Ly hi trong ca ht

Nh bit, vic ly hi khng ch nhm mc ch cung cp dng kh cho c th, cng nh

cung cp ln hi cho vic pht thanh, nhng cn gp phn biu hin ngha, ni dung, tnh cm
ca bi ht, c nhiu trng hp ly hi khc nhau m ngi ca vin cn bit v lm quen. ng
khc, cng c mt s nguyn tc trong vic lc no nn hay khng nn ly hi v nhng li ch
ca vic ly hi nh th no.
I. CH LI CA VIC CH NG LY HI
1. Vic ch ng ly hi lc khi tu cng nh trong bi ht, s lm cho ting ht c y n
v c nng lc hn. Nhiu ngi than hi ca mnh ngn, hoc ting yu, mt phn ln, l khng
ly hi ng cch, hoc khng thc ly hi ng lc.
2. ch li ln lao khc l gip cho ton th ca vin bt u cu ht c u n v sc bn.
Nhiu ca on khi tu cha u, phn nhiu l do cha tp ly hi ch ng.
II. CC TRNG HP LY HI
Ngi ta thng phn bit bn trng hp chnh nh sau :
1. Ly hi ln :
L ly hi mt cch thong dong, khng vi vng, thng thc hin ch c du lng tng ng
vi mt phch trong nhp va (ging nh du chm trong bi vn).
Th d 1 :
This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized
529x119.
2. Ly hi nh :L ly hi ngn hn, di mt phch cho n 1/4 phch, thng gp cui tit
nhc (chi nhc), (ging nh du phy trong bi vn).
Th d 2 :
3. Ly hi trm :
L ly hi tht nhanh v nh nhng nh l khng ly hi vy (khng ngi khc nhn ra).
Thng p dng trong cu nhc di, cn ly hi b sung m vn bo ton ngha li ca, hoc
trong ch ngt cu ph hp vi ngha li ca. K hiu bng du phi ('), trong thanh nhc dng
(v).
Th d 3 :
4. Cp hi :
L ly hi tht nhanh v mnh m, thng xy ra nhng on nhc si ni, hng trng, hoc
lc chun b cho cao tro ca bi ht. y l mt k xo cao trong ngh thut ca ht, cn phi
ch rn luyn cng phu (xem thm on Ha-l-lui-a cui bi Ly N Vng Thin ng).
Th d 4 :
Trong hp ca, c nhng cu nhc di, hoc nhng ch ngn di khng c t hi, cc ca
vin phi ni hi bng cch thay nhau, k trc ngi sau ly hi trm : khi tip tc li, phi vo
b nh nhng cng nh lc mnh ht hi vy.
III. CC NGUYN TC LY HI TRONG BI HT
Trong cu ni, mun m bo ngha, ta ch ngt sau mt cm t, hoc dng li sau mt cu y
ngha. Trong bi ht cng vy, nhng i khi cng c nhng trng hp ngoi ln, buc ta

phi ngt cu nhiu hn l cu vn cho php. Hoc buc ta phi ht lun, khng ngng sau mi
cm t, nh trong cu ni c th cho php.
Trong nhng trng hp , ta nn theo mt s nguyn tc sau :
1. Bnh thng, ly hi trc mi cu ht (lc khi tu cng nh trong bi ht) hoc ch bi ht
ghi du lng (xem Td 1 v 2 trn) : c ch xem ra khng cn ly hi, nhng tc gi c ghi
du lng ca vin ly i cho ng u, nhp nhng (xem on Bt ti reo nh ... Td 5 di
y).
2. Cu ht di cn ngt ly hi b sung, th nn ngt ni no c ngha (xem Td 4 : ngt sau
Cha cho con tri mi t mi tng i ngha).
3. Khng ly hi vn vt, c 2, 3 ch ngng ly hi (xem Td 4 : khng nn ly hi nh sau
Cha cho con / tri mi / t mi ... con / s ca ngi ...).
4.Khng ly hi gia cc t kp nh Thin Cha, yu thng ...
IV. NHNG IM CN LU
1. Theo nhp :
Nu ht loi bi vi nhp thong th, th ly hi vo cng thong th (xem Khc Nhc Cm
T"). Gp loi bi si ni, th ly hi cng phi nhanh nhn, nhp nhng p ng yu cu tc
ca bi ht (A-ve Ma-ri-a 2 on C).
Th d 5 :
2. Theo sc thi :
Gp on nhc sp ht ri, th ly hi chun b cng phi ly hi ri, ngha l ly hi nhanh ri
nn hi ch i cho n khi ht cc m thanh ri.
Th d 6 :
This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized
507x197.
PHN THC TP
1.Tp ly hi theo cc th d trn, c bit ly hi trm (th d 3); ly hi ri(th d 6); cp hi
(th d 4, 5 v Ha-l-lui-a cui ca bi Ly N Vng Thin ng - Lm Ng Duy Linh).
This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized
535x122.
2. Tp cc mu thanh nhc :
Mu 8 :
* Yu cu 1, 2, 3 : nh cc mu trc + c cho cc nguyn m - a - , a - - a
* Yu cu 4 : lin ting, vn ln t t cho n du Mi - Sol th nh li. Tp qung ba : ch ht
chun xc cao nhm 4 du Mi - Sol - Fa - Re.
Mu 9 :
* Yu cu :
1. Ly hi theo khu hnh i - Nn hi.
2. Mc ni M vi i - - a cho mm mi, phng m thanh ra pha trc.
3. Gng sao cho m sc ca nguyn m v a cng gn ging nh m i.
4. Ht lin ting, vn ting dn 2 phch u, n du Sol t nh ri cho sng li bng cch
vn ting + ly hi trm v bt vo ch Ma cng ngang vi phch 2 ca du Sol, ri ht
nh dn li cc phch cn li cho n ht cu. Ch chun xc cao , khng nng n, da nh
ln cc du u phch, khng cc du na phch sau l ra qu r rng. Nh gi nguyn

khu hnh ch a cho n ht cu, lng ngc cng, bng hi p dn khi gn ht cu, nu khng nt
nhc i xung thng c khuynh hng bung lng, s lm xung cung.
Mu 10 :
* Yu cu :
1. Ly hi theo khu hnh i - Nn hi
2. Mc ni M vi i - - a cho mm mi, phng m thanh ra pha trc.
3. Mn v tr ca Mi c cc ch Ma, M, M, to cho cc ch sau c m sc sng nh i,
cng ln cao, phi bung lng hm di, nng hm ch mm, u nh mun nhn t trn cao
xung dn thanh qun thp xung, mi trn hi nng ln, mi nh mun phng ln tng
vang cho m thanh. Khi ht xung thp, mi trn hi p xung che rng trn.
4.Lin ting + ly hi trng : ngn di du Fa gn 2 phch nh mnh khng nh ly hi, sau
va i khu hnh sang ch M va nut trm hi vo.

Mu 11 :
* Yu cu 1,2,3 : nh mu 10 trn y.
* Yu cu 4 : Mi cng ht nhanh cng mm mi, khng nhai ting. Cng ln cao, cng ht
nhanh, phi to cm gic im ta m thanh t vng xng chu phng lung hi lun lun
hng ln pha sng mi. Ch ht mt hi, khng mt v tr di m trc mt, ging nh ta
cm vi xt nc ln cao, hng v mt im trc mt, gia mi trn v trn, ni m ta cm
thy m thanh vang r v p nht. Lc u mi ngi gng hng ln hi tm xem im no
cho ta m thanh vang p nht. Khi tm c v tr ri, khng cn phi tn nhiu hi, m nghe
m thanh vn vang r. Vai tr ca hm ch mm v mi trn rt quan trng hng dn ln hi
i vo ng v tr. (Cng c th lm quen vi di m trc mt, bng cch thc tp c sch
phng m thanh ra trc, khng cn y hi mnh m m thanh vn vang vng ti cui phng).

K thut cho vocalist

(hng lm lt)
+ M thanh qun ( hay l m hng ) : c th ht cao hn , bn hn m ko b au hng sau
mi trn karaoke ta tng kh s vi my bi sn . Sau khi ly hi "ln" 1 on no bn
phi un li sao cho n c hnh ch U khi nhn vo . Tht ra t thy cch tt nht kim tra
xem mnh ht ng hay cha l nn tp trc GNG , soi vo m thy r ci ht g v
ci li n lm xung th tc l bn m hng ng cch .
+ Khu hnh : Tc l lin quan n cch pht m . Khi ht li 1 bi , bn phi m rng ming ,
pht m c gng sao cho r rng tng ch . thy cc singer chuyn nghip nh Lan Anh ,
TRng Tn ... u c khu hnh rt chun .
+ Ngoi ra khi bn ht nn 1 s im sau : Hm di phi mm , trnh cng cng .
+ Nn gi hng cho tt = cch v sinh rng ming hehe , dng nc mui th cng tt . Tp
sng m vo bui sng sm l tt nht . Bn thuc nhiu th ph ging gh lm .
1. Thi nn- (tp th):
Thp 1 ngn nn cch xa khong 50 phn hoc hn (ngi trong phng kn gi). Ly hi su
v thi tht u hi sao cho ngn nn n rung u hoc nghing i 1 gc c nh no cho n
khi dt hi. Mc ch l ta c th ly dc hi di v iu chnh hi u. V thng th khi sp

ht hi th mnh ca hi thi ra hay b gim nn phi c gng iu chnh lm sao t khi bt

u thi n khi ngt l phi c 1 mnh nh nhau (ta c th thy dc iu qua ngn nn),
khi dt hi l khi ko cn kh nng thi mnh nh ban u na y (on ny l kh nht, nhng
cng l on cn thit nht). he he lc u thi dc 2 n 3 hi l thy trng sao mc lin
2.Ngp nc : luyn m ("a" v " i" thi) pht m dc hay v chun
Luyn m "a" l d nht trong tt c cc m . V m "i" ng l ci loi kh nht, em xin b
xung thm l m i phi y ln mi th ta s ht dc tt v dc ting p hn. Chnh v th bi tp
ngp nc s gip chng ta rt nhiu.
Ly 1 chu nc sch, t ln gh cao cng tt ngi ta khi b gp qu khi ngp. Ht 1 hi
tht su, ngp mt vo chu nc (tai phi trn mt nc) v bt u ni hoc ht tng cu m
c m a v m i. m a n gin bn ch cn pht 1 hi ch a cng dc (Nhng nn i vo cu ht
th s tt hn) sao cho bn nghe dc ting a y gn dc nh nghe "trn b" l t. Cc bn c th
dn dn ri s khm ph ra nhiu iu th v. Cn m i cng cch lm nh vy vi cu ht no
c m i cui cu hay n gin repeat t "bnh minh" cng dc. Bn s bit l m i c y ln
mi khng qua vic bng kh s thot ra t mi bn. Phi c gng v phi luyn y v c th
bn s b sc nc vo mi v ci tr ny y. Chm ch chiu ny th khi ht, m i ca bn cc
p. bn cng c th dng cch ny luyn cao (tng dn tng ln), ni chung l chiu ny
li hi lm (c 1 ci rt li l n n o, nc gim thanh tt lm ha ha)
3. Luyn cao vi n: gi l luyn Mi - Ma
VD vi n guitar, 3 nt thp nht l M Fa Sol th bn tp nh sau: nh Sn - Fa - M ; Sn Fa - M tng ng vi vic nh nh th l pht m M i ; M a . Sau li tng ln na cung
v lp li mi ma nh trn. Phi c gng n mc cao nht c th. Tp vi piano th ngon nht.
Anh em ta ko c th son trong guitar-Pro m chin.
y l 3 chiu c bn v rt li hi y, cn thiu st j th cc bc b xung thm nh.

Hi th thanh nhc
I. TM QUAN TRNG CA HI TH TRONG THANH NHC
1. Sng m pht xut t khe thanh qun do thanh i m ng tc ng trn ln hi t phi y
ln. Chng hn nh khi ta mun ni hoc mun ht, mun ht cao hoc thp, to hoc nh, ko
di hoc ngn gn ... thanh i phi cng ra mt mc cn thit tng ng vi p lc ca ln
hi t phi y ln, to ra mt m thanh c cao , m sc, cng v trng theo
mun[1]. p lc ca ln hi v mc cng ca thanh i phi lun lun tng xng vi nhau th
mi c c m thanh chnh xc v cht lng (v nh ngi nhc cng v cm, tay tri va bm
ng v tr trn giy n, va rung tay to v p cho ting n, trong lc phi hp vi tay
phi ko v lm rung giy n to ra sng m...). Nhng ngi ht km, mt phn l do khng
bit iu khin hot ng ca hi th v thanh i.
2. ng khc, hi th cn gp phn lm r ngha ca cu ht : nhng ch ngt hi ng lc,
cng nh nhng ch ngn di vn ting ng ch, gip lm cho li ca thm r ngha, tc l
gip cho bi ht thm ngha, thm tm tnh, thm sc sng. Ngoi ra hi th cn gip th hin
nhng cm xc tinh t trong din tu, chng hn nh biu hin mt s xc ng t ngt, s
ngc nhin, thn phc, s dn dp ca cao tro m nhc ... (V th, khng nn ly hi tu tin).
II. QU TRNH PHT TRIN CA HI TH THANH NHC CHU U
1. Chu u l ni ngh thut ca ht c pht trin r rng hn cc ni khc, trong nc l
nc c truyn thng ca ht lu i, l qu hng ca nhng ca s ni ting nh Enric Carus
(1873-1921), almont ... Ngay t th k 17, trng phi ca ht c in , cn gi l trng

phi Bel Canto ( ht thnh phng, ngha gc l:ting ht p) t c nhng thnh cng ln
trong ngh thut ca ht. Nhiu gio s thanh nhc nh R.Todi (1647-1927). D.Mancini (17161800) vit sch v cc k thut thanh nhc cho cc ging n cao mu sc, trong h
cp nhiu n vn hi th. Theo h khi ht hi, th phi rt nh nhng, khng phnh bng
nhng hi hp bng, lng ngc trn hi nng ln ri h dn xung khi y hi ra ngoi (y l
k thut ly hi bng ngc trn). Khng ly hi qu cng, khng ht hn hi ri mi ly hi
khc ...
2. Trng phi mi ca ngh thut ca ht , xut hin khong hu bn th k 19, quan nim rng
: Khi ht cc b phn h hp v cc c bp h hp phi hot ng tch cc, to nn mt ct hi
y v su. Ngi thy i din cho trng phi ny l ng F.Lamperti (1813-1892). ng ni :
Ngh thut ca ht l ngh thut hi th. Kiu th ca trng phi ny l kiu th bng honh
cch m phi hp vi lng ngc.
3. S d k thut hi th thanh nhc c s tin trin nh vy l do nhu cu cn c nhng m
thanh cng ngy cng vang mnh hn, hu p ng vi s thay i trong tnh cht m nhc cng
nh trong phong cch v mi trng din tu (tnh cht m nhc cng ngy cng s hn, dn
nhc m ng hn, ni trnh tu rng hn, th loi m nhc phong ph hn, cc vai trong ca
kch cn din t nhiu hn ... tt c i hi ngi ca s phi c ging vang kho hn).
III. PHNG PHP HT TH TRONG CA HT
1.Trong sinh hot bnh thng, con ngi th mt cch t nhin vi s tham gia ca lng ngc
v honh cch m. Trong ca ht, chng ta cng th nhng vi s tham gia ch ng v tch cc
hn ca cc c nng . Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh pht trin k thut hi th, ngi ta c kt
li mt s kiu th, tu theo ngi ta nhn mnh n s tham gia ca ngc hay ca honh cch
m hoc c ngc c honh cch m.
This image has been resized. Click this bar to view the full image. The original image is sized
631x702.
a. Kiu th ngc : Ch c phn ngc trn hot ng tch cc, nn hi vo t, c th dng ht
nhng bi ht nh nhng, khng c cao tro, cu nhc ngn. (hnh 6B)
b. Kiu th bng : Ch c bng phnh ra do honh cch m h xung, cc c bng di hot
ng tch cc h tr cho honh cch m (hnh 6A).
c. Kiu th bng kt hp vi ngc : Honh cch m h xung (lm bng hi phnh ra), cc
xng sn ct ging ln, ngc di cng ra, trong lc ngc trn trng ln. Cc hot ng
ny k tip nhau rt nhanh theo th t : Honh cch m (bng trn) + xng sn ct + ngc
di + ngc trn. Ni cho gn li, gm hai ng tc : phnh bng (do honh cch m h xung
v sn ging ln) v trng lng ngc (ngc di cng ra, gi nguyn cng v chuyn ln
ngc trn). Ly hi theo th t th ln hi vo su y phi, va lan to ra u khp hai bn
tri v phi, lng hi vo c ti a (hnh 3 ; 6D).
y l kiu th ph bin nht m cc ca s nhc kch thng dng.
Trong ba kiu th trn, chng ta thy kiu ba c nhiu li im hn. Nhng hai kiu kia vn c
ngi s dng v to c hiu qu nh h mong mun.
2. Trong hi th bnh thng, cng nh hi th thanh nhc, ta thy c hai ng tc ngc chiu
nhau, l ht vo v th ra. Trong ca ht, phi tp ht hi vo (cn gi l ly hi) lm sao
cho lng hi cn thit cho tng cu ht di ngn, mnh nh, cao thp khc nhau. ng thi
cng phi tp th ra (cn gi l y hi) sao cho ln hi c ph hp vi mi tnh hung ca
cu ht. Ni cch khc l tp iu ch hi th cho tt, tu theo sc thi cng , cao , trng
ca m thanh. Sau y l mt s yu cu chung cho hai hot ng ni trn :
a. Ly hi (ht hi) :
- Cn phi nh nhng v ht vo mau l bng mi v bng ming (nh vy ln hi mi vo su

trong phi c).

- Nn hi vi giy trc khi ht v c gng gi lng ngc cng trong sut cu ht.
b. y hi (iu ch ln hi) :
- a hi th ra chnh xc cng lc vi hot ng ca thanh i, khng sm, khng mun. Nu
sm qu (sur la glotte) m thanh nghe cng ci v thanh i cng ra trc khi ln hi ti. Nu
mun qu (sur le souffle), m thanh nghe khng r, m li tn hi, v ln hi ra trc khi thanh
i rung.
- a hi ra u n, khng t qung, khng qu cng. Khi phi ht nhng bc nhy (t
qung 4 tr ln), nn c tc ng p bng cch mm mi m thanh pht ra ng cao v m
vang y n. To cm gic nh im ta ca ln hi vng xng chu : ln hi nh c y
ln nh ta vo vng xng chu. Cc c bng di hi cng, to thnh ch da vng chc cho
ln hi phng ln.
3. Mt s im cn trnh khi ly hi cng nh khi y hi :
a. Khi ly hi :
- Khng nn ly hi hon ton qua ming, tr nhng trng hp cao tro, phi cp hi, hoc
nhng trng hp ht khi cc vn m m phi ht nhanh, nhp nhng.
- Khng nn ht hi qu nhiu, lm cng thng cc c bng, sn, ngc ... tc hi n vic pht
thanh. Cn tp ly hi theo mc di ngn, mnh nh ca cu nhc.
- Khng nn ht hi hon ton mi ly hi khc, nh vy m thanh cui cu d b ui i, c
th lm mt, c ...
- Khng nn nh vai ln khi ht hi v s nh hng n cc c h hp, ly hi khng su c.
- Khng nn phnh bng ra trc khi ly hi : Chnh khng kh i vo su trong phi ng thi
vi vic h honh cch m lm phnh bng ra. Nu phnh bng trc s lm cho c th b cng
cng, nh hng xu n vic pht m.
b. Khi y hi :
- Khng nn y hi qu mnh khi ht cc du cao, nh rng c tn nhiu hi hn ht du trm
(v thanh i khng khp kn hon ton khi ht du cao), nhng nu qu mnh, s lm thanh i
qu cng, nh hng ti m sc.
- Khng nn ph phm hi th, phi bit iu ch hi th sao cho ph hp vi tnh cch ca tng
cu, m thanh vn m vang y n t u n cui cu. iu ch hi th nh honh cch m
nng ln dn dn v mm mi vi s h tr ca cc c bng, cn lng ngc vn cng to thnh
mt ct hi pha trn lun lun lin tc, y n.
4. Luyn tp hi th :
Vic luyn tp hi th thng phi i i vi vic luyn thanh, ngha l tp hi th vi m thanh,
c nh vy ta mi d kim tra c hot ng ca hi th qua cht lng ca m thanh pht ra.
Hi th ng, m thanh p ( xem ch thch 2), l cu chm ngn ca ngi ca ht. Hi th
ng s gip t v tr m thanh ng, lm cho ting vang p. Ngc li v tr m thanh ng
gip cho vic y hi c d dng, tit kim c hi th. V tr m thanh v hi th l hai yu
t h tr nhau pht ra m thanh c cht lng, nn khng th tch ri tng hot ng ring r.
Tuy nhin trong bc u, chng ta c th tp hi th ring lm quen vi kiu th tch cc
trong thanh nhc, hoc tng cng lc ht hi v y hi ca chng ta.
a. Tp x : (xem bi 1, phn thc tp s 2)
b. Tp thi bi : (xem bi 2, phn thc tp s 1)
c. Tp hi th vi m thanh qua cc mu luyn thanh.
PHN THC TP
1. Tp cc c bng h tr cho honh cch m :
- ng thng ngi : thng lng, thng u, p mt hai bn tay vo sau lng ngn ci nm
bn hng ngang tht lng.
- t bn chn phi st t hng ra pha trc, chn thng, ngi thng.

- Rt chn phi v, bn chn vn chm t, v a chn tri ra y nh chn phi : 50 - 100 ln.
- Thn ngi khng nghing qua nghing li, khng nh ln nh xung (Bi tp ny dng
khi ng khi hc thanh nhc, hoc tp th dc trong ngy).
2. Tp lng ngc :
- Hai bn tay nm li, thng ra pha trc, song song mt t : th ra t t.
- Ht mnh hai tay ra pha sau, lun thng cnh tay : hnh nhanh vo.
- Dng li mt vi giy : nn hi.
- a hai tay ra pha trc nh lc u : th ra t t ...
3. Tm cm gic im ta ca ln hi :
- Ly hi vo nh thng l.
- Lm nh thi bi nhng ngm ming (bt mi nu cn) cho hi khng thot ra ngoi,
nhng hi di li xung honh cch m v tc ng ln bng, ln vng xng chu, lm cng
cc c xung quanh vng . c coi nh im ta ca ln hi trong khi chng ta ht, nht
l kh phi ht cao, ht mnh.
4. Tp mu luyn thanh 4 v 5 :
Mu 4 :
rong din n nhiu ngi c thc mc v phn to b trong cool.nn mnh vit hng dn ny
cho cc bn hiu k hn v to b cho cac khc.
Trc tin phi hiu th no l b ,th no l ht b
ht b : v d nh 1 nhm nhc biu din 1 ca khc.th mi thnh vin trong nhm s m nhim
mt giai iu khc nhau.nh nhm AC&M .
B c phn ra lm 2 loi chnh :B thun v b nghch
B cc qung khc nhau : Qung 2,qung 3, qung 5,qung 8.........
- b thun : l ta ht tng tin ln qung 3 hoc 5 hoc 8.....lc ny l giai iu khc nhng tit
tu vn gi nguyn.b nghch th ngc li
Cch to b :
T ca khc ban u ta s to b ring cho n.
mi ca khc s c phn m giai(giai iu) & Tit tu.ni v to b th ta ch to ra 1 giai iu mi
1 qung khc so vi giai iu gc ca bn nhc ban u.cn phn giai iu th vn nh vy
V d c th cc bn hiu d dang hn:
1 ca khc c giai iu gc c cc nt nh sau :
la fa m
Khi ta son b cho on ny theo b thun qung 3 th s c on giai iu mi nh sau:
M la mi sn (tang ln 1.5 cung)
khi to c b cho ca khc .ta s ht v thu m thnh 2 track khc nhau.
- track 1 l phn giai iu chnh(phn m cc bn vn ht nh ca s bnh thng )
- track 2 l phn giai iu b m mnh to ra nh hng dn phn trn (ci ny ht n hi l
l)
giai iu khc nhau nhng ht phi cng 1 tit nhp.ng trng ( di ngn ca mi nt nh
giai iu gc)
Nh vy l chng ta to c 1 bi ht c b.ci ny n cng tu thuc vo nng khiu tai
nghe ca mi ngi.
Cn v phn to b trong cool th khng c 1 effects no h tr c.nu m co ci ny th cc bn
ngh th xem cc ca s khng phi mt cng sc luyn tp ht b.m cc nhm b nh
Cadilac chc khng c t dng v na.
V vy ch c 1 cch duy nht l thu b t ngoi vo.nu khi thu cc bn chn beat c b th
tn cng sc to b.nu khng c b th chng ta phi b cng sc ra thi.
l nhng g mnh bit v vn ny.mong rng s em li nhng kin thc b ch cho cc
bn v B trong ca khc.c g kh khn lPM cho mnh ,mnh s gip thm