 2016
9