Boundary Layer Theory Chapter Class Book PDF

SOLUTION OF BOUNDARY LAYER
EQUATIONS
Prabal Talukdar
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Delhi
E-mail: prabal@mech.iitd.ac.in
p
P.Talukdar/Mech-IITD
Boundary layer Approximation

X momentum:
u
u
2 u P
u
+ v =
2
y
x
y
x
Applying Newtons 2nd law in the

y-direction, we get y-momentum
equation
v
v
2 v P
u
+ v =
2
y
y
x
x
P
=0
y
Thus, P = P( x )
P dP
Hence,
=
x dx
For a flate plate, since u = U

= constant and v = 0 outside
the boundary layer, Xmomentum
t
equation
ti gives
i
P
=0
x
Therefore,forflowoveraflatplate,the
pressureremainsconstantovertheentire
p
plate(bothinsideandoutsidetheboundary
layer).
Boundary layer over a flat plate
Paul Richard Heinrich

Blasius (1883 1970) was a
German Fluid Dynamic
Engineer. He was one of the
first students of Prandtl.
Born
9August1883
B li G
Berlin,Germany
Died
24April1970(aged86)
Hamburg,WestGermany
Fields
Fluidmechanicsand
mechanicalengineering
Almamater UniversityofGttingen
Doctoral
advisor
LudwigPrandtl
Thecontinuityandmomentumequations
werefirstsolvedin1908bytheGerman
engineerH.Blasius,astudentofL.
i
H Bl i
t d t fL
Prandtl.
Thiswasdonebytransformingthetwo
y
g
partialdifferentialequationsintoasingle
ordinarydifferentialequationby
introducinganewindependentvariable,
called the similarity variable
calledthesimilarityvariable.
Thefindingofsuchavariable,assumingit
exists,ismoreofanartthanscience,and
itrequirestohaveagoodinsightofthe
problem.
The shape of the velocity profile remains the same along the plate.
Blasius reasoned that the nondimensional velocity profile u/u should
remain unchanged when plotted against the nondimensional distance
y/ where is the thickness of the local velocity boundary layer at a
y/,
given x.
That is,, although
g both and u at a g
given y vary
y with x,, the velocity
y u at
a fixed y/ remains constant
Blasius was also aware from the work
of Stokes that is proportional to
x
u
Scale Analysis
Dividing by x to express the result in dimensionless form gives
Similarity Variable
The significant variable is y/, and we
assume that the velocity may be expressed as a
function
u ct o of
o this
t s variable.
va ab e. We then
t e have
ave
x
We define = y /
u
This makes , y /
Here, is called the similarity variable, and g()
is the function we seek as a solution
Variable Transformation
A stream function was defined such that:
u =
v =
to get rid of continuity equation
d = udy
= y
u
x
d = dy
x u f ( ) where f () = g ()d
f ( ) =
= f ( )u x u
u x u
= u
u =

=
= u
y
y
v =
= u
x
x df
u d
u
x df

u d x
2
u
x
u
df
= u
x
d
ux
f =
1
2
u
x
df

f
d
Differentiating the previous equation with respect to x and y

u
d 2f
u
,
=
2
2x
x
d
u 2 d 3f
=
2
x d3
y
u d 2f
,
x d 2
u
= u
y
2u
Substituting these relations into the momentum equation and

simplifying, we obtain
2
d 3f
d
+ f
d 2f
d
= 0
This is a third-order nonlinear differential equation.

This way the system of two PDEs is converted to one ODE
ODE.
Blasius Solution
2
d 3f
d
+ f
d 2f
d
= 0
The value of corresponding to u/u = 0.992

is 5.0
= y
=
u
u
5=
x
x
5 .0
u x
5 .0 x
Re x
Significance
of u, , x
The shear stress at the wall can be

d
determined
i d from:
f
u
= u
w =
y y=0
w = 0 . 332 u
u d 2f
x d 2
=0
u
0 . 332 u 2
=
x
Re x
Local skin friction coefficient becomes

Cf ,x =
w
2
V 2
w
2
u 2
= 0.664Rex 1 2
Note that unlike the boundary layer

thickness, wall shear stress and the skin
friction coefficient decrease along the plate
as x-1/2.
Energy
gy Equation
q
Introduce a non-dimensional temperature
Substitution gives an energy equation of the form:
( x , y) =
T ( x , y) Ts
T Ts
2
u
=
+v
x
y
y 2
Temperature profiles for flow over an isothermal flat plate are similar like the
velocity profiles.
Thus, we expect a similarity solution for temperature to exist.
Further, the thickness of the thermal boundary layer is proportional to
x / u
Using the chain rule and substituting the u and v expressions into the energy equation
gives
df d 1
u
+
d d x 2
d
u df
d 2

f
=
2 y
x d
d
y
d
Using the chain rule and substituting the u and v expressions into the
energy equation gives
df d 1
u
+
d d x 2
d 2
d 2
(0
+ Pr f
)=
d
u df
d 2

f
=
2
x d
d y
d y
df/d is replaced by
Compare
For Pr = 1
d
= 0
d
0 and (
)=
d 3f
d
df
= 0
d =0
+ f
and
d 2f
d
= 0
df
=1
d =
Thusweconcludethatthevelocityandthermalboundarylayerscoincide,and
the nondimensional velocityandtemperatureprofiles(u/u
thenondimensional
velocity and temperature profiles (u/u and
and )areidentical
) are identical
forsteady,incompressible,laminarflowofafluidwithconstantpropertiesand
Pr=1overanisothermalflatplate
The value of the temperature gradient at the surface (Pr =1) ??
d
d 2f
=
= 0 . 332
2
d
d
d
d 2
+ Pr f
d
= 0
d
d
= 0 . 332 Pr 1 3
d =0
Pr>0.6
( x , y) =
This eq. is solved for numerous values of Prandtl numbers.

For Pr > 0.6, the nondimensional temperature gradient at
the surface is found to be proportional to Pr1/3
T ( x , y) Ts
T Ts
u
x
y
= y
The temperature gradient at the surface is
T
y
y=0
= (T T s )
= 0 . 332 Pr 1
(T
Ts )
y=0
u
x
= (T T s )
d
d
=0
y=0
This solution is given by Pohlhausen

The local convection coefficient can be expressed as:
hx =
qs
(T s T
T
y y =0
=
= 0 . 332 Pr 1 3 k
(T s T )
T
y
u
x
=
y=0
0 . 332 P
Pr 1
(T
Ts )
And the local Nusselt number becomes

Nu x =
hxx
= 0 . 332 Pr 1 3 Re x 1 2
k
Pr > 0.6
Solving the thermal boundary layer equation numerically for the temperature
profile for different Prandtl numbers, and using the definition of the thermal
boundaryy layer,
y , it is determined that
Pr 1
t
t =
Pr 1
5 .0 x
Pr 1
Re
u
x
Non dimensionalization
Non-dimensionalization
u v
+
=0
x y
u
u
2 u p
u
+ v =
2 x
x
y
y
2T 2T
T
T
= k
c p u
+v
+
2
2
y
y
x
x
x* =
T Ts
x * y * u * v *
p
,y = ,u = ,v = ,p =
and T * =
L
V
V
T Ts
L
V 2
u *
Continuity:
=0
1 2 u * dp*
u
+v
=
*
*
2
Re L y*
x
y
dx *
*
Momentum:
u *
v*
Energy:
T *
x
u *
+v
T *
y
2T*
Re L Pr y*2
With the boundary conditions:
( )
( )
( )
(
(0 , y ) = 1, T (x ,0 ) = 0 , T (x , ) = 1
u * 0 , y * = 1, u * x * , 0 = 0 , u * x * , = 1, v * x * , 0 = 0
T*
Geometrically Similar
Functional forms of Friction and

C
Convection
i C
Coefficients
ffi i
1 2 u * dp*
u
+v
=
*
*
2
Re
*
x
y
dx *
L y
*
Momentum:
u *
u *
For a given geometry

geometry, the solution for u*
can be expressed as
u * = f1 x * , y* , Re L
Th the
Then
h shear
h stress at the
h surface
f
becomes
b
u
V u *
V
s =
=
=
f 2 x * , Re L
*
y y=0
L y
L
y* =0
C f ,x =
s
V
V L
V
f 2 x * , Re L =
2
f 2 x * , Re L = f 3 x * , Re L
Re L
Energy:
T *
x
+v
T *
y
2 T*
Re L Pr y*2
The solution for T* can be expressed as
T * = g1 x * , y* , Re L , Pr
Using the definition of T*, the convection heat transfer coefficient becomes
k T y y =0 k (T T )
k
s
h=
=
T * y* * = T * y* *
y =0
y =0
L(Ts T )
L
Ts T
N
Nusselt
lt number:
b
Nu x =
hL
= T * y*
k
y =0
= g 2 ( x * , Re L , Pr)
Note that the Nusselt number is equivalent to the

dimensionless temperature gradient at the
surface and thus it is properly referred to as the
surface,
dimensionless heat transfer coefficient
Average friction coefficient
Reynold Analogy
1 2u*
u
+v
=
x *
y* Re L y*2
*
WhenPr=1(approximately the case

for gases) andP
and P*// x
x* = 0 (e.g.
(e g For flat
plate)
Nu
u
=
y
Cf ,x =
hL
T *
=
=
k
y*
y=0
s
V2
V u *
=
L y*
u *
T *
1 2T*
u
+v
=
*
*
Re L y*2
x
y
*
=
y* =0
V
Nux
2
L
=
Nux
=
2
2 V 2 ReL
ReL
= Nux
2
T *
y* =0
V
Nu
L
u *
Cf ,x
Cf ,x
u *
(Pr=1)
=
y* =0
= St x
St =
T *
y* y* =0
(Pr=1)
h
Nu
=
cp V ReL Pr
Clinton-Colburn Analogy
Also called modified Reynolds analogy
Cf ,x = 0.664 Re
R x 1 2
N x = 0 . 332 P
Nu
Pr 1 3 R
Re x 1 2
Colburn j-factor
Taking the ratio between Cf,x and Nux

Re
Cf ,x x = Nux Pr1 3
2
Cf ,x
2
hx
Pr2 3 jH
cp V
Valid for
0.6<Pr<60
Although this relation is developed using relations

for laminar flow over a flat plate (for which
P*/ x* = 0), experimental studies show that it is
also
l applicable
li bl approximately
i t l ffor tturbulent
b l t flflow
over a surface, even in the presence of pressure
gradients.
gy is not
For laminar flow,, however,, the analogy
applicable unless P*/ x* = 0. Therefore, it does
not apply to laminar flow in a pipe

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SOLUTION OF BOUNDARY LAYER

Boundary layer Approximation

Applying Newtons 2nd law in the

For a flate plate, since u = U

Boundary layer over a flat plate

Paul Richard Heinrich

Dividing by x to express the result in dimensionless form gives

to get rid of continuity equation

Differentiating the previous equation with respect to x and y

Substituting these relations into the momentum equation and

This is a third-order nonlinear differential equation.

The value of corresponding to u/u = 0.992

The shear stress at the wall can be

Local skin friction coefficient becomes

Note that unlike the boundary layer

This eq. is solved for numerous values of Prandtl numbers.

The temperature gradient at the surface is

This solution is given by Pohlhausen

The local convection coefficient can be expressed as:

And the local Nusselt number becomes

With the boundary conditions:

Functional forms of Friction and

For a given geometry

The solution for T* can be expressed as

Note that the Nusselt number is equivalent to the

Average friction coefficient

WhenPr=1(approximately the case

Taking the ratio between Cf,x and Nux

Although this relation is developed using relations

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