m vc ca ging ht

K THUT THANH NHC

Hc bit cch ly hi khi ht v ht cho ng vi ngn ng Vit Nam
Trng Tm
1. Ly hi ng khi ca ht
2, Pht m ng khi ca ht
3. Khp m ng khi ca ht
Hi Th Trong Ca Ht
1. Ly hi
2. Nn hi
3. y hi

Thc tp 1: ly hi
-Ly hi bng
-Nn hi
-y hi sss
-Nhn hi
B phn pht m
Thanh i
Nhng xoang
Ming

Tm Lc
-Khi ht lun thng ngi, trong t th t tin.
-Ly hi ng l ly hi bng (hcm)
-Trc khi ht th nn hi, v khi ht th y hi ra bng honh cch m.
-Hnh dng, kch thc ca ming, v thanh i to ra m thanh
-Nhng xoang, xng v nhng ng dn kh trong mi, ming v trn u
lm cho m thanh c mu sc.
-Ngc, thanh qun, v ton thn th lm cho ting ht thm m , tr thnh
ca ring ta, m khng c ai ging ai

Thc tp 2: di hi & nhn ch

p dng thc hnh:

-Dng ting ht
-Ly hi trong Ca on
-Ht cao
-m sc
-Warm up
-Rt c khi ht

Ting Vit
-c vn
-5 du, 6 ging
-Mi ting c th c t 1 n 3 phn:
a. Ph m u
b. Nguyn m gia
c. m cui (c th l nguyn m hay ph m)
Khp m (m ng)
-Ting Vit nhiu m ng hn l m m.
-Khp m khng ng c th lm cho khng r ch khi ht.
Cc Nguyn m Ting Vit
Nguyn m n
Nguyn m phc
Nguyn m m
Bn m (m cui)

Bi tp cc nguyn m

Cc m Phc

Cc Nguyn m Ting Vit

Nguyn m n
Nguyn m phc
Nguyn m m
Bn m (m cui)
Cc Nguyn m n

Bi tp cc nguyn m

Cc m Phc

m m (ph)
-C 3 m hay gp:
I/Y: nh GIAM
O : nh TOAN
U : nh QUYN
-Khi ht khng ngn di m m.
-Nhn din m m: nu u/o ng trc mt nguyn khc m khng ti thnh
mt nguyn m phc th u/o l m m

c im ng m:
m tit : ting
vd:H / Ni / ma / ny / vng / nhng / cn / ma

Cu To Ca m Tit

m cui: Bn m v Ph m Cui
-Bn m cui: I/Y (bt ming)
-Bn m cui: U/O (trn mi)
-Ph m cui : m-p, n-t, nh-ch, ng-c
Vn: vn ng v vn m
Vn ng cc vn c M CUI
Vn m - cc vn khng c M CUI
Cc vn ng phi ng sm
-m chnh l m ngn ,
-m chnh l m hp ( m ca ming)
-m chnh l cc nguyn m hng trc + NH CH
-m chnh l cc nguyn m hng sau + NG C

Hnh tng ho trong thanh nhc

(Trch trong Michael Hng-Rong chi m nhc v B bn, NXB Vn ngh 2007)

Thc ra thi kn chng qua l ht khng li. Nu bn thc s cha bit iu ny th

c th bn s vp phi kh khn ngay t u khi bn lm quen vi cy kn hay bt k
mt nhc kh no. Mt ngi nhc cng saxo phi l mt ngi nm vng khng ch
nhc l, k thut ca saxo m cn phi nm vng cc k thut cao ca xng m trong
thanh nhc. Bn c th khng l mt ca s ht opera hay ht nhc c in, nhng nu
nm c k thut ny th cht lng ging ca hoc ting kn ca bn s c ci thin
mt cch ngon mc.
V v th gia mt nhc cng chi khi c vi ca s c duyn n vi nhau. t c
nhng ging cao, vt ngoi cung bc ca mt con ngi bnh thng, mt ngi ca s
ng cp phi th hin c, cn phi c mt k thut. l k thut Hnh tng
ho. K thut ny c l khng mi i vi gii thanh nhc quc t, c l cng
khng mi i vi ngi c o to bi bn nhng khng c nhiu ngi hiu
c c ch hot ng v ti sao n li nh vy.
Cho nn, ngoi gii kh c ra, ti ngh bi ny cng rt c ch cho cc bn bn thanh
nhc, nhng ai mun dn thn vo con ng ca ht chuyn nghip.
Hnh tng ho l g?
Ti c dp cp n vi bn v k thut t c ging bi, k thut
vt thot c gii hn ca cc m vc bnh thng, mt k thut khc khng
km phn quan trng trong saxophone l thc hnh hnh tng ho, m ti
tm dch t cm t organic imagery.
Richard Miller gii thch v k thut ht nh sau: bn khng th dng thc kim
sot c tt c cc c quanh khoang ming, nhng nu thc c mt s kh nng
phi hp cc mi lin h, c th kim sot c c l mt chuyn kh thi.
Cc phi hp ny c th t c thng qua cch tng tng mt s hnh nh nht
nh trong u. Leyerle gi qu trnh s dng phng tin ly hnh nh trong tr tng
tng iu khin c chuyn ng ca khoang ming l k thut hnh tng ho.
Hnh tng ho, nh ti cp thc ra l mt k thut ca xng m, tuy nhin k
nng ny hon ton ph hp vi saxophone cng nh cc loi kh c khc.
K thut hnh tng ho cng c th p dng vo cc dng hnh ng khc ca
c tht nh l th v dng iu, t th.
Mi tng quan gia mt vic ngh v mt hnh nh nht nh v mt hiu ng do hnh
nh to ra rt khc nhau gia tng ngi. Do vy, cch hnh tng ho ny c th
thch hp vi ngi ny, nhng khng nht thit l c th p dng c cho ngi khc.
iu ny bn s thy r l bn khng th no dy mt ngi khc lm th no c ng
mi cho ng v phi hp ming-m trong thi so, m chnh ngi phi t tm cho
mnh mt t th ng nht ph hp cho h.
Cng c mt s hnh nh nht nh c tc dng rt hu hiu c th thit lp c
mt s phi hp ng ngay, mt khi s phi hp ny thit lp c ri th n s c
tc ng to ra c mt ging c bit no , khi vic hnh tng ho l khng cn

cn thit na.Ni cch khc, k thut hnh tng ho n ch nh l ci que dim mi la

ban u. Mt khi la chy tt ri, chng ta khng cn cn s dng que dim lm g
na.
Trong phn ny, ti ch ghi chp li nhng g ti hc c t bi hc cn bn ca thy
cho bn nm c l thuyt ca k thut ny. Sau t bn phi khm ph c th
bn v trong tr bn c th s dng hnh tng no m c kh nng to c mt mi
lin kt m phi hp thi ra c mt ging ngoi cc m vc bnh thng.
Chuyn tm ging (tone centre)
Mt v d kinh in nht v k thut hnh tng ho trong ht l chuyn tm rung
ca ging.
Chng ta p dng k thut hnh tng ho trong chuyn tm ging trong bi tp
xng m cc nt thp ca saxophone ri. K thut ny c th m rng ra, ln cc nt
cao nht.
Nhiu ca s tng tng tm ging cho cc nt cao chy xung
qua vm hng, ra pha sau mt, ri hng ti, hng ln v ra
ngoi qua trc trn
Mt s khc th tng tng tm ging i xuyn qua pha sau u
ri vng ln theo vm s, ri ra pha trc, mi ngc ln
Mt nhm khc na th s dng c hai k thut trn cng mt
lc.Nhng cn phi cn thn vi nhng hnh nh ny, nu tng
tng nt hng ln cao qu, n s c hiu ng sinh hc lm
nng thanh qun ca bn ln v kho lun m vc Ngc ca bn
li . trnh hiu ng ny, phi lm ng tc ngp.

i vi nhng ging cao hn, ti c dy l phi tng tng nng ln cng vi phn
na trn ca u, ln cao hn tm ging, ri mi thi xung nt . C ngha l, mnh
phi tng tng ci nt mnh nh thi cao hn, nhng khi thi th phi h thp nt
tht xung (nh hnh di y)

Sai

ng

i vi nhng ging cao hn, ti c dy l phi tng tng nng ln cng vi phn na
trn ca u, ln trn tm ging, ri mi thi xung nt . C ngha l, mnh phi tng tng
ci nt mnh nh thi cao hn, nhng khi thi th phi h thp nt tht xung.

Lm nh vy bn s t c hai c ng trong khoang ming ht sc quan trng,

l:
- Hnh nh h u xung ca ti s c tc ng kch thch nng vm hng sau (phn
vm mm) ca ti ln.
- Hnh nh thi xung ca ti s gip lm h thanh qun xung (nh l ng tc ngp).

Hnh dng khoang ming

C nhiu cch Hnh tng ho khc nhau gip bn gi
c phn trn ca khoang ming c m rng
.Mt l hy tng tng mt ng nm ngang hay l
mt si dy cng ngang qua hng ca mnh, rt st vi
thnh sau ca thanh qun.
By gi bn hy tng tng ng rung ca ging s i ln
t phn di ca thanh qun, i ra sau ng nm ngang
tng tng , ri c phng mnh v pha trc, thot ra
ngoi ming. Vic tng tng ny s gip x thnh thanh
qun ra pha sau ti a, lm cho khoang hng ming rng
hn.

Mt dng bin th kh phc tp hn l phi tng tng

c mt hnh tam gic nm trong c hng ca mnh.
Tng tng ba nh ca hnh tam gic rt gn nhau
nhng khng c ng vo:- Vm sau hng (vm mm)Thnh sau hng- V y ca thanh qun (xem tam gic mu
xanh bn)No, by gi bn hy tng tng con ng
ca ging khi pht ra t y thanh qun s i ln v vng ra
sau cc nh ca tam gic ny, ri cng tng t nh th, n
phng ra pha trc ri thot ra ming.

Ni tm li, khi bn ht nh bnh thng, c hng ca chng ta khng c m rng m

thm ch cn ng li hoc thu hp i vi nhng ging hoc nt cao. Nu chng ta
khng c k thut, th chuyn tht bi l cm chc.
Khoa hc chng minh c mt mi lin h gia v no v vic iu khin cc c
vng hng-ming vn khng chu s iu khin ca v no, lm cho chng chuyn
ng theo mun.
V d c th nht l phn x c iu kin ca Paplov m chng ta hc trong sinh hc
. Lm th nghim, khi ta cho con ch n th ta bt n. D nhin ng tc bt n
vn n khng c lin h g n v no ca con ch, nhng ng tc chng ta cho n,
con ch s tit nc bt. Lp li quy trnh ny nhiu ln, sau chng ta ch cn bt n
m khng cho con ch n, n vn tit nc bt. Gii thch hin tng ny l trong v
no con ch c s tng tng v t s tng tng , n hnh thnh mt ng
lin h v hnh n trung tm tit nc bt. Do , khi nhn thy nh sng, l n s tit
nc bt.
Hnh tng ho trong k thut thanh nhc cng tng t nh vy. Chng ta
phi hnh tng rng trong c hng chng ta b chn bi mt vt g , nn khi
ht chng ta phi a hi lch qua khi chng ngi ra. Khi quen ri,

chng ta xng m ln, c hng s m rng ra theo phn x ny. Nu luyn

c k thut ny, bn s thy cht ging ca bn khng thua km g mt ca s
chuyn nghip c o to bi bn.

Mt s khi nim v k thut cn bn trong thu m

(Trich trong Michael Hng-Rong chi m nhc v B bn, NXB Vn ngh 2007)
Xng m
Mt cch nm na, bin ca ngn ng ni hay xng m c th c chia ra
lm ba bng tn chnh tng ng vi tng b phn c bn ca vic pht m
l m c bn, hay m nn (fundamentals), nguyn m (vowels) v ph m
(consonants).
Cc m ni c bn thng gii hn gia tn s 125Hz v 250Hz.
Nm vng vng gii hn ca tn s m cn bn ny ht sc quan trng, v n
cho php chng ta nhn dng c ging ni c trng ca tng ngi v tng
nhc c cng nh vt pht ra, cho php chng ta bit c m pht ra c
trong khng v cng da vo gii hn tn s m nh gi c cht lng
ging.
Nguyn m cn bn phn nh c nng lng ti a v lc ca ging, n pht
ra tn s gia khong 350Hz - 2000Hz.
Cn i vi cc ph m th n pht ra tn s cao hn t 1500Hz n 4000Hz,
n cha t nng lng nhng li rt cn thit v n em li r ca ging ni
chng ta c th nghe v hiu c.
Ly mt th d, tn s ging ni pht ra t khong 63 n 500Hz, th s mang theo
khong 60% lc ca ging, th nhng r ch c 5%. Trong khi vi m pht ra
vng tn s 500Hz n 1KHz s a li hiu ng r n 35%, v i vi m pht tn
s t 1 n 8KHz ch sinh ra c 5% lc nhng r li t n 60%.
Do nu chnh nt tn s bng cch gia tng cc tn s thp ln n khong t 1 n
5KHz, r v hiu s tng ln rt nhiu.

Microphones
Microphone l mt trong nhng b phn quan trng nht ca thu m v n l thit b u
tin tip cn vi m thanh gc pht ra. Nu bn s dng mt ci mic xong hoc khng
ng chc nng ca n th coi nh c chui cng vic x l m thanh ca bn v sau coi
nh b sng b bin ht c.
Mt s loi mic khc nhau:
Mt cch tng qut, chng ta c th chia mic ra lm hai loi: mic ng
(dynamic) v mic t (condenser)
i vi loi mic ng cng c hai loi l loi cun chuyn ng v loi bng.

Mic vi cun dy chuyn ng, ng nh tn gi ca n, l m nng pht ra to

thnh in nng thng qua mt cun dy chuyn ng c gn vo mng mic.

Loi mic bng khng ph bin lm, mc d n ci thin c kh nhiu trong vic
thu m, c cu to bng nhiu bng kim loi mnh treo gia hai u nam chm,
khi cc bng nhm ny rung ln s to nn dng in. V cc bng kim loi rt
nh v mnh nn m pht ra l n kp nhn ngay ch khng mt mt khong thi
gian di nh trong loi mic cun chuyn ng.
Nguyn tc chung ca mic
m nhc vn d l s sng to v ngu hng, nn k thc khng c mt lut l
no cho m nhc c. Ch c iu c mt s nguyn tc cn bn gip chng ta
chn ng mic lm ng chc nng thu m ca n m thi. Ci mic ca chng
ta cng nh l mt loi cng c cng tc, loi no c chc nng ch khng
phi mic no cng ging ci mic no c.

Nhc li mt cht, sng m vi tn s cng thp th lan cng rng v khng

xa. Cho nn khi mun bt cc m thanh bass, tc l m trm, th cn phi c
mng rng. Cn i vi cc ting treble hay m c tn s cao, nn dng mic c
mng c nh v khi m bn theo tia thng trc.
Nhn chung, trong mt phng thu, bn nn sm t nht l mt mic mng rng, mt mic
t, hai mic mng nh, mt mic t bt ch v mt mic ng. Cn c th cn mt ci mic
t trong tang trng dm na.
Mt nguyn tc khc l cn phi cho m thanh mt khong thi gian chun b bng mt
thn bc sng m ln. im ny rt nh, nn t ai , th nhng n li khng
km phn quan trng. Hnh dung th ny, nu bn mt ci mic cch xa ci trng
dm chng my thc, ri bn th thu vi nhng khong cch khc nhau, bn s
nhn thy l cn phi c mt thi gian m thanh pht ra t trng ri mi chuyn n
ci mic. Mc d trong khi thu tht th ci mic nm k ngay ming ngi ht, d rt rt
ngn, nhng n cng phi c khong ch.

To chiu su trong mic

a s chng ta c th bit v m thanh ni, bng cch ngh rng mt ci bn tri
mt ci bn phi l to c lin hiu ng , th nhng chng ta qun mt su. Ta
th th nghim, ly mt ci mic, thu m ca bn khong cch 2 cm ri ra xa mt mt,
c gng ly cn bng (EQ) nhanh loi m trm trn rnh m 2.5cm. Pht li v bn
s thy c rng nu mic gn bn th bn s thu c m thanh nghe nh trc
mt, v vi mic xa, v bn nghe n nh l pht ra t u pha sau lc bn ng
ht! Nh vo , bn c th to c chiu su bng cch s dng khong cch mic.
Nu bn thit b to m di (reverb) vo rnh thu bng, bn s c c mt n tng
nghe nh c thu t rt xa mic. Nh th, bn s thy rng bng cch s dng mt
s k thut cn bng m (EQ) bn c th to hiu ng su ca m thanh m
khng cn di chuyn v tr ca mic.
K thut thu m thanh ni (stereo)
C ba loi k thut chnh trong thu m thanh ni:
1- Thu bng mic MS (gia v hai bn): MS nh m t hnh di y, n c ba
phn thu m l gia (mid) v hai bn (sides) nn vng ph sng ca n to ra nh
tim mt tri tim nn cn gi l mic hnh tim (cardiod mic). Li im ca n l thu rt tt
cc lung sng m i thng v pha trc, khng thu cc m i lan sang hai bn hoc ra
sau. Loi ny ch dng cho cc studio chuyn dng cao. Mt li im khc ca vic s
dng mic ny l c th chuyn m thanh sang dng MONO d dng m khng cn s
ph tr k thut no.
2- Thu m thanh ni bng sp t th XY(cp ng b), tng t kiu ORTF
Hai mic hnh tim u vo nhau to kiu XY
Kiu thu XY c th thc hin bng hai cch: hai u mic i mt nhau (hnh trn)
hoc quay lng vo nhau, hoc bt cho nhau cn gi l kiu ORTF, nguyn l thu sng
cng ging nh XY. a phn cc nh thu m thch sp t hai mic i u vo nhau
hn. Khi v tr ht cng gn mic cng tt trnh tnh trng trit tiu pha, tc l tnh
trng cng m ngoi vng ph sng ca c hai mic, khi m thanh gc s b lch pha,
cht lng m b tn hi nhiu. Loi mic bt ch l thch hp nht thit k kiu thu
XY. Vi k thut thu ny, nu bn c cp mic cht lng tt th bn s c c m
thanh ni tuyt vi.

Sp t mic kiu ORTF

K thut thu ORTF khng ph bin lm, nhng v nguyn tc sp xp gn nh XY, ch
khc mt iu l hai mic bt cho nhau v khong cch hai u mic cch nhau bng
khong cch hai tai chng ta, hay khong 12 cm. Mic s dng trong k thut thu ny
thng l loi mic c vng ph sng hnh tim, khi m thanh thu s tht hn.
3- Thu m thanh ni bng th AB
Loi thu kiu AB, ch n gin l bn hai mic cch xa v i nhau trong mt phng
thu. Do vi k thut thu ny, hai mic s bt c tn s m nh nhau, ch khc nhau
v khong cch, nn c lch pha vo ra tu thuc vo v tr ca hai mic. Kiu thu
ny s gy rc ri nu bn mun nghe MONO, n s c tnh trng trit tiu pha nh ti
c cp trn.

Nguyn tc ba-mt
Mt k s m thanh vng tay ngh, anh ta s thu v trn m sao cho n c th chuyn
bin thnh nhiu h thng theo mun; c ngha l d ngi nghe c la chn kiu
nghe th no i na th m thanh cng gn nh l trung thc, ch khng mo ting
hay gim cht lng khi thay i my, thay i kiu mono hay stereo.
Mt trong nhng nguyn tc khi thu bn c th chuyn i gia h stereo v mono
m khng lm thay i cht lng nghe l nguyn tc ba-mt. Nguyn tc ny
gip lm gim i hiu ng trit tiu pha, tc l hiu ng cng hng m ngoi vng
ph sng ca hai mic khi sp t trong ch thu stereo. Nguyn tc ny thc ra kh
n gin thi, tc l khong cch t gia hai mic di bng 3 ln khong cch t mic
n v tr ngi ht hoc nhc c.
1./ Caravan
2./ Chelsea Bridge

3./ Don't Get Around Much Anymore

4./ Early Autumn
5./ Fly Me To the Moon
6./ Fools Rush In
7./ I Remember April
8./ I'm Beginning To See The Light
9./ I'm In The Mood for Love
10./ In Walked Bud
11./ Manteca
12./ One note of Samba
13./ Round Midnight
14./ Satin Doll
15./ Slightly Out of Tune
16./ Sophistically Lady
17./ Stormy Weather
18./ Take Five
19./ Take the "A" Train
20./ These Foolish Thing
21./ Undecided
22./ Unforgettable
23./ Wave
24./ You've Changed