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CLOSE CIRCUIT TV (CCTV)&IP-SURVEILLANCE DESIGN BASIS
:

IP-Cameras

) ( LAN ) )WAN
.

:
-1 :
) (IPCAM-1
) ..(

CCTV
.
-2 : )
( ) (CCTV-1

.
:

)
1
General Company For Engineering & Consulting- Instrumentation Department
( ....
24

.

) ( )

.( ....

.

.

, ,
/ , / ,
...

.
Regulations and standards :

) ,
( :
The design and installation conform to all applicable local building
codes and ordinances and regulations governing the system including,
but not limited to UL, ANSI, IEEE and NEMA.
Where requirements are governed by one or more codes,
the most stringent shall apply.
2
- :Design documents
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3

)- ( .....................
. . ) (.... - Digital CCTV)&IP-Surveillance systems :

:
)( ) (
-
- )- ( ...
:CCTV systems which shall include, but not be limited to the
:following
1. All cameras, lenses, housings, digital video recorders, switches,
racks, consoles, power supplies, cables, connectors, etc.
2. All equipment installation and testing.
3. All cutting, patching, fit and finish.
4. Integrate, connect and configure existing cameras to operate
seamlessly with new Digital Video Recorders, cameras and related
equipment.
5. Connect all Digital Video Recorders to Purchasers computer
networks and Internet connection
. . DVR )........ (
3
- :

.
: Dome Camera -
: ..
)( .
.
mm 50
.

: Box Camera -
. bullet camera
.

.
.
: Pan Tilt Zoom (PTZ) Cameras -

.
. .4
.
. 36 )( 12 ) (
.
.
Pan (Panning): Left and right rotation of the CCTV camera in horizontal
direction is called pan.Controlling the pan is called panning.
Controlling the camera to the right of the object is called right pan, to the left is
called left pan.
Example of dome camera (PTZ type)
Wear and tear of pan and tilt mechanism parts

Rotations of pan and tilt are conducted through rotational
movement of parts such as gears. Long-term use will cause
abrasion of bearings and gears from friction between these
parts, so regular maintenance is required.
Tilt This means to tilt. It is the up and down rotation of the CCTV camera.
Example of rotation platform (housing)
5
:Outdoor Cameras

/
.
: NIGHTVISION AND DAY/NIGHT CAMERAS -

/
.
)below red" (from the Latin infra, "below" ) Infrared (IR(radiation

.

.

thermal imaging

/ : Day/Night technology 2
4
.

6
((LUX 0.01
low light cameras

.
7
sample lux ratings:

Direct Sunlight 107,000 140,000
Full Sunlight 11,000 22,000
Overcast Day 1,000
Retail Shop 500
Office Setting 300
Twilight 10
Deep Twilight 1
Full Moon 0.1
Moonless Night 0.0001
Overcast Night 0.00001
: -

.

.
Mounting Locations
-
)(Chip

: Video Quality
Lines of :Each cameras performance is based on the number of

horizontal lines the chip in the camera provides.
The lines of resolution dictate the quality of the video the camera can
produce .The higher the lines of resolution, the better the quality.
Black and White
Color
Performance
380 Lines
330 Lines
Standard
470 Lines
420 Lines
Medium
580 Lines
480 Lines
High
8

CCTV CCD,CMOS :
: CMOS
.
CCD

CMOS
.
9
-1 :

:
CS-MOUNT,C-MOUNT
:
CS-MOUNT mm 12.5
C-MOUNT mm 17.5

Choosing the right lens
A 5 mm spacer (C/CS adapter ring) can be used to convert a C-mount

lens to a CS-mount lens
CS-MOUNT

C-MOUNT .
-
,"and 1/4 "1/3 ,"1/2 ,"2/3
size
:Sensor
10

" " " ,
"

.
: Focal length -

30
"1/4
"1/3
"1/2
6 mm
8 mm
12 mm
Lens and sensor size

Focal length
11
Lens calculators for calculating the focal length of the lens you
will need in order to capture a specific scene at a certain
distance.
Distance to Object / Width x Height in Feet
Focal 5 ft.
Length
10 ft.
2.8mm 9 x 6
17 x 1326 x 19 34 x 26 43 x 32 51 x 39 69 x 51 86 x 64 129 x
96
4mm
6x5
6mm
8mm
4x3
3x2
12mm 2 x 1.5
16mm 1.5 x
1.3
25mm 96 x .
72
50mm .48 x .
36
75mm .32 x .
24
3mm
8mm
15 ft.
20 ft.
25 ft.
30 ft.
40 ft.
50 ft.
75 ft.
100 ft. 150 ft.

171 x
129
257 x
193
12 x 9 18 x 4
24 x 18 30 x 23 36 x 27 48 x 36 60 x 45 90 x 68 120 x
90
180 x
135
8x6
6x5
16 x 12 20 x 12 24 x 18 32 x 24 40 x 30 60 x 45 80 x 60 120 x 96
12 x 9 15 x 11 18 x 14 24 x 18 30 x 23 45 x 34 60 x 45 90 x 68
12 x 9
9x7
4 x 3 6 x 4.5 8 x 6
3 x 2.3 4.5 x
6x5
3.5
2 x 1.5 3 x 2
4x3
10 x 8
8x6
12 x 9
9x7
5 x 3.5 6 x 4
8x6
10 x 7
14 x 11 19 x 14 29 x 22
.96 x . 1.4 x 1 2 x 1.5

72
.64 x . .96 x . 1.3 x .
48
72
96
2.4 x
1.8
1.6 x
1.2
4x3
5x4
7x5
10 x 7
14 x 11
2 x 1.4 2.6 x
1.9
3x2
5x4
6x5
10 x 7
160 x
120
60 x 45
96 x 72
12 x 9
240 x
180
90 x 68
144 x
108
18 x 14
3x2
16 x 12 20 x 15 30 x 23 40 x 30 60 x 45
12 x 9 15 x 11 23 x 17 30 x 23 45 x 34
8x6
3x2
16 x 12 24 x 18 32 x 24 40 x 30 48 x 36 64 x 48 80 x 60 120 x
6x5 9x7
12 x 9 15 x 11 18 x 14 24 x 18 30 x 23 90
45 x 34
5mm 5 x 4 10 x 8 14 x 11 19 x 14 24 x 18 29 x 22 38 x 29 48 x 36 72 x 54
40mm .60 x . 1.2 x . 1.8 x
2 x 1.8 3 x 2
4x3
5x4
6x5
9x7
45
90
1.3

:
Approximate Horizontal Angle of View
"1/4
"1/3
mm 2.8
64
80
mm 3.5
50
68
mm 4
45
60
mm 4.8
38
40
mm 6.0
30
38
mm 8.0
23
30
mm 12.0
15
20
mm 12.5
14
19
mm 16.0
11
15
mm 25.0
7
10
mm 50.0
4
5
mm 75.0
2
3
"1/2
97
84
74
69
57
40
30
28
22
14
7
5
12
Standard
30
Wide range
64
Tele photo
15

8mm3.5

e.g. 6 to 48 mm
) ( .
e.g. 4 mm
Fixed lens
Varifocal lens
-

.

the scene illumination is constantly changing

:
:Iris
DC-controlled iris: Connected to the output of a camera, the iris is controlled

by the camera's processor
Video-controlled iris: The iris is controlled by video signal

13

F-number
F-number = Focal length / Iris diameter

The f-number of a lens is the ratio of the focal length to the effective object lens
.diameter
F-number

A small iris diameter reduces the amount of light, giving a better depth of field (focus
)over a greater distance
F-number

A large iris diameter, on the other hand, gives better images in low light. The iris
is defined by the F-number.

f5.6
f4.0
f2.8
f1.7
f1.4
f1.2
f1.0
0.625
1.25
2.5
7.07
10
14.14
20
F-number
% of light passed
/

) (
Frames / Images Per Second
.video speed or framerates

) NTSC (
((real-time, real-motion video

Frames-Per-Second 30 fps
) PAL (
((real-time, real-motion video
Frames-Per-Second 25 fps
fps
Fields- Per- Second
14

Fields
frames

fps 30
each channel of video or total capacity of the system

system limitation or the operating capability

( Fields- Per- Second) ( Images- Per Second )
ips=1fps 2

Therefore, in order to obtain a real-time, real-motion
ips
.image you require sixty (60) fields or images per second, per camera

So always check to see if FPS/FPS/IPS
the total number of FPS/FPS/IPS quoted is for the entire DVR capture card or is it on
a per channel basis. Is it for display and record

.
: Image Resolution -

:
) ( TV
(by 480 640) the first number is the number of pixel columns (width) and the
second is the number of pixel rows (height), for example as 640 by
480.

mega pixels Pixel
typically given as number of mega pixels, which can be calculated by
multiplying pixel columns by pixel rows and dividing by one million
(
) Pixel
A pixel (short for picture element, using the common abbreviation
"pix" for "picture") is one of the many tiny dots that make up the
representation of a picture in a computer's memory.
Each such information element is not really a dot, nor a square, but an
abstract sample .Pixels in an image can be reproduced at any size
15
without the appearance of visible dots or squares; but in many

contexts, they are reproduced as dots or squares and can be visibly
distinct when not fine enough.
A pixel is not a little square. A pixel is generally thought of as the
smallest complete sample of an image. The definition is highly context
sensitive for example, we can speak of printed pixels in a page, or
pixels carried by electronic signals, or represented by digital values, or
pixels on a display device, or pixels in a digital camera (photo sensor
elements). This list is not exhaustive, and depending on context there
are several synonyms that are accurate in particular contexts. We can
also speak of pixels in the abstract, or as a unit of measure, in
particular when using pixels as a measure of resolution, e.g. 2400
pixels per inch, 640 pixels per line, or spaced 10 pixels apart. The
more pixels used to represent an image, the closer the result can
resemble the original. The number of pixels in an image is sometimes
called the resolution, though resolution has a more specific definition.
.Bitrate
Many customers specify a standard for video quality, which in fact
specifies no quality at all. Huh??? Ever heard the terms CIF, 2CIF, 4CIF
or D1?
CIF (Common Intermediate Format) is used to standardize the
horizontal and vertical resolutions in pixels of YCbCr sequences in
video signals. A CIF is commonly defined as one-quarter of the 'full'
resolution of the video system it is intended for (listed below as 4CIF).
Note that this full resolution does not match what is currently referred
to as D1 video (based upon Sony's D1 format).
: - NTSC
525 30
.
: -PAL
625 25
16
) (
4CIF simply means that in the NTSC format there are 704 pixels
that will be filled with some amount of data across each of 480 lines.
CIF means ,there are 352 pixels which will be filled with some amount
of data across each of 240 lines.
How much data has yet to be determined, which is the bitrate
17
:Compression standards-

.
: JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group international

.

.
Example of a sequence of three complete JPEG images.
): (initiated by the Motion Picture Experts Group in the late 1980s

MPEG's

Motion JPEG

MPEG-4 11.2MB 10KB
.MPEG
18
With smaller data volume, MPEG-4 allows the use of more

cameras than JPEG within the limited network capacity,
making network operation more efficient and reducing the
need of additional network equipment.
:S/N-
Signal to Noise Ratio SNR

52-46
.
:AGC-

) (10-30
.
:BLC -

:Digital Slow Shutter (DSS)-

)
(
: (WDR)Wide dynamic Range-
:
.
19
):Highlight Suppress Back Light Compensation (HSBLC

WDR

) ( .

.
WB: White Balance
: Lickerless & Sharpness0 Flickerless

.
: Sharpness
.
:Electronic shutter
:
-
.fixed iris lens
. )( 60Hz . HZ 50
P.I.R:

20

DVR

DVD

.
: -

.

.

.

.
: Digital Video Recorder(DVR) -
:
. . . . . . .21
. . . . .
)Network Video Recorder (NVR

PC
.
:Storage -

.
-
Number of cameras
Number of hours per day the camera will be recording
- .
How long the data must be stored
.Motion detection (Event) only or constant recording
, , .
Other parameters such as frame rate, compression, image quality and complexity
:JPEG or Motion JPEG

1,2,3
fps
.
Calculation:
Image size x frames per second x 3600s = KB per hour / 1,000 = MB per hour
MB per hour x hours of operation per day/1000 = GB per day
GB per day x requested period of storage = Storage need
GB/day
Hours of operation
MB/hour
Frames per second
)Image size (KB
Resolution
Camera
1.9
234
13
CIF
No. 1
5.6
702
15
13
CIF
No. 2
26
12
2160
15
40
4CIF
No. 3
Total for the 3 cameras and 30 days of storage = 1002 GB.
22
:MPEG-4

Calculation:
Bit rate / 8 (bits in a byte) x 3600s = KB per hour / 1,000 = MB per hour
MB per hour x hours of operation per day / 1000 = GB per day
GB per day x requested period of storage = Storage need
GB/day
Hours of operation
MB/hour
Frame per second
)Bit rate (Kbit/s
Resolution
Camera
0.6
76.5
170
CIF
No. 1
1.4
180
15
400
CIF
No. 2
12
396
15
880
4CIF
No. 3
Total for the 3 cameras and 30 days of storage = 204 GB

:
-
:Storage considerations
)Direct Attached Storage (DAS
)Network Attached Storage (NAS) and Storage Area Network (SAN
)RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks
DAS

300GByte . 1,2TB
23
24

) ( .
Detached Storage
): Network Attached Storage (NAS
:
LAN

limited throughput for incoming data
): Storage Area Network (SAN
:

one or more servers

hundreds of terabytes

: NAS .
: SAN
.
SAN,NAS
25
:RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)

"hot swappable"
The most common RAID levels are listed in the table below.
RAID Level
Characteristics
RAID-0
Data is being striped (divided) over two or several hard disks, for improved read/write speed
but no redundancy.
RAID-1
Also known as disk mirroring. At least two disks duplicate data. No striping. Both disks can be
read at the same time. Write performance as for single disk storage.
RAID-5
Includes a rotating parity array, allowing all read and write operations to be overlapped.
Stores parity information for reconstruction of any lost data. RAID-5 requires at least 3, and
runs with up to 16 disks in the array.
, )
... ,

.
:

. 24Vac 12VDC 22OVac
12VDC

. 3-2
:power demand
The following equation is a helpful tool to determine what the total power demand of
a system will be:
Power (in Watts) = Current (in Amps) x Voltage (in Volts)

VA is power in watts described for AC systems. 100 VA equals 100 Watts.
26
To determine the power requirements for a system, add the total AMPs required by
each device in the installation and multiply by the Voltage <the result is how many
Watts, or VA are needed to run the system.
): Power over Ethernet(POE

)(POE
-
)(TP-CAT5,6

) ... (

UNINTERRUPTABLE POWER SUPPLY UPS

POE
Active Splitter
Midspan
:cables -
)
(pair cable RCA
BNC
RCA, BNC coaxial cable or 4TP twisted
cables generally have lower losses than RCA, are more rugged, and
are most commonly constructed using coaxial
)(RG11 ) (RG6
RG6

RG6 180 RG11
300 .
BNC
)a small
RG11
27
(Baluns (lipstick size device

.
)4TP(CAT6
TP

allowing for more runs

4TP 300m
) (Active Baluns m 3000
RJ45
MHz 100 .Mpps 1000
BNC Coaxial Vs. RCA Vs .TP

Maximum Length
'10,000
)4TP (Active Video Balun
'1,000
4TP
'600
RG6
'1,000
RG11
'25
RCA
: Pre Compensation
With Pre Compensation - ON
With Pre Compensation - OFF
Max distance
600m
300m
RG-59/U
900m
450m
RG-6/U
1200m
600m
RG-11/U
450m
225m
Cat5/UTP
Data Cables RS485:
Tow-paired of size 2X0.8 mm2Twisted
& Shielded

DVR
) / , - / , / (
PTZ Camera
28
Data Cables RS485: Tow-paired of size 2X0.8 mm2

(18AWG)cables shall be used to transmit the data
between DVR and PTZ Camera
The cables shall be stranded plain annealed copper
conductors. Cores are twisted to for pairs. Pairs are
individually shielded by aluminum polyester tapes.
The shielded pairs are twisted to concentric layers
and wrapped by polyester tape. Cable is allover
jacketed by polyvinyl chloride.
29
FIBER OPTIC Cable :

m (2500 Feet) 750

.

Buffer Coating

- connectors
CORE
) ( Cladding
.
S.T(Straight-TIP), S.C,L.C
/
Single mode
Multi mode
Microns 8-10 nm
Laser 1310,1550 dB/KM 0.5

5
.
Multi mode - / Microns 50/125
850nm nm 1300
Single mode
30
/
1300nm

Microns 62.5/125

1 .
31

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CLOSE CIRCUIT TV (CCTV)&IP-SURVEILLANCE DESIGN BASIS

Wear and tear of pan and tilt mechanism parts

low light cameras

sample lux ratings:

Lines of :Each cameras performance is based on the number of

A 5 mm spacer (C/CS adapter ring) can be used to convert a C-mount

Lens and sensor size

100 ft. 150 ft.

.96 x . 1.4 x 1 2 x 1.5

DC-controlled iris: Connected to the output of a camera, the iris is controlled

F-number = Focal length / Iris diameter

.video speed or framerates

((real-time, real-motion video

Fields- Per- Second

each channel of video or total capacity of the system

without the appearance of visible dots or squares; but in many

Example of a sequence of three complete JPEG images.

): (initiated by the Motion Picture Experts Group in the late 1980s

With smaller data volume, MPEG-4 allows the use of more

Signal to Noise Ratio SNR

):Highlight Suppress Back Light Compensation (HSBLC

: Lickerless & Sharpness0 Flickerless

Number of hours per day the camera will be recording

How long the data must be stored

.Motion detection (Event) only or constant recording

:JPEG or Motion JPEG

Frames per second

)Image size (KB

Total for the 3 cameras and 30 days of storage = 1002 GB.

Frame per second

)Bit rate (Kbit/s

Total for the 3 cameras and 30 days of storage = 204 GB

)Direct Attached Storage (DAS

)Network Attached Storage (NAS) and Storage Area Network (SAN

)RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks

): Network Attached Storage (NAS

:RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks)

Power (in Watts) = Current (in Amps) x Voltage (in Volts)

): Power over Ethernet(POE

(Baluns (lipstick size device

BNC Coaxial Vs. RCA Vs .TP

)4TP (Active Video Balun

With Pre Compensation - ON

With Pre Compensation - OFF

Data Cables RS485:

Tow-paired of size 2X0.8 mm2Twisted

Data Cables RS485: Tow-paired of size 2X0.8 mm2

FIBER OPTIC Cable :

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